Journal articles: 'Windward'

1

Wylie, Hal, Maryse Condé, and Richard Philcox. "Windward Heights." World Literature Today 74, no. 1 (2000): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40155507.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Richey, Michael. "Windward Passage." Journal of Navigation 38, no. 02 (May 1985): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300031404.

Full text

Abstract:

At the International Boat Show in London this year, the former Director was presented with a special Yachtsman of the Year award for ‘services to yachting taking into account his achievements in offshore racing and distinguished service to the art of small craft navigation’. The following account of his single handed transatlantic voyage last year may thus be of some interest to Members even though its strictly navigational content is limited.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Philip, J. R. "Windward Diffusion." Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, no. 7 (July 1997): 974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0974:wd>2.0.co;2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Johnson, Amy M. "Jamaica’s Windward Maroon “Slaveholders”." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 94, no. 3-4 (November 25, 2020): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-bja10010.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This article is a quantitative analysis of data sets from 1810–20 related to Maroon “slaveholding” in the Proceedings of the Honourable House of Assembly Relative to the Maroons, which have been published in the Journals of the House of Assembly of Jamaica. Colonial officials in Jamaica identified some Maroons in the Charles Town and Moore Town census records as slaves or slaveholders. The data provide important insights into how bondage may have functioned in Maroon settlements. The data, in combination with an analysis of nontraditional slavery, suggest that slaveholding practices among the Maroons may have been influenced by West African cultural norms and opportunities that emerged on the Caribbean island of Jamaica. This scholarship contributes to studies of both the Maroons in the Americas and nontraditional slaveholding.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Young, John. "Lau: A windward perspective." Journal of Pacific History 28, no. 2 (November 1993): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349308572736.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

O’Rourke, Michael, Jan Potac, and Thomas Thiis. "Windward Snow Drift Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 5 (May 2018): 04018033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002032.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Naumes, William, Kevin Kane, and William Naumes. "Windward Islands Aloe, Inc." International Journal of Value-Based Management 1, no. 1 (February 1988): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03186619.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Guntur, Guntur, Samsul Arifin, and Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi. "KOMPOSISI PENYUSUN TERUMBU KARANG TEPI (FRINGING REEF) DI PULAU MANDANGIN KABUPATEN SAMPANG, MADURA The Composition of Fringing Reef Formation in Pulau Mandangin, Sampang Province, Madura." SAINTEK PERIKANAN : Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.11.2.94-98.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRAK Terumbu karang tepi di Pulau Mandangin tersusun substrat biotik dan abiotik dengan kedalaman tidak lebih dari 40 m. Pulau Mandangin adalah pulau kecil yang memiliki komposisi substrat dasar seperti terumbu karang dan perairannya yaitu zona leeward dan zona windward. Zona leeward adalah sisi yang membelakangi arah datangnya angin, sedangkan zona windward adalah sisi yang menghadap arah datangnya angin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui komposisi penyusun terumbu karang tepi (fringing reef) dan mengetahui perbedaan komposisi penyusun terumbu karang tepi (fringing reef) antara zona leeward dan zona windward di Pulau Mandangin. Metode yang digunakan adalah Line Intercept Transect (LIT) secara vertikal, LIT dimulai dari surut terendah sampai daerah reef slope dan dilakukan pencatatan semua jenis substrat yang dibawah garis transek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan zona fringing reef yang mengelilingi Pulau Mandangin tersusun atas substrat rubble, sand, alga, rock, dead coral, dead coral with algae, sponge, coral massive dan coral submassive. Zona leeward lebih bervariasi dari zona windward dalam susunan fringing reef. Hal ini karena angin yang terjadi di zona windward lebih besar dari zona leeward, sehingga substrat di zona windward hanya rubble dan sand. Kata kunci: Fringing reef, zona windward, zona leeward, substrat, Pulau Mandangin ABSTRACT Fringing reef in Mandangin Island comprises of biotic and abiotic substrates in depth not more than 40 m. Mandangin Island is a small island with base substrate composition mostly involving coral reef. The waters include leeward and windward zones. Leeward zone is paralleling with wind incoming direction, whereas windward zone is facing on wind incoming direction. The objective of research is to understand the composition that constitutes fringing reef and to recognize different constitutive composition of fringing reef at leeward zone and windward zone in Mandangin Island. Method of research is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) that is applied vertically. LIT starts from the lowest ebb toward the reef slope zone, and it involves registering all substrate types below transect line. Result of research indicates that fringing zone surrounding Mandangin Island consists of various substrates such as rubble, sand, alga, rock, dead coral, dead coral with algae, sponge, coral massive and coral sub-massive. Leeward zone is more diversified in fringing reef composition than windward zone. It is evident because wind occurrence at windward zone is higher than at leeward zone, and thus, substrates at windward zone include only rubble and sand. Keywords: Fringing reef, windward zone, leeward zone, substrates, Mandangin Island

