Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wine law'

Le terme de terroir est utilisé en France depuis déjà plusieurs siècles. Il faut cependant attendre le début des années 2000 pour que l’Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) lui octroie une définition adaptée au secteur vitivinicole. Le terroir fut alors défini comme, « un concept qui se réfère à un espace sur lequel se développe un savoir collectif, des interactions entre le milieu physique et biologique identifiable et les pratiques vitivinicoles appliquées, qui confèrent des caractéristiques distinctives aux produits originaires de cet espace ». Ainsi semblait se dessiner un axe de qualification du terroir en fonction des caractéristiques scientifiques, les facteurs naturels et humains, déjà connus de l’appellation d’origine protégée (AOP). Cet engouement naissant pour la qualification de produits vitivinicoles du terroir trouve très certainement son origine dans l'utilisation abusive actuelle des AOP dont le nombre va croissant. Cette définition dépourvue de tout effet juridique fragilise cependant sa pérennité. Tout l’enjeu est alors d’identifier les contours scientifiques qui déterminent le terroir pour envisager par la suite un cadre juridique. A partir d’une démarche de juxtaposition des facteurs naturels et humains à l'instar de ce que l'on observe pour les AOP, il sera question de mettre en évidence les facteurs scientifiques induits par le cahier des charges indispensable à la qualification juridique du terroir. La contre-productivité des solutions envisagées pour encadrer juridiquement la théorie du terroir au regard des dénominations géographiques existantes sera ainsi mise en évidence
The term terroir has been used in France for several centuries. However, it was not until the early 21st century that it received a definition specific to the wine sector from the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV). The OIV defines terroir as a concept referring to an “area in which collective knowledge of the interactions between the identifiable physical and biological environment and applied vitivinicultural practices develops, providing distinctive characteristics for the products originating from this area”. This implies an axis of qualification of terroir reflecting scientific characteristics, as well as natural and human factors, already contained in the notion of appellation d’origine contrôlée (AOC). This nascent enthusiasm for the use of terroir to designate vitivinicultural products most probably stems from the tendency to overuse AOPs, whose number is relentlessly increasing. But this definition, which cannot claim genuine legal foundations, undermines its enduring nature. The challenge is therefore to identify the scientific outlines of the definition of terroir, with a view to establishing a legal framework. Building on a juxtaposition of natural and human factors in the same way as AOPs, we highlight the implied scientific factors within the specifications necessary for the legal qualification of terroir. We then argue that the solutions envisaged to legally frame the theory of the terroir can be counterproductive in view of existing geographical indications

