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Journal articles on the topic 'Wine micro-organisms'
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1
., S. Centeno, C. Adelantado ., and M. A. Calvo . "Inhibitory Activity of Micro-organisms Isolated from Wine Bottle Corks." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 12 (November 15, 2004): 2198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.2198.2201.
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Millet, V., and A. Lonvaud-Funel. "The viable but non-culturable state of wine micro-organisms during storage." Letters in Applied Microbiology 30, no. 2 (February 2000): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00684.x.
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Stegăruș, Diana Ionela. "Microbiological Characterization of Red and White Wines Originated From Vineyards of Getic Piedmont." Management of Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msd-2015-0008.
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Abstract The aim of the present paper is to investigate an objective microbiological analysis of the wine by identification of some parameters such as total amount of germs and yeastswhich are contained in the quality wines from Getic Piedmont namely: Bolovanu, Corcova, Drăgășani, Sâmburești, Segarcea, Ștefănești.The Getic Piedmont is a relict geomorphological relief unit with significant variations from the flat, low lands fragmented by moderately rough with strong fragmentation. We have selected by grouping the wines in grape varieties, white wines (Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Riesling) and red wines (Merlot, Cabernet, Pinot noir) which were tested by microbiological tests. The opinion that the bacteria level should be acceptable in red wines and the yeasts level in white wines were supported by literature. The presence of these micro-organisms have clear influence in wine validity, in principle they are not detectable in a biologically pure wine.
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Ale, C. E., E. Bru, A. M. Strasser de Saad, and S. E. Pasteris. "Effect of physicochemical factors on glycerol production by simultaneous cultures of wine micro-organisms using the response surface method." Journal of Applied Microbiology 117, no. 5 (September 13, 2014): 1336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12621.
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Rodas, A. M., S. Ferrer, and I. Pardo. "Polyphasic study of wine Lactobacillus strains: taxonomic implications." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63249-0.
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One hundred and seventy-eight lactobacilli isolated from wine were characterized by a polyphasic approach. Strains were phenotypically identified at genus and species level by classical tests including the analysis of cell morphology, homo/heterofermentative character, sugar fermentation patterns, growth at different temperatures and the optical nature of the isomer of lactic acid produced from glucose. Molecular techniques such as random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (16S-ARDRA), PFGE-RFLP and ribotyping were used to characterize strains, and their potential for identification and/or typing was evaluated. The information obtained with these techniques was processed with the BioNumerics software in order to analyse relationships existing between isolated strains and various reference species of the genus. Then, taxonomic dendrograms were obtained, and this information allowed the proposal of molecular procedures suitable for the identification and typing of these wine micro-organisms. The techniques useful for both identification and typing were RAPD and ribotyping, while 16S-ARDRA was only useful for identification and PFGE-RFLP only for typing purposes. The wine strains were identified as Lactobacillus brevis (19 strains), Lactobacillus collinoides (2 strains), Lactobacillus hilgardii (71 strains), Lactobacillus paracasei (13 strains), Lactobacillus pentosus (2 strains), Lactobacillus plantarum (34 strains) and Lactobacillus mali (10 strains).
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Renouf, Vincent, Emmanuel Gindreau, Olivier Claisse, and Aline Lonvaud-Funel. "Microbial changes during malolactic fermentation in red wine elaboration." OENO One 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2005.39.4.889.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Winemaking is based on complex microbial interactions. They result in alcoholic and malolactic fermentation. In some cases undesirable micro-organisms pass beyond a limit and become prejudicial to wine quality. It is particularly the case of Brettanomyces bruxellensis which produces volatile phenols.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Most of wine microbial studies have been focused on only one species and that can lead to incomplete and biased results by neglecting possible interactions between the populations. The aim of this study was to obtain a global survey of wine microflora and its quantitative and qualitative changes during the malolactic fermentation, the last microbial intervention before sulphur dioxide addition. The results were obtained by chemical wine analysis, conventional microbiological methods and molecular tools for microbial identification (PCR-ITS-RFLP, PCR-DGGE). In this study, conducted under cellar scale conditions, several oenological parameters were considered: two different cellars, three grape varieties, MLF in tank or in barrels, use of malolactic starters or indigenous flora.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Interactions appeared, mainly between Oenococcus oeni and B. bruxellensis, but also between O. oeni strains. Some explanations are suggested and further investigations are proposed.</p>
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Comitini, Francesca, Natalia Di Pietro, Laura Zacchi, Ilaria Mannazzu, and Maurizio Ciani. "Kluyveromyces phaffii killer toxin active against wine spoilage yeasts: purification and characterization." Microbiology 150, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 2535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27145-0.
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The killer toxin secreted by Kluyveromyces phaffii (KpKt) is active against spoilage yeast under winemaking conditions and thus has potential applications in the biocontrol of undesired micro-organisms in the wine industry. Biochemical characterization and N-terminal sequencing of the purified toxin show that KpKt is a glycosylated protein with a molecular mass of 33 kDa. Moreover, it shows 93 % and 80 % identity to a β-1,3-glucanase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a β-1,3-glucan transferase of Candida albicans, respectively, and it is active on laminarin and glucan, thus showing a β-glucanase activity. Competitive inhibition of killer activity by cell-wall polysaccharides suggests that glucan (β-1,3 and β-1,6 branched glucans) represents the first receptor site of the toxin on the envelope of the sensitive target. Flow cytometry analysis of the sensitive target after treatment with KpKt and K1 toxin of S. cerevisiae, known to cause loss of cell viability via formation of pores in the cell membrane, suggests a different mode of action for KpKt.
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Bouix, Marielle, Agnès Grabowski, Monique Charpentier, Jean-Yves Leveau, and Bruno Duteurtre. "Rapid detection of microbial contamination in grape juice by flow cytometry." OENO One 33, no. 1 (March 31, 1999): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1999.33.1.1038.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">This study presents an application of flow cytometry to evaluate rapidly the viable micro-organisms in grape juice. In this method, viable cells are firstly specitically labelled with a fluorescent reagent. The sample is then injected into the flow cytometer where the labelled micro-organisms are individually illuminated by a laser beam. The emission of fluorescence is measured. The system counts the number of fluorescent events and prints out a histogram of the fluorescence intensity which is characteristic of the micro-organism being analysed. In laboratory conditions, preliminary trials have been undertaken with an artificially inoculated grape juice with pure yeast and bacteria cultures. This method succeeded in counting simultaneously yeasts and bacteria within 15 minutes, with a high degree of sensitivity, 5.10<sup>3</sup> yeasts perml and 5.10<sup>4</sup> bacteria per ml. This technique can also be applied to the detection of mould contamination and the test has been done with <em>Botrytis</em> spores. The method makes direct cell counts possible and is capable of analysing 30 samples per hour. It can be automatised and easily used in industrial laboratory. During the last harvest, more than a thousand of must samples were controled using this technique. The results let to determine the yeast contamination level of a grape juice tank even before unloading. The results obtained by flow cytometry were compared to the plate count reference method. The correlation between cytometry and count by plate culture was 99 p. cent for the threshold of 5.1 0<sup>4</sup> yeasts/ml which seemed to point out a high contamination. By using this flow cytometry method during the harvest period, the results were supplied in real time. This allowed a rapid selection of the musts, depending upon the scale of their contamination and improved the quality of the wine by corrective actions.</p>
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Dalla Costa, Lorenza, Mickael Malnoy, David Lecourieux, Laurent Deluc, Fatma Ouaked- Lecourieux, Mark R. Thomas, and Laurent Jean-Marie Torregrosa. "The state-of-the-art of grapevine biotechnology and new breeding technologies (NBTS)." OENO One 53, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.2.2405.