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Wang, Qiao Ning, Yan Ling Guan, and Qi Hai Liao. "Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients of Windward Window in Buildings with Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 1061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.1061.

Full text

Abstract:

Focus on the prediction of flow rates in buildings under natural ventilation, the investigation conducted a series of model rooms with cross ventilation. The impact of window-wall ratios, windows configurations as well as corresponding flow rates was investigated. The object of this investigation is to analyze characteristics of windward window opening discharge coefficient by measuring static pressure difference and the flow rate through windows. The conclusion are as follows: For large openings, the discharge coefficient of windward window opening increases as the window-wall ratio grows up; With windward window-wall ratio of 44.4% and 11.1%, the discharge coefficient of windward openings is almost irrelevant to flow rate and less affected by leeward window area; However, with windward window-wall ratio of 2.78%, the discharge coefficient increases slightly as flow rate rises, and the larger the area of leeward opening is, the smaller the discharge coefficient of windward opening becomes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Malinovskaya, E. A. "Windward Aeolian Slope Formation Model." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 55, no. 2 (March 2019): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433819020129.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Wallinga, H. T. "POSEIDONIOS ON BEATING TO WINDWARD." Mnemosyne 53, no. 4 (2000): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852500510705.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Esteban, Mary Ann, and Yi-Leng Chen. "The Impact of Trade Wind Strength on Precipitation over the Windward Side of the Island of Hawaii." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 913–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2059.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The effects of trade wind strength and the diurnal heating cycle on the production of summer trade wind rainfall on the windward side of the island of Hawaii are examined from the data collected from the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP) during 11 July–24 August 1990 and from National Weather Service Hydronet and National Climatic Data Center rain gauge data during 11 July–24 August for the years 1997–2000. For strong trades, the daily rainfall totals on the windward lowlands west of Hilo are higher with a nocturnal maximum there due to the convergence of the katabatic flow and the incoming decelerating trade wind flow, and orographic lifting aloft. The maximum rainfall axis shifts farther inland when trades are stronger. Except in the late afternoon hours, rainfall amounts on the windward side are higher when trades are stronger. For weak trades (≤5 m s−1), the rainfall distributions have a pronounced late afternoon maximum on the windward slopes due to the development of anabatic winds. The nocturnal rainfall over the windward lowlands and the early morning coastal rainfall are lower when trades are weaker.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Riedmann, E., and A. Bock. "Der Windward Viadukt auf Oahu, Hawaii." Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 91, no. 7 (July 1996): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/best.199600280.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