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:42:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoSobrinho_Merenice_D.pdf: 1477674 bytes, checksum: 5fe6158bfbdcf36f980d7b9780573936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A legislação brasileira define o vinho como um produto elaborado com uvas frescas, sãs e maduras, produzido por processo fermentativo adequado. Não é permitida a adição de água como constituinte do produto; a adição de sacarose na correção do mosto é restrita a 3ºGL (20ºC) e a presença de contaminantes deve controlada a fim de garantir a saúde pública. A vitivinicultura do estado de São Paulo está passando por um processo de revitalização cujo objetivo é a melhoria da qualidade do produto. As variedades de uvas mais utlizadas, Vitis labrusca e híbridas não são as mais indicadas para a vinificação. O uso de matéria prima inadequada ou a realização do processo fermentativo de forma equivocada pode levar à obtenção de um vinho com parâmetros de identidade e qualidade em desacordo com a legislação brasileira, comprometendo a ascenção de mercado. Dentre a literatura consultada, são escassos os dados quanto a composição dos vinhos produzidos no estado de São Paulo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização físico-quimica e investigar os padrões de identidade e qualidade dos vinhos paulistas. Neste estudo, foram realizadas diversas análises a fim de proporcionar dados que possam contribuir para a avaliação da qualidade do vinho paulista e, consequentemente, direcionar as correções necessárias nos processos de vinificação. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises de pH, acidez total, acidez volátil bruta, acidez volátil corrigida, açúcares totais, anidrido sulfuroso total, grau alcoólico, acetaldeído, metanol, razão isotópica de carbono e oxigênio. Foram analisadas 24 amostras de vinhos paulistas, elaborados por 12 produtores, a partir de uvas americanas, híbridas e viníferas na safra de 2011. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar que 87,5% das amostras estudadas atenderam aos requisitos legais do Padrão de Identidade e Qualidade. Apenas duas amostras, de produtores diferentes, excederam os limites legais para acidez, que pode ser explicado pelo excesso de chuvas verificado durante a safra de 2011 na região. Quanto ao teor de açúcares, apenas uma amostra apresentou divergência entre o valor referenciado na rotulagem e o encontrado nos ensaios. Todos os vinhos avaliados apresentaram graduação alcoólica adequada aos limites legais, porém houve divergência de até 16,4% entre os teores registrados nos rótulos e os verificados nos ensaios. Os níveis de metanol encontrados estiveram abaixo do limite máximo estabelecido. Para o acetaldeído as concentrações variaram entre 4,51± 0,52 mg.L-1 e 87,22 ± 2,21 mg.L-1, sendo que o recomendado na literatura é de até 50 mg.L-1. Os resultados para a razão isotópica de carbono demonstraram que 55% dos vinhos avaliados se apresentaram fora dos limites legais para a correção da graduação alcoólica. Para a razão isotópica de oxigênio todas as amostras analisadas se encontraram acima dos valores de referência para vinhos de São Paulo da safra de 2011, indicando que não há adição de água exógena. No entanto, amostras que se apresentaram em desacordo com a legislação, indicam que há necessidade de intensificar as orientações aos produtores para que possam realizar um controle mais efetivo no processo de produção para a melhoria da qualidade do produto
Abstract: The wine industry in the state of São Paulo is undergoing a revitalization process aimed at improving the quality of the product. Brazilian law defines wine as a product made from fresh, healthy and ripe grapes, produced by appropriate fermentation. It is not permitted to add water as a constituent of the product; adding sucrose to correct the wort is restricted to 3 GL (20 ° C) and the presence of contaminants must be controlled to ensure public health. The most utilized varieties are vitis labrusca and hybrid, but they are not quite suitable for winemaking. The use of inappropriate raw material or inadequate performance of the fermentation process can lead to obtaining a wine with parameters of quality and identity that differ from the Brazilian legislation, undermining the rising market. Among the literature, there are few data regarding the composition of the wines produced in the state of São Paulo. In this study, several analysis were conducted to provide data that can help to evaluate the quality of the Paulista wine and consequently direct the necessary corrections in the process of winemaking. The aim of this study was to characterize physico-chemically and investigate the patterns of identity and quality of the wines described by Brazilian law. Thus, we performed analyzes of pH, total acidity, volatile acidity crude, volatile acidity adjusted, total sugars, total sulfur dioxide, alcohol content, acetaldehyde, methanol, and carbon isotope ratio of oxygen. We analyzed 24 samples of Paulista wines, processed by 12 producers from American, wine grapes and hybrid grapes from the 2011harvest. From the results, it was observed that 87.5% of the samples met the legal requirements. Only two samples from different producers, exceeded the legal limits for acidity, which can be explained by excessive rainfall occurred during the harvest of 2011. As for the sugar content, only one sample showed divergence between the value found in the assays and the value referenced in labeling. All wines showed high alcohol content appropriate to the legal limits, but there was a difference of up to 15% percent from the levels recorded on labels and checked in for tests. The levels of methanol were found below the limit. For acetaldehyde concentrations ranged between 4.51 ± 0.52 mg.L-1 and 87.22 ± 2.21 mg.L-1, and the recommended is 50 mg.L-1. The results for the carbon isotope ratio demonstrated that 55% of the wines evaluated were out of the legal limits for correction of alcoholic content. For oxygen isotope ratio of all samples were found above the reference values for wines from São Paulo crop of 2011, indicating no addition of exogenous water. However, the samples that are at odds with the legislation indicate that there is a need to strengthen the guidelines for producers and perform a more effective control of the production process
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a vital role in reducing wine acidity and also contributing to its aroma and flavour. However, they can also be responsible for many wine spoilage problems that compromise the quality and value of wine. While Oenococcus oeni contributes positive characteristics to the sensory properties of wine, certain species of the genera, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus can affect the wholesomeness of wine by producing undesirable compounds, such as biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate. Chemical preservatives like sulphur dioxide (SO2) are used to prevent the growth of spoilage micro-organisms during the winemaking process. SO2 also acts as a reducing agent and maintains the benefits of antioxidant properties of the polyphenols of wine. However, there is a worldwide demand to reduce SO2 levels due to the increasing health related risks and other factors. All these considerations have increased the interest in research to look for new preservation strategies, and LAB-produced bacteriocins seem to be a potential alternative that has been explored in the last decade. Various types of bacteriocins have been identified and characterized. However, there are few reports on bacteriocins produced by LAB of oenological origin or on bacteriocins present in the finished wine. The present study screened 155 LAB isolates from the IWBT culture collection for bacteriocin production. The isolates originated from South African red wines undergoing spontenous malolactic fermentation (MLF). Eight strains (5%) were identified to be producers, as evidenced by strong inhibition zones formed against sensitive organisms on agar plates. The producers demonstrated a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity by inhibiting Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Listeria monocytogenes and Pediococcus pentosaceus strains. Some of these bacterial genera are important in winemaking since they are potential wine spoilage bacteria. Hence these strains and/or the bacteriocins they produce could possibly find application in the food fermentation industry. The physiological results, biochemical tests and sugar fermentation profiles all gave the same results for the seven isolates, which were indicative of enterococci. The identification through 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the seven tested isolates were all Enterococccus faecium. RAPD-PCR fingerprinting gave the same profile for the seven strains confirming that they were all identical on genetic level. Determining the molecular weight using SDS-PAGE showed the peptides to be below 4.6 kDa in size. PCR amplification of the enterocin P gene, sequencing and BLAST search results confirmed that all eight strains contained the enterocin P gene from Ent. faecium. The enterocin tested in this study was heat stable at 100°C (30 min), but lost 50% of its activity at 121°C (15 min). Factors such as bacteriocin production and heat resistance are among many that enable enterococci to be dominant in fermented products such as dairy foods or meat. Therefore, enterococci producing bacteriocins have potential applications in various foods and fermented products. The pH tests showed enterocin to be active over a broad pH range (2-10). Enterocin activity over a wide pH range make them potentially more suitable as natural preservatives of foods and fermented products where products are acidified or pH decreases due to natural LAB present. They also have potential applications in oenological process where pH levels are as low as 3 and 4. Proteolytic enzyme treatments with lysozyme, lipase, lyticase and catalase could not inhibit enterocin activity. This indicated that their antimicrobial activity was independent of lipid or carbohydrate moieties or hydrogen peroxide. α-Chymotrypsin and proteinase K inactivated enterocin, which indicated that the compound was proteinaceous in nature. Bacteriocin production tested in two of the isolates, #16.3 and 128.1, coincided with the exponential growth phase which occurred after 6 hours of incubation at 30°C, which was an indication of primary metabolite kinetics. The highest production of 400 AU/ml was observed after eight hours and was maintained for several hours (46 hours) in the stationery phase. The bactericidal effect of the cell free supernatants from #16.3 and 128.1 against the sensitive culture of Lactobacillus pentosus DSM 20314 was clearly demonstrated by complete inhibition of growth for most of the experimental period, while the control increased exponentially throughout the experiment. In conclusion, this study has confirmed the isolation and identification of Ent. faecium strains from wine, a genus that is rarely found in the wine environment. Although one can speculate on the origin of this bacterium in the wine e.g. human handling and contaminated water, these bacterial isolates produced enterocin P which have antimicrobial action against wine-related LAB genera and therefore have a potential role in wine spoilage control.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Melksuurbakterieë (MSB) speel ‘n belangrike rol in die redusering van die suurgehalte van wyn en dra ook by tot die aroma en smaak daarvan. Hulle kan egter ook verantwoordelik wees vir vele wynbederfprobleme wat die gehalte en waarde van wyn negatief beïnvloed. Hoewel Oenococcus oeni positiewe karaktertrekke aan die sensoriese eienskappe van wyn verleen, kan sekere spesies van die genus, Lactobacillus en Pediococcus, die heilsaamheid van wyn beïnvloed deur ongewenste verbindings, soos biogeniese amienes en etielkarbamaat, te produseer. Chemiese preserveermiddels, soos swaweldioksied (SO₂), word gebruik om die groei van bederfmikro-organismes tydens die wynbereidingsproses te voorkom. SO₂ fungeer ook as ‘n reduseermiddel en onderhou die voordele van die antioksidant eienskappe van die poli-fenole van wyn. Daar is egter ‘n wêreldwye vraag na die redusering van SO₂-vlakke as gevolg van die toename in gesondheidsverwante risiko’s en ander faktore. Al hierdie oorwegings het belangstelling in die navorsing van nuwe preserveringstrategieë laat toeneem en MSB-geproduseerde bakteriosiene lyk na ‘n potensiële alternatief wat in die laaste dekade ondersoek word. Verskeie tipes bakteriosiene is geïdentifiseer en getipeer. Daar is egter nog weinig gerapporteer oor bakteriosiene wat deur MSB van wynkundige oorsprong geproduseer is of oor bakteriosiene wat in afgeronde wyn teenwoordig is. Die huidige studie het 155 MSB isolate van die Instituut vir Wynbiotegnologie se kultuurversameling vir bakteriosien-produsering gegradeer. Agt stamme (5%) is as produseerders geïdentifiseer, soos gestaaf is deur sterk inhibisiesones wat teen sensitiewe organismes op agarplate gevorm het. Die produseerders het ‘n breë spektrum van antimikrobiese aktiwiteit by inhiberende Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Listeria monocytogenes en Pediococcus pentosaceus stamme gedemonstreer. Sommige van hierdie bakteriese genera is belangrik in wynbereiding, omdat dit potensiële wynbederfbakterieë is. Hierdie isolate en/of die bakteriosiene wat dit produseer, kan dus moontlik toepassing in die voedselfermentasiebedryf vind. Die fisiologiese resultate, biochemiese toetse en suikerfermentasieprofiele het almal dieselfde resultate vir die sewe isolate, wat indikatief van enterococci was, gelewer. Die identifisering deur 16S rRNA-basispaaropeenvolging het onthul dat die sewe getoetste isolate almal Enterococccus faecium was. RAPD-PKR-vingerafdrukke het dieselfde profiel vir die sewe rasse gelewer, wat bevestig dat die rasse almal identies op genetiese vlak was. Deur die molekulêre gewig vas te stel deur middel van SDSPAGE, het dit getoon dat die peptiede kleiner as 4.6 kDa in grootte is. PKR-amplifikasie van die enterosien-P geen, die bepaling van basispaaropeenvolging en BLAST-soekresultate het bevestig dat al agt rasse die enterosien-Pgeen van Ent. faecium bevat. Die enterosien wat in hierdie studie getoets is, was hitte-stabiel teen 100°C (30 min), maar het 50% van sy aktiwiteit teen 121°C (15 min) verloor. Faktore soos bakteriosienproduksie en hittebestandheid, is van die vele faktore wat enterococci in staat stel om dominant in gefermenteerde produkte, soos suiwelprodukte of vleis te wees. Enterococci wat bakteriosiene produseer het dus potensiële toepassings in verskeie kossoorte en gefermenteerde produkte. Die pH-toetse het getoon dat enterosien-P oor ‘n breë pH spektrum (2-10) aktief was. Enterosienaktiwiteit oor ‘n wye pH spektrum maak dit potensieel meer geskik as natuurlike preserveermiddels vir kossoorte en gefermenteerde produkte waar produkte versuur word of die pH afneem as gevolg van natuurlike MSB wat teenwoordig is. Dit het ook potensiële toepassings in enologiese prosessering waar pH-vlakke so laag as 3 en 4 is. Proteolitiese ensiembehandelings met lisosiem, lipase, litikase en katalase kon nie enterosienaktiwiteit inhibeer nie. Daar is getoon dat hul antimikrobiese aktiwiteit onafhanklik was van lipiede, koolhidraatdele óf waterstofperoksied. α-Chymotripsien en proteïenase-K het enterosien onaktief gemaak, wat getoon het dat die samestelling proteïenagtig van nature is. Bakteriosienproduksie wat in twee van die stamme #16.3 en 128.1 getoets is, het ooreengestem met die eksponensiële groeifase wat na 6 ure van inkubasie teen 30°C plaasgevind het, en wat ‘n aanduiding is van primêre metabolitiese kinetika. Die hoogste produksie van 400 AU/ml is na agt ure waargeneem en is vir etlike ure (46 uur) in die stasionêre fase gehandhaaf. Die bakterie-dodende effek van die selvrye supernatant van #16.3 en 128.1 teenoor die sensitiewe kultuur van Lactobacillus pentosus DSM 20314 is duidelik gedemonstreer deur totale inhibisie van groei vir die grootste deel van die eksperimentele periode, terwyl die kontrole eksponensieel deur die hele eksperiment toegeneem het. Hierdie studie het dus die isolering en identifisering van Ent. faecium-stamme, ‘n genus wat baie selde gevind word in ‘n wynomgewing, vanuit wyn bevestig. Alhoewel daar gespekuleer kan word oor die oorsprong van hierdie bakterie in wyn bv. menslike hantering en besmette water, het hierdie rasse wel enterosien geproduseer en daarom die potensiaal om ‘n rol te speel in beheer teen verskeie bederf-MSB-genera.
TIA, NRF and THRIP