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Context of the review: The manipulation of the genetic basis controlling grapevine adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can be performed either by classical genetics or biotechnologies. In the last 15 years, considerable knowledge has accumulated about the grapevine genome as well as the mechanisms involved in the interaction of the vine with the environment, pests and diseases. Despite the difficulties associated with genetic mapping in this species (allele diversity, chimerism, long generation intervals...), several major controlling important vegetative or reproductive traits have been identified. Considering the huge genotypic and phenotypic diversities existing in Vitis, breeding offers a substantial range of options to improve the performances of cultivars. However, even if marker-assisted selection was largely developed to shorten breeding programs, the selection of improved cultivars, whether for agronomic traits or disease tolerances, is still long and uncertain. Moreover, breeding by crossing does not preserve cultivar genetic background, when the wine industry and market are still based on varietal wines.Significance of the review: In grapevine, pioneering biotechnologies were set up in the 1960s to propagate and/or clean the material from micro-organisms. In the 1990s, the basis of genetic engineering was primary established through biolistic or Agrobacterium with several derived technologies refined in the last 10 years. The latest advance is represented by a group of technologies based on genome editing which allows a much more precise modification of the genome. These technologies, so-called NBTs (new breeding technologies), which theoretically do not deconstruct the phenotype of existing cultivars, could be potentially better accepted by the wine industry and consumers than previous GMO (genetically modified organism) approaches. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of the biotechnologies available for grapevine genome manipulation and future prospects for genetic improvement.
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Nipa, Karishma Kabir. "Mutualistic presence of normal Flora in Human Intestine: A review." Journal of Bio-Science 21 (March 11, 2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v21i0.22515.
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Human body contains a huge number of micro-organisms in its intestine. It is ten times more in number compared to the number of human body cells. These micro-organisms are mainly anaerobic bacteria and perform useful functions in relation to development of gut, and production of vitamins and hormones. These bacteria also perform a wide range of metabolic functions. The present article reviews briefly the mutualistic relationship of intestinal flora with human intestine along with their pathogenic behaviour to some extent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v21i0.22515 J. bio-sci. 21: 21-25, 2013
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Purushothaman, T., and K. Irfana Mol. "A Critical Review on Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Using Light Emitting Diode (LED)." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i3.3476.
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The light-emitting diode (LED) is an advanced technology with a wide range of applications in our day-to-day life. It has numerous advantages over conventional light, such as controlling the spectrum of light, the specificity of the wavelength, cool emitting surface, and cost-effectiveness. The novel technologies and developments have proved the efficacy of LEDs in eliminating microbes rather than being an effective lighting source. The LED employs Photodynamic Inactivation to eliminate micro-organisms with the help of various photo-sensitizers. Photodynamic inactivation is a non-chemical based technique that helps fight against the microbes without developing the resistant microbial strains. The illumination of LED at a specific narrow wavelength exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbes, including resistant strains. Getting rid of harmful micro-organisms is one of the effective ways to reduce health risks and promote quality of life. Hence, the LEDs with specific narrow wavelengths can be employed to sterilize the medical equipment, healthcare environment, and food preservation without using chemicals. The Photodynamic Inactivation using LED as a light source will be a promising source for eradicating harmful micro-organisms, including nosocomial and foodborne pathogens.
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Dbwi, I. Ap, D. B. Johnson, and W. I. Kelso. "A study of field drain ochre deposits. 2. The distribution of micro-organisms." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079363.
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SummarySheathed filamentous bacteria,Leptothrixspp. andGallionellaspp., were observed in ochre samples from sites in England and Wales.Thiobacillus ferrooxidanswas found in acidic samples (pH < 4·0) and in ochre from drainage water of near neutral pH suggesting that it can contribute to ochre formation over a wide range of drainage water pH, Heterotrophic bacteria capable of growing in artificial media of low pH and complexdegrading heterotrophic bacteria were also isolated. Some ochre deposits could be described as either pyritic or filamentous but the majority of samples fell between these extremes and had various combinations ofT. ferrooxidans, sheathed filamentous bacteria and other heterotrophic bacteria.
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Camacho, P., S. Deleris, V. Geaugey, P. Ginestet, and E. Paul. "A comparative study between mechanical, thermal and oxidative disintegration techniques of waste activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0295.
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The release performances of an organic and mineral activated sludge matrix were studied for a wide range of disintegration treatments like mechanical, thermal, thermal-chemical and oxidative disintegration techniques. The maximal COD release was 35% of total COD after 24 hours contact time at 95°C. A limiting value of 60% COD release was obtained for 500 and 700 bars after 10 passes. Concerning the oxidative disintegration techniques (O3 and H2O2), a limiting value of around 60-65% of TOC release was observed. Therefore, it was hypothesised that thermal and mechanical treatments allow mainly for breaking apart the micro-organisms while the oxidative treatment destroys the sludge flocs and disrupts the micro-organisms. A release effect of the mineral fraction is observed only oxidative disintegration techniques.
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Gibbs, Melanie, Marjo Saastamoinen, Aurélie Coulon, and Virginie M. Stevens. "Organisms on the move: ecology and evolution of dispersal." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (November 11, 2009): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0820.
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The symposium and workshop ‘ Organisms on the move : ecology and evolution of dispersal ’, held in Ghent (Belgium), 14–18 September 2009, brought together a wide range of researchers using empirical and modelling approaches to examine the dispersal process. This meeting provided an opportunity to assess how much cross-fertilization there has been between empiricists and theoreticians, to present novel insights on dispersal patterns in plants, animals and micro-organisms and to measure the progress made in examining the causes and consequences of dispersal.
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Kuribayashi, Morine, Keiichi Kawano, Yuta Demura, Kenji Baba, Yuki Sofue, Purevsuren Tsedendamba, Tamaki Matsumoto, et al. "Imaging of micro-organisms on topsoil particles collected from different landscape in the Gobi Desert." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199901011.
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This study shows the results of field experiments of soil particles saltation and laboratory experiments of imaging of the surface structure of dust particles. In the Gobi area, dust occurs when the wind speed at ground level exceeds 7 m/s. It has been reported that bacteria are attached to dust, but the details of its attachment are unknown. It is also expected that these bacteria will fly at the time of occurrence of dust, and fundamental research is important to clarify the relationship between dust components and bacteria.
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Ribeiro, Bárbara, André Padua, Paulo Cesar Paiva, Márcio Reis Custódio, and Michelle Klautau. "Exploitation of micro refuges and epibiosis: survival strategies of a calcareous sponge." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541600151x.
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Sponges interact in various ways with a wide variety of organisms in benthic communities and ecological interactions may influence the distribution, abundance and diversity of these organisms in different sites. Although several studies have already been developed for Demospongiae, knowledge of ecological interactions in the class Calcarea is lacking. Some calcareous sponges are considered weak competitors for space and to have developed strategies to survive in highly dynamic environments, such as exploitation of micro refuges and epibiosis. We aimed to investigate the influence of intra- and interspecific interactions in the abundance, growth and lifespan of the calcareous sponge Clathrina aurea in south-eastern Brazil. Two peaks of abundance and area coverage were observed during the studied year, probably associated with reproductive effort. We found no evidence of intra- or interspecific competition between the sponge and the benthic community. Clathrina aurea was found using parts of other organisms as substrate (epibiosis), such as algae, demosponges and corals. It was seen that the interaction of the sponge with coral polyps positively affects the lifespan of sponge individuals and the interstices of corals probably promote a micro refuge for C. aurea against competitors for space and predators.
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Duarte, Rubens T. D., Felipe Nóbrega, Cristina R. Nakayama, and Vivian H. Pellizari. "Brazilian research on extremophiles in the context of astrobiology." International Journal of Astrobiology 11, no. 4 (July 11, 2012): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550412000249.