O’Rourke, Michael, and Charles De Angelis. "Snow Drifts at Windward Roof Steps." Journal of Structural Engineering 128, no. 10 (October 2002): 1330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2002)128:10(1330).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Palmer, Colin. "Windward Sailing Capabilities of Ancient Vessels." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 38, no. 2 (September 2009): 314–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00208.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Wan, Yu, and Zhenxiang Yi. "2.5D Flexible Wind Sensor Using Differential Plate Capacitors." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093101.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, a novel 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) flexible wind sensor is proposed based on four differential plate capacitors. This design consists of a windward pillar, two electrode layers, and a support layer, which are all made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with different Young’s moduli. A 2 mm × 2 mm copper electrode array is located on each electrode layer, forming four parallel plate capacitors as the sensitive elements. The wind in the xy-plane tilts the windward pillar, decreasing two capacitances on the windward side and increasing two capacitances on the leeward side. The wind in the z-axis depresses the windward pillar, resulting in an increase of all four capacitances. Experiments demonstrate that this sensor can measure the wind speed up to 23.9 m/s and the wind direction over the full 360° range of the xy-plane. The sensitivities of wind speed are close to 4 fF·m−1·s and 3 fF·m−1·s in the xy-plane and z-axis, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Ogasa, Mayumi Y., Haruhiko Taneda, Hiroki Ooeda, Akihiro Ohtsuka, and Emiko Maruta. "Repair of severe winter xylem embolism supports summer water transport and carbon gain in flagged crowns of the subalpine conifer Abies veitchii." Tree Physiology 39, no. 10 (June 18, 2019): 1725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz066.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Xylem embolism induced by winter drought is a serious dysfunction in evergreen conifers growing at wind-exposed sites in the mountains. Some coniferous species can recover from winter embolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether wind direction influences embolism formation and/or repair dynamics on short windward and long leeward branches of asymmetrical `flagged' crowns. We analyzed the effect of branch orientation on percentage loss of xylem conductive area (PLC), leaf functional traits and the xylem:leaf area ratio for subalpine, wind-exposed flagged-crown Abies veitchii trees in the northern Yatsugatake Mountains of central Japan. In late winter, the shoot water potential was below −2.5 MPa, and the PLC exceeded 80% in 2-year-old branches, independent of branch orientation within a flagged crown. Both of these parameters almost fully recovered by summer. At branch internodes 4 years of age and older, seasonal changes in PLC were not found in either windward or leeward branches, but the PLC was higher in less leafy windward branches. The leaf nitrogen content and water-use efficiency of mature leaves were comparable between windward branches and leafy leeward branches. The ratio of xylem conductive area to total leaf area was the same for windward and leeward branches. These results indicate that the repair of winter xylem embolism allows leaf physiological functions to be maintained under sufficient leaf water supply, even on winter-wind-exposed branches. This permits substantial photosynthetic carbon gain during the following growing season on both windward and leeward branches. Thus, xylem recovery from winter embolism is a key trait for the survival of harsh winters and to support productivity on the individual level in flagged-crown A. veitchii trees.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Colle, Brian A., Matthew F. Garvert, Justin B. Wolfe, Clifford F. Mass, and Christopher P. Woods. "The 13–14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event. Part III: Simulated Microphysical Budgets and Sensitivity Studies." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 3535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3552.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper investigates the microphysical pathways and sensitivities within the Reisner-2 bulk microphysical parameterization (BMP) of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) for the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE)-2 field experiment on 13–14 December 2001. A microphysical budget over the windward slope at 1.33-km horizontal grid spacing was calculated, in which the importance of each microphysical process was quantified relative to the water vapor loss (WVL) rate. Over the windward Cascades, the largest water vapor loss was associated with condensation (73% of WVL) and snow deposition (24%), and the windward surface precipitation resulted primarily from accretion of cloud water by rain (27% of WVL), graupel fallout and melt (19%), and snowmelt (6%). Two-thirds of the snow generated aloft spilled over into the lee in an area of model overprediction, resulting in windward precipitation efficiency of only 50%. Even with the large amount of precipitation spillover, the windward precipitation was still overpredicted in many locations. A series of experiments were completed using different snowfall speeds, cloud water autoconversion, threshold riming values for snow to graupel autoconversion, and slope intercepts for snow. The surface precipitation was most sensitive to those parameters associated with the snow size distribution and fall speed, while decreasing the riming threshold for snow to graupel conversion had the greatest positive impact on the precipitation forecast. All simulations overpredicted cloud water over the lower windward slopes, had too little cloud water over the crest, and had too much ice at moderate-to-large sizes aloft. Riming processes were important, since without supercooled water there were bull’s-eyes of spurious snow spillover over the lee slopes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Malinovskaya, E. A. "Model of the windward slope formation of the eolian relief form." Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана 55, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002-351555286-95.