Notwithstanding the enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 the recognition of systems of religious, personal or family law for certain cultural and religious groups has either been limited or is virtually non-existent. To this extent, marriages concluded in terms of Islamic rites do not enjoy the same legal recognition that is accorded to civil and customary marriages. Non-recognition of Muslim marriages means there is no legal regulatory framework to enforce any of the consequences that arise as a result of the marriage, or any orders that are made by the Ulama, thereby creating a perilous situation that has dire consequences for spouses to a Muslim marriage. Despite South Africa’s commitment to the right of equality and freedom of religion, the courts have acknowledged that the failure to grant recognition to Muslim marriages on the ground of gender equality, has worsened the plight of women in these marriages, in that they were left without effective legal protection, should the union be dissolved either by death or divorce. Whilst the ad hoc recognition of certain consequences of Muslim marriages by the judiciary has gone a some way to redress the plight of Muslim women, and provided relief to the lived realities of Muslim women, these decisions are in fact contrary to the teachings and principles of Islam and therefore problematic for Muslims. These court decisions, that are in conflict with Muslim Personal Law (MPL), will ultimately lead to the emergence of a distorted set of laws relating to Muslim family law. This is a real cause for concern. This thesis is written from an Islamic legal theory perspective, which is contrary to western legal theory, as the latter adopts a human rights perspective. The basis of modern western democratic societies is a constitution that is premised on human rights and equality and which advocates the notion that the rights contained in the constitution reign supreme in all matters, religion included. Therefore, where a conflict arises in respect of the freedom of religion and the right to equality, western ideologies and philosophies dictate that the latter trump the former. This would inevitably mean that religious law would have to be adapted and ultimately amended so that it is in compliance with the constitution. From an Islamic religious perspective, this is not feasible and practicing Muslims will find this untenable. This may be legally uncomfortable in South Africa as a constitutional democracy but it is the reality for the adherents of the Muslim faith. A draft Muslim Marriages Bill (MMB) was released in 2003, and an amended MMB was tabled in Parliament in 2010. Both MMBs propose the legal recognition and regulation of Muslim marriages in South Africa. However, the two major issues delaying the enactment of the MMB into legislation are, firstly, whether or not the MMB would pass constitutional muster and secondly, the lack of agreement in the Muslim community on whether the MMB is Shari’ah compliant. Despite the largely consultative process that the MMBs underwent the legislative attempts to enact the MMB into legislation has not been successful. This thesis seeks to provide a possible solution whereby legislation regulating MPL law can be implemented in South Africa, notwithstanding the apparent conflict existing between MPL and the rights contained in the Bill of Rights. Notwithstanding the preference shown by the legislature to enact the MMB into legislation which will grant recognition to Muslim marriages, it is submitted there is a need for the legislature to rethink the approach that has to date been adopted. To this extent, it is submitted that the legislature should reconsider granting recognition to Muslim marriages by enacting legislation that takes the form of general legislation where state recognition is granted to all religious marriages, whether it be Muslim, Hindu or Jewish marriages. General legislation would mean that the state would require the marriage to be registered. However, the prescribed requirements, formalities and the consequences of the marriage would be determined by the chosen religious system of the spouses. On a national level a comparative analysis between Islamic law and the South African legal system, relating to the law of marriage is conducted. For the comparative analysis on an international level the law of marriage in England and Wales has been chosen. South Africa and England and Wales share a commitment to human rights and have adopted various approaches in respect of accommodating the application of Islamic law. Furthermore, an internal pluralism exists within the Muslim communities in South Africa, England and Wales as the majority of Muslims in these countries have to varying degrees developed diverse strategies to ensure compliance with Islamic law, and as well as South African and English law. The manner in which MPL is granted recognition needs to be given careful consideration as the implementation of this legislation will only be successful if it is compatible with the rulings and teachings of Islamic law. Caution should therefore be exercised to ensure that the fundamental aspects of MPL are not compromised as this will result in the legislation not being Shari’ah compliant and there will be no buyin from the Muslim community, with the consequence that this legislation will be mere paper law.

With the rising global warming issue and an ever-increasing dependency oil problem, wind power seems to be an alternative source of energy which is clean, non-polluting, and cost effective. The European 20-20-20 goals as well as national targets for the next ten years require a substantial increase in installed renewable capacity in France. Maïa Eolis is a leading French wind project developer and independent renewable energy producer which helps France to meet its new renewable energy targets. Even if the general opinion on wind energy is rather positive, developing a wind power project is a complex process in France because there are many regulations and new environmental constraints due to the Grenelle 2 law. Many administrative and legislative barriers consequently slow down every step of the development process. This includes handling and coordinating the permitting and application process, realizing pre-feasibility studies, and identifying the best suited sites for wind turbines, taking into account obstacles, aesthetics, and other environmental issues, in order to capture as much wind as possible. Ensuring local support is another key element of the success of a project in order to integrate it in the best possible way in its environment.

Nel primo capitolo di questa tesi, presentero' qualche risultato propedeutico sullo spettro luminoso e la radiazione elettromagnetica. Inoltre, darò una definizione formale di corpo nero e introdurrò le leggi di Kirchhoff. Il secondo capitolo trattera' della legge sulla radiazione di un corpo nero di Planck, ponendo l'accento sul legame che la sua scoperta ha con la meccanica quantistica. La legge dello spostamento di Wien sarà esplicitamente derivata dalla legge di Planck, sia in termini di frequenza che di lunghezza d'onda, cosi' come la legge di Stefan-Boltzmann. Infine, nel terzo capitolo mostrero' alcuni esempi di come le leggi precedentemente introdotte siano di grande utilita' nel campo dell'astronomia e dell'astrofisica. In particolare, nell'ultimo capitolo mi concentrero' sulla Radiazione Cosmica di Fondo , che e' la migliore rappresentazione della radiazione di corpo nero data in natura. Dopo una breve storia della sua prima scoperta, introdurrò il suo spettro e il legame tra lo studio della Radiazione Cosmica di Fondo e la teoria del Big Bang.

This thesis is concerned with wife abuse in Bangladesh and examines the legal position of women in relation to such abuse. However, the thesis also evaluates the socio-economic-cultural and religious aspects because these have an important impact on Bangladeshi women's lives and their relation to the law. To achieve my goal I carried out an empirical study in Bangladesh which consisted of interviews with abused women and the professionals, for example, lawyers, police officers, agency officers and doctors dealing with wife abuse. Marriage being the centrality of women's existence in Bangladesh, women are in a complex situation in upholding this institution in the face of abuse. The thesis shows that in Bangladesh the constitutional provisions granting equal rights, enactments of special legislation to protect women, and women's movements have helped in some degree to liberate women in theory. However, in reality all these efforts are influenced by patriarchy and thus women are accorded an inferior position to that of men in society and are still abused. Therefore, the thesis shows how this male domination cuts across the social boundaries of class and religion thereby resulting in all kinds of exploitation and discriminatory practices. The murders of young wives on account of dowry, wives committing suicides to escape the humiliation and abuse from husbands and/or in-laws are instances of such exploitation and abuse. Wife abuse has become a common practice in a patriarchal society like Bangladesh. The majority of Bangladeshi women who play the role of a faithful wife and a selfeffacing mother are forced to live a passive, powerless life because women are taught to be tolerant of abuse. The social and religious taboos also sanction wife beating. Women believe that wife-hood and mother-hood are the two main reasons for their existence and that they have to be dependent on men. Therefore women also accept the abuse. Nevertheless, the thesis shows that in some cases (especially lower-class) women are now beginning to resist this abuse in their own ways, although their number may be tiny compared with the magnitude of the problem. However, the thesis also argues that wife abuse is condoned by the public/private dichotomy which is also a product of patriarchal ideology. The exploitation takes place at home for women are usually abused behind closed doors. Even when women are ready to break the tradition, they are restrained by this dichotomy which is apparent in the handling of wife abuse cases by the professionals (for example, lawyers, police, agency officers and doctors). Thus women are again restricted by the norms of privacy and social pressures which confine wives to an almost invisible status. The isolation of women observing `purdah' is an instance of such restrictions. The law therefore cannot serve these women. However, the thesis argues that law is an important site of struggle for women, although it is also restrained by patriarchy. The uneven development of law in family issues shows the limitations of law in dealing adequately with wife abuse in Bangladesh. Therefore, suffering the double vulnerability of being both women and mostly illiterate and often unaware of their legal rights and also unable to defend their economic interests, women in Bangladesh become victims of invisible violence from their partners at home. Women are trapped within this vicious circle of abuse and social pressure and their dependent attitude. The law which is also within this circle of patriarchy fails to deal with such violence, thus keeping the issue invisible. Therefore the thesis argues that unless wife abuse is given due recognition in the way that serious dowry violence has been recognised and made a specific offence the character of such abuse will ever remain invisible and obscured. The thesis also argues that there must be a change of attitude of all towards wife abuse and women should be the first to be educated.