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AbstractExtremophiles are organisms adapted to grow at extreme ranges of environmental variables, such as high or low temperatures, acid or alkaline medium, high salt concentration, high pressures and so forth. Most extremophiles are micro-organisms that belong to the Archaea and Bacteria domains, and are widely spread across the world, which include the polar regions, volcanoes, deserts, deep oceanic sediments, hydrothermal vents, hypersaline lakes, acid and alkaline water bodies, and other extreme environments considered hostile to human life. Despite the tropical climate, Brazil has a wide range of ecosystems which include some permanent or seasonally extreme environments. For example, the Cerrado is a biome with very low soil pH with high Al+3concentration, the mangroves in the Brazilian coast are anaerobic and saline, Pantanal has thousands of alkaline–saline lakes, the Caatinga arid and hot soils and the deep sea sediments in the Brazilian ocean shelf. These environments harbour extremophilic organisms that, coupled with the high natural biodiversity in Brazil, could be explored for different purposes. However, only a few projects in Brazil intended to study the extremophiles. In the frame of astrobiology, for example, these organisms could provide important models for defining the limits of life and hypothesize about life outside Earth. Brazilian microbiologists have, however, studied the extremophilic micro-organisms inhabiting non-Brazilian environments, such as the Antarctic continent. The experience and previous results obtained from the Brazilian Antarctic Program (PROANTAR) provide important results that are directly related to astrobiology. This article is a brief synopsis of the Brazilian experience in researching extremophiles, indicating the most important results related to astrobiology and some future perspectives in this area.
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Anjum, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Safdar Khan, Abdul Razzaq Shahid, and Syed Humayun Shah. "URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 01 (January 10, 2016): 010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.01.747.
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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) constitute important bacterialdisease which contributes to significant morbidity world-wide. Empirical treatment in patientssuffering from UTI depends upon the local knowledge of common microorganisms responsiblefor UTI in that geographical area as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.Objectives: To determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogenswhich are responsible for urinary tract infections. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting:Department of Pathology, Frontier Medical & Dental College and Mohi Ud Din Islamic MedicalCollege. Period: January 2015 to June 2015. Material & methods: Total of 113 patients wereincluded in the study. Urine samples were cultured on MacConkey’s agar and Cysteine LactoseElectrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. Micro-organisms were identified using standard tests andantimicrobial susceptibility was checked using modified Kirby Bauer method following Clinicaland Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The average age of patientswas 32.19±16.47 years. Gram negative organisms accounted for majority of cases, about 89(78.76%) cases. Escherichia coli was the most common micro-organism which was found in50 (44.24%) cases followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 24 (21.24%), Enterobacter spp. in19 (16.81%), Klebsiella spp. in 11 (9.73%) and Proteus spp. in 9 (7.96%) cases. E. coli wassensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin and was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid andgentamicin. Conclusion: Gram negative organisms are largely responsible for UTIs and E. colibeing the most common etiological agent. E. coli is sensitive to commonly prescribed drugs forUTI like ciprofloxacin.
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Wood, C. D., and V. E. Plumb. "Total phenols and protein precipitation assays as indicators of the inhibitory effects of phenols on rumen micro-organisms." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600026222.
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Phenolics, such as tannins, have been implicated as inhibitors of digestibility. A wide range of assays for measuring phenols have been proposed (reviewed by Hagerman and Butler, 1989) but there is little experimental evidence to indicate which are most appropriate for assessing nutritive value. The objective of this study was to investigate correlations between phenol assays and the effects of phenolics on in vitro fermentation by rumen micro-organisms to identify which assays most reliably indicated the extent of these effects.Extracts were prepared from 12 Bolivian tree leaf samples using 70% aqueous acetone (500mg dried sample extracted with 5 ml solvent) and analysed for total phenols (TP) by the Prussian Blue method (Price and Butler, 1977), protein precipitation activity (PPA) by a radial diffusion technique (Hagerman, 1987) and condensed tannins (CT) by acid butanol (Porter et al, 1986). The samples used are listed in Table 1.
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Ojo-Okunola, Anna, Mark Nicol, and Elloise du Toit. "Human Breast Milk Bacteriome in Health and Disease." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111643.
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It is well-known that, beyond nutritional components, human breast milk (HBM) contains a wide variety of non-nutritive bio-factors perfectly suited for the growing infant. In the pre-2000 era, HBM was considered sterile and devoid of micro-organisms. Though HBM was not included as part of the human microbiome project launched in 2007, great strides have been made in studying the bacterial diversity of HBM in both a healthy state and diseased state, and in understanding their role in infant health. HBM provides a vast array of beneficial micro-organisms that play a key role in colonizing the infant’s mucosal system, including that of the gut. They also have a role in priming the infant’s immune system and supporting its maturation. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-infective role of HBM bacteriome (bacterial community) and its effect on infant health. We also provide key information from the literature by exploring the possible origin of microbial communities in HBM, the bacterial diversity in this niche and the determinants influencing the HBM bacteriome. Lastly, we investigate the role of the HBM bacteriome in maternal infectious disease (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mastitis)), and cancer. Key gaps in HBM bacterial research are also identified.
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Direito, Susana O. L., Pascale Ehrenfreund, Andries Marees, Martijn Staats, Bernard Foing, and Wilfred F. M. Röling. "A wide variety of putative extremophiles and large beta-diversity at the Mars Desert Research Station (Utah)." International Journal of Astrobiology 10, no. 3 (February 4, 2011): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550411000012.
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AbstractHumankind's innate curiosity makes us wonder whether life is or was present on other planetary bodies such as Mars. The EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign was organized at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) to perform multidisciplinary astrobiology research. MDRS in southeast Utah is situated in a cold arid desert with mineralogy and erosion processes comparable to those on Mars. Insight into the microbial community composition of this terrestrial Mars analogue provides essential information for the search for life on Mars: including sampling and life detection methodology optimization and what kind of organisms to expect. Soil samples were collected from different locations. Culture-independent molecular analyses directed at ribosomal RNA genes revealed the presence of all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya), but these were not detected in all samples. Spiking experiments revealed that this appears to relate to low DNA recovery, due to adsorption or degradation. Bacteria were most frequently detected and showed high alpha- and beta-diversity. Members of theActinobacteria, Proteobacteria, BacteroidetesandGemmatimonadetesphyla were found in the majority of samples. Archaea alpha- and beta-diversity was very low. For Eukarya, a diverse range of organisms was identified, such as fungi, green algae and several phyla of Protozoa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an extraordinary variety of putative extremophiles, mainly Bacteria but also Archaea and Eukarya. These comprised radioresistant, endolithic, chasmolithic, xerophilic, hypolithic, thermophilic, thermoacidophilic, psychrophilic, halophilic, haloalkaliphilic and alkaliphilic micro-organisms. Overall, our data revealed large difference in occurrence and diversity over short distances, indicating the need for high-sampling frequency at similar sites. DNA extraction methods need to be optimized to improve extraction efficiencies.
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Cruickshank, J. G., and T. J. Humphrey. "The carrier food-handler and non-typhoid salmonellosis." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 3 (June 1987): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800061975.
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The number of reported cases of food poisoning and food-borne disease continues to increase in most countries. The published figures are recognized as being only a small fraction of the true total and the problem is clearly both very large and international.Of the variety of micro-organisms responsible for outbreaks, Salmonella spp. are by far the most frequently incriminated and in the United Kingdom these organisms cause over 90% of cases (Epidemiology, 1986). The almost universal presence of these organisms in certain common foods, their ability to grow in a wide variety of foodstuffs over a substantial temperature range, the ease with which dissemination occurs from person to person and the prolonged period of excretion following recovery are the properties which, taken together, distinguish Salmonella spp. from other food-poisoning organisms. It is because of these characteristics that salmonellas are really the only food-poisoning organisms in which human beings as carriers pose potential problems as sources of outbreaks. This review is, therefore, confined to a consideration of the practical significance of the faecal carriage of salmonellas by asymptomatic food handlers, to an evaluation of the degree of risk, if any, that such a person may pose and to an assessment as to whether the time and money devoted to the investigation and exclusion of such persons is well spent.
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Kendell, Robert. "How psychiatrists can contribute to the public health." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3, no. 4 (July 1997): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.3.4.188.
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Public health has traditionally been concerned with the primary prevention of disease, either by eliminating its causes or by enhancing host resistance. Clean water supplies, efficient sewage and rubbish disposal, and refrigeration of food have largely eliminated the micro-organisms responsible for a wide range of infectious diseases, while anti-smoking campaigns have reduced mortality from cancer of the lung and coronary heart disease. Immunisation programmes have had a similarly dramatic effect on the incidence of many bacterial and viral diseases. Indeed, they have completely eliminated smallpox, and the polio virus seems likely to follow it into oblivion.