Full text

Abstract:

The model for establishing the windward slope upon exposure to the air flow is based on the analysis of the state of the layer composed of sandy incoherent particles. It is assumed that the wind removal of individual particles of this layer leads to a change in its length due to rolling and immobility of larger particles. Accounting for precipitating saltating particles gives an idea of the reasons for the alternation of layers of large particles with layers of smaller ones involved in wind-sand transport. Assuming a linear dependence of the dynamic velocity on the height of the location on the windward slope, the forms of the windward slope, which are close to the observed ones, are obtained. An algorithm for determining the linear coefficient of change of dynamic velocity is proposed. The calculation of the relative change at different levels of the windward slope of the values of the roughness parameter and the scale of the laminar layer made it possible to estimate the coefficient of surface resistance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Zagrodnik, Joseph P., Lynn A. McMurdie, Robert A. Houze, and Simone Tanelli. "Vertical Structure and Microphysical Characteristics of Frontal Systems Passing over a Three-Dimensional Coastal Mountain Range." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): 1521–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0279.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract As midlatitude cyclones pass over a coastal mountain range, the processes producing their clouds and precipitation are modified, leading to considerable spatial variability in precipitation amount and composition. Statistical diagrams of airborne precipitation radar transects, surface precipitation measurements, and particle size distributions are examined from nine cases observed during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX). Although the pattern of windward enhancement and leeside diminishment of precipitation was omnipresent, the degree of modulation was largely controlled by the synoptic environment associated with the prefrontal, warm, and postfrontal sectors of midlatitude cyclones. Prefrontal sectors contained homogeneous stratiform precipitation with a slightly enhanced ice layer on the windward slopes and rapid diminishment to a near-complete rain shadow in the lee. Warm sectors contained deep, intense enhancement over both the windward slopes and high terrain and less prominent rain shadows owing to downstream spillover of ice particles generated over terrain. Surface particle size distributions in the warm sector contained a broad spectrum of sizes and concentrations of raindrops on the lower windward side where high precipitation rates were achieved from varying degrees of both liquid and ice precipitation-generating processes. Spillover precipitation was rather homogeneous in nature and lacked the undulations in particle size and concentration that occurred at the windward sites. Postfrontal precipitation transitioned from isolated convective cells over ocean to a shallow, mixed convective–stratiform composition with broader coverage and greater precipitation rates over the sloping terrain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Wang, Yibin, Hexin Liu, and Houzhang Tan. "Modelling of initial deposition of biomass ash particles on walls of superheater tubes." Thermal Science 24, no. 6 Part A (2020): 3489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200311270w.

Full text

Abstract:

Condensation of gaseous alkali chloride and sulphate and adhesion of molten ash particles are still an important issue of investigation and gaining more and more attention in biomass utilization. In this work the behaviours for formation of initial deposition layer and condensation of KCl(g) and K2SO4(g) were simulated nu-merically in a 2-D computational domain of an in-line 4?4 tube bundle. The sticking and rebound efficiency of incident particles, condensation rate of gaseous salts and ash deposition rate on both of the windward and the leeward sides of tubes were obtained through transient calculation cases. The ash deposition mass on the windward side of tubes is mainly from impaction and stickiness of large ash particles. The condensation rate of KCl(g) is two orders of magnitude higher than that of K2SO4(g) on both of the windward and the leeward side of tubes. The ash deposition rate and the condensation rate on the windward side of tubes are of equal importance. While on the leeward side of tubes the condensation of salt vapours is more dominant than the inertial impaction in the forming stage of initial layer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Bochicchio, Christopher, Charles Fletcher, Matthew Dyer, and Thomas Smith. "Reef-Top Sediment Bodies: Windward O‘ahu, Hawai‘i." Pacific Science 63, no. 1 (January 2009): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/1534-6188(2009)63[61:rsbwoh]2.0.co;2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Buchan, Alex R. "SS Windward—whaler and Arctic exploration ship." Polar Record 24, no. 150 (July 1988): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400009177.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractWindward, a three-masted barque, was built in Peterhead in 1860 for the whaling trade, and fitted with steam engines in 1866. Almost every year for 33 years she visited the Arctic in pursuit of whales and seals, latterly belonging to the Grays, an outstanding Peterhead whaling family. Sold in 1894 to Captain Joseph Wiggins, she was bought later in the same year by Alfred Harmsworth for the use of Frederick G. Jackson in his exploration of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa (Franz Josef Land). Windward was Jackson's ship for three years, including one winter beset in the ice; journeying from her, Jackson substantially recharted Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, and the ship brought home Fridtjof Nansen after his epic drift with the polar ice. In 1897 Harmsworth offered the vessel to Robert Peary, who was planning an assault on the North Pole from the northern tip of Greenland or from Ellesmere Island. After four years with Peary, including two winters trapped in the ice, Windward returned to her roots in whaling from Scotland. She was lost in Davis Strait in 1907.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Tilley, Alec. "Sailing to windward in the ancient Mediterranean." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23, no. 4 (November 1994): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00476.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Tilley, A. "Sailing to windward in the ancient Mediterranean." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23, no. 4 (November 1994): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijna.1994.1039.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Kersell, J. E. "Political fragmentation of the Dutch Windward Islands." Public Administration and Development 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230110110.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Colle, Brian A. "Two-Dimensional Idealized Simulations of the Impact of Multiple Windward Ridges on Orographic Precipitation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2305.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper presents two-dimensional (2D) idealized simulations at 1-km grid spacing using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) in order to illustrate how a series of ridges along a broad windward slope can impact the precipitation distribution and simulated microphysics. The number of windward ridges for a 2000-m mountain of 50-km half-width is varied from 0 to 16 over a 150-km distance using different stratifications, freezing levels, uniform ambient flows, and ridge amplitudes. A few (200–400 m) windward ridges can enhance the precipitation locally over each ridge crest by a factor of 2–3. Meanwhile, a series of 8–16 ridges that are 200–400 m in height can increase the net precipitation averaged over the windward slope by 10%–35%. This average precipitation enhancement is maximized when the ridge spacing is relatively small (<20 km), since there is less time for subsidence drying within the valleys and the mountain waves become more evanescent, which favors a simple upward and downward motion couplet over each ridge. In addition, small ridge spacing is shown to have a synergistic effect on precipitation over the lower windward slope, in which an upstream ridge helps increase the precipitation over the adjacent downwind ridge. There is little net precipitation enhancement by the ridges for small moist Froude numbers (Fr < 0.8), since flow blocking limits the flow up and over each ridge. For a series of narrow ridges (∼10 km wide), the largest precipitation enhancement for a 500-mb freezing level occurs over lower windward slope of the barrier through warm-rain processes. In contrast, a 1000-mb freezing level has the largest precipitation enhancement over the middle and upper portions of a barrier for a series of narrow (∼10 km wide) ridges given the horizontal advection of snow aloft.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Sun, Jian, and Wei Qiang Liu. "Application of High Temperature Heat-Pipes Leading Structure on the Capsule Type Re-Entry Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.261.

Full text

Abstract:

The leading structure of circumferential embedded high temperature heat-pipes in sidewall is considered as thermal protection system to prevent capsule type re-entry vehicle from the serious aerodynamic heating. It can lighten thermal load of windward and make good use of the endothermic capability of low temperature leeward. By means of fluid structure interaction method, we calculate the temperature distribution of capsule under given conditions and the maximum sidewall temperature decreases by 8.45%. The transfer of heat from windward to leeward is achieved, the windward of the thermal load is weakened and the ability of thermal protection is strengthened. The influence of structure parameters of heat-pipe-cooled capsule, flying attributes and materials attributes of coating to thermal protection effect are discussed in this paper to provide some references for the selection of leading structure and materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Mirabi, Elahe, Nazanin Nasrollahi, and Mehdi Dadkhah. "Investigating the Effect of Balcony Types on the Naturally-Ventilated Buildings." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 26, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.26.1.24318.