Dans ma thèse de doctorat, je dérive la loi de Yaglom pour la magnétohydrodynamique, une relation de proportionnalité entre le moment mixte d’ordre 3 des incréments longitudinaux des variables d’Elsässer et l’échelle de ces incréments. En utilisant des mesures de la sonde spatiale Ulysses, j’ai montré pour la première fois la validité de cette relation, démontrant ainsi l’existence d’une cascade turbulente d’énergie et la nature turbulente des fluctuations de vitesse et champ magnétique dans les plasmas magnétisés. La relation de Yaglom pour la MHD permet aussi la première estimation directe des taux de transfert de pseudo-énergies turbulentes dans le vent solaire, et je l’ai utilisée pour montrer que la dissipation en fin de cascade turbulente MHD peut contribuer de 8% à 15% du taux de chauffage du vent solaire dans le cas incompressible, et jusqu’à 100% dans certains cas. Une analyse du vent solaire dans l’écliptique mesuré par Ulysses montre que le vent rapide a les mêmes propriétés sur l’écliptique et aux pôles, alors que le vent lent présente un taux de transfert bien plus élevé. J’ai également étudié le rôle des fluctuations de densité en turbulence MHD dans le vent solaire et j’ai montré qu’une relation phénoménologique similaire à la loi de Yaglom est vérifiée, ce qui implique que les fluctuations de densité ont un effet important et peuvent amplifier le taux de transfert d’énergie vers les petites échelles, ce qui permet un chauffage turbulent plus important et un refroidissement plus lent du vent solaire au cours de son expansion dans l’espace interplanétaire
In my PhD thesis I re-derive the Yaglom law for the MHD, a proportionality relation between the mixed third-order moment of the longitudinal increments of the Elsässer fields and the increment scale. Using Ulysses spacecraft measurements, I evidenced for the first time the existence of this relation in the polar solar wind, proving the presence of a local energy cascade and the turbulent character of the field fluctuations in Alfvénic plasmas. The observation of the Yaglom law for MHD also permits the first direct estimation of pseudo-energy dissipation rates in solar wind turbulence. In the thesis I also explored the possibility that the dissipation of energy occurring at the end of a turbulent MHD cascade can be responsible for the solar wind heating. I found that incompressible turbulent cascade can contribute to the solar wind in situ heating from 8 % to 50 % on average, and up to 100 % in some cases. Analysis of the ecliptic wind measured by Ulysses show that while the fast ecliptic streams have similar properties as the polar fast wind, the slow streams show an highly enhanced energy transport. I also study the role of large scale solar wind density fluctuations in MHD turbulence and showed that a phenomenological compressible Yaglom-like relation is verified within the solar wind, indicating that compressible effects are an important ingredient of the turbulent cascade and permit the transfer of a considerably larger amount of energy toward the small scales, where it can be dissipated to heat the plasma and slow down the radial cooling of the wind as observed in interplanetary space

1. Sachverhalt 2. Die anwendbaren Regeln der Auslegung und die Bedeutung des Ausdrucks „ihrer Herrschaftsgewalt unterstehenden“ („within their jurisdiction“) 3. Extraterritoriale Akte, die als Ausübung der Jurisdiktion anerkannt sind 4. Fallen die Beschwerdeführer daher unter die Jurisdiktion der beklagten Staaten? 5. Anmerkungen

Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port and Sherry Agreement. Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global perspective. The thesis is divided into six Chapters: The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis. The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement, are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU. Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT. In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and "Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed more closely. The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the EU and other ACP countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms (TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed. Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale perspektief te beskou. Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel: Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms word ook ontleed. Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid- Afrika en die EU aan. Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met Artikel XXIV GATT strook. Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs) geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed. Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.

The destructive force of the far-right was tragically witnessed through the mass devastation brought about by World War II. The international community sought to prevent the repetition of such destruction through the establishment of institutions, such as the United Nations, and the adoption of documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. Jurisprudence and conventions on a supranational level directly prohibit speech and expression of the far-right with, for example, Article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination prohibiting racist associations and racist expression. Nevertheless, we are living in a world where violent far-right entities, such as Golden Dawn of Greece, have received unprecedented electoral support, where xenophobic parties have done spectacularly well at the latest European Parliament elections, where the United Kingdom has voted to leave the European Union and where Donald Trump has been elected as the next president of the United States of America. As such, the far-right is no longer a phenomenon of the past. It is one of the present, rising at swift and worrying rates. In this light, the study analyses how supranational bodies, namely the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union, require their members to tackle right-wing extremism either directly, or through the regulation of by-products of right-wing extremism, such as hate speech. The adherence to international obligations is examined through an assessment of two jurisdictions, namely, England and Wales and Greece. For purposes of this thesis, supranational obligations emanate from, inter alia, instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the European Convention on Human Rights. It must be noted that, on an EU level, there is also a centralised mechanism in the form of Article 7 TEU which can, in theory, be used against Member States which embrace a far-right ideology or, potentially, tolerate the far-right. However, this tool has never been used. The dissertation considers the means and methods adopted by the jurisdictions under consideration to interpret and apply international and European obligations through their national legal systems along with a broader conceptualisation of their legal and judicial approaches to right-wing extremism. The country analyses commence with an assessment of their adherence to international and European obligations, the thesis looks at the case-studies' domestic frameworks in the realm of challenging far-right movements. For both countries, there is a legal analysis of how central rights and freedoms, such as non-discrimination, expression, assembly and association, are established by law. For England and Wales, it proceeds to look at the role of criminal law in relation to the far-right, assessing the public order ambit which is the one most habitually used to challenge the rhetoric and activities of the far-right. This is followed by an evaluation of recent anti-terror legislation which has come into play in relation to the regulation of violent elements of the far-right movement. After looking at criminal law and how it deals with ensuring public order and countering terror, the assessment of England and Wales looks at how national law treats political parties before registration and during their functioning. The purpose is to determine what tools and sub-tools are available and can be used for challenging far-right parties contesting elections. From the above-described analysis, it is concluded that the legal framework of England and Wales embraces the significance of the freedom of expression but readily allows for the limitation of speech if issues of public order, terrorism or anti-social behaviour arise. Assemblies are also readily prohibited if public order or anti-social behaviour issues arise. What is clear is that this case-study is not willing to proscribe associations if such associations do not amount to terrorist organisations. In relation to Greece, the dissertation assesses the principal legal instrument that tackles issues relevant to challenging the far-right, namely the criminal law framework and particularly the law on the punishment of racially discriminatory acts, and relevant provisions of the Greek Penal Codes such as those on racial aggravation and criminal and terrorist organisations. It also look at the non-discrimination law which is relevant to this case-study given Golden Dawn's provision of services to Greeks only. It became evident from the analysis that relevant legislation has seldom been relied upon to challenge the far-right in Greece, a reality which has led to a state of impunity for the criminal activities of Golden Dawn and an issue that has become a key concern for national and international human rights institutions and non-governmental organisations. Although some members of Golden Dawn were convicted for their criminal activities and the Court recognised their affiliation with Golden Dawn, before the murder of an ethnic Greek, no steps were taken against the organisation. The chapter incorporates an analysis of the legal basis of the ongoing trial against Golden Dawn. Furthermore, the chapter also looks at how national law treats political parties before registration and during their functioning. This analysis demonstrated that political parties, even ones with dangerous and undemocratic intentions, can register and function without limitations with the only point of State intervention being when such entities cross into the threshold of a criminal organisation, as was the case of Golden Dawn.

Purpose: the article is devoted to the analyze of the features of information security in martial law. Research methods: comparative analysis of individual regulations and the case law of Ukraine regulatory framework and case law in the application of the information security in martial law. Results: normative regulation of the formation of a single information space in Ukraine should contribute to the harmonious development of information resources, information services and the information product in the country. Improving the effectiveness of the subjects under investigation countering threats to information security. Discussion: the analysis of the legal the features of information security in martial law is carried out.

This study was carried out with the aim of finding out the challenges towards Feed-in Tariff law instrument in order to promote renewable energy in Iran. The targets of the study were chosen among authorities and investors in the field of wind energy. Wind power was selected as the case study because of its more popularity among investors. Qualitative research design was used to conduct the study and semi-structured interviews served as the method. Although there were a few studies done with the focus on renewable energy challenges in Iran, however, none of them focused on the challenges through Feed-in Tariff law. The results show that the law's long administrative process, lack of communication between authorities and investors, and rather low remuneration rate are the barriers to promote renewable energy in Iran. Furthermore, lack of financial assistance and imposed political and economical sanctions against Iran play an important role in this regard.