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Naumann, M. "Control of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα in pathogen infection." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 2 (March 20, 2007): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350267.
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One of the important cellular factors involved in the regulation of the host antimicrobial response is the immediate early response transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB). Human pathogenic micro-organisms trigger cellular signal transduction pathways that induce NF-κB, but pathogens have also found ways to overcome the inflammatory response through active manipulation of NF-κB regulators. Exploration of the mechanisms that influence NF-κB activity could contribute to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of microbial infections and could be important for potential therapeutic intervention that may be relevant in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Moeller, Korey, Jason Besecker, Greg Hampikian, A. Moll, D. Plumlee, John Youngsman, and Janet M. Hampikian. "A Prototype Continuous Flow Polymerase Chain Reaction LTCC Device." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.523.
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There is a growing need for remote biological sensing in both laboratory and harsh field environments. Sensing and detection of biological entities such as anthrax, Ebola and other micro-organisms of interest involves sampling of the environment, amplification, analysis and identification of the target DNA. A key component of such a sensor is a low cost, portable, reusable, continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycler. Fabrication with low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) can provide a reusable low cost device capable of operating in a wide range of environments The design and manufacture of a prototype continuous flow micro-fluidic PCR device using low temperature co-fired ceramic is presented. Initial modeling of flow characteristics and heat transfer was carried out in SolidWorks™. The prototype device employs resistance heaters below the channels, buried and surface thermocouples for temperature monitoring, and air gaps for thermal isolation.
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Llamas, Yudy, Karl Hazel, Patrick Nicholson, and Lisa Costelloe. "Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis." Practical Neurology 18, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2017-001777.
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Campylobacter jejuni infection is well-known to precipitate Guillain-Barré syndrome through an immune-mediated attack on the peripheral nervous system. Molecular mimicry between C. jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides on the surface of infectious agents and human gangliosides in the peripheral nerves induces cross-reactive immune responses. Although gangliosides also occur in the central nervous system (CNS), autoimmune CNS disorders rarely follow C. jejuni infections. However, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis commonly has a parainfectious cause, triggered by a wide range of micro-organisms including viruses and bacteria. We report a patient who developed longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis after C. jejuni enteritis associated with antiganglioside antibodies.
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Mishra, Rahul C., Mayurika Goel, Colin J. Barrow, and Sunil K. Deshmukh. "Endophytic Fungi - An Untapped Source of Potential Antioxidants." Current Bioactive Compounds 16, no. 7 (October 28, 2020): 944–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407215666191007113837.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Antioxidants are the substances that interact inside and outside of a biological system against the damaging effects of highly reactive free radicals produced during metabolism. Among various natural alternative sources of bioactive metabolites, endophytic fungi have emerged as a significant reservoir of potent antioxidant compounds. These scantly explored micro-organisms are prolific producers of novel compounds and have the capability to produce metabolites that are exclusively isolated from Plantae. A wide array of compounds like nucleobases, polyketides, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, xanthones, semiquinones, peptides, and phenolic acids have been identified as natural antioxidants produced by these micro-organisms. Methods: A detailed review of the literature published recently was undertaken using bibliographic database like Sci-finder and Google scholar. Questions to be reviewed and criteria for selection as a part of the study were fixed. The key features like information on the structure of isolated metabolites and antioxidant activities were summarised after a critical examination. A skeleton was established which gives insight into the type of novel chemical moieties which can be explored as a future antioxidant (s). Results: The review substantially covers the recently discovered compounds, in the period 2013 – 2018, having potent antioxidant activity, isolated from endophytic fungi colonizing diverse plant types such as terrestrial plants, mangrove plants and marine algae. Among the 96 compounds discussed here, thirtynine are from the first report of their occurrence. The present study reports 96 compounds obtained from 34 endophytic fungi out of which 15 fungi belonging to 13 genera of Ascomycetes produced 44 compounds, 14 fungi belonging to 5 genera of hyphomycetes yielded 33 compounds and 6 fungi belonging to 2 genera of Coelomycetes yielded 19 compounds. : The antioxidant potency of these compounds against different free radicals is briefly described and some details such as host organisms, plant sources, place of collection and the antioxidant properties of these compounds are tabulated in this review. Conclusion: Some of these free radical scavengers have shown wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry as potential food preservatives, nutraceuticals, antibacterial, anticancer and antifungal agents. This review aims at highlighting some of the novel compounds isolated recently from endophytic fungi, and their applications as potential antioxidant candidates.
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Alkhawajah, Abdulaziz M. "Studies on the Antimicrobial Activity of Juglans regia." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 25, no. 02 (January 1997): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x97000202.
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Juglans regia L. bark is used in some countries as a toothbrush and as a dye for coloring the lips for cosmetic purposes. Its extract showed a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner. It inhibited the growth of several species of pathogenic micro-organisms representing Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans), Gram-negative bacteria (Esherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans). The extract has either synergistic or additive action when tested with a wide range of antibacterial drugs. It also increased the pH of saliva. Thus, brushing the teeth with this bark may improve oral hygiene, prevent plaque and caries formation, and reduce the incidence of gingival and periodontal infections.
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Vorobyova, Tatyana, Valeriy Petrov, Aleksey Belkov, Anton Prah, and Vladimir Volynkin. "Физико-химический и механический состав почвы виноградников, обогащенной энергетическим биоматериалом." Magarach. Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 2(108) part: 21 (June 19, 2019): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2019.21.2.010.
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Растительные отходы сельскохозяйственного производства в основном утилизируются в качестве кормов в животноводстве и реже используются в виде удобрения на многолетних насаждениях. Из растительных сельскохозяйственных отходов в качестве органического удобрения могут быть использованы вторичные отходы винодельческого производства, виноградные выжимки. Обоснование возможности применения такого вида биоудобрения в конкретных условиях с учетом показателей, характеризующих биоматериал и состав почвы, послужило целью выполненной работы. Биогенность деградируемой почвы ампелоценозов увеличивается легко гидролизируемыми виноградными выжимами, по своему биохимическому составу являющимися зональным экологическим индукторам физико-химического и механического состава почвы. Партии используемого биоматериала, вносимого в почву опытных участков в период проводимых исследований, по своим биохимическим показателям (азот, фосфор, калий, органическое вещество, рН) не имели существенных различий. Показатели содержания подвижных форм фосфора и калия в почве используют для оценки фосфатного и калийного режимов разных почв. При их недостаточности в почве рациональна замена агрохимикатов, относящимся к средствам химизации сельского хозяйства (фосфор-калийные удобрения), биоудобрением из отходов виноградовинодельческого производства, содержащим эти макроэлементы. Определено, что повышение биогенности и физико-химического состава почвы возможно обогащением ее отходами виноделия, содержащими питательные вещества для корнеобитаемого слоя почвы (азот 6,3%; фосфор 0,44%; калий 1,59%), органическое вещество до 82% и рН не вызывающий изменений кислотного баланса почвы. Установлено, что после одного цикла (весна-осень-весна 2017-2018 гг.) внесения биоудобрения в комплексе с эффективными микроорганизмами (препарат Байкал ЭМ-1) почва характеризовалась увеличением органического вещества на 0,3%, подвижных форм фосфора - на 11,0 мг/кг, общего азота - на 0,07%, макроэлементов кальция, натрия, магния, калия - от 2,0 до 7,0 мг/кг, уменьшением гранулометрического состава почвы (фракция < 0,01 мм) - на 0,7%, снижением концентрации тяжелых металлов (кобальт, мышьяк, медь, цинк - по ГОСТ) - от 0,1 до 6,0 мг/кг. Использование виноградных выжимок в комплексе с эффективными микроорганизмами в качестве энергетического биоматериала удовлетворяет современным требованиям эколого-экономической и эффективной утилизации растительных отходов сельского хозяйства в области виноградовинодельческого производства.Vegetation residue from agricultural production is mainly used as feed in livestock rearing, and is less frequently used as fertilizer on perennial plantings. From agricultural green waste, secondary waste from wine production and grape pomace can also be used as organic fertilizers. We conducted feasibility studies on the use of such bio-fertilizers under specific conditions, taking into account soil composition and biomaterial parameters. Biogenesity of the degrading soils of ampelocenoses can be improved by easily hydrolyzed grape marc, the biochemical composition of which serves as zonal ecological inducer of soil physico-chemical and mechanical composition. Batches of biomaterial introduced into soil of experimental plots during research had no significant differences in biochemical parameters (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, pH). Active forms of phosphorus and potassium content in the soil is used to estimate the phosphate and potassium statuses of different soils. When their content in the soil is insufficient, it is recommended to replace the agrochemicals (phosphorus-potassium fertilizers) with bio-fertilizers from grape-growing production waste rich in those macronutrients. The study established that soil biogenisity and physico-chemical composition can be improved through its enrichment with winemaking waste containing nutrients for soil root layer (nitrogen 4.3 %; phosphorus 0.49%; potassium 1.49%), up to 82% of organic matter and the pH that does not alter the soil acid balance. It was found that one cycle (spring-autumn - spring 2017-2018) of bio-fertilizer introduction combined with effective microorganisms (Baikal EM-1 preparation), increased organic matter in the soil by 0.3 %, active phosphorus by 11.0 mg/kg, total nitrogen by 0.07%, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium macronutrients from 2.0 up to 7.0 mg/kg, and decreased soil granulometric composition (fraction < 0.01 mm) by 0.7 %; it decreased heavy metal concentration (cobalt, arsenic, copper, zinc - under GOST) from 0.1 to 6.0 mg/kg. Combined application of grape pomace and effective micro-organisms as energy biomaterial meets modern requirements for environmentally sound, effective and efficient disposal of agricultural green waste material in the field of viticulture.
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Simmons, Julie. "The Why, What and Wherefore of Antimicrobial Systems." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 2 (February 2003): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100205.
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Increasing consumer awareness of the risks posed by bacteria, together with evidence that bacteria can survive and multiply on many surfaces has led to growing interest in the use of antimicrobial systems in a wide range of products including plastic items. Antimicrobial systems can be added to a wide range of plastics, inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms on the surface and thus helping to reduce odours, unsightly growth and the risk of cross contamination. The aim of this presentation is to provide an overview of antimicrobial systems and their use in plastics. The types of systems available are discussed, together with the methods used to assess antimicrobial efficacy. A variety of actual results, from different applications and polymers, are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the systems and the type of information gained from antimicrobial test methods. Finally the current and future potential of antimicrobial systems is discussed.
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Wiegel, J., and V. V. Kevbrin. "Alkalithermophiles." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320193.
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Alkalithermophiles are an exciting subset of extremophilic organisms and represent extremophiles that are adapted to two extreme conditions, i.e. to a combination of alkaline and thermobiotic growth conditions. Among the anaerobic alkalithermophiles are representatives of both Bacteria and Archaea within a wide variety of physiological types and systematic groups, although a great majority belongs to the Firmicutes. Alkaliphiles have been isolated from a variety of niches including mesobiotic and neutrophilic soils and sediments. Interestingly anaerobic isolates from mesobiotic and neutrophilic niches exhibit shorter doubling times than isolates from thermobiotic niches; some anaerobic alkalithermophiles exhibit extremely fast growth rates, i.e. doubling times as short as 10 min. Their adaptation to both high pH and high temperature draws our attention not only because they are potential sources of industrially valuable enzymes but also because of their adaptive mechanisms to external environmental parameters. They could thus function as model organisms for extraterrestrial life in some environments and for theories on the origin of life. Alkalithermophiles, as far we know, do not represent the most thermophilic nor the most alkaliphilic of micro-organisms but represent the most alkaliphilic ones among the thermophiles and vice versa. We believe that the presently known species are only the tip of the iceberg and therefore that they do not represent the true boundaries under which life can thrive in respect to high temperature in alkaline environments.
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Wilkins, Michael J., David W. Kennedy, Cindy J. Castelle, Erin K. Field, Ramunas Stepanauskas, James K. Fredrickson, and Allan E. Konopka. "Single-cell genomics reveals metabolic strategies for microbial growth and survival in an oligotrophic aquifer." Microbiology 160, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.073965-0.
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Bacteria from the genus Pedobacter are a major component of microbial assemblages at Hanford Site (a largely decommissioned nuclear production complex) in eastern Washington state, USA, and have been shown to change significantly in abundance in response to the subsurface intrusion of Columbia River water. Here we employed single-cell genomics techniques to shed light on the physiological niche of these micro-organisms. Analysis of four Pedobacter single amplified genomes (SAGs) from Hanford Site sediments revealed a chemoheterotrophic lifestyle, with the potential to exist under both aerobic and microaerophilic conditions via expression of both aa3 -type and cbb3 -type cytochrome c oxidases. These SAGs encoded a wide range of both intra- and extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes, potentially enabling the degradation of recalcitrant substrates such as xylan and chitin, and the utilization of more labile sugars such as mannose and fucose. Coupled to these enzymes, a diversity of transporters and sugar-binding molecules were involved in the uptake of carbon from the extracellular local environment. The SAGs were enriched in TonB-dependent receptors, which play a key role in uptake of substrates resulting from degradation of recalcitrant carbon. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-Cas mechanisms for resisting viral infections were identified in all SAGs. These data demonstrate the potential mechanisms utilized for persistence by heterotrophic micro-organisms in a carbon-limited aquifer, and hint at potential linkages between observed Pedobacter abundance shifts within the 300 Area (in the south-eastern corner of the site) subsurface and biogeochemical shifts associated with Columbia River water intrusion.
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Mitra, Ruchira, and Surojit Bera. "Carotenoids: updates on legal statutory and competence for nutraceutical properties." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7, no. 2 (August 17, 2019): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.2.01.
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Growing health disorders have increased the present-day research for developing health- promoting biomolecules. Carotenoids are one such prospective bioactive compound that has plenipotentiary health benefits. Carotenoids are yellow to red pigments that are naturally synthesized by plants and micro-organisms. Continuous research is being conducted to explore the wide range of activities of carotenoids so that it can be helpful for humankind in the near future. This might also pave a new arena in the nutraceutical research. The present review deals with the legal statutory status of carotenoids as nutraceuticals with relevance to their pro-vitamin A activity, anti-oxidant activity and protection from heart diseases. In a nutshell, the chapter describes the usefulness of carotenoids as a nutraceutical.
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Ignat, Karina, and Liliia Vasina. "The use of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics as a composition of live feed." Biolohichni systemy 11, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.02.132.
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The losses in the conditions of intensive aquaculture can be linked with the development of a range of bacterial and viral infectious diseases of hydrobionts. Probiotics are used as the means of treatment and prevention of the dysbiosis of fish organisms. The search for new probiotic cultures and their subsequent trials, the possibility of their co-culturing, using this scientific foundation for devising combined preventative and therapeutic means and their further bioencapsulation in freshwater zooplankton will enable researchers to increase the resistance and responsiveness of fish organisms at the different stages of ontogenesis. The lactic acid bacteria are characterized as being toxic-free and having a wide range of antagonistic activity, namely the development of the colonization resistance of mucous membranes and coats owing to the generation of short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, lytic enzymes, antibiotic combinations, the decrease of pH index. This research is dedicated to the elucidation of new probiotic micro-organisms and the possibility of their integration into zooplankton aiming at their further use as the nutritious substrate for fish in the conditions of aquaculture. The thesis presents the results of the conducted analysis of the adhesive properties of probiotic cultures, determines their sensitivity to natural inhibitors as well as the main groups of antibiotics and evaluates the effectiveness of bioencapsulation of bacteria in the organisms of small-sized freshwater crustaceans. The bioencapsulation of mono- or combined probiotics in the organisms of daphnia has increased their survival rates, the length of the bodies of individual representatives of the species and hasn’t had a significant impact upon the correlation of the basic nutrients, which has been established in the course of the description of the biomass chemical content of small-sized crustaceans.
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Méndez-Bedia, Isabel, Gloria Gallastegui, Pedro Busquets, Silvia N. Césari, Carlos O. Limarino, Eva Prats, Raúl Cardó, and Ferran Colombo. "Pedogenic and subaerial exposure microfabrics in a late Carboniferous-early Permian carbonate-volcanic lacustrine-palustrine system (San Ignacio Formation, Frontal Cordillera, Argentina)." Andean Geology 47, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov47n2-3214.
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In the Argentinian Andes (Frontal Cordillera) the upper part of the late Carboniferous-early Permian San Ignacio Formation is made up of lacustrine-palustrine microbial carbonates and interbedded volcanic deposits. In this lacustrine-palustrine environment a natural monospecific forest was developed. The deposits of this sedimentary-volcanic succession were repeatedly subjected to subaerial exposure and modified by pedogenesis to varying degrees giving rise to paleosoils development. Diagenetic microfabrics were well preserved in the carbonates and volcanic rocks. The carbonate microfabrics comprise a wide spectrum of features consisting of root marks and stumps-related structures (rhizoliths, alveolar texture, tunnel-like structures and coprolites of arthropods), pisoids, coated grains and pseudomicrokarst, cracking, brecciated and nodular fabrics, and grainification also occur corresponding to different stages in the pedogenic evolution. Meteoric dissolution and cementation processes are observed; examples are well identified by scanning electron microscope showing silica-filled voids in partially dissolved carbonates and growths of inorganic carbonate microcrystals or of microbial origin in voids. Other different types of cements can be seen such as discontinuous carbonate crusts, ribbon spar, cavities with silt infillings and pendant cements. The whole set of these microfabrics are indicative of wetting, desiccation and meteoric conditions (vadose and phreatic). The abundance of plant roots and associated micro-organisms mainly of bacterial origin (micro-rods, short rod-shapes, nano-fibres, filaments and nano-spheres) played an important role in the pedogenic and subaerial diagenetic processes affecting these deposits. The immature character of the paleosoils and absence of calcretes point out to short intervals of subaerial exposure due to oscillating fluctuations in water level, intermittent volcanic supply, tectonic subsidence and oscillating climatic conditions. The whole of the macro and microfabrics reveals that the prevailing weather could correspond to an intermediate between semi-arid to sub-humid, however the alternating wetting and drying conditions in which the fossil forest developed and the abundance and diversity of micro-organisms, suggest a transition to sub-humid climate conditions.
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NIKORA, V. I., D. G. GORING, and B. J. F. BIGGS. "Some observations of the effects of micro-organisms growing on the bed of an open channel on the turbulence properties." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 450 (January 9, 2002): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001006486.
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In this paper we report the results of an experimental study of periphyton–flow interactions conducted in a specially designed outdoor hydraulic flume. ‘Periphyton’ is a collective term for the micro-organisms which grow on stream beds, and includes algae, bacteria, and fungi, with algae usually the dominant and most conspicuous component. The main goals of the study are to identify potential effects of periphyton–flow interactions as well as the potential mechanisms of mass transfer in the near-bed region, which could influence periphyton growth and losses. The main results of the study may be summarized as follows.A linear velocity distribution in the interfacial sublayer (i.e. below the roughness tops), and a logarithmic distribution above the roughness tops appeared to be reasonable approximations for both flow types, with and without periphyton on the bed. However, the appearance of periphyton on a rough bed shifts the origin of the bed upwards, increases the roughness length zo by 16–21%, and reduces the ratio of the mean velocity at the level of roughness tops to the shear velocity by ≈30%. In general, below the roughness tops the periphyton suppresses the mean velocities, the turbulent stresses, turbulence intensities, and vertical turbulent fluxes of the turbulent energy and turbulent shear stresses.It was found that in flows without periphyton large-scale eddies successfully penetrate the interfacial sublayer. However, tufts of periphyton on the tops of the roughness elements significantly weaken the penetration processes leading to spatial de-correlation in the velocity field within the interfacial sublayer. The appearance of periphyton on the bed does not change appreciably the velocity spectra above the roughness tops but reduces the total spectral energy and generates a wide spectral peak in the interfacial sublayer. Most probably, this peak is formed by penetration of sweep events into the interfacial sublayer, ‘filtered’ by the periphyton tufts. Thus, sweep events may be the main mechanism responsible for the delivery of nutrients from the outer region to the biologically active interfacial sublayer. The potential effects of flow properties on the periphyton community are also discussed.
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Ruppel, Silke, Philipp Franken, and Katja Witzel. "Properties of the halophyte microbiome and their implications for plant salt tolerance." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 9 (2013): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12355.
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Saline habitats cover a wide area of our planet and halophytes (plants growing naturally in saline soils) are increasingly used for human benefits. Beside their genetic and physiological adaptations to salt, complex ecological processes affect the salinity tolerance of halophytes. Hence, prokaryotes and fungi inhabiting roots and leaves can contribute significantly to plant performance. Members of the two prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea, as well as of the fungal kingdom are known to be able to adapt to a range of changes in external osmolarity. Shifts in the microbial community composition with increasing soil salinity have been suggested and research in functional interactions between plants and micro-organisms contributing to salt stress tolerance is gaining interest. Among others, microbial biosynthesis of polymers, exopolysaccharides, phytohormones and phytohormones-degrading enzymes could be involved.
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Hiemstra, P. S. "Defensins and cathelicidins in inflammatory lung disease: beyond antimicrobial activity." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 2 (March 20, 2006): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340276.
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Innate immunity provides an effective first line of defence against infections. This is of particular importance in the lung, an organ that is exposed to a large number of pathogens that are inhaled. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the defence against these pathogens as effector molecules of innate immunity. These peptides are mainly produced by phagocytes and epithelial cells, and kill a wide range of micro-organisms: Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and (enveloped) viruses. However, it is increasingly evident that these peptides not only act as endogenous antibiotics, but also display a range of other functions, including activities that are involved in regulating immune responses and inflammation, and wound repair. In this review, these activities are highlighted and their role in inflammatory lung disorders is discussed.
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Matuszyńska, Anna, and Oliver Ebenhöh. "A reductionist approach to model photosynthetic self-regulation in eukaryotes in response to light." Biochemical Society Transactions 43, no. 6 (November 27, 2015): 1133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20150136.
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Along with the development of several large-scale methods such as mass spectrometry or micro arrays, genome wide models became not only a possibility but an obvious tool for theoretical biologists to integrate and analyse complex biological data. Nevertheless, incorporating the dynamics of photosynthesis remains one of the major challenges while reconstructing metabolic networks of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. In this review, we aim to provide arguments that small-scale models are still a suitable choice when it comes to discovering organisational principles governing the design of biological systems. We give a brief overview of recent modelling efforts in understanding the interplay between rapid, photoprotective mechanisms and the redox balance within the thylakoid membrane, discussing the applicability of a reductionist approach in modelling self-regulation in plants and outline possible directions for further research.
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Sarkar, Saurabh, Prem Rajak, and Sumedha Roy. "Toxicological Evaluation of a New Lepidopteran Insecticide, Flubendiamide, in Non-Target Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae)." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.12.3.477.1.
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Background: Flubendiamide, comparatively a new pesticide designed to eradicate lepidopteran insect pests is known to have low risk to birds, mammals, fish, algae, honey bees, non-target arthropods, earthworms, soil macro- and micro-organisms, non-target plants as well as sewage treatment organisms; however, the risk assessment for aquatic invertebrates from metabolite could not be finalized with available data. Methods: Different concentrations of flubendiamide (TATA TAKUMI®, Rallis, India) were introduced to larvae, pupae, and adult flies. A wide range of comparatively higher concentrations was selected for acute LC50 than chronic LC50 due to their exposure duration. Furthermore, relatively lower concentrations were introduced to larvae for assessment of emergence. Results: At chronic exposure, the effect-concentration relationship exhibited a linear response when adult emergence was considered in Drosophila melanogaster. When acute LC50 of flubendiamide in 3rd instar larvae was compared with the chronic LC50 then it was seen to be approximately 21 fold higher whereas chronic LC50 for adult flies was nearly 19 times less than the adult acute LC50. Similarly, adult emergence was seen to lower by 91.95% at 1500 µg/mL concentration. The chronic LC50 of the flubendiamide in Drosophila was approximately 170303 times more than the reported No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Conclusion: Hence, the chemical, flubendiamide can induce its effects at very low concentration, far below the lethal ones. Thus, the study is of relevance for the non-target insects as well as the insect dependent organisms.
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Kovač, Marija, Drago Šubarić, Mateja Bulaić, Tihomir Kovač, and Bojan Šarkanj. "Yesterday masked, today modified; what do mycotoxins bring next?" Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3108.
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AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi in crops worldwide. In (micro)organisms such as plants, fungi, bacteria, or animals they may be further metabolised and modified, but this is also true for food processing, which may lead to a wide range of masked mycotoxin forms. These often remain undetected by analytical methods and are the culprits for underestimates in risk assessments. Furthermore, once ingested, modified mycotoxins can convert back to their parent forms. This concern has raised the need for analytical methods that can detect and quantify modified mycotoxins as essential for accurate risk assessment. The promising answer is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. New masked mycotoxin forms are now successfully detected by iontrap, time-of-flight, or high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometers. However, the toxicological relevance of modified mycotoxins has not been fully clarified.
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T. Gahukar, Ruparao. "Entomophagy in traditional healthcare practiced by indigenous communities: potential, implications and constraints." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 7, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v7i4.11434.
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Several insect species including termites, honey bees, American cockroach, grasshoppers, stink bugs, aquatic bugs, silkworms and mopane caterpillars are popularly consumed by indigenous and tribal communities in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, South-east Asia and the Pacific. Different life stages of the insects were found effective in therapeutic treatment against health disorders and life-threatening diseases. In entomophagy (process of insect eating), allergy, content of anti-nutrients, contamination of micro-organisms, chemicals and biochemical compounds, and parasitic infection are major constraints for wide adoption of entomophagy. An urgent attention of policymakers, people’s organizations and researchers is therefore needed. This review is focused on worldwide utilization of selected edible insects for therapeutic treatment wherever modern medical facilities are not readily available or indigenous people prefer traditional healers. Certain practical safety measures against anticipated health risk are also elaborated.
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PONTI, Donatella, M. LUISA MANGONI, Giuseppina MIGNOGNA, Maurizio SIMMACO, and Donatella BARRA. "An amphibian antimicrobial peptide variant expressed in Nicotiana tabacum confers resistance to phytopathogens1." Biochemical Journal 370, no. 1 (February 15, 2003): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021444.
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Esculentin-1 is a 46-residue antimicrobial peptide present in skin secretions of Rana esculenta. It is effective against a wide variety of micro-organisms, including plant pathogens with negligible effects on eukaryotic cells. As a possible approach to enhance plant resistance, a DNA coding for esculentin-1, with the substitution Met-28Leu, was fused at the C-terminal end of the leader sequence of endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter region, and introduced into Nicotiana tabacum. The antimicrobial peptide was isolated from the intercellular fluids of healthy leaves of transgenic plants, suggesting that it was properly processed, secreted outside cells and accumulated in the intercellular spaces. The morphology of transgenic plants was unaffected. Challenging these plants with bacterial or fungal phytopathogens demonstrated enhanced resistance up to the second generation. Moreover, transgenic plants displayed insecticidal properties.
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Sawaraj, Sushma, Sunder Singh Dogra, Dinesh Kansal, Kamlesh Thakur, and Parveen Kumar Sharma. "Therapeutic guidelines for antimicrobial use in chronic suppurative otitis media for a tertiary care hospital in Sub Himalayan region." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180652.
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Background: The battle against micro-organisms, in their role as primary cause of the disease and infective complications of medical and surgical techniques, has not decreased in spite of modern antimicrobial therapy. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a disease with worldwide prevalence having potentially serious long term effects. The disease remains an important global public health problem leading to hearing impairment, and due to wide spread irrational use microbial resistance is very common to these antibiotics, thereby leading to treatment failure. Hence it is important to know the type of bacteria and their sensitivity pattern so that appropriate antibiotics may be given for treatment and prevention of complications.Methods: 428 patients of otitis media were enrolled from ENT OPD of Tertiary Care Hospital. Ear swab was taken from diagnosed cases of CSOM and culture and sensitivity were done.Results: The microbiology of the swab showed no growth in (25.4%) of samples. Staphylococcus aureus (26%) and Pseudomonas (25%) were the main organisms isolated. Staphylococcus aureus isolated was sensitive to vancomycin, clindamycin, cefixime, gentamicin and cefipime in descending order. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to ceftazidime, imipenem, piperacillin, gentamicin, cefipime. In the present study Staph. aureus and Pseudomonas were the predominant bacteria, it is suggested to undertake a gram staining in all patients. If gram positive organisms are isolated it is suggested that presumptive treatment should be directed against Staphylococcus aureus and if gram negative then against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Such a treatment is not only likely to be effective but will also go a long way in preventing emergence of drug resistance.Conclusions: The antimicrobial therapy should be based on locally determined microbiological isolates and local sensitivity patterns to a particular antimicrobial agent. The presumptive antimicrobial therapy should therefore be directed against these organisms.
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Hurd, Hilary, and Richard Lane. "Parasite-insect interactions: reciprocal manipulation." Parasitology 116, S1 (1998): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084882.
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It is probably a truism to say that what seems to be a single organism is, in fact, an assemblage of organisms – for there can hardly be an individual living outside a specialized laboratory that does not have commensals or parasites living within. The insects, the most diverse and numerous group of organisms on earth are no exception, and with micro- and macro-parasites from a wide range of taxa generate a remarkable range of interspecific associations. In some cases the insect is the sole host, in others it is an intermediate host or vector. It is the latter relationship which attracts much attention when insects and arachnids transmit infectious agents to humans, their animals or crops. Knowledge of the parasites of insects provides us with an opportunity to develop novel control methods for pests. Despite the diverse and widespread nature of insect infections, their impact on human well-being and the opportunity they give us to understand the complexity of the natural world, the subject remains a surprisingly neglected field. In this volume we endeavour to draw the veil from the 'black-box' approach to the insect stages of parasite life cycles to reveal some of the complexities of these relationships and how they are currently being analysed.
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Evans, C. A., P. J. Coombes, R. H. Dunstan, and T. Harrison. "Identifying the major influences on the microbial composition of roof harvested rainwater and the implications for water quality." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.115.
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Perceptions of the quality of roof harvested rainwater remain an impediment to widespread implementation of rainwater tanks on urban allotments. Previous literature reports on roof water quality have given little consideration to the relative significance of airborne environmental micro-organisms to roof catchment contamination and the issue of tank water quality. This paper outlines the findings of a recent study into the influence of weather on roof water contamination conducted at an urban housing development in Newcastle, on the east coast of Australia. Samples of direct roof run-off were collected during a number of separate rainfall events, and microbial counts were matched to climatic data corresponding to each of the monitored events. Roof run-off contamination was found to be under the strong influence of both wind speed and direction. The preliminary findings of an investigation currently under way into the microbial diversity of rainwater harvesting systems have also been presented. The results indicate that the composition of organisms present varied considerably from source to source and throughout the collection system. In all cases, evidence of faecal contamination was found to be negligible. The implications of these findings to the issues of tank water quality, health risk analysis and monitoring protocols have been discussed.
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KHATAEE, H. R., and A. R. KHATAEE. "ADVANCES IN F0F1-ATP SYNTHASE BIOLOGICAL PROTEIN NANOMOTOR: FROM MECHANISMS AND STRATEGIES TO POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS." Nano 04, no. 02 (April 2009): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292009001587.
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Movement and shape changes are fundamental aspects of all living organisms. This biological motility results from the biological nanomotors, in particular protein nanomotors. Cells contain a variety of protein nanomotors that rotate (e.g., F0F1-ATP synthase or bacterial flagellar motors) or move in a linear fashion (e.g., the kinesin, myosin and dynein motors). F0F1-ATP synthase is one of the ideal nanomotors or energy providing systems for micro/nanomachines because of its small size, smart and perfect structure, and ultra-high energy transfer efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we have reviewed the structure, mechanism, and potential applications of the F0F1-ATP synthase nanomotor. In all organisms, the F0F1-ATP synthase consists of two distinct nanomotors, F0 and F1. The F0 moiety is embedded in the membrane and is a detergent soluble unit while the F1 moiety protrudes from the membrane and is a water soluble unit. F0F1-ATP synthase operates as two stepper motor/generators coupled by a common shaft and an electrochemical-to-mechanical-to-chemical energy transducer with an astounding 360° rotary motion of subunits. F0F1-ATP synthase nanomotor may enable the creation of a new class of sensors, mechanical force transducers, actuators, and nanomechanical devices. Thus, the F0F1-ATP synthase nanomotor field has expanded into a wide variety of science.
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Sehrawat, Rachna, Paramjit S. Panesar, Tanya L. Swer, and Anit Kumar. "Response surface methodology (RSM) mediated interaction of media concentration and process parameters for the pigment production by Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 under solid state fermentation." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-08-2015-0077.
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Purpose This paper aims to extract colour from micro-organisms (as a source of natural pigments) using agro-industrial substrates to replace synthetic media by solid state fermentation. Nature is filled with colours. Due to health and environmental consciousness among people, use of synthetic colour has declined, and so the need to develop colour from cheap and easily available natural sources (plants, animals, micro-organisms and algae) using a cost-effective technique with higher yield and rapid growth. Monascus purpureus colour is a potent source of compounds (Dimerumic acid, Monacolin-k and -aminobutyric acid) having antimutagenic, antimicrobial and antiobesity, which helps in combating diseases. Design/methodology/approach Response surface methodology was used to optimise the biopigments extraction from Monascus purpureus using solid state fermentation. Findings The best optimised conditions for biopigments production using Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 were pH 5.4 at 32°C for 8 days 9 hours (8.9 days) from sweet potato peel and pea pod powder, 7.8 (w/w) and 3.9 per cent (w/w), respectively, which gave a final yield of 21 CVU/g. The model F-value of 69.18 and high value of adjusted determination coefficient 96.00 per cent implies high level of significance of the fitted model. Practical implications Extracted colour can be used in beverages, confectionery and pharmaceutical industries. Social implications Colour produced using Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 is a natural source. As consumers are reluctant to use synthetic colour because of the undesirable allergic reactions caused by them, so a biopigment produced is natural colouring compound with wide application in food sector. Originality/value Selected sources of carbon and nitrogen were not used earlier by any researcher to extract biopigment from Monascus purpureus MTCC 369.
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Gautam, Bikram, Sabi Pokhrel, Sagar Aryal, and Anup Basnet. "Efficacy of Toothpaste in Reducing Micro-Flora Isolated from Toothbrush." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 13, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v13i2.21285.
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Oral cavity is the easiest site of entry of microorganisms during breathing, eating, drinking and brushing which can lead to several bacterial infections in oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, gastrointestinal tracts etc. Toothbrushes commonly used to maintain oral health and prevent dental disease; but unfortunately, how keeping the toothbrush is neglected. A wide range of chemicals have been added to toothpastes in order to produce a direct inhibitory effect on plaque formation and kill microorganisms. The aims of the study were to investigate the relationship between toothbrush keeping place, its microbial content determine the type of micro-flora present in toothbrush kept in different locations and to determine efficacy of toothpaste in reducing micro-flora isolated from toothbrush. Used toothbrushes were taken from 21 individuals. 2 (1 herbal and 1 regular) toothpastes were selected for the study and were collected from local market. Standard pour plate method and plate count method were performed to determine the reduction of microbial load. Out of 21 toothbrushes, 19 (90.48%) were found to be growth positive and 2 (9.52%) were growth negative. Common Gram positive organisms isolates includes Lactobacillus species (20%), Bacillus subtilis (5%), Bacillus megaterium (5%), Stahpylococcus aureus (25%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10%), Micrococcus species (10%) and Gram negative organisms isolated include Citrobacter freundii (5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Proteus mirabilis (5%), Enterobacter species (5%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (5%). Toothbrushes kept in the toilet/bathroom showed contamination with pathogens. Toothpaste T1 was found to be better at reducing microbial load compared to T2. Toilet/bathroom is the worst place for keeping toothbrushes. Toothpastes have their own patent, specialty and were found to be effective against the microorganisms. Synergistic interactions between the principal components of toothpaste can be considered to be a vital part of their efficacy.Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 13, No. 2, 2017, page: 71-78
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Mezentseva, A. V., L. V. Olkhova, E. B. Machneva, V. V. Konstantinova, A. E. Burya, Yu A. Nikolaeva, O. A. Filina, et al. "Successful use of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide in complex antimicrobial therapy in patients with fulminant infectious complications in induced hematopoesis aplasia by gram-negative agents." Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-1-23-34.
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Relevance. Infectious septic complications caused by polyresistant gram-negative micro-organisms are a pressing issue in the treatment of patients after polychemotherapy (PCT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the high risk of the fulminant current and high lethality against the background of hematopoesis aplasia. One of the therapeutic strategies of antimicrobial treatment is the systematic use of 0.5 % hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide (dioxidine) solution in the complex antibacterial therapy of patients with severe infectious-septic complications. The preparation has a bactericidal type of action, a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. Experience in adult clinical practice has demonstrated the effectiveness of dioxidine in the treatment of the most severe forms of aerobic and anaerobic infection. Strict dose enforcement and injection technique to avoid the appearance of side effects. Data on the intravenous use of dioxin in children are presented in a limited number of scientific literature.The aim of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of systemic use of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide (0.5 % dioxidine solution) in children with infectious complications progressing against the background of aplasia of hematopoiesis caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.Materials and methods. 16 patients with a verified gram-negative infection were prescribed 0.5 % hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide solution as part of a combination antimicrobial therapy were included in the retrospective study. The median age of patients was 5 years (6 months – 16 years), 11 (69 %) were boys and 5 (31 %) girls.All children included in the study has infectious-septic complications at the PCT-induced hematopoietic aplasia, obtained according to the protocols of the main disease: severe combined immune deficiency (n = 2), idiopathic aplastic anaemia (n = 3), solid tumor (n = 2), acute myeloblastic leukemia (n = 7), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 2). The main criterion for adding to the study was the existence at the least one site with a verified gram-negative infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia): bacteriemia (n = 11), oral mucosa (n = 6), ulcerative necrotic damage of perineum (n = 6), enterocolite (n = 6), infectionseptic compartments in the subcutaneous fat (n = 4), pleuropneumonia (n = 4), abscesses and inflammatory infiltration of the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, lymph nodes (n = 1), infection of soft tissues in the area of the ventricular bypass with inflammatory changes of the brain membranes (n = 1).All patients received 0.5 % of the solution of dioxin by injection according of vital importance, as they had pathogens with confirmed laboratory resistance or clinical progression of the infectious process against the background of combined antibacterial therapy.Discussion. There is a complete control of fulminant developing infectious-septic processes caused by polyresistant micro-organisms against the background of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide therapy in all 16 patients. The eradication of the pathogen, according to the microbiological study, has been confirmed in almost all observed patients, the efficacy of the drug has been preserved throughout the period of treatment, and the resistance of micro-organisms has not been observed. Strict adherence to the dosing and infusion technique of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide has helped to achieve the full resolution of the infection process in all children without side-effects.Conclusion. On the basis of the experience presented, in immunocomputed patients of young age, 0.5 % dioxidine solution can be used as a necessary reserve preparation for the treatment of the most severe forms of infections of different localization, caused by polyresistant strains of gram-negative micro-organisms.