Full text

Abstract:

Natural ventilation is application of natural drift power of wind. Wind can enter and exit buildings through the openings on facades. Hence, Form of facades can impact the air flow behaviour and consequently natural ventilation because they can change the pressure distribution on facades. Moreover, wind pressure difference between windward and leeward facades of buildings is the most important factor affecting natural ventilation. So, it is worthy to focus on facade details in order to enhance natural ventilation. Particularly, geometrical details of facades such as protrusions and indentations e.g. balconies can be considered effective elements on average pressure distribution on both windward and leeward facades, changing pressure difference between these facades. This difference can drive the air flow towards interior spaces significantly. Although this basic rule has been used by different researchers in order to increase natural ventilation buildings, the most research has been studied buildings with flat facades. Therefore, this study aims to investigate effects of balcony types on the natural ventilation. Three types of balcony are simulated and the wind pressure distribution on the windward and leeward facades are analysed. All these simulations are carried out for normally (perpendicular) and obliquely incident wind. This study is performed with Ansys Fluent 18 for all simulations. The results showed that balcony types can affect the pressure distribution on the windward and leeward facades of buildings, leading to the more or less pressure difference between these two facades. These results show that protrusion (protrusive balcony) can cause more complicated pattern of the wind pressure on facades than the others. Also, Re-entrant balcony causes the more pressure differences between the windward and leeward facades and enhances natural ventilation of buildings more considerably than the protrusive one.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Kim, Dong-Kyun, and Chang-Keun Song. "Characteristics of vertical velocities estimated from drop size and fall velocity spectra of a Parsivel disdrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 6 (June 29, 2018): 3851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3851-2018.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Vertical air velocities were estimated from drop size and fall velocity spectra observed by Parsivel disdrometers during intensive field observations from 13 June to 3 August 2016 around Mt. Jiri (1915 m a.s.l.) in the southern Korean Peninsula. Rainfall and wind velocity data measured by Parsivel disdrometers and ultrasonic anemometers, respectively, were analyzed for an orographic rainfall event associated with a stationary front over Mt. Jiri on 1 July 2016. In this study, a new technique was developed to estimate vertical air velocities from drop size and fall velocity spectra measured by the Parsivel disdrometers and investigate characteristics of up-/downdrafts and related microphysics on the windward and leeward sides of the mountain. To validate results from this technique, vertical air velocities between the Parsivel disdrometers and anemometers were compared at different locations and were shown in quite good agreement with each other. It was shown that upward motion was relatively more dominant on the windward side and even during periods of heavy rainfall. In contrast, downward motion was more dominant on the leeward side during nearly the same periods of heavy rainfall. Occurrences of upward and downward motion were digitized as percentage values as they are divided by a total count of occurrences during the entire period. On the windward (leeward) side, the percentages of upward (downward) motion were much larger than those of downward (upward) motion. The mean rainfall intensity on the leeward side was stronger than on the windward side, suggesting that most of the rainfall on the leeward side was relatively more affected by the downward motion. With the estimated vertical air velocities, histogram characteristics of rainfall parameters were also examined between the windward and leeward sides.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Maslennikov, Pavel, Elena Golovina, and Anastasia Artemenko. "Ecological and Geochemical Conditions for the Accumulation of Antioxidants in the Leaves of Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060746.

Full text

Abstract:

The article explores how location affected the dynamics of accumulation of ascorbic acid (AC) and oxidized forms of AC—dehydroascorbic acid (DAA) and diketogulonic acid (DKGA) in beach pea during ontogenetic development. Our analysis focuses on research of the ecological and geochemical conditions growing of the plant on the Curonian Spit. The level of hydrogen peroxide and the activity of enzymes that break it down were analyzed. Antioxidant activity and the total concentration of phenolics were evaluated in the leaves of beach pea on the leeward and windward sides of the foredune. It was established that the level of AC, DAA, and DKGA was higher in the plants growing on the windward side of the foredune. A higher concentration of peroxy compounds, which stimulate the biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase), polyphenols, and other low molecular antioxidants (AOA) was observed in the leaves of these plants. The plants on the windward side enter phenological stages one or two weeks later than their counterparts on the leeward side of the foredune do. There was a generally negative correlation between the temperature of the soil and the accumulation of ascorbate system acids in the leaves of the studied plants (r = −0.46/(−0.68), p < 0.05). The accumulation of low molecular antioxidants and enzymes in beach pea suggests their adaptation to the adverse conditions of the windward side of the foredune.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Yamano, Hiroya, Osamu Abe, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Etsuko Niu, and Toshio Nakamura. "Coral Reef Evolution at the Leeward Side of Ishigaki Island, Southwest Japan." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041564.

