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Journal articles on the topic 'Wing muscles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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2

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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3

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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4

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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5

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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6

JOSEPHSON, ROBERT K. "The Mechanical Power Output of a Tettigoniid Wing Muscle During Singing and Flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 117, no. 1 (1985): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.117.1.357.

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1. The mesothoracic wings of tettigoniid insects are used in song production and flight; the metathoracic wings in flight only. In Neoconocephalus triops the wing stroke frequency during flight is about 25 Hz; the frequency during singing about 100 Hz. 2. The twitch duration of mesothoracic, first tergocoxal (Tcxl) wing muscles is only about one-half the duration of the upstroke or downstroke portion of the wing cycle. During tethered flight the Tcxl muscles are activated on each cycle with short bursts of action potentials, each burst typically containing four action potentials. Activating th

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7

Bribiesca-Contreras, Fernanda, Ben Parslew, and William I. Sellers. "Functional morphology of the forelimb musculature reflects flight and foraging styles in aquatic birds." Journal of Ornithology 162, no. 3 (2021): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01868-y.

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AbstractAquatic birds show a great diversity of locomotion styles and wing morphologies, from penguins that are fully specialized for an aquatic life to species of aerial flyers that also use their wings for underwater propulsion (e.g. auks and shearwaters). Moving between the air–water interface exerts conflicting pressures on the body and wing anatomy of diving birds. In this work, we investigated the functional morphology of the forelimb musculature of 18 species of aquatic birds that display a variety of flight and foraging styles. Muscle architecture was related to function, with special

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8

Pfau, H., and U. Koch. "THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF SINGING IN THE CRICKET." Journal of Experimental Biology 195, no. 1 (1994): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.195.1.147.

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We describe the functional morphology of the singing apparatus of the cricket. There are three main functional sections of song mechanics, which partly overlap: (1) preparation for singing (lifting of the wings) and the reverse process (lowering of the wings at the end of the song); (2) singing movements (closing and opening of the wings); and (3) movements that adjust the pressure of the plectrum on the file (engagement force). In the case of song preparation, the mesotergum + first axillaries + second axillaries + wings form a functional unit. This unit is moved around a transverse hinge axi

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9

Rogalla, Svana, Liliana D'Alba, Ann Verdoodt, and Matthew D. Shawkey. "Hot wings: thermal impacts of wing coloration on surface temperature during bird flight." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 156 (2019): 20190032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0032.

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Recent studies on bird flight propose that hotter wing surfaces reduce skin friction drag, thereby improving flight efficiency (lift-to-drag ratio). Darker wings may in turn heat up faster under solar radiation than lighter wings. We used three methods to test the impact of colour on wing surface temperature. First, we modelled surface temperature based on reflectance measurements. Second, we used thermal imaging on live ospreys ( Pandion haliaetus ) to examine surface temperature changes with increasing solar irradiance. Third, we experimentally heated differently coloured wings in a wind tun

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10

Tracy, Claire B., Janet Nguyen, Rayna Abraham, and Troy R. Shirangi. "Evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the wing musculature of Drosophila." PeerJ 8 (January 17, 2020): e8360. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8360.

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Male courtship songs in Drosophila are exceedingly diverse across species. While much of this variation is understood to have evolved from changes in the central nervous system, evolutionary transitions in the wing muscles that control the song may have also contributed to song diversity. Here, focusing on a group of four wing muscles that are known to influence courtship song in Drosophila melanogaster, we investigate the evolutionary history of wing muscle anatomy of males and females from 19 Drosophila species. We find that three of the wing muscles have evolved sexual dimorphisms in size m

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11

Cheney, J. A., N. Konow, K. M. Middleton, et al. "Membrane muscle function in the compliant wings of bats." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 2 (2014): 025007. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13428270.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike flapping birds and insects, bats possess membrane wings that are more similar to many gliding mammals. The vast majority of the wing is composed of a thin compliant skin membrane stretched between the limbs, hand, and body. Membrane wings are of particular interest because they may offer many advantages to micro air vehicles. One critical feature of membrane wings is that they camber passively in response to aerodynamic load, potentially allowing for simplified wing control. However, for maximum membrane wing performance, tuning of the

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12

Cheney, J. A., N. Konow, K. M. Middleton, et al. "Membrane muscle function in the compliant wings of bats." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 2 (2014): 025007. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13428270.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike flapping birds and insects, bats possess membrane wings that are more similar to many gliding mammals. The vast majority of the wing is composed of a thin compliant skin membrane stretched between the limbs, hand, and body. Membrane wings are of particular interest because they may offer many advantages to micro air vehicles. One critical feature of membrane wings is that they camber passively in response to aerodynamic load, potentially allowing for simplified wing control. However, for maximum membrane wing performance, tuning of the

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13

Cheney, J. A., N. Konow, K. M. Middleton, et al. "Membrane muscle function in the compliant wings of bats." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 2 (2014): 025007. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13428270.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike flapping birds and insects, bats possess membrane wings that are more similar to many gliding mammals. The vast majority of the wing is composed of a thin compliant skin membrane stretched between the limbs, hand, and body. Membrane wings are of particular interest because they may offer many advantages to micro air vehicles. One critical feature of membrane wings is that they camber passively in response to aerodynamic load, potentially allowing for simplified wing control. However, for maximum membrane wing performance, tuning of the

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14

Cheney, J. A., N. Konow, K. M. Middleton, et al. "Membrane muscle function in the compliant wings of bats." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 2 (2014): 025007. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13428270.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike flapping birds and insects, bats possess membrane wings that are more similar to many gliding mammals. The vast majority of the wing is composed of a thin compliant skin membrane stretched between the limbs, hand, and body. Membrane wings are of particular interest because they may offer many advantages to micro air vehicles. One critical feature of membrane wings is that they camber passively in response to aerodynamic load, potentially allowing for simplified wing control. However, for maximum membrane wing performance, tuning of the

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15

Cheney, J. A., N. Konow, K. M. Middleton, et al. "Membrane muscle function in the compliant wings of bats." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 2 (2014): 025007. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13428270.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike flapping birds and insects, bats possess membrane wings that are more similar to many gliding mammals. The vast majority of the wing is composed of a thin compliant skin membrane stretched between the limbs, hand, and body. Membrane wings are of particular interest because they may offer many advantages to micro air vehicles. One critical feature of membrane wings is that they camber passively in response to aerodynamic load, potentially allowing for simplified wing control. However, for maximum membrane wing performance, tuning of the

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16

DeSimone, S., C. Coelho, S. Roy, K. VijayRaghavan, and K. White. "ERECT WING, the Drosophila member of a family of DNA binding proteins is required in imaginal myoblasts for flight muscle development." Development 122, no. 1 (1996): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.1.31.

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The erect wing locus of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein, EWG, that shares extensive homology with the P3A2 DNA binding protein of sea urchin and a recently identified mammalian transcription factor. Loss-of-function erect wing alleles result in embryonic lethality. Viable alleles of erect wing cause severe abnormalities of the indirect flight muscles. We have analyzed the spatial pattern of erect wing expression in the developing indirect flight muscles during postembryonic development. EWG is detected, 10 hours after puparium formation, in myoblasts that will form the

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17

Keynes, R. J., R. V. Stirling, C. D. Stern, and D. Summerbell. "The specificity of motor innervation of the chick wing does not depend upon the segmental origin of muscles." Development 99, no. 4 (1987): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.99.4.565.

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In vertebrate embryos, motor axons originating from a particular craniocaudal position in the neural tube innervate limb muscles derived from myoblasts of the same segmental level. We have investigated whether this relationship is important for the formation of specific nerve-muscle connections, by altering the segmental origin of muscles and examining their resulting innervation. First, by grafting quail wing somites to a new craniocaudal position opposite the chick wing, we established that the segmental origin of a muscle can be altered: presumptive muscle cells migrated according to their

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18

Gatesy, S. M., and K. P. Dial. "TAIL MUSCLE ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN WALKING AND FLYING PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA)." Journal of Experimental Biology 176, no. 1 (1993): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176.1.55.

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The electrical activity of major caudal muscles of the pigeon (Columba livia) was recorded during five modes of aerial and terrestrial locomotion. Tail muscle electromyograms were correlated with movement using high-speed cinematography and compared to activity in selected muscles of the wings, legs and trunk. During walking, the pectoralis and most tail muscles are normally inactive, but levator muscle activity alternates with the striding legs. In flight, caudal muscles are phasically active with each wingbeat and undergo distinct changes in electromyographic pattern between liftoff, takeoff

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19

SATTERLIE, RICHARD A., MICHAEL LABARBERA, and ANDREW N. SPENCER. "Swimming in the Pteropod Mollusc, Clione Umacina: I. Behaviour and Morphology." Journal of Experimental Biology 116, no. 1 (1985): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116.1.189.

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In the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina (Phipps), swimming is accomplished through alternate dorsal and ventral flexions of a pair of strongly muscularized wing-like parapodia (wings). Wing musculature is arranged in seven muscle groups. The two outer most dorsal and ventralgroups produce the bending movements of swimming. The three innermuscle groups include longitudinal and transverse wing retractors and dorsoventral muscles. The overall muscle arrangement is similar to that of the generalized mollusc foot. During hovering locomotion the wings pronate on downstroke and supinate on upstroke t

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20

Ferdousi, Farhana, Shanjida Sultana, Tangin Akter, Pinakshi Roy, and Shefali Begum. "Flight muscle and flight activity of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30, no. 2 (2021): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i2.54644.

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The flight activity and flight muscle of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were observed. The Tethered technique was used to observe the flight activity in this study. The flight activity, and wing and flight muscles were compared between male and female melon flies. The results indicate that the female was relatively better and strong flier than the male. The mean duration of the flight activity of the females was 13.90 min/hour and of the males was 7.12 min./hour. The mean length, width, volume of wings of the males were 6.07 mm, 2.67 mm and 10.99 mm³,

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21

Lu, Kunpeng, Shubo Liang, Minjin Han, et al. "Flight Muscle and Wing Mechanical Properties are Involved in Flightlessness of the Domestic Silkmoth, Bombyx mori." Insects 11, no. 4 (2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040220.

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Flight loss has occurred in many winged insect taxa. The flightless silkmoth Bombyx mori, is domesticated from the wild silkmoth, Bombyx mandarina, which can fly. In this paper, we studied morphological characteristics attributed to flightlessness in silkmoths. Three domestic flightless B. mori strains and one B. mandarina population were used to compare morphological components of the flight apparatus, including wing characteristics (shape, forewing area, loading, and stiffness), flight muscle (weight, ratio, and microscopic detail) and body mass. Compared with B. mandarina, B. mori strains h

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22

Robson, L. G., T. Kara, A. Crawley, and C. Tickle. "Tissue and cellular patterning of the musculature in chick wings." Development 120, no. 5 (1994): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.5.1265.

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Development of the musculature involves generation of a precise number of individual muscles arranged in appropriate locations, each with the correct cellular patterning. To find out the rules that govern muscle number and arrangement, the forearm musculature of chick wing buds was analysed following grafts of the polarizing region or application of retinoic acid. Muscle patterns appear symmetrical with ‘posterior’ muscles now forming in the anterior part of the wing. When the number of muscles that develop is reduced, pattern symmetry is maintained, with loss of anterior muscles in the mid-li

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23

Hedenström, Anders. "Effects of wing damage and moult gaps on vertebrate flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 226, no. 9 (2023): jeb227355. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456430.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vertebrates capable of powered flight rely on wings, muscles that drive their flapping and sensory inputs to the brain allowing for control of the motor output. In birds, the wings are formed of arrangements of adjacent flight feathers (remiges), whereas the wings of bats consist of double-layered skin membrane stretched out between the forelimb skeleton, body and legs. Bird feathers become worn from use and brittle from UV exposure, which leads to loss of function; to compensate, they are renewed (moulted) at regular intervals. Bird feathers

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24

Hedenström, Anders. "Effects of wing damage and moult gaps on vertebrate flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 226, no. 9 (2023): jeb227355. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456430.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vertebrates capable of powered flight rely on wings, muscles that drive their flapping and sensory inputs to the brain allowing for control of the motor output. In birds, the wings are formed of arrangements of adjacent flight feathers (remiges), whereas the wings of bats consist of double-layered skin membrane stretched out between the forelimb skeleton, body and legs. Bird feathers become worn from use and brittle from UV exposure, which leads to loss of function; to compensate, they are renewed (moulted) at regular intervals. Bird feathers

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25

Hedenström, Anders. "Effects of wing damage and moult gaps on vertebrate flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 226, no. 9 (2023): jeb227355. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456430.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vertebrates capable of powered flight rely on wings, muscles that drive their flapping and sensory inputs to the brain allowing for control of the motor output. In birds, the wings are formed of arrangements of adjacent flight feathers (remiges), whereas the wings of bats consist of double-layered skin membrane stretched out between the forelimb skeleton, body and legs. Bird feathers become worn from use and brittle from UV exposure, which leads to loss of function; to compensate, they are renewed (moulted) at regular intervals. Bird feathers

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26

Hedenström, Anders. "Effects of wing damage and moult gaps on vertebrate flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 226, no. 9 (2023): jeb227355. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456430.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vertebrates capable of powered flight rely on wings, muscles that drive their flapping and sensory inputs to the brain allowing for control of the motor output. In birds, the wings are formed of arrangements of adjacent flight feathers (remiges), whereas the wings of bats consist of double-layered skin membrane stretched out between the forelimb skeleton, body and legs. Bird feathers become worn from use and brittle from UV exposure, which leads to loss of function; to compensate, they are renewed (moulted) at regular intervals. Bird feathers

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27

Hedenström, Anders. "Effects of wing damage and moult gaps on vertebrate flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 226, no. 9 (2023): jeb227355. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456430.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vertebrates capable of powered flight rely on wings, muscles that drive their flapping and sensory inputs to the brain allowing for control of the motor output. In birds, the wings are formed of arrangements of adjacent flight feathers (remiges), whereas the wings of bats consist of double-layered skin membrane stretched out between the forelimb skeleton, body and legs. Bird feathers become worn from use and brittle from UV exposure, which leads to loss of function; to compensate, they are renewed (moulted) at regular intervals. Bird feathers

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28

Siu, Parco M., and Stephen E. Alway. "Subcellular responses of p53 and Id2 in fast and slow skeletal muscle in response to stretch-induced overload." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 5 (2005): 1897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00374.2005.

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Tumor suppressor p53 and inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation Id2 were examined after 7 or 21 days of wing weighting in fast patagialis (PAT) and slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) wing muscles of young adult and old Japanese quails. The contralateral wing served as the intra-animal control. Seven days of loading increased PAT and ALD muscle weight by 28 and 96%, respectively, in young birds. PAT and ALD muscle weight was 49 and 179% greater, respectively, than control muscles after 21 days of loading in young birds. In aged birds, no PAT or ALD hypertrophy was found after 7 days of load

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29

Ge, Cheng Bin, Ai Hong Ji, Tao Han, and Chang Long Li. "Anatomical Study of Insect Flight Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.31.

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Compared with the fixed-wing and rotary-wing aerial vehicle, the bionic ornithopter has unique advantages in flying maneuverability and flexibilities, becoming one of the focuses of current researches. Because of their high speeds, long distance flight sand low energy consumptions, more and more attentions has been paid to flying insects. Their unique physical structures and flight modes will enlighten the bionic ornithopter. In this paper, four insects flight-related muscle biological structures were dissected to specify the effects of the muscles. Then the flapping wing behavior of two of th

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30

Butler, Jane, Peter Cauwenbergs, and Ethel Cosmos. "Fate of brachial muscles of the chick embryo innervated by inappropriate nerves: structural, functional and histochemical analyses." Development 95, no. 1 (1986): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.95.1.147.

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The extent of interaction between brachial muscles and foreign (thoracic) nerves of the chick embryo was determined during an extended period of development in ovo from the perspectives of innervation pattern, function (motility analyses), muscle growth (quantitative analyses of muscle volume) and fibre-type expression (myosin-ATPase profiles). Results indicated that according to all parameters analysed, initially a compatible union existed between the foreign nerves and their muscle targets. During subsequent stages of development, deterioration of the once compatible relationship emerged, un

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Biewener, Andrew A. "Muscle function in avian flight: achieving power and control." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1570 (2011): 1496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0353.

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Flapping flight places strenuous requirements on the physiological performance of an animal. Bird flight muscles, particularly at smaller body sizes, generally contract at high frequencies and do substantial work in order to produce the aerodynamic power needed to support the animal's weight in the air and to overcome drag. This is in contrast to terrestrial locomotion, which offers mechanisms for minimizing energy losses associated with body movement combined with elastic energy savings to reduce the skeletal muscles' work requirements. Muscles also produce substantial power during swimming,

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Tobalske, Bret W. "Evolution of avian flight: muscles and constraints on performance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1704 (2016): 20150383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0383.

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Competing hypotheses about evolutionary origins of flight are the ‘fundamental wing-stroke’ and ‘directed aerial descent’ hypotheses. Support for the fundamental wing-stroke hypothesis is that extant birds use flapping of their wings to climb even before they are able to fly; there are no reported examples of incrementally increasing use of wing movements in gliding transitioning to flapping. An open question is whether locomotor styles must evolve initially for efficiency or if they might instead arrive due to efficacy. The proximal muscles of the avian wing output work and power for flight,

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33

Balint, Claire N., and Michael H. Dickinson. "The correlation between wing kinematics and steering muscle activity in the blowfly Calliphora vicina." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 24 (2001): 4213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.24.4213.

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SUMMARY Determining how the motor patterns of the nervous system are converted into the mechanical and behavioral output of the body is a central goal in the study of locomotion. In the case of dipteran flight, a population of small steering muscles controls many of the subtle changes in wing kinematics that allow flies to maneuver rapidly. We filmed the wing motion of tethered Calliphora vicina at high speed and simultaneously recorded multi-channel electromyographic signals from some of the prominent steering muscles in order to correlate kinematics with muscle activity. Using this analysis,

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Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0530.

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Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operate below core body temperature because of elevated h

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Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422819.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operat

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36

Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422819.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operat

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37

Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422819.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operat

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38

Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422819.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operat

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39

Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422819.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operat

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40

Rummel, Andrea D., Sharon M. Swartz, and Richard L. Marsh. "Warm bodies, cool wings: regional heterothermy in flying bats." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190530. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422819.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many endothermic animals experience variable limb temperatures, even as they tightly regulate core temperature. The limbs are often cooler than the core at rest, but because the large locomotor muscles of the limbs produce heat during exercise, they are thought to operate at or above core temperature during activity. Bats, small-bodied flying mammals with greatly elongated forelimbs, possess wings with large surfaces lacking any insulating fur. We hypothesized that during flight the relatively small muscles that move the elbow and wrist operat

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41

Koval, Y. P. "MATHEMATICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF BIOMECHANICAL BASES OF PATHOLOGICAL WEAR OF HARD TISSUES OF TEETH." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2023.06.

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Using the Bernoulli principle, the muscles that raise, laterally shift, and advance the mandible were studied. The biomechanical component of the pathogenesis of pathological tooth abrasion was revealed. The role of "fast" and "strong" muscles in the process of excessive abrasion of hard tissues is revealed. Applying the Bernoulli principle to the study of muscles, the ratio of muscle length to its cross-sectional area was expressed mathematically in terms of coefficients. The average values of the coefficients of the same muscles in the control group on the priority and secondary sides differ

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42

Gladyshev, M. I. "CONTENT OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID IN PECTORAL MUSCLES OF BIRDS CORRELATES WITH WING BEAT FREQUENCY." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о жизни 508, no. 1 (2023): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686738922600741.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n–3, DHA) is a structural component of cell membranes and due to a peculiar form of its molecule exerts a high lateral pressure in the membranes enhancing activity of membrane-associated enzymes. A high content of DHA probably provides a high frequency of contraction and a continuous working of skeletal muscles. To estimate the probable physiological and biochemical role of DHA in muscle tissue, a relation of its contents in pectoral muscles of birds with wing beat frequency was evaluated. A high statistically significant correlation between the content of DHA in pect

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43

Vo-Doan, T. Thang, V. Than Dung, and Hirotaka Sato. "A Cyborg Insect Reveals a Function of a Muscle in Free Flight." Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2022 (May 4, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9780504.

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While engineers put lots of effort, resources, and time in building insect scale micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) that fly like insects, insects themselves are the real masters of flight. What if we would use living insect as platform for MAV instead? Here, we reported a flight control via electrical stimulation of a flight muscle of an insect-computer hybrid robot, which is the interface of a mountable wireless backpack controller and a living beetle. The beetle uses indirect flight muscles to drive wing flapping and three major direct flight muscles (basalar, subalar, and third axilliary (3Ax) m

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44

Ando, Noriyasu, and Ryohei Kanzaki. "Flexibility and control of thorax deformation during hawkmoth flight." Biology Letters 12, no. 1 (2016): 20150733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0733.

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The interaction between neuromuscular systems and body mechanics plays an important role in the production of coordinated movements in animals. Lepidopteran insects move their wings by distortion of the thorax structure via the indirect flight muscles (IFMs), which are activated by neural signals at every stroke. However, how the action of these muscles affects thorax deformation and wing kinematics is poorly understood. We measured the deformation of the dorsal thorax (mesonotum) of tethered flying hawkmoths, Agrius convolvuli , using a high-speed laser profilometer combined with simultaneous

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45

Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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46

Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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47

Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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48

Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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49

Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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50

Shyy, Wei, Chang-kwon Kang, Pakpong Chirarattananon, Sridhar Ravi, and Hao Liu. "Aerodynamics, sensing and control of insect-scale flapping-wing flight." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2186 (2016): 20150712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0712.

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There are nearly a million known species of flying insects and 13 000 species of flying warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals, birds and bats. While in flight, their wings not only move forward relative to the air, they also flap up and down, plunge and sweep, so that both lift and thrust can be generated and balanced, accommodate uncertain surrounding environment, with superior flight stability and dynamics with highly varied speeds and missions. As the size of a flyer is reduced, the wing-to-body mass ratio tends to decrease as well. Furthermore, these flyers use integrated system cons

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