This research is concerned with the flight dynamic, pitch flight control and flying qualities assessment for the reference BWB aircraft. It aims to develop the longitudinal control laws which could satisfy the flying and handing qualities over the whole flight envelope with added consideration of centre of gravity (CG) variation. In order to achieve this goal, both the longitudinal stability augmentation system (SAS) and autopilot control laws are studied in this thesis. Using the pole placement method, two sets of local Linear-Time-Invariant (LTI) SAS controllers are designed from the viewpoints of flying and handing qualities assessment and wind disturbance checking. The global gain schedule is developed with the scheduling variable of dynamic pressure to transfer gains smoothly between these two trim points. In addition, the poles movement of short period mode with the varying CG position are analysed, and some approaches of control system design to address the problem of reduced stability induced by CG variation are discussed as well. To achieve the command control for the aircraft, outer loop autopilot both pitch attitude hold and altitude hold are implemented by using the root locus method. By the existing criteria in MIL-F-8785C specifications being employed to assess the augmented aircraft response, the SAS linear controller with automatic changing gains effectively improve the stability characteristic for the reference BWB aircraft over the whole envelope. Hence, the augmented aircraft equals to a good characteristic controlled object for the outer loop or command path design, which guarantee the satisfactory performance of command control for the BWB aircraft. The flight control law for the longitudinal was completed with the SAS controller and autopilot design. In particular, the SAS was achieved with Level 1 flying and handing qualities, meanwhile the autopilot system was applied to obtain a satisfactory pitch attitude and altitude tracking performance.

It is demonstrated that the method for locating a velocity profile origin, or plane of zero velocity, by fitting log profiles to streamwise velocity measurements is applicable to a larger range of roughness scales than previously expected. Five different sets of detailed, experimental velocity measurements were analyzed encompassing sediment-scale roughness elements, roughness caused by rigid vegetation, and large-scale roughness elements comprised of mobile bedforms. The method resulted in similar values of normalized zero-plane displacement for all roughness types considered. The ratios of zero-plane displacement, dh, to roughness height, ks, were 0.20 and 0.26 for the sediment- and vegetation-scale experiments, respectively. The results for the two experiments with bedform dominated roughness were 0.34 and 0.41. An estimate of dh/ks ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 is therefore recommended for a range of roughness types with the higher end of the range being more appropriate for the larger, bedform-scale roughness elements, and the lower end for the sediment-scale roughness elements. In addition, it is demonstrated that the location of the plane of zero velocity is temporally constant even when the bed height is not. The effects of roughness element packing density were also examined with the identification of a possible threshold at 4%, above which zero-plane displacement is independent of packing density. The findings can be applied to field velocity measurements under mobile bed conditions, facilitating the calculation of turbulence parameters such as shear velocity, by using point measurements and providing guidelines for the estimation of an appropriate value for zero-plane displacement.
Master of Science

En esta Tesis doctoral se han estudiado las proantocianidinas de pieles y semillas de uvas de las variedades Monastrell, Cabernet Sauvignon y Syrah, así como la transferencia de las mismas al vino y el efecto de algunas técnicas enológicas en la modulación de su extracción. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la concentración de estos compuestos es máxima al inicio de la maduración, disminuyendo conforme se acerca el momento de la vendimia. La cantidad de proantocianidinas en los vinos depende tanto de la variedad como de la técnica enológica aplicada. Tiempos de maceración largos y técnicas como la maceración prefermentativa en frío o el uso de enzimas de maceración promueven una mayor extracción de proantocianidinas, aunque las de las uvas de la variedad Syrah son mucho más fácilmente extraíbles que las de Monastrell, en igualdad de condiciones.
In this thesis, skin and seed proanthocyanidins of Monastrell, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grape varieties have been studied, as well as their transfer from grapes to wine and the effect of some oenological techniques in modulating their extraction. The results show that the concentration of these compounds was maximum at the beginning of ripening, decreasing up to moment of harvest. The concentration of proanthocyanidins in wines depends both on the variety and the applied oenological technique. Long maceration times and techniques such as cold soak or the use of maceration enzymes promote a large extraction of proanthocyanidins, although, under similar conditions, the proanthocyanidins of Syrah grapes are more easily transferred to must/wine than those of Monastrell grapes.

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the studies of cultural racism in contemporary Europe by observing the effects of securitization of immigration and assumed confusion between terms `radical' and `radicalization' on the rise of this phenomenon. Within the framework of securitization theory developed by the Copenhagen school and its connection to the integration approaches, I firstly hypothesize that the security and integration policies show divergence in the equality protection of minority immigrant groups. Then, by treating the securitization of immigration as a fluctuating political opportunity structure, I also hypothesize that such divergence created favorable conditions for radical right-wing parties to emphasize their xenophobic and ethnocentrist appeals and target Muslim immigrant communities as a particular out-group. This is grounded in the theoretical arguments about the construction of a master frame by the radical right-wing parties which involves diffusion processes across various European countries. The research applies fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and observes the levels of immigration, ethnic profiling of immigrant groups in security and integration policies, and the political discourse of radical right-wing parties as conditions for the surge of cultural racism. The conditions are observed in the cases of Austria, Bulgaria, Sweden and Switzerland in the period between 2000 and 2013. The main findings are that ethnic profiling and portraying minority immigrant groups as security threats are the most relevant conditions for the surge of cultural racism. On the other hand, the levels of immigration alone cannot always be claimed as sufficient constitutive condition for the increase in racist practices in Europe. The research also concludes that radical right-wing parties not only constructed Muslim immigrant minorities as particular out-group incompatible with European values but also shifted their political rhetoric to the fit the arguments of individualism, gender equality and human rights. Thus the radical right-wing parties portray themselves as defenders of the national identities and culture by incorporating arguments that have traditionally been at the opposite of their political discourse. The incomplete equality protection framework in security and integration policies created by the mainstream parties and the changing political rhetoric of radical right-wing parties produce favorable conditions for the emergence and rise of the cultural racism in selected cases.

Inhaltsübersicht I. Ausgangslage II. Datenmaterial und Stichprobe III. Fragestellung und Methode der Datenanalyse IV. Ergebnisse 1. Vorgeschichte und traumatische Erlebnisse 2. Beschwerden und Diagnosestellung 3. Behandlungsbedarf und Reisefähigkeit 4. Hinweise zum Sprachverständnis 5. Argumentationslinien V. Interpretation und Schlußfolgerungen

This PhD thesis in Spatial Planning argues for the importance of understanding the approaches to knowledge and rationalities embedded in spatially relevant decision-making. It emphasises the significance of seeing law as an empirical object of study for planning and environmental management. The Swedish development of wind power and 3G mobile infrastructures are used as cases to study these issues of principal interest. It is a compilation thesis consisting of a comprehensive introductory framework and five articles or chapters that have also been published elsewhere. The study is based on three main perspectives: Level of decision-making, legitimacy of different forms of knowledge involved in the process, and the sociolegal tension between formal law and its practical consequences. The thesis deals with problems stemming from the multi-level tensions in the planning and implementation that exist between the national, the regional and the local authorities. The legal context is analysed from the sociolegal perspective, in particular how the juridification of siting and permit conflicts determines what type of knowledge that can legitimately affect the decision-making and thereby set conditions for public participation. Finally, the thesis elaborates on the largely counterproductive results of the strong emphasis on “efficiency” in the revision of planning and permit processes for wind power and 3G-infrastructure, and what can be learnt from the experiences of the attempts at increasing efficiency. A combination of methods has been employed in the studies, and the data comes from a range of sources such as a large set of mast building permits, a sample of wind permit cases, as well as appealed permit cases. In addition, interviews have been conducted with judges from relevant courts, including regional handling officers who assess wind turbine applications. Legal documents such as preparatory work and licence conditions have also been analysed. The results show that there is a legal-rhetorical adaptation to the expert-based decision-making in court when permits are appealed. Further, the administrative levels interact poorly in the overall implementation. The national decisions, irrespective of the normative viewpoint of who should control the landscape planning, could be better informed of the preconditions at a local level that factually define the outcome of the implementation. The author, Stefan Larsson, holds a PhD in Sociology of Law, an LLM and is a sociolegal researcher who generally studies issues in the intersection of conceptual, sociolegal and technological change. The thesis has been supervised by Professor Lars Emmelin, The Swedish School of Planning, BTH, and co-supervised by Professor Karsten Åström, the Department of Sociology of Law, Lund University. The thesis is the result of research within the programme Tools for environmental assessment in strategic decision-making, MiSt, funded by The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Centre for Work, Technology and Social Change at Lund University.