Full text

Abstract:

In comparison with windward coral reefs, the facies and evolution of leeward coral reefs has been discussed to a lesser extent. By accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) carbon-14 dating of coral specimens collected from the trench excavated across a modern coral reef during a fishery port repair, we revealed the internal facies and Holocene evolution of a leeward reef in Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan. The reef facies can be split into three facies: the tabular Acropora framework facies, the tabular Acropora reworked facies, and the unconsolidated bioclast facies. The tabular Acropora reworked facies first formed a ridge by 3500 BR Then, the tabular Acropora framework facies grew both upward and seaward. The accumulation rates of the tabular Acropora framework facies ranged from 2.2 to 8.3 m/ka. Thus, the reef framework facies and accumulation rates of this leeward reef is similar to those of windward reefs, although the age of the reef top is younger than that of windward reefs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Williams, Timothy C. "Autumnal Bird Migration over the Windward Caribbean Islands." Auk 102, no. 1 (January 1985): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4086835.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Crichlow, Michaeline A. "Neoliberalism, States, and Bananas in the Windward Islands." Latin American Perspectives 30, no. 3 (May 2003): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x03030003004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Marshall, T. A. "Notes on the Entomology of the Windward Islands." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 26, no. 5 (April 24, 2009): xxvii—xxxviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1878.tb01961.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Christian, Colmore, Thomas Potts, G. Burnett, and Thomas Lacher Jr. "Parrot conservation and ecotourism in the Windward Islands." Journal of Biogeography 23, no. 3 (May 1996): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00041.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Han, Y., and Steve C. S. Cai. "Aerodynamic Forces of Vehicles on the Bridge under Crosswinds." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 1206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.1206.

Full text

Abstract:

In the present study, an experimental setup was made to measure the aerodynamic characteristics of vehicles on the bridge for different cases in a wind tunnel considering the aerodynamic interference. The influence of the wind turbulence, the vehicle interference, and the distance of vehicle from the windward edge of the deck on the aerodynamic coefficients of vehicles were investigated based on the experimental results. The measured results showed that the wind turbulence, the vehicle interference, and the vehicle distance from the windward edge significantly affected the aerodynamic coefficients of vehicles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Li, Chi, and Yu Gao. "Experimental Studies on Wind Erosion Mechanism of Aeolian Soils Subgrade Slope for Desert Highway." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 2401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.2401.

Full text

Abstract:

Wind erosion mechanism is studied through interior wind erosion wind tunnel experiment for desert highway. The anti-wind erosion ability of Aeolian soil subgrade slope is equivalent to the variation of microstructure characteristics and shearing strength of Aeolian soil. Microstructure characteristics will be quantified analysis through scanning electron microscope and image analysis software for subgrade slope, and microstructure parameters are picked-up for wind erosion fore-and-aft. Aeolian soil’s Shearing strength and wind erosion depth are investigated at different position of windward slope during a long-time wind-blown. Then, wind erosion mechanism of Aeolian soils subgrade slope is clarified from two aspects of micro and macro, wind erosion influence depth is determined for certain environmental condition. Taking desert highway subgrade as an example, the results indicate that: the disturbance to the flow field enhances with the increase of slope ratio and subgrade height, wind erosion of the windward slope is severe. The anti-wind erosion ability on windward slope is weak obvious with the decreasing of soil’s water containing, the increasing of wind velocity and the blow time prolong. Shearing strength of Aeorian soil is gradually decreased from slope surface to its interior, from bottom to top of windward slope. According to environmental condition local, when average wind velocity is 11m/s and natural water containing is 2%, wind erosion depth is about 15mm on the top of slope which is 1/11 of subgrade height, relative to 10mm on the mid of slope. The conclusions drawn from micro and macro are proved the wind erosion mechanism of Aeolian soils subgrade slope perfectly.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Beezley, Kenneth, Gregory Dahle, Jason Miesbauer, and David DeVallance. "Strain Patterns Across the Root-Stem Transition Zone in Urban Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.023.

