Journal articles: 'Window-to-wall ratio'

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Li, Chun E., Ya Jun Wang, and Ying Cai. "Influences of Exterior Windows on Heating and Air-Conditioning System Energy Consumption in Residential Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.714.

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The energy consumption of a typical design of a building in Lanzhou was simulated by the software DeST-h to gain the changing regulation of rooms load index with different window-wall ratio, shading coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient. Research shows that the optimal window-wall ratio is 0.5 in the south orientation. In the other orientations, the smaller radio of window-wall could assure less energy consumption.

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Dwiana, Melisa Imam, Agus Budi Purnomo, and Nuzuliar Rahmah. "STUDI WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH DI JAKARTA SELATAN." Idealog: Ide dan Dialog Desain Indonesia 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/idealog.v5i1.2749.

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Kantor pemerintah merupakan bangunan yang diharapkan dapat menjadi contoh sebagai bangunan hemat energi yang baik. Banyak usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghemat energi, salah satunya memperhatikan desain fasade. Jendela sebagai bukaan pada fasade dapat diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga panas matahari tidak membuat peningkatan energi untuk mendinginkan ruangan sekaligus mengurangi penggunaan lampu pada siang hari. Salah satu aspek yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai kinerja bukaan jendela adalah Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR). Rasio diperoleh dengan membagi total luas bukaan pada dinding yang menggunakan kaca dengan luas permukaan keseluruhan bidang selubung bangunan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari nilai WWR dari bangunan kantor pemerintahan yang ada di Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tampak bangunan dari 20 gedung kantor pemerintahan di Jakarta Selatan sebagai kasus studi. Hasil penelitian berupa nilai rata rata WWR kantor pemerintahan yang nantinya dibandingkan dengan rata-rata WWR kantor sejenis dari literatur lain. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh rata rata nilai WWR sama dengan 24.6%, yang mana masih berada di rentang WWR dalam penelitian lain.Kata kunci : Hemat Energi, Selubung Bangunan, Kantor Pemerintah, Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)

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Wang, Gang. "Study on Effect of the External Wall and Windows Heat Load Ratio to the Total Heat Load on the Indoor Heat Comfortability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3005.

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To study the relation between the heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load and the indoor heat comfortability index PMV, putting up the numerical calculation to a radiator heating room. It gains the value of the PMV when the heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load is separately 0.2 and 0.8, 0.3 and 0.7, 0.4 and 0.6, 0.5 and 0.5, 0.6 and 0.4. And it draws the curve about the PMV and the different heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load. The curve shows that when the heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load is 0.4 and 0.6, the indoor heat comfortability index PMV is maximal.

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Shao, Teng, Hong Jin, Wuxing Zheng, and Jin Wang. "The Influence of Window-Wall Ratio on Heating Energy Consumption of Rural House in Severe Cold Regions of China." E3S Web of Conferences 173 (2020): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017303008.

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Rural houses in severe cold areas of China are mostly single-storey independent buildings with large shape coefficient. Compared with urban residential, it has larger contact area between envelope and outdoor environment of each household. Meanwhile, the heat transfer coefficient of window is usually greater than that of external wall and roof. The window-wall ratio is one of the important indicators affecting the energy consumption of rural house. This paper takes window-wall ratio as the main variable, building orientation, thermal performance of envelope and window heat transfer coefficient as the auxiliary variables, and applies DesignBuilder software to quantitatively analyse the mechanism of window-wall ratio on rural house’s heating energy consumption under the interactive influence of multiple factors. Results show that the influence rule of window-wall ratio with different orientations on heating energy consumption will change when the thermal performance of envelope or window heat transfer coefficient changed. The synthetic effect of various factors should be considered in the design to reasonably determine the windowwall ratio of rural house.

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Yu, Zhen, Wei Lin Zhang, and Ting Yong Fang. "Impact of Building Orientation and Window-Wall Ratio on the Office Building Energy Consumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.606.

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Using the energy consumption simulation software to research the HVAC in fall air conditioning mode, different building orientation and window-wall ratio of the office building energy consumption. The study found that the heating energy consumption, air-conditioning energy consumption and total energy consumption is gradually increased with the increase of the window-wall ratio under the same orientation. The result provides some reference for public buildings in setting of building orientation and window-wall ratio.

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Yang, Qiaoxia, Meng Liu, Chang Shu, Daniel Mmereki, Md Uzzal Hossain, and Xiang Zhan. "Impact Analysis of Window-Wall Ratio on Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone in China." Journal of Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/538254.

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In order to assess the optimal window-wall ratio and the proper glazing type in different air conditioning system operation modes of residential buildings for each orientation in three typical cities in hot summer and cold winter zone: Chongqing, Shanghai, and Wuhan simulation models were built and analyzed using Designer’s Simulation Toolkit (DeST). The study analyzed the variation of annual heating energy demand, annual cooling energy demand, and the annual total energy consumption in different conditions, including different orientations, patterns of utilization of air conditioning system, window-wall ratio, and types of windows. The results show that the total energy consumption increased when the window-wall ratio is also increased. It appears more obvious when the window orientation is east or west. Furthermore, in terms of energy efficiency, low-emissivity (Low-E) glass performs better than hollow glass. From this study, it can be concluded that the influence and sensitivity of window-wall ratio on the total energy consumption are related to the operation mode of air conditioning system, the orientation of outside window, and the glazing types of window. The influence of the factors can be regarded as reference mode for the window-wall ratio when designing residential buildings.

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Wang, Qiao Ning, Yan Ling Guan, and Qi Hai Liao. "Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients of Windward Window in Buildings with Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 1061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.1061.

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Focus on the prediction of flow rates in buildings under natural ventilation, the investigation conducted a series of model rooms with cross ventilation. The impact of window-wall ratios, windows configurations as well as corresponding flow rates was investigated. The object of this investigation is to analyze characteristics of windward window opening discharge coefficient by measuring static pressure difference and the flow rate through windows. The conclusion are as follows: For large openings, the discharge coefficient of windward window opening increases as the window-wall ratio grows up; With windward window-wall ratio of 44.4% and 11.1%, the discharge coefficient of windward openings is almost irrelevant to flow rate and less affected by leeward window area; However, with windward window-wall ratio of 2.78%, the discharge coefficient increases slightly as flow rate rises, and the larger the area of leeward opening is, the smaller the discharge coefficient of windward opening becomes.

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Li, Jiayu, Bohong Zheng, Xiao Chen, Yihua Zhou, Jifa Rao, and Komi Bernard Bedra. "Research on Annual Thermal Environment of Non-Hvac Building Regulated by Window-to-Wall Ratio in a Chinese City (Chenzhou)." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 6637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166637.

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As the window-to-wall ratio, a microclimatic factor in residential districts, regulates the indoor thermal environment and implicates the energy consumption, this research was aimed at interpreting the microclimate effects of the window-to-wall ratio on the indoor thermal environment of the non-Hvac building located in the block from the view of a full year. Urban built parameters and building material parameters applied in Chenzhou were investigated, with the ENVI-met model serving as the analytical tool calculating the meteorological data recorded in the local national meteorological station. The thermal perception criterion of Chenzhou citizens was investigated, and thermal isotherms were employed to interpret the thermal perception distribution throughout the year. Analytical results revealed that the annual indoor thermal environment would deteriorate along with the growth of the window-to-wall ratio in Chenzhou, with the very hot thermal perception environment covering the months from March to October once the window-to-wall ratio outnumbered 60.00%. Furthermore, the hot and very hot thermal perception environments originated in the ranges of 0.00% to 20.00% and that of 20.00% to 40.00%, respectively. Furthermore, if the window-to-wall ratios (WWRs) outnumbered 40%, their effects on the indoor thermal perception environment would gradually decrease and be powerless once that exceeded 80%.

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Lee, Na-Eun, Byung-Lip Ahn, Hak-Geun Jeong, Jong-Hun Kim, and Cheol-Yong Jang. "Optimum Method of Windows Remodeling of Existing Residential according to the Window Properties and Window Wall Ratio." Journal of the Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment 13, no. 3 (June 30, 2013): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2013.13.3.071.

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Li, Xiao Lei, Huan Li, and Jian Ping Gao. "Impact Analysis to Building Energy Consumption of Daylighting Combined Lighting Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.202.

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A study on the building energy consumption analysis of daylighting-based lighting control strategy was carried out. A circle type of building was mainly simulated by using the eQUEST energy simulating software. By setting various window-wall ratios, we try to find the relationship between the energy saved by daylighting-based lighting control and the other main energy consumptions, such as the cooling and heating energies. The data shows that the energy saving potential of daylighting-based lighting control strategy can be 40% under the proper window-wall ratio, and in the meanwhile, the total energy saving of the whole building can be 8%. A formula is given to get the best window-wall ratio of various cities according to its geographical information and local climate factors.

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Rahmayanti, Rahmayanti. "PENGARUH WINDOW TO WALL RATIO TERHADAP KENYAMANAN FISIOLOGIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CFD ANSYS 14.0." Gorontalo Journal of Infrastructure and Science Engineering 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/gojise.v3i1.905.

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The use of air conditioning energy (AC) as an effort to remove heat in buildings reaches 30% of the total energy needed in the building. To reduce the use of energy in buildings by using natural ventilation because the system does not use mechanics. Field research has been carried out with the result that the openings at Balai Padang are unable to make occupants' comfort. Therefore, the existing openings will be given treatment by wider the existing openings which are 20%, 30%, and 40%. This study purpose to investigate the effect of WWR on histologic comfort. The numerical methodology is based on the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, using K-epsilon RNG. Numerical results are validated with available field measurement data. The results obtained that by increasing the percentage of openings, the wind speed is also highPenggunaan energi air conditioning (AC) sebagai upaya penghapus panas di dalam bangunan mencapai 30% dari total energi yang dibutuhkan di dalam bangunan. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan energi di dalam bangunan yakni dengan menggunakan penghawaan alami sebagai penghapus panas karena sistemnya yang tidak menggunakan mekanis. Penelitian lapangan telah dilakukan dengan hasil bahwa bukaan yang ada di Balai Padang tidak mampu mencukupi kebutuhan kecepatan angin yang diperlukan untuk mendinginkan fisiologis penghuni. Oleh karena itu, bukaan yang ada akan diberikan perlakuan dengan memperbesar bukaan yang ada yakni 20%, 30% dan 40%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek dari WWR terhadap kenyamanan fisiologis penghuni. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan bantuan software CFD (computational Fluid Dimension) berdasarkan persamaan Navier-Stoke, menggunakan K-Epsilon RNG. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan validasi hasil pengukuran lapangan. Hasil yang didapatkan bahwa dengan menambah prosentase bukaan, kecepatan angin juga semakin besar.

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Ozel, Meral, and Cihan Ozel. "Effect of window-to-wall-area ratio on thermal performance of building wall materials in Elazığ, Turkey." PLOS ONE 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): e0237797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237797.

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Kumar, Dr R. Vijay, Sandeep Kumar N, Narsimha K, Shiva Ram Reddy K, and Vamsee Krishna E. "Spatial Day Light Autonomy and Energy Analysis of a Residential Building for Different Climatic Conditions and Window-to-Wall Ratios." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401117.

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Building envelope of the structures plays a crucial role in the energy consumption. To decrease the amount of Energy Consumption in Building, Energy saving materials and Optimal sizing of Openings to be selected. In this aspect a model is simulated by using the Design Builder Software to Analyse the Spatial Daylight Autonomy, Thermal Comfort and Annual Energy Consumption. Windows impact the heat exchanges between indoor environment and outdoor environment. This possibly permit a proper utilization of solar energy. The research aims to investigate the influence of window-to-wall ratio in different of different climate conditions in India which has been introduced as hot dry, hot humid and moderate climates. The research has studied the most possible window-to-wall ration in the region based on previous work 5%, 10%,15% and 20% out of the faced surface area of the building. This paper sketch out the modus operandi and the alike results of an analysis which targets to find out the ideal size of the glazed surface, which permits the minimum amount of overall energy consumption and determining the efficient building materials .The analyses and simulation procedures were performed using Design Builder software and the window dimensions are calculated in terms of the ratio between the glazed surface to the gross facade area, defined as window to wall ratio (WWR).

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Alsehail, Abdullah, and Abdulbasit Almhafdy. "The Effect of Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) and Window Orientation (WO) on the Thermal Performance: A preliminary overview." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 15 (December 25, 2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2500.

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Sustainable aspects of buildings became one of the most crucial aspects of the built environment. The thermal performance can be improved through sustainable design guidelines and, thus, reduce energy consumption. This review covered studies that addressed Window Wall Ratio (WWR) and Window Orientation (WO) and their effect on thermal performance. WWR as a design variable that deals with window design, while the WO as an environmental variable that deals with orientation. The results will help to highlight open issues and research directions in the context of WWR, WO and integrations with other factors in buildings. Keywords: WWR, window design factors, Energy, WO eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI:

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Phillips, Robert, Luke Troup, David Fannon, and Matthew J. Eckelman. "Triple bottom line sustainability assessment of window-to-wall ratio in US office buildings." Building and Environment 182 (September 2020): 107057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107057.

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Troup, Luke, Robert Phillips, Matthew J. Eckelman, and David Fannon. "Effect of window-to-wall ratio on measured energy consumption in US office buildings." Energy and Buildings 203 (November 2019): 109434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109434.

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Li, Hai Shan, Yan Gao, Guo Jun Zhao, and Ya Zhou Jing. "Impact of Window-Wall Ratio on Air Conditioning Energy Consumption under Different Residential Using Modes in Guangzhou." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 1123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.1123.

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In this paper, with the aid of energy consumption simulation software DeST-h, the annual air conditioning energy consumption of a typical residential building in Guangzhou was simulated to study the impact of window-wall ratio on the energy consumption under two different operation modes: natural and mechanical. It was revealed that increasing of south window-wall ratio, building energy consumption is increased under all mechanical mode, but reduces under nature priority mode.

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Wang, Hong Wei, Ya Dong Zheng, and Fang Wen Tu. "Influences of External Windows on Energy Consumption of Industrial Buildings in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3055.

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Shenyang is located in the cold areas and main industy city in China. The most current industrial buildings can’t meet the demand of energy-saving standard because of the thermal insulation performance of the windows.This paper aims at using DeST software to analyze industrial workshop energy consumption, according to different types of external windows and window-wall ratio of buildings to provide reference for energy saving design of industrial buildings in Shenyang area.The thermal performance of the windows has great effect on the heat load. The lower the heat transfer coefficient of windows is, the more beneficial for energy saving of the buildings. The window-wall ratio has great effect on the energy consumption, and different heat-transfer coefficients possess various sensitivity for window-wall ratio, and reflective glass varis smaller than the others.It is better for energy saving to replace the conventional windows with plastic-steel reflective glass windows.

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Alghoul, Samah K., Hassan G. Rijabo, and Mohamed E. Mashena. "Energy consumption in buildings: A correlation for the influence of window to wall ratio and window orientation in Tripoli, Libya." Journal of Building Engineering 11 (May 2017): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.04.003.

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Gorantla, Kiran Kumar, Saboor Shaik, and Ashok Babu Talanki Puttaranga Settee. "Simulation of Various Wall and Window Glass Material for Energy Efficient Building Design." Key Engineering Materials 692 (May 2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.692.9.

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Buildings consume huge amount of energy for forced ventilation and artificial day lighting. Use of appropriate material combinations for walls and window glass can help in reducing energy consumption for cooling and lighting. This paper presents the thermal properties of four building materials such as, laterite stone, dense concrete, burnt brick and mud brick. It also presents the experimentally measured optical properties of glass materials such as, clear glass, bronze glass, green glass and reflective. In this study building of size 5m X 5m X 3.2m with four wall materials and four glass materials were designed using design builder software. The thickness of the wall was considered as external wall with thickness 0.22m. All the walls covered with cement plaster on either side. Roof of the building is made of reinforced cement concrete and floor is dense concrete. Thermal analysis was carried out using by Energy plus software. Single sized glass windows were placed in south direction (Due to less heat gain in south direction) for Mangalore city (12.870N, 74.880E), Karnataka, India. Different window to wall ratios (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were maintained for buildings. Total eighty building models were investigated for heat gain into buildings. From the results, it is observed that irrespective of the window to wall ratio, mud brick walls with reflective window glass were observed to be energy efficient from the lower heat gain point of view, and laterite stone wall building with clear glass windows were observed to be the worst due to their higher heat gain values. At 60% window to wall ratio mud brick walls with reflective window glass have 24.93kWh heat gain and dense concrete walls with clear glass have 32.9 kWh heat gain. The results of the study help in establishing the best combination of wall and glass materials for minimum heat gain into buildings.

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Li, Jiayu, Bohong Zheng, Komi Bernard Bedra, Zhe Li, and Xiao Chen. "Evaluating the Effect of Window-to-Wall Ratios on Cooling-Energy Demand on a Typical Summer Day." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168411.

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The window-to-wall ratio (WWR) significantly affects the indoor thermal environment, causing changes in buildings’ energy demands. This research couples the “Envi-met” model and the “TRNSYS” model to predict the impact of the window-to-wall ratio on indoor cooling energy demands in south Hunan. With the coupled model, “Envi-met + TRNSYS”, fixed meteorological parameters around the exterior walls are replaced by varied data provided by Envi-met. This makes TRNSYS predictions more accurate. Six window-to-wall ratios are considered in this research, and in each scenario, the electricity demand for cooling is predicted using “Envi-met + TRNSYS”. Based on the classification of thermal perception in south Hunan, the TRNSYS predictions of the electricity demand start with 30 °C as the threshold of refrigeration. The analytical results reveal that in a 6-storey residential building with 24 households, in order to maintain the air temperature below 30 °C, the electricity required for cooling buildings with 0% WWR, 20% WWR, 40% WWR, 60% WWR, 80% WWR, and 100% WWR are respectively 0 KW·h, 19.6 KW·h, 133.7 KW·h, 273.1 KW·h, 374.5 KW·h, and 461.9 KW·h. This method considers the influence of microclimate on the exterior wall and improves the accuracy of TRNSYS in predicting the energy demand for indoor cooling.

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Ayoosu, Moses Iorakaa, Yaik-Wah Lim, Pau Chung Leng, and Olusegun Moses Idowu. "Daylighting Evaluation and Optimisation of Window to Wall Ratio for Lecture Theatre in the Tropical Climate." Journal of Daylighting 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.2.

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A base case model is a more potent dose for applied research; the passive architectural design for sustainability requires optimised experiments. However, experimenting with physical developments require construction and deconstruction until they achieved the optimal scenario. These wastes resources and time; hence, base models' development as useful instruments in the optimisation design process is desirable. Lecture theatres in universities have no specific design model whereby optimising one may not apply to the other. Therefore, this research evaluated a base model for lecture theatre regarding spatial configuration, daylighting potentials, and optimised window-to-wall ratio (WWR) for tropical daylighting. A study of ten existing lecture theatres in eight universities within eight states in Nigeria's hot-humid climate was analysed descriptively for the base model. The study employed Simulations with IES-VE software. The daylighting performance analysis adopted the daylighting rule of thumb, daylight factor, work plane illuminance (WPI), and WPI ratio. The results show that a typical lecture theatre in the study area has a dimensional configuration of 12×20 m floor plan, 6 m ceiling height, and a window wall ratio (WWR) of 13%. In the deduced base model, 4H was required for adequate daylighting against the thumb's 2.5 H daylighting rule. The research concludes a low window-wall ratio with poor daylighting quality and quantities in the base model; therefore, it implies that the daylighting was not a criterion in the designs. However, the experiment revealed a progression in daylighting performance with an increase in WWR from the base case until 30% WWR. Beyond that, there was a decline in the daylighting performance. Therefore, 30% WWR was optimal for daylighting performance in lecture theatre retrofitting within the tropical climate.

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Shaeri, Jalil, Amin Habibi, Mahmood Yaghoubi, and Ata Chokhachian. "The Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio in Office Buildings for Hot‒Humid, Hot‒Dry, and Cold Climates in Iran." Environments 6, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6040045.

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About half of the energy loss in buildings is wasted through windows. Determining the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) for different building facades would reduce such energy losses. The optimum WWR is the window area that minimizes the total annual energy of cooling, heating, and lighting. The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimum WWR of different facades of an office building. For this purpose, a sample building is simulated by means of DesignBuilder software in order to investigate the annual solar heat gain, cooling load, heating load, and lighting consumption for the three cities of Bushehr, Shiraz, and Tabriz, and optimum window areas of office buildings for the three cities are determined. Based on the results, the optimum window area for the north building facade for all climates is 20–30%. This amount for the southern facade of the building in Bushehr, Shiraz, and Tabriz is, respectively, 20–30%, 10–30%, and 20–50%. The optimum window area for the eastern and western building facades in Bushehr is 30–50%; in Tabriz it is 40–70%, and in Shiraz it is 20–60% and 40–70%, respectively. The difference between the maximum and minimum energy consumption with different window areas in Bushehr and Shiraz is 20–100% and in Tabriz it is 16–25%.

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Su, Xiao Ping, and Wei Dong Sun. "The Energy-Saving Design and Construction Study on Exterior Windows in the Building." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 1556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.1556.

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Doors and windows,especially the exterior windows, are the weak parts to preserve or insulate heat in the exterior protected construction of a building, and the main contents in energy-saving architectural designs. The energy-saving design of exterior windows should start from such aspects as size, shape, frame form, glass type, gap sealing, etc. The size of the exterior window holes should be determined according to the window-wall area ratio specified in the relevant rules. It is priority to choose side-hung window in energy-saving design, to choose the low heat transferring window frame, to take measures to break the “thermal bridge”, and to select the energy-saving glass such as decalescence glass, coated glass, hollow glass and vacuum glass. The gaps should be sealed tightly between wall and window frame, window frame and sash, glass and window sash to reduce the air permeable.

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Alibaba, Halil. "Determination of Optimum Window to External Wall Ratio for Offices in a Hot and Humid Climate." Sustainability 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8020187.

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Sun, Yanyi, Katie Shanks, Hasan Baig, Wei Zhang, Xia Hao, Yongxue Li, Bo He, et al. "Integrated CdTe PV glazing into windows: energy and daylight performance for different window-to-wall ratio." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 3014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.976.

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Fathi, Soheil, and Allahbakhsh Kavoosi. "Optimal Window to Wall Ratio Ranges of Photovoltachromic Windows in High-Rise Office Buildings of Iran." Journal of Daylighting 8, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.10.

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Windows are one of the weakest building components concerning high thermal losses. Traditional windows cannot adapt to external and internal environmental conditions. On the other hand, smart windows such as electrochromic (EC) windows do not emit greenhouse gases and adapt to environmental conditions and increase indoor environmental quality. The combination of EC windows and building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) is called photovoltachromic (PVC) windows. This paper aims to find optimal window to wall ratio (WWR) ranges of PVC windows in a high-rise office building model in four different cities in Iran. This paper uses several simulations to find the optimal WWR ranges of PVC windows using Radiance and EnergyPlus. First, the minimum acceptable WWR value in each climate condition was identified using several simulations without any optimization tools. Afterward, traditional windows were replaced with EC windows and results indicated that energy consumption of the building reduced up to 15.94%. In the next stage, BIPV was combined with EC windows, and results indicated that BIPV reduced energy consumption of the building up to 7.55%. Finally, simulation results showed that PVC windows reduced energy consumption of the building up to 16.31% in Kermanshah, 19.69% in Tehran, 18.59% in Yazd and 17.36% in Bandar Abbas. Also, the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in Kermanshah was 80-90%, while it was 70-80% in Tehran, Yazd and Bandar Abbas. Simulation results indicated that cooling degree days (CDD) of the site, where buildings were located, effected on the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in high-rise office buildings. An analytical approach was used to validate simulation results, and it showed that simulation results had 1.60-6.22% error.

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Noémi Zetz, Dóra, and István Kistelegdi. "Comfort simulation supported sketch plan optimization of the University of Pécs, Medical School extension." Pollack Periodica 15, no. 2 (August 2020): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.15.2.15.

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Abstract:During sketch design stage for the new block of the University of Pécs, Medical School comfort and lighting simulations were applied to quantify optimization strategies. Simulation cases about shading possibilities, façade glazing ratios and internal heat storage masses evaluate the impact of illumination, solar gains, loads and heat transmission on visual and thermal comfort. The goal was to select the most favorable comfort, coupled with maximum reduction of investment costs. Concepts represent 14% (shading), 10% (reduced wall-window ratio), 11% (slabs without suspended ceilings), and 17% (combined wall-window ratio and thermal mass) improvement in thermal comfort performance, and it was proposed for further design.

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Chiesa, Giacomo, Andrea Acquaviva, Mario Grosso, Lorenzo Bottaccioli, Maurizio Floridia, Edoardo Pristeri, and Edoardo Sanna. "Parametric Optimization of Window-to-Wall Ratio for Passive Buildings Adopting A Scripting Methodology to Dynamic-Energy Simulation." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113078.

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Counterbalancing climate change is one of the biggest challenges for engineers around the world. One of the areas in which optimization techniques can be used to reduce energy needs, and with that the pollution derived from its production, is building design. With this study of a generic office located both in a northern country and in a temperate/Mediterranean site, we want to introduce a coding approach to dynamic energy simulation, able to suggest, from the early-design phases when the main building forms are defined, optimal configurations considering the energy needs for heating, cooling and lighting. Generally, early-design considerations of energy need reduction focus on the winter season only, in line with the current regulations; nevertheless a more holistic approach is needed to include other high consumption voices, e.g., for space cooling and lighting. The main considered design parameter is the WWR (window-to-wall ratio), even if further variables are considered in a set of parallel analyses (level of insulation, orientation, activation of low-cooling strategies including shading devices and ventilative cooling). Finally, the effect of different levels of occupancy was included in the analysis to regress results and compare the WWR with corresponding heating and cooling needs. This approach is adapted to Passivhaus design optimization, working on energy need minimisation acting on envelope design choices. The results demonstrate that it is essential to include, from the early-design configurations, a larger set of variables in order to optimize the expected energy needs on the basis of different aspects (cooling, heating, lighting, design choices). Coding is performed using Python scripting, while dynamic energy simulations are based on EnergyPlus.

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Tao, Chenyang, Nan Li, and Yuchen Wang. "The effect of different types of window for residential building based on intermittent heating supply." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913603020.

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Aiming to lessen energy consumption and heating cost, this paper analyzes the effect of different types of window for residential building based on intermittent heating supply. The research results show that the type of window with a smaller heat transfer coefficient has higher energy consumption. Otherwise, the rate of temperature rising is slightly affected by the change of window with different heat transfer coefficient and window-to-wall ratio. Based on the economic and technical analysis, through changing the better window, energy-saving ratio can be arrived to 10.4%-16.8% and economic recovery period is 4.4-10.4 years. The research findings can be used for reference to thermal design in new residential buildings and provide improvement of building performance for existing residential buildings.

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Gercek, Mumine, and Ilker Gucu. "The impacts of window to wall ratio and window orientation on building energy consumption and CO_{2 emissions under climate change}." International Journal of Global Warming 18, no. 3/4 (2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2019.101087.

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Cui, Xiaoling, Shuaibing Yin, Lei Zhang, Yiyun Zhu, Guochen Sang, and Qin Zhao. "Influence Mechanism of Window-to-Wall Ratio on Energy Consumption of Rural Buildings in Southern Shaanxi, China." International Journal of Heat and Technology 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.370225.

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Chi, Fang'ai, Yonghe Wang, Ruonan Wang, Gaomei Li, and Changhai Peng. "An investigation of optimal window-to-wall ratio based on changes in building orientations for traditional dwellings." Solar Energy 195 (January 2020): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.033.

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Othman, Ahmad Ridzwan, Mohammad Ezzat Fakhrawi Mohammad Faisal, and Wahyuni Zahrah. "Thermal Comfort in Living Room of Houses with Different Frontage." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, no. 16 (March 28, 2021): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2636.

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House frontage is an essential aspect of terraced house design to ensure the occupant's comfort and healthy living. Four samples selected to evaluate the influence of the window to wall ratio (WWR) towards the internal thermal comfort of the house. The indoor thermal parameters were recorded using HOBOware Data Logger and evaluated using CBE Thermal Comfort Calculator. The study shows that the living room with a bigger WWR had the lowest thermal comfort levels. Besides the WWR, window placements and the shading devices also help in reducing the sun exposure of the frontage wall and increase the indoor thermal comfort. Keywords: Frontage; Thermal Comfort; Window to Wall Ratio; Sun Exposure eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2636

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Sayadi, Sana, Abolfazl Hayati, and Mazyar Salmanzadeh. "Optimization of Window-to-Wall Ratio for Buildings Located in Different Climates: An IDA-Indoor Climate and Energy Simulation Study." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071974.

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This study investigates different cases to obtain optimal Window-to-Wall ratio (WWR) in seven different climate conditions based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. The optimal WWR was decided based on the minimum amount of total energy use (total of cooling, heating, and lighting energy use) of a building model during a complete year. The impact of overhang and automatic blinds were assessed on the optimization of WWR for a building with integrated automatic lighting control. Moreover, three different windows with different U-values and features were employed in order to analyze their effect on the energy use and WWR of the building. IDA-Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE) was used to carry out the simulations. The software has been validated based on ASHRAE Standard 140. Based on each climate condition, orientation, employed window type, and comfort conditions, an optimal range with a specific combination of window with blind, overhang, or neither was found.

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Junlin, Zong, and Zhang Longwei. "Multi objective optimization of window to wall ratio of University Gymnasium in severe cold area by coupling natural lighting and energy consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 02044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129302044.

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Objective To explore the relationship between window opening ratio and natural lighting and energy consumption of University Gymnasiums in severe cold area, and put forward optimization strategies. Methods Digital simulation technology was used to simulate the energy consumption and natural lighting of University Gymnasium window opening ratio, and the window opening scheme with natural lighting and low energy consumption was obtained. Conclusion The side window lighting should be used in the window opening scheme of small and medium-sized university gymnasiums. Within the range of experimental data, the North-South lighting is the main lighting mode, and the East-West lighting is the auxiliary.

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Li, Jie, and Fang Wang. "Study on Door & Window Energy-Saving Technology at Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.538.

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By combining the climate conditions of hot-summer and cold-winter zone, this paper has analyzed the characteristics for energy saving of windows and doors, and the approaches for energy-saving design are proposed in accordance with the functions of thermal insulation in summer, heat preservation in winter and lighting. Through the material of glass and window frame, it can provide reference to material selection for doors and windows, and various door & window energy-saving technologies are proposed, such as the structure and measures which can improve the thermal performance of window and the reasonable area ratio of window to wall.

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Alwetaishi, Mamdooh, and Ahmad Taki. "Investigation into energy performance of a school building in a hot climate: Optimum of window-to-wall ratio." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19842313.

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Global attention is currently focussed on developing techniques to improve the thermal performance of buildings to provide indoor comfort with minimum reliance on energy load. Several studies have investigated building facade, materials used and other factors involved in building design. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of thermal insulation, shading devices, window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and a combination of these factors in a prototype school building design in the warm climate city of Taif, Saudi Arabia. The study used various methods classified into two main phases. The first phase involved on-site observation where both thermal imaging and regular cameras were used to examine the influence of orientation on glazing as a baseline. The second phase involved advanced software investigations with 2D AutoCAD, 3D Revit and computer modelling for energy evaluation and daylight factor. A detailed framework was introduced to examine current school buildings and to improve the future designs of prototype school buildings. The study revealed that a combination of applying thermal insulation along with minimising WWR is required in existing buildings within hot and dry regions. Furthermore, it was recommended that WWR should not exceed 35%, 25% and 20% for northwest, southeast and southwest building facades, respectively.

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Tibi, Ghaith, and Ahmed Mokhtar. "Glass Selection for High-rise Buildings in the United Arab Emirates Considering Orientation and Window-to-Wall Ratio." Energy Procedia 83 (December 2015): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.210.

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Albatayneh, Aiman, Haya Atieh, Mustafa Jaradat, Murad Al-Omary, Maha Zaquot, Adel Juaidi, Ramez Abdallah, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "The Impact of Modern Artificial Lighting on the Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio of Residential Buildings in Jordan." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 5888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135888.

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Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows; therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder (DesignBuilder Software Ltd, Stroud, UK) was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards.

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Alwetaishi, Mamdooh, and Omrane Benjeddou. "Impact of Window to Wall Ratio on Energy Loads in Hot Regions: A Study of Building Energy Performance." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041080.

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The concern regarding local responsive building design has gained more attention globally as of late. This is due to the issue of the rapid increase in energy consumption in buildings for the purpose of heating and cooling. This has become a crucial issue in educational buildings and especially in schools. The major issue in school buildings in Saudi Arabia is that they are a form of prototype school building design (PSBD). As a result, if there is any concern in the design stage and in relation to the selection of building materials, this will spread throughout the region. In addition to that, the design is repeated regardless of the climate variation within the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This research will focus on the influence of the window to wall ratio on the energy load in various orientations and different climatic regions. The research will use the energy computer tool TAS Environmental Design Solution Limited (EDSL) to calculate the energy load as well as solar gain. During the visit to the sample schools, a globe thermometer will be used to monitor the globe temperature in the classrooms. This research introduces a framework to assist architects and engineers in selecting the proper window to wall ratio (WWR) in each direction within the same building based on adequate natural light with a minimum reliance on energy load. For ultimate WWR for energy performance and daylight, the WWR should range from 20% to 30%, depending on orientation, in order to provide the optimal daylight factor combined with building energy efficiency. This ratio can be slightly greater in higher altitude locations.

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Yan, Hai Xian. "Simulation Analysis of a Printing Factory Energy Saving." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1559.

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We simulates the thermal load of Shanxi Xinhua Printing Factory by using the software of DeST. Through choosing different parameters, it obtained that roofing materials have a great impact on the whole heat load system, wall window ratio and wall materials is very small. The result is of great significance to the construction of energy-efficient design of new plant.

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No, Sang Tae, and Jae Yeob Kim. "A Study on the Thermal Load Saving of an University Office Building with Passive Items." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.457.

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Curtain wall system shows good performance for daylighting and openness, but it also causes deterioration of thermal comfort because it brings too much solar irradiation to interior space. So in this study, to reduce heating and cooling loads, some passive items, such as window-wall ratio, air exchange rate, outdoor louver, and composition of window glass were adopted to a university office building and the monthly heating-cooling loads were evaluated by EnergyPlus simulation. The actual energy usages were compared to loads of simulation data to verify simulation accuracy and real data and simulation result showed good match. As a result, air exchange rate and interior setpoint temperature influenced on thermal loads more than the other passive items.

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Uprety, Sanjaya, Shiva Kafley, and Barsha Shrestha. "Window to wall ratio and orientation effects on thermal performance of residential building: A case of Butwal Sub-Metropolis." Journal of Engineering Issues and Solutions 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joeis.v1i1.36833.

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The orientation and glazed surface area used for windows in a building have significant effects on its indoor thermal comfort and overall energy consumption. The increasing use of glazed windows and lack of consideration of orientation in building design have become a major problem in warm and humid regions as windows cover sensitive skin areas for the exchange of energy leading to increased solar gain inside the building. This paper describes the effect of the varied ‘area ratio of glazed window to the wall for different building orientations’ on the thermal performance of the residential building in a warm humid climatic region of Nepal. A typical residential building located in Kalikanagr of Butwal, the fast-urbanizing sub-metropolis of Western Nepal, was selected for the study from 18 houses surveyed using the purposive sampling method. Nine varying values of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) of glazed façade ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 with a constant increment of 0.1 in north and south façades, and the change in the building orientations were considered for the detailed study. Altogether eighty different test scenarios including base case scenarios were created and annual thermal energy consumption was computed for each test scenario using the Autodesk Ecotect Analysis, 2011. Findings from the study showed that the south orientation is the most appropriate compared to the north-east for all WWR to reduce the building energy consumption and an increase in WWR also results in increased energy consumption. The study concludes the careful considerations of WWR and the south orientation during the designing of building will contribute to efficient energy consumption in residential buildings.

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Xue, Peng, Qian Li, Jingchao Xie, Mengjing Zhao, and Jiaping Liu. "Optimization of window-to-wall ratio with sunshades in China low latitude region considering daylighting and energy saving requirements." Applied Energy 233-234 (January 2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.027.

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Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad, Soha Matoor, Neda Feyzmand, and Amene Doroodgar. "Horizontal Distribution of Illuminance with Reference to Window Wall Ratio (WWR) in Office Buildings in Hot and Dry Climate, Case of Iran, Tehran." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.72.

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The Issue of daylight inclusion in the office buildings has got the significant importance in the recent years. Using this light, dependence on artificial lighting sources can be reduced which results in the energy efficiency. This study aims to determine the optimal Window Wall Ratios in the office buildings of Tehran to take the advantage of daylight abundance regarding the climatic features without making the designers involved with the complicated calculations. All the research analyses have been done based on the window models comparison through the computational simulations. After the primary analyses, the models were developed and put to the test again. The study shows that among from all the tested models, an optimal WWR range for the office buildings of Tehran can be proposed.

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Kwon, Hyuk-Ju, Keum-Ho Lee, and Kwang Ho Lee. "Development and comparative analysis of slat angle control algorithm of venetian blind according to window-to-wall ratio and zone orientation." KIEAE Journal 17, no. 4 (August 30, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2017.17.4.075.

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Kim, Jin-Hee, Seong-Koo Son, Gyeong-Seok Choi, Young-Tag Kim, Sung-Bum Kim, and Won-Ki Choi. "A Fundamental Study on the Development of New Energy Performance Index in Office Buildings." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082064.

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Recently, there have been significant concerns regarding excessive energy use in office buildings with a large window-to-wall ratio (WWR) because of the curtain wall structure. However, prior research has confirmed that the impact of the window area on energy consumption varies depending on building size. A newly proposed window-to-floor ratio (WFR) correlates better with energy consumption in the building. In this paper, we derived the correlation by analyzing a simulation using EnergyPlus, and the results are as follows. In the case of small buildings, the results of this study showed that the WWR and energy requirement increase proportionally, and the smaller the size is, the higher the energy sensitivity will be. However, results also confirmed that this correlation was not established for buildings approximately 3600 m2 or larger. Nevertheless, from analyzing the correlation between the WFR and the energy requirements, it could be deduced that energy required increased proportionally when the WFR was 0.1 or higher. On the other hand, the correlation between WWR, U-value, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and material property values of windows had little effect on energy when the WWR was 20%, and the highest effect was seen at a WWR of 100%. Further, with an SHGC below 0.3, the energy requirement decreased with an increasing WWR, regardless of U-value. In addition, we confirmed the need for in-depth research on the impact of the windows’ U-value, SHGC, and WWR, and this will be verified through future studies. In future studies on window performance, U-value, SHGC, visible light transmittance (VLT), wall U-value as sensitivity variables, and correlation between WFR and building size will be examined.

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Won, ChungYeon, SangTae No, and Qamar Alhadidi. "Factors Affecting Energy Performance of Large-Scale Office Buildings: Analysis of Benchmarking Data from New York City and Chicago." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2019): 4783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244783.

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Buildings in high-income, industrialized cities are responsible for more than 50% of global energy consumption; consequently, many developed cities have legislated energy benchmarking and disclosure policies to understand their buildings’ energy-use dynamics better. By utilizing these benchmarking data and additional information taken from 3D models, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of large-scale office buildings located in New York and Chicago, with respect to their energy use intensity (EUI). To identify the primary factors affecting the EUI, Spearman’s correlation analysis and multiple variate regression tests were performed on office buildings over 500,000 ft2 (46,452 m2) gross floor area. The results showed the number of floors, construction year, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and source-to-site ratio statistically significant, while morphological factors such as the relative compactness and surface-to-volume ratio showed limited relation to EUI. In New York City, the smallest EUI median was found in the buildings with 20 to 30 floors, and in Chicago, the buildings with 60 floors or more. A higher source-to-site ratio generally had lower overall EUI in both cities. Despite the high correlation, different kinds of dependency were found for window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and construction year between NYC and Chicago. These findings highlight the relative role that each building’s characteristics play concerning the EUI, depending on the particular building’s typology, scale, and the urban context.

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Choi, Bo-Eun, Ji-Hyun Shin, Jin-Hyun Lee, Sun-Sook Kim, and Young-Hum Cho. "Establishment of Passive Energy Conservation Measure and Economic Evaluation of Fenestration System in Nonresidential Building of Korea." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8681737.

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ECO2 (building energy efficiency rating program) and passive energy conservation measures (ECMs) were established as a basic study for targeted methodologies and decision support systems development in Korea to meet national regulations. The primary energy consumption and economic evaluation of nonresidential buildings was performed. Passive ECMs were classified as planning and performance elements. The planning elements are the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and horizontal shading angle. The performance elements are the thermal transmittance (U-value) of the walls, roof, and floor and the U-value and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of windows. This study focused on the window-to-wall ratio and the U-value and solar heat gain coefficient of windows. An economic efficiency database for the constructed alternatives was built; the target building was set and the Passive ECM List for the target building was derived. The energy consumption evaluation and economic evaluation were performed for each of the constructed alternatives, and a methodology for guiding energy efficiency decisions was proposed based on the performance evaluation results, and the optimal Passive ECM List for the target building was derived.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Window-to-wall ratio'

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