Full text available: http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=4587806&fileOId=4 588973

The purpose of the present study was to investigate response allocation amongst two concurrently available computerized slot machines, one dispensing Losses Disguised as Wins (LDWs) while the other did not. Both payouts were equal in the beginning and became consistently worst for the LDW machine by lowering the payout each phase. LDWs are slot machine outcomes, participants bet on a slot machine and win back less than their wager. This may be a problem because participants may react to LDWs as a win, misleading the participant to think they are winning more than they actually are. In the present study the LDW outcome payout started at 80 percent payback and decrease by 20 percent each phase and non LDW, maintained at 400 percent payback over 12 percent of the trials. Twenty individuals were recruited by the researcher. Results indicated that a higher percentages of spins were allocated to the machine dispensing LDW. These results suggest that gamblers have a preference for LDW machines because of the reinforcement of the misleading factors that may indicated a win. Keywords: Gambling, LDW, slot machine, visual basic

Trotz substantieller ökonomischer und sozialer Implikationen des World Wide Webs existiert noch immer eine überraschend große Forschungslücke in Bezug auf empirische Untersuchungen der Webnutzung. Insbesondere bezüglich der individuellen Webnutzung weiß man heute noch wenig über Schlüsselthemen dieses Forschungsfeldes, wie zum Beispiel die Anzahl der Webseitenbesuche von Individuen, der Loyalität von Nutzern, und den demographischen Charakteristika, die bestimmend für die Internetnutzung sind. Deshalb sieht sich diese Dissertation als Schritt zur Überbrückung dieser Forschungslücke. Sie präsentiert die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse verschiedener, voneinander abhängiger, empirischer Studien der individuellen Webnutzung Pittsburgher Bürger. Diese Dissertation erweitert die Forschung im Bereich individuellen Webnutzungsverhaltens durch: - die Analyse des Einflusses der steigenden Anzahl von Webangeboten auf die individuelle Webnutzung, - die anwendung sessionbasierter Maße auf individuelle Webnutzungsdaten, um Einsichten in den Verlauf der Webnutzung bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der individuellen Weberfahrung zu erhalten, - die Analyse der Loyalitaet im Web von einzelnen Nutzergruppen, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob Nutzergruppen zu favorisierten Seiten im Web konvergieren, - spezifisches Herangehen an das Thema der Portalnutzung im Web und das Beantworten der Frage, ob sich Portalnutzer von durchschnittlichen Internetnutzern unterscheiden. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht interessante Webnutzungsmaße werden entwickelt und diskutiert. Die Anwendung dieser Maße führt zu Erkenntnissen bezüglich signifikanter Trends. So wird beispielsweise deutlich, dass keinesfalls eine Gleichverteilung der Nutzung über Nutzer und Zeit besteht. Nutzer können in vier Gruppen mit verschiedenen Entwicklungskurven eingeteilt werden. Alle Nutzergruppen nähern sich über die Zeit Sättigungsgrenzen der Webnutzung an. Außerdem verbringen die meisten Nutzer nur wenig Zeit im Internet. Auch wird deutlich dass Loyalität im Web äußerst gering ist und Webnutzer trotz steigender Erfahrung im Umgang mit dem Internet nicht sonderlich gezieltes Surfverhalten entwickeln. Zusätzlich führt die Anwendung von Regressionsmodellen zu Erkenntnissen über die individuellen Charakteristika, welche die Webnutzung beeinflussen. Solch Charakteristika sind zum Beispiel ethnische Herkunft, Geschlecht, Haushaltseinkommen, Telefon- und Emailnutzung und Computerkenntnisse. Daher liefert die vorliegende Arbeit Erkenntnisse, welche sowohl aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht als auch aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht Relevanz haben. Insbesondere können Marketingabteilungen, vor allem in der Informations- und Kommunikationsindustrie, von den vorliegen Resultaten profitieren. Themen wie Webloyalität und Webnutzung, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit angesprochen werden, sind insbesondere relevant für Geschäftsmodelle aus dem B2C Bereich. Adressaten sind dementsprechend zum Beispiel Internetfirmen, welche von Werbeeinkünften aus Bannerwerbung abhängig sind und Firmen, welche einen hohen Grad an Loyalität unter Ihren Webnutzern suchen. Außerdem bilden die Erkenntnisse die Grundlage für staatliche Initiativen, die der Sicherstellung des Zugangs zum Internet alle Gruppen der Bevölkerung dienen. Die vorliegende Arbeit reichert die empirische Grundlage, welche zum Verständnis individueller Webnutzung nötig ist, an. Die Erkenntnisse sind insbesondere für am neuen Informationszeitalter teilhabenden Individuen und Institutionen, auch staatlicher Art, interessant.
Despite the substantial social and economic implications of the World Wide Web, there is still a surprising lack of empirical research on Web usage. Specifically, at the level of the individual user, little is known about key issues of Internet usage, such as the trajectory of change over time in the number of visits to Web sites, the degree of individual loyalty to Web sites, and the demographics that determine Web usage. In order to overcome this lack of research, we report in this dissertation the results of several interrelated studies of individual Web usage patterns of average citizens from the Pittsburgh area. This dissertation advances the research on individual Web usage by: - analyzing the impact of increasing Web site visiting opportunities on Web utilization rates of individual users, - employing session-based measures to data on individual Web usage in order to identify how Web users change the way they use the Web as their level of expertise increases, - analyzing whether different user groups also differ in loyalty to Web sites and whether users converge over time to a set of favorite Web sites, - specifically dealing with the issue of Web portal utilization to answer the question whether Web portal users are different from average Web users. We develop measures of Web usage that are particularly relevant from a business and public policy perspective. By applying these measures to longitudinal data on Web usage, we identify significant trends in individual Internet usage. For example, we reveal that individual Web usage is not distributed equally across subgroups of users. Web users can be clustered into four groups with distinct trajectories of Web usage. All groups reach saturation in their extent of Web usage after following a downward path. Further, most Web users spent only limited time in the Web and only a small group of users uses the Web heavily. Also, users show consistently little loyalty to Web sites. Surprisingly, as Web users gain experience in using the Web, there does not seem to be a significant shift from undirected browsing to directed access of Web sites over time. We apply regression models in order to predict the determinants of Web utilization. Individual characteristics, such as ethnic background, gender, household income, phone usage, e-mail usage, and computer skill level, determine Web usage. Thus, the results have implications for both electronic commerce and public policy as it pertains to the digital divide. They are particularly useful for marketing departments, especially in the information and communication industry. Discussions of Web user loyalty and Web visiting opportunities as conducted in this dissertation are relevant to business models in use in business-to-consumer electronic commerce, especially for Internet companies that rely on advertising income generated from serving banner advertisements and companies that need to maintain a high degree of customer loyalty. The results also provide the factual foundation for key policy initiatives to promote access to the Internet for all groups of people. Policy makers need data on Internet usage in order to measure the size of a possible digital divide and ensure that everybody belonging to the present and the next generation - and not a subgroup of people only - has access to the Internet. In summary, this study advances the empirical foundation for understanding individual Web use. The findings of this dissertation will be useful to stakeholders in the new Information Age, in particular marketing departments and policy makers.

This thesis explores how the battered woman attachment to her abusive partner impacts on her interactions with the legal system and non-legal resources. This qualitative research project is based on in-depth interviews conducted with seven abused women who procured interdicts in terms of the Prevention of Family Violence Act 133 of 1993 to restrain their husbands from assaulting them. The research reviews the nature of abuse suffered by the participants, their psychological attachments to their husbands, and their patterns of help-seeking in relation to the law and non-legal resources. Two main theoretical frameworks, psychoanalysis and feminism inform this study. The study found that the participants retained unrealistic hopes that their husbands would reform and become loving, caring partners, and that they treated their husbands with care and sympathy despite their husbands’ often brutal behaviour towards them. The findings suggest that the women’s behaviour towards their husbands was the product of two reality distorting psychological defences, splitting and the moral defence which they used to preserve their attachments to their abusive partners. These defences intersected with rigid patriarchal prescriptions of femininity which dictate that women should be stoically caring towards their husbands, and should hold relationships together no matter what the cost to themselves. The participants interactions with the legal system and with non-legal sources of help were structured by their reliance on splitting and the moral defence, and by the dictates of patriarchal ideology. Whilst it is undoubtedly true that at one level the participants sought help to get protection from abuse, the study shows that their help-seeking was motivated by their conflicting desires to punish and reform their husbands. The participants sought help in ways which enabled them to strike a compromise between expressing their anger at their husbands, whilst simultaneously preserving their psychological attachments to them. The study concludes that the women’s interactions with the law and with other helping resource reflect their attempts to preserve their paradoxical attachments to their husbands, and to stabilise their own fragile sense of self and gender identity.

The Priest-Klein model predicts that a decline in the plaintiff win rate might be explained by a change in stake asymmetry that favors the plaintiff; that is, the stakes for defendants increase. This lowers the plaintiff win rate because defendants increasingly look to settle cases they are less likely to win, leading them to only go to trial with cases they have a comparably higher probability of winning. We theorize a shift like this might have occurred between 1985 and 1995, as Lahav and Siegelman (2017) recently discovered that the plaintiff win rate fell from almost 70% in 1985 to just over 30% in 1995. Although they found that changing judicial caseloads and other factors represented a notable portion of the decline, they were unable to identify what drove the remaining 40%. We hypothesize that this unexplained decline was caused by increasing defendant stakes and examine two potential drivers of increasing stake asymmetry: changing judicial ideology and a rise in the number of Multi-District Litigation (MDL) cases, a type of case with higher defendant stakes. We find evidence consistent with the Priest-Klein model for MDL cases as these cases experienced lower adjudication rates, lower plaintiff win rates, and higher settlement rates. Additionally, we found that judicial ideology was substantially more important for MDL cases, suggesting that judges might make use of their greater influence in these cases to guide outcomes. Yet, while both MDL case status and judicial ideology were statistically significant predictors of plaintiff win rates, we found that neither explains a substantial portion of the decline. Thus, a large proportion of the decline found by Lahav and Siegelman remains a mystery.

In 1993, the Committee on Fiscal Affairs (CFA) formed a Working Group to study the application of the OECD Model Tax Convention (OECD MTC) to partnerships, trusts, and other non-corporate entities. In Issues in International Taxation no 6 – The Application of the OECD Model Tax Convention to Partnerships (OECD Report), different cases involving the issues relating to the taxation of partnerships are discussed. In dealing with these cases the CFA tried to develop general principles. There are several issues involved when discussing the taxation of partnerships. Depending on the circumstances in the actual case different tax issues arise.

The OECD Report resulted almost exclusively in making changes in the commentary to the OECD MTC (OECD Commentary) and not in the OECD MTC itself. The only change made in the OECD MTC itself is found in article 23 OECD MTC. The changes made in the OECD Commentary are of two different categories: a) changes that are a direct consequence of the changes in the articles themselves in the OECD MTC, and b) changes that are neither clarifications nor amendments to unchanged articles in the OECD MTC. It is important to make this difference in classification since different consequences are at hand for the OECD Member States (OECD MS).

Bilateral tax treaties are part of public international law and therefore, their interpretation is governed by the Vienna Convention of the Law of the Treaties (VCLT). Articles 31-33 VCLT are relevant for treaty interpretation. Since the CFA adopted the above-mentioned method, it is important to analyse if the OECD Commentary and changes made to it can be used as a legal means of interpretation according to the VCLT. It must be determined what legal value the OECD Commentary and the implemented changes have upon the parties to the bilateral treaties in force.

The determination of the legal value of the OECD Commentary is an important issue and well discussed in the literature. Since the legal status of the OECD Commentary is debated, it is even more important to discuss the consequences of changes made in the OECD Commentary. The OECD Report has been chosen since this is a good example of resolving tax issues by making changes in the OECD Commentary rather than amending the OECD MTC itself.

At the outset, the thesis highlights the tendency among some lawyers and public policy practitioners alike to rule out any contribution that legal theory is capable of providing to both public policymakers and policymaking. It vigorously rejects the norm that is expressed that the law has to be a subordinate factor when laying out an economic reform policy. Instead, the predominant theme suggested by this thesis is that both the law and economics have to operate in harmony while preparing a privatisation policy. Hence, the better the understanding of each one's role and effect on the other, the greater become the chances of arriving at a prudent and workable policy. Consequently, the overall research message can be simply summarised; Unless the divestiture of the state ownership in public monopolies is accompanied with a carefully designed set of regulations to regulate the marketplace, one cannot proclaim that a worldwide privatisation programme is in operation. In other words, the determining factor for the success or failure of any privatisation programme rests with the ability of the so-called Regulatory Reform policy to enhance efficiency and boost desirable competition within the market. Considering this, it is the researchers belief that the public limited liability company represents the ideal substitute for the publicly owned monopoly. For the purposes of this thesis, public limited companies are seen as governing institutions where the choice of a democratic and accountable management is conspicuously exercised. This legal tool provides an opportunity for the optimum deployments of personnel and other resources whereby a separate board of professional directors is maintained aided by crews of internal and external experts on nearly all of the company's related-operation aspects. On the whole, this legal device can be capable of responding to all reform policies' objectives whether in terms of efficiency, or distribution of wealth broadening public participation in public affairs. Finally, this thesis engages in the debate as to the extent to which privatisation can be imperative for certain economic activities. The economic conditions believed to have existed within the telecommunications industry that make the positive intervention by the state in such an operation a necessity have been examined. The outcome of the examination upheld the agreement that form the perspective of society as a whole, the telecommunications sector is best run by means of a combination of private capital and state regulation.

Wine fermentation presents a unique environment in which strains of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have evolved with superior tolerance to a multitude of stressors. Ethanol toxicity has one of the greatest impacts in reducing cellular viability and metabolic function and thus poses a threat in causing slow, stuck and incomplete fermentations. In pursuit of optimizing commercial strains of S. cerevisiae, identification of genes involved in ethanol tolerance has been of recent interest. Genomic resources such as the S288C deletion collection and microarray analysis have been widely utilized and have provided a foundation, albeit incomplete, for understanding ethanol toxicity in yeast. As a new approach, the recently developed molecular barcoded yeast open reading frame (MoBY-ORF) library, in which all S. cerevisiae genes along with native promoter and terminator sequences have been cloned into barcoded high copy 2μ plasmid vectors, has been utilized. Both the S288C laboratory strain and the M2 wine strain of S. cerevisiae were transformed with the MoBY ORF library and genes were identified by quantitation of molecular barcodes after 48 hours in 12% ethanol stressed library pools. Five genes were highly ranked in both S288C and M2 screens, two of which, RCN1 and RSA3, improved tolerance to high (16-21% v/v) ethanol toxicity over 1-3 hour incubation periods in both strain backgrounds. RCN1 is a regulator of the stress signalling protein calcineurin whereas RSA3 has a role in ribosome maturation. Additional fitness advantages conferred upon overproduction of RCN1 and RSA3 include increased resistance to cell wall degradation, heat, osmotic and oxidative stress. Neither RCN1 nor RSA3 over-expression in M2 during model fermentations of synthetic wine medium significantly increased the fermentation rate or final ethanol yield. Regulation of calcineurin and ribosomal assembly processes during ethanol stress, however, may still be key targets for improving tolerance to the stressful conditions of wine fermentation.

In the context of a perceived globalisation of human rights, this thesis considers whether constitutional rights to equality and non-discrimination apply to polygynous customary marriages in Commonwealth Africa from a legislative perspective. In other words, I examine whether there is a correlation between constitutional protection of rights and legislation, sensitive to the human rights of women in polygynous customary marriages. It is shown that at a constitutional level, there is often a strong indication that human rights to equality and non-discrimination apply to customary laws, including customary institutions of marriage. This, however, often does not translate to a statutory level, resulting in marriage laws that largely side-line and ignore the possibility of polygyny in a customary marriage and the potential for human rights violations therein. I analyze the discursive mechanisms that facilitate the contradiction that arises when constitutional commitments to protect the rights of women in polygynous marriages are not met at a legislative level. I argue that practices of 'silence' and 'omission' are used to perpetuate the myth that monogamy is the default position of all marriages governed by statute. This effectively constructs polygynous marriages as an aberration to the norm, and further renders invisible the parties in polygynous customary marriages. In failing to provide statutory guidance for the complexities that may arise in polygynous marriages, I argue that women in polygynous marriages are discriminated against in comparison to women in monogamous relationships.

Dass moderne Bibliotheken mehr als bloße Bücherverwahranstalten sind, ist heute nicht nur in der bibliothekarischen Fachwelt common sense. Als Medienkompetenzzentren sind Bibliotheken längst zum integralen Bestandteil der Wissens- und Informationsgesellschaft geworden. Bibliotheken sichern den freien Informationsaustausch und machen Bildung ohne Hürden für jedermann zugänglich.

A black body is an ideal object that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation and simultaneously emits radiation that only depends on the temperature. The radiation is described by Planck's radiation law and its maximum by Wien's displacement law. The aim of this project is to study Planck's and Wien's laws in the frequency and wavelength domains, by theoretical studies and numerical studies in the programming language Python. Planck's law can be derived by regarding a cavity where the internal radiation either can be regarded as waves or as a gas of photons. In this study, the main focus lies in the derivation assuming radiation can be treated as waves, which uses the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This derivation is also used when the radiation is simulated numerically in Python. The numerical studies use the stochastic method "hit and miss" to generate the different properties of the emitted radiation. Planck's law occurs in many different forms, the differences between some of them is explained in this project. When transforming between the domains one must use a Jacobian. If this is forgotten Wien's law, which is derived from Planck’s law, efficiently shows how the peaks of the correct and the transformed curves are at different positions. The results show that Planck's law accurately can be derived numerically. Even though the chosen method successfully reproduces the Planck distribution the program can be improved by using the inverse transform method for sampling. To study this subject further one could consider deriving and simulating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
En svart kropp är intressant att undersöka på grund av dess unika förmåga att absorbera och emittera elektromagnetisk strålning. Dessvärre kan den svarta kroppen vara svår att föreställa sig. Det vedertagna knepet för att illustrera detta fenomen är att tänka sig en låda inuti vilken det finns fotoner, och därmed energi. Fotoner kan som bekant betraktas som vågor likväl som partiklar och turligt nog spelar det ingen roll vilket sätt man väljer, svartkroppsstrålningen kan studeras ur båda dessa infallsvinklar. Tänker man sig också att det finns ett mycket litet hål i lådans vägg är det lätt att inse att fotonerna kommer att lämna lådan ur detsamma. Det är denna strålning som är svartkroppsstrålning. Svartkroppsstrålningen är fördelad enligt Plancks strålningslag som vanligtvis härleds med hjälp av teorin kring statistisk fysik som appliceras på den tänkta lådan. Detta görs även i denna studie, såväl som en numerisk simulering i programmeringsspråket Python. Ett program för studier av svartkroppsstrålning, vars främsta syfte är att simulera denna med utgångspunkt i samma låda, har skapats och förväntas kunna hjälpa den intresserade att skaffa sig förståelse för egenskaperna hos Plancks lag. För detta program används med framgång den stokastiska metoden "hit and miss" som tillåter användaren att sampla slumptal från en given fördelning. Utöver Plancks lag studeras också Wiens lag. Wiens lag beskriver vid vilken frekvens strålningen kommer att ha sitt maximum och härleds ur Plancks lag. Plancks lag förekommer i många olika former vilka beskriver olika fysikaliska storheter. I denna studie utreds dessa. Att transformera mellan de olika formerna av lagen är inte så simpelt som man kan luras att tro, utan kräver viss matematisk eftertanke. Det visar sig vara avgörande att använda en mycket viktig transformationsfaktor kallad Jacobian. Detta ger såklart också konsekvenser för Wiens lag som kommer att se olika ut beroende på vilken form av Plancks lag den härleds ur.

Kompiuterinis geometrinis sklandytuvo Lak-17 modelis sugeneruotas programa AVL, kuri skirta orlaivių konfigūracijos ir skrydžio charakteristikų analizei. Imituojant realų skrydį programa suskaičiuotos įvairios šoninio stabilumo charakteristikos. Tirta, kaip šoninio stabilumo savyb÷ms, tokioms kaip krypties nestabilumas, spiralinis nestabilumas, „olandiškas žingsnis“, turi įtakos skersinio V kampo didinimas ar mažinimas, vertikalios uodegos plokštumos ploto keitimas. Pagal gautus rezultatus suformuluotos išvados kiekvienam šoninio nestabilumo atvejui. Darbą sudaro 3 dalys: įvadas, problemos analiz÷, AVL programos apžvalga, tyrimas, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 92 p. 65 p. teksto be priedų, 82 iliustr., 6 lent. Atskirai pridedami priedai.
Computer-based geometrical model of sailplane Lak-17 was generated with a program AVL (Athena Vortex Lattice), which is designed for analysis of characteristics of flight and rapid analysis of configuration of aircraft. Analysis was done how increasing and decreasing of wing dihedral and exchange of vertical tail area characteristics are influenced on lateral stability like directional divergence, spiral divergence and „dutch roll“. Simulating a real flight with the program various characteristics of stability and control were calculated. According results the conclusion was formulated for every case of lateral unstability. Structure: introduction, problem analysis, AVL overview, research, conclusions, references. Thesis consist of – 92 p. 65 p. text without appendixes, 82 pictures, 6 tables. Appendixes are included.

The ability to decisively benefit from ample sources of freshwater represents a pivotal challenge for American Indian nations and their self-determination in the western United States. Climate change, population growth, and capitalist pressures continue to escalate demand for water in an already dry land. This project set out to listen and add practical perspective to the importance of water as reflected in various forms of stories in the context of American Indian reserved water rights. It explores dynamic confluences and divergences of worldviews that influence American Indian nations' relationships with water in the present sociopolitical context. The integral relationship between literatures, laws, and tribal sovereignty constructs this study's theoretical framework as it broadens scholarship on this connection to include the implications of water rights. This approach leads to a critical, or perhaps "literary critical," background for examining two major water rights struggles in the western United States; the first being court decisions on the Wind River Indian Reservation, home of the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes, and secondly, the Klamath-Trinity Basin, where four federally recognized tribes recently partook in water rights settlement negotiations. Litigation and negotiations over vital water are presently limited to the minefield of ambiguous Western narratives on the values and uses of Indian water rights. While each conflict has its unique circumstances and personalities, EuroAmerican stories of control and superiority continue to justify the exploitation of water and subjugation of Indigenous human rights. Alternative forums might make room for restorying and more sustainably managing water.

En aquesta tesi doctoral, es pretenen abordar diversos aspectes relacionats amb la importància dels processos productius de el vi i la seva influència en la qualitat sensorial, la composició química i l'estabilitat. En l'actualitat, encara avui cal seguir aprofundint i adquirint coneixement per establir les bases científiques sobre de la influència que tenen certes pràctiques de camp i de celler en la millora de les característiques fisicoquímiques i sensorials dels vins. La finalitat buscada és un acostament a el coneixement de les modificacions en la composició química, fonamentalment aromàtica i fenòlica i el seu impacte en l'estabilitat de el vi i en les seves característiques organolèptiques. Per això s'ha realitzat un estudi analític exhaustiu, fonamentalment de compostos aromàtics fermentatius, oxidatius i de reducció en vins (negres i blancs) que hagin sofert diferents tractaments enològics o vins procedents de raïm a les que s'han aplicat certes pràctiques vitícoles, en recerca d'una millora de qualitat. Igualment, es realitzarà un seguiment d'altres compostos d'interès relacionats amb la composició química, com ara les diferents famílies de compostos fenòlics (antocians, flavonols, àcids fenòlics i procianidines), d'àcids orgànics, metalls, etc. A més, s'establiran relacions entre els canvis observats en la composició química i l'estabilitat i qualitat sensorial dels vins.
En esta tesis doctoral, se pretenden abordar diversos aspectos relacionados con la importancia de los procesos productivos del vino y su influencia en la calidad sensorial, la composición química y la estabilidad. En la actualidad, todavía hoy es necesario seguir profundizando y adquiriendo conocimiento para establecer las bases científicas sobre de la influencia que tienen ciertas prácticas de campo y de bodega en la mejora de las características físico-químicas y sensoriales de los vinos. La finalidad buscada es un acercamiento al conocimiento de las modificaciones en la composición química, fundamentalmente aromática y fenólica y su impacto en la estabilidad del vino y en sus características organolépticas. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio analítico exhaustivo, fundamentalmente de compuestos aromáticos fermentativos, oxidativos y de reducción en vinos (tintos y blancos) que hayan sufrido diferentes tratamientos enológicos o vinos procedentes de uvas a las que se han aplicado ciertas prácticas vitícolas, en búsqueda de una mejora de calidad. Igualmente, se realizará un seguimiento de otros compuestos de interés relacionados con la composición química, como por ejemplo las diferentes familias de compuestos fenólicos (antocianos, flavonoles, ácidos fenólicos y procianidinas), de ácidos orgánicos, metales, etc. Además, se establecerán relaciones entre los cambios observados en la composición química y la estabilidad y calidad sensorial de los vinos.
In this doctoral thesis, the aim is to address various aspects related to the importance of wine production processes and their influence on sensory quality, chemical composition and stability. At present, even today it is necessary to continue deepening and acquiring knowledge to establish the scientific bases on the influence that certain field and winery practices have on improving the physical-chemical and sensorial characteristics of wines. The aim sought is an approach to the knowledge of the modifications in the chemical composition, mainly aromatic and phenolic, and their impact on the stability of the wine and its organoleptic characteristics. For this, an exhaustive analytical study has been carried out, mainly of fermentative, oxidative and reduction aromatic compounds in wines (red and white) that have undergone different oenological treatments or wines from grapes to which certain viticultural practices have been applied, in search of a quality improvement. Likewise, other compounds of interest related to the chemical composition will be monitored, such as the different families of phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavanols, phenolic acids and procyanidins), organic acids, metals, etc. In addition, relationships will be established between the changes observed in the chemical composition and the stability and sensory quality of the wines.