Full text

Abstract:

Trees are subjected to mechanical loading during their life span or face premature mortality. The strain resulting from loads intercepted by the canopy and transferred throughout the tree is of significant importance, not only for the survival of the tree, but for the safety and well-being of the human population found in close proximity. To test the function of tree orientation to an applied load, static load tests were conducted on 15 mature pin oak trees (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). We applied the static load tests to tilt the trees 0.1° from natural position. We used a digital image correlation system to map strain in the leeward, windward, and tangential roots in the root-stem transition zone. Results indicate that mean maximum strain magnitudes are similar in the leeward and windward orientations and lower on the tangential orientation. The leeward orientation experienced compressive strain, the windward orientation experienced tensile strain, and the tangential orientation had both tensile and compressive strain. This information provides the arboricultural and plant science sectors with a better understanding of how loading force moves through trees and will further enhance tree risk assessment and root zone management protocols.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Wilson, W. Douglas, and William E. Johns. "Velocity structure and transport in the Windward Islands Passages." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 44, no. 3 (March 1997): 487–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(96)00113-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Sharma, R. N., and P. J. Richards. "The multi-stage process of windward wall pressure admittance." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 92, no. 14-15 (December 2004): 1191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.07.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Holmes, J. D., and J. D. Ginger. "Internal pressures – The dominant windward opening case – A review." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 100, no. 1 (January 2012): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.11.005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Carbone, R. E., J. D. Tuttle, W. A. Cooper, V. Grubišić, and W. C. Lee. "Trade Wind Rainfall near the Windward Coast of Hawaii." Monthly Weather Review 126, no. 11 (November 1998): 2847–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2847:twrntw>2.0.co;2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Brilev, Sergey. "A totally different Grenada. British Windward islands in WW2." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 7 (2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0009860-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Roberts, Owain T. P. "An explanation of ancient windward sailing-some other considerations." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 24, no. 4 (November 1995): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1995.tb00744.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Roberts, O. "An explanation of ancient windward sailing—some other considerations." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 24, no. 4 (November 1995): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijna.1995.1037.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Momiji, Hiroshi, and Steven R. Bishop. "Estimating the windward slope profile of a barchan dune." Sedimentology 49, no. 3 (June 2002): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00455.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Lewis, Patsy. "A future for windward Islands' Bananas? Challenge and prospect." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 38, no. 2 (July 2000): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662040008447818.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Jury, Mark R. "The pattern of climate change around the Windward Passage." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137, no. 1-2 (October 15, 2018): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2658-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Rana, P., and V. Sathiyamoorthy. "INVESTIGATION OF CLOUDS AND CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OF THE MADAGASCAR MOUNTAIN CHAINS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 27, 2018): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-901-2018.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Clouds affect the radiative energy balance of the earth–atmosphere system by reflecting and trapping the radiation. The cooling occurs over the earth by reflecting the incoming solar radiation and warming by trapping the outgoing longwave terrestrial radiation. In this paper an attempt has been carried out to understand the clouds and cloud radiative forcing over the windward side of the Madagascar mountain chain. The study was carried out using the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data June&ndash;September from 2000 to 2016. Over the windward side, clouds tend to cool whereas on the leeward side, clouds tend to warm marginally. During this period, peak value of shortwave cloud forcing and the longwave cloud forcing are &minus;45Wm&minus;2 and +15Wm&minus;2 respectively. Generally, the clouds are restricted to low level in the windward side. We also examined the association between the cloud radiative forcing and cloud physical properties such as cloud optical depth, cloud, cloud top temperature and cover amount. The cloud optical depth (&minus;0.74 correlation value) and cloud cover amount (&minus;0.51 correlation value) show better correlation with net cloud radiative cooling. The surface pressure of the Madagascar is also correlated with the net cooling over the windward side.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Windward'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles