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Journal articles on the topic 'Wing polymorphism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 October 2024

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1

Gidó, Zsolt. "Wing Dimorphism/polymorphism in True Bugs (Heteroptera) From a Functional Viewpoint: A review." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 11, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.4491.

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In this review article the available information on the wing dimorphism/polymorphism occurring at non-phytophagous Heteroptera is reviewed from a functional viewpoint. This meant practically the information about the wing dimorphism/polymorphism of the superfamily Gerroidea, as hardly anything has been published on this theme of other non-phytophagous Heteroptera. Seasonal and concurrent wing dimorphism/polymorphism are treated and discussed separately. Heritability and phenotypical plasticity of the wing form, and the effects of different modifying environmental factors are briefly reviewed and discussed. The superior reproductive ability of the non-macropterous form is well documented at female gerroid bugs; there are less available data on the males. The seasonal wing polymorphism directed by photoperiod and affected by temperature is usually well adapted to the current environmental conditions. The effects of the population density and that of the food quantity and quality on wing form of the gerroid bugs have not been well understood yet; and it is arguable, whether the macropterous/non macropterous ratio of the natural gerroid populations corresponds to the temporal stability of their actual habitats in an adaptive way. Wing dimorphism/polymorphism has to be evaluated within the wider concept of dispersal polymorphism, which includes other related phenomena like wing muscle polymorphism and behavioural differences.

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2

Gidó, Zsolt. "A szárny dimorfizmus/polimorfizmus a poloskáknál (hemiptera, heteroptera): áttekintés funkcionális nézőpontból." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 11, no. 2 (October 17, 2023): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.4854.

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This is the second part of the article where the available information from the published literature on the wing dimorphism/polymorphism occurring among true bugs (Heteroptera) is reviewed from a functional viewpoint. This paper covers the case studies on phytophagous species and draws some general conclusions. Wing dimorphism/polymorphism has been studied in detail at the red firebug: Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758), at some blissid species - mainly at the Oriental chinch bug: Cavelerius saccharivorus (Okajima,1922) - at some lygaeid species and at the red-shouldered soapberry bug Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) (Rhopalidae). In general, the macropterous form has a delayed sexual maturation, which further enhances its dispersal ability but represents an obvious reproductive disadvantage. In most known cases of the hemipteran wing dimorphism/polymorphism the wing form is affected by environmental factors (polyphenism), but examples of genetically determined wing dimorphism also have been documented among Lygaeinae. Seasonal wing dimorphism/polymorphism is very common among the well-studied northern temperate species. Wing dimorphic/polymorphic phytophagous “outbreak” species (Blissidae, Leptoterna dolobrata) react with mass production of the otherwise rare macropters to high population density and altered food quality. An underlying wing muscle dimorphism/polymorphism frequently co-exists with the externally visible wing dimorphism/polymorphism. Known cases of full or partial de-alation are also mentioned and briefly discussed.

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3

Zhang, Chuan-Xi, Jennifer A. Brisson, and Hai-Jun Xu. "Molecular Mechanisms of Wing Polymorphism in Insects." Annual Review of Entomology 64, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112448.

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Many insects are capable of developing into either long-winged or short-winged (or wingless) morphs, which enables them to rapidly match heterogeneous environments. Thus, the wing polymorphism is an adaptation at the root of their ecological success. Wing polymorphism is orchestrated at various levels, starting with the insect's perception of environmental cues, then signal transduction and signal execution, and ultimately the transmitting of signals into physiological adaption in accordance with the particular morph produced. Juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid pathways have long been proposed to regulate wing polymorphism in insects, but rigorous experimental evidence is lacking. The breakthrough findings of ecdysone receptor regulation on transgenerational wing dimorphism in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and of insulin signaling in the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens greatly broaden our understanding of wing polymorphism at the molecular level. Recently, the advent of high-throughput sequencing coupled with functional genomics provides powerful genetic tools for future insights into the molecular bases underlying wing polymorphism in insects.

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4

Xu, Hai-Jun, and Chuan-Xi Zhang. "Insulin receptors and wing dimorphism in rice planthoppers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1713 (February 5, 2017): 20150489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0489.

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Wing polymorphism contributes significantly to the success of a wide variety of insects. However, its underlying molecular mechanism is less well understood. The migratory planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens , is one of the most extensively studied insects for wing polymorphism, due to its natural features of short- and long-winged morphs. Using the BPH as an example, we first surveyed the environmental cues that possibly influence wing developmental plasticity. Second, we explained the molecular basis by which two insulin receptors (InR1 and InR2) act as switches to determine alternative wing morphs in the BPH. This finding provides an additional layer of regulatory mechanism underlying wing polymorphism in insects in addition to juvenile hormones. Further, based on a discrete domain structure between InR1 and InR2 across insect species, we discussed the potential roles by which they might contribute to insect polymorphism. Last, we concluded with future directions of disentangling the insulin signalling pathway in the BPH, which serves as an ideal model for studying wing developmental plasticity in insects. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.

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5

Westermann, Fulgor. "Wing Polymorphism inCapnia bifrons(Plecoptera: Capniidae)." Aquatic Insects 15, no. 3 (July 1993): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650429309361510.

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6

Wei, YJ. "Wing polymorphism inNysius huttoniWhite (Hemiptera: Orsillidae)." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 38, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2010.532860.

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7

Kučerová, Zuzana. "Wing polymorphism in Dorypteryx domestica (Smithers) (Psocoptera: Psyllipsocidae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 29, no. 4 (1998): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631298x00069.

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AbstractNew wing morphs of the synanthropic psocid Dorypteryx domestica are described, including wing morphology and body measurements. These forms are intermediate in wing length and other morphological traits between normal brachypterous and fully macropterous morphs. These individuals were reared from brachypterous parents in a laboratory culture. Aspects of alary polymorphism are discussed.

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8

YOUNG, EUAN C. "The taxonomic impediment of unrecognised flight polymorphism in Notonectidae (Hemiptera:Heteroptera)." Zootaxa 2535, no. 1 (July 14, 2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2535.1.2.

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Foundation revisions of four genera within the Notonectidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) were reviewed to determine how the existence of previously unrecognised polymorphism of the wings or flight musculature might have led to confusion in the description of species. Specimens of the flightless morph may appear very different from flight capable ones. They are generally less pigmented and may be both smaller and less robust. In species descriptions the flightless morph can usually be readily diagnosed through the reduced pigmentation of the mesoscutellum. Flight-muscle and wing polymorphisms were found to be common in these genera. In Notonecta only one of the possible flying or flightless morphs was described in 51 of 60 species (85%), in Anisops in 64 of 80 species (80%), in Buenoa 26 of 35 species (74%), and in Enithares 11 of 33 species (33%). A greater recognition of the existence of flight polymorphism in this family can lead to more robust species descriptions and selection of type specimens. Within the four genera considered here alternative morphs are yet to be described in many species.

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9

Gidó, Zsolt. "Range Expansion and Invasive Capacity of the Wing Di- and Polymorphic Insects: A Short Review." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 10, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.3473.

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In this review article the invasive potential of wing dimorphic and polymorphic insects is discussed by presenting two case studies and overviewing the general knowledge of the dispersal abilities of these insects. Flying morphs of the wing dimorphic rice planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera continuously re-invade the rice fields in Japan and Northern China, where subsequent generations of dimorphic populations build up, causing several economic damages. The rapid range expansion of the wing dimorphic bush cricket Metrioptera roeselii in Central and Northern Europe in the 2000s was documented and extensively studied. These case studies are analysed, and the general relation of wing dimorphism and polymorphism and invasive potential is briefly discussed using the extensive knowledge on the wing dimorphism and polymorphism present in different insect orders.

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10

MINAEI, KAMBIZ. "Wing polymorphism in Anaphothrips graminum (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)." Zootaxa 4450, no. 5 (July 27, 2018): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4450.5.8.

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Of the 83 species of Anaphothrips in the world (ThripsWiki 2018), only four are recorded in Iran so far (Alavi et al. 2018): A. microptera, A. obscurus, A. sineconus and A. sudanensis. Among these, A. sineconus was collected from Haloxylon persicum (Amaranthaceae) while the others are related to various grasses (Poaceae). Color and structural variation among and within the species of Anaphothrips have been demonstrated by several authors (Kudo, 1989, Nakao 1996, Mound & Masumoto 2009). In this paper a fifth species, A. graminum, is recorded from Iran based on specimens collected from grasses. The previously unknown micropterous morph of this species is described, as this is different in color from the macropterous morph, and in contrast to the original description the male has a pore plate on sternite VIII. The terminology used here follows Mound and Masumoto (2009). Most specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (PPSU). Two females (one micropterous and one macropterous) are deposited in ANIC - the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra.

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11

Brinkhurst, R. O. "OBSEEVATIONS ON WING-POLYMORPHISM IN THE HETEROPTERA." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology 38, no. 1-3 (April 2, 2009): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1963.tb00741.x.

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12

Chouteau, Mathieu, Violaine Llaurens, Florence Piron-Prunier, and Mathieu Joron. "Polymorphism at a mimicry supergene maintained by opposing frequency-dependent selection pressures." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 31 (July 3, 2017): 8325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702482114.

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Explaining the maintenance of adaptive diversity within populations is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology, with important implications for conservation, medicine, and agriculture. Adaptation often leads to the fixation of beneficial alleles, and therefore it erodes local diversity so that understanding the coexistence of multiple adaptive phenotypes requires deciphering the ecological mechanisms that determine their respective benefits. Here, we show how antagonistic frequency-dependent selection (FDS), generated by natural and sexual selection acting on the same trait, maintains mimicry polymorphism in the toxic butterfly Heliconius numata. Positive FDS imposed by predators on mimetic signals favors the fixation of the most abundant and best-protected wing-pattern morph, thereby limiting polymorphism. However, by using mate-choice experiments, we reveal disassortative mate preferences of the different wing-pattern morphs. The resulting negative FDS on wing-pattern alleles is consistent with the excess of heterozygote genotypes at the supergene locus controlling wing-pattern variation in natural populations of H. numata. The combined effect of positive and negative FDS on visual signals is sufficient to maintain a diversity of morphs displaying accurate mimicry with other local prey, although some of the forms only provide moderate protection against predators. Our findings help understand how alternative adaptive phenotypes can be maintained within populations and emphasize the need to investigate interactions between selective pressures in other cases of puzzling adaptive polymorphism.

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13

Braendle, Christian, Ilvy Friebe, Marina C. Caillaud, and David L. Stern. "Correction for Braendle et al. , Genetic variation for an aphid wing polyphenism is genetically linked to a naturally occurring wing polymorphism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1581 (December 22, 2005): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.2000.

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Correction for ‘Genetic variation for an aphid wing polyphenism is genetically linked to a naturally occurring wing polymorphism’ by Christian Braendle, Ilvy Friebe, Marina C. Caillaud and David L. Stern (Proc. R. Soc. B 272 , 657–664. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2995 )). Figure 2 in the print version of this paper is incorrect; the correct figure is as follows.

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14

Zhang, Jin-Li, Sheng-Jie Fu, Sun-Jie Chen, Hao-Hao Chen, Yi-Lai Liu, Xin-Yang Liu, and Hai-Jun Xu. "Vestigial mediates the effect of insulin signaling pathway on wing-morph switching in planthoppers." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): e1009312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009312.

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Wing polymorphism is an evolutionary feature found in a wide variety of insects, which offers a model system for studying the evolutionary significance of dispersal. In the wing-dimorphic planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway acts as a ‘master signal’ that directs the development of either long-winged (LW) or short-winged (SW) morphs via regulation of the activity of Forkhead transcription factor subgroup O (NlFoxO). However, downstream effectors of the IIS–FoxO signaling cascade that mediate alternative wing morphs are unclear. Here we found that vestigial (Nlvg), a key wing-patterning gene, is selectively and temporally regulated by the IIS–FoxO signaling cascade during the wing-morph decision stage (fifth-instar stage). RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of Nlfoxo increase Nlvg expression in the fifth-instar stage (the last nymphal stage), thereby inducing LW development. Conversely, silencing of Nlvg can antagonize the effects of IIS activity on LW development, redirecting wing commitment from LW to the morph with intermediate wing size. In vitro and in vivo binding assays indicated that NlFoxO protein may suppress Nlvg expression by directly binding to the first intron region of the Nlvg locus. Our findings provide a first glimpse of the link connecting the IIS pathway to the wing-patterning network on the developmental plasticity of wings in insects, and help us understanding how phenotypic diversity is generated by the modification of a common set of pattern elements.

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15

VanKuren, Nicholas W., Darli Massardo, Sumitha Nallu, and Marcus R. Kronforst. "Butterfly Mimicry Polymorphisms Highlight Phylogenetic Limits of Gene Reuse in the Evolution of Diverse Adaptations." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 12 (August 28, 2019): 2842–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz194.

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Abstract Some genes have repeatedly been found to control diverse adaptations in a wide variety of organisms. Such gene reuse reveals not only the diversity of phenotypes these unique genes control but also the composition of developmental gene networks and the genetic routes available to and taken by organisms during adaptation. However, the causes of gene reuse remain unclear. A small number of large-effect Mendelian loci control a huge diversity of mimetic butterfly wing color patterns, but reasons for their reuse are difficult to identify because the genetic basis of mimicry has primarily been studied in two systems with correlated factors: female-limited Batesian mimicry in Papilio swallowtails (Papilionidae) and non-sex-limited Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius longwings (Nymphalidae). Here, we break the correlation between phylogenetic relationship and sex-limited mimicry by identifying loci controlling female-limited mimicry polymorphism Hypolimnas misippus (Nymphalidae) and non-sex-limited mimicry polymorphism in Papilio clytia (Papilionidae). The Papilio clytia polymorphism is controlled by the genome region containing the gene cortex, the classic P supergene in Heliconius numata, and loci controlling color pattern variation across Lepidoptera. In contrast, female-limited mimicry polymorphism in Hypolimnas misippus is associated with a locus not previously implicated in color patterning. Thus, although many species repeatedly converged on cortex and its neighboring genes over 120 My of evolution of diverse color patterns, female-limited mimicry polymorphisms each evolved using a different gene. Our results support conclusions that gene reuse occurs mainly within ∼10 My and highlight the puzzling diversity of genes controlling seemingly complex female-limited mimicry polymorphisms.

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16

Li, R., G. F. Jiang, Q. P. Ren, Y. T. Wang, X. M. Zhou, C. F. Zhou, and D. Z. Qin. "MicroRNAs of the mesothorax in Qinlingacris elaeodes, an alpine grasshopper showing a wing polymorphism with unilateral wing form." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 2 (December 23, 2015): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000991.

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AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are now recognized as key post-transcriptional regulators in regulation of phenotypic diversity. Qinlingacris elaeodes is a species of the alpine grasshopper, which is endemic to China. Adult individuals have three wing forms: wingless, unilateral-winged and short-winged. This is an ideal species to investigate the phenotypic plasticity, development and evolution of insect wings because of its case of unilateral wing form in both the sexes. We sequenced a small RNA library prepared from mesothoraxes of the adult grasshoppers using the Illumina deep sequencing technology. Approximately 12,792,458 raw reads were generated, of which the 854,580 high-quality reads were used only for miRNA identification. In this study, we identified 49 conserved miRNAs belonging to 41 families and 69 species-specific miRNAs. Moreover, seven miRNA*s were detected both for conserved miRNAs and species-specific miRNAs, which were supported by hairpin forming precursors based on polymerase chain reaction. This is the first description of miRNAs in alpine grasshoppers. The results provide a useful resource for further studies on molecular regulation and evolution of miRNAs in grasshoppers. These findings not only enrich the miRNAs for insects but also lay the groundwork for the study of post-transcriptional regulation of wing forms.

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17

Cherry, Ron. "Seasonal Wing Polymorphism in Southern Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)." Florida Entomologist 84, no. 4 (December 2001): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3496417.

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18

Kurosu, Utako. "Male altruism and wing polymorphism in a parasitic wasp." Journal of Ethology 3, no. 1 (June 1985): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02348161.

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19

Macadam, Craig, and Paul R. Kennedy. "Wing polymorphism in females of Zwicknia bifrons (Newman, 1838) (Plecoptera: Capniidae)." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 159, no. 1 (March 17, 2023): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1591.4173.

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Wing polymorphism is reported for the first time in female specimens of Zwicknia bifrons from the River Esk, Cumbria. Identification of specimens is confirmed by morphological features and DNA sequencing.

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20

Deshmukh, Riddhi, Dhanashree Lakhe, and Krushnamegh Kunte. "Tissue-specific developmental regulation and isoform usage underlie the role of doublesex in sex differentiation and mimicry in Papilio swallowtails." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 9 (September 2020): 200792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200792.

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Adaptive phenotypes often arise by rewiring existing developmental networks. Co-option of transcription factors in novel contexts has facilitated the evolution of ecologically important adaptations. doublesex ( dsx ) governs fundamental sex differentiation during embryonic stages and has been co-opted to regulate diverse secondary sexual dimorphisms during pupal development of holometabolous insects. In Papilio polytes , dsx regulates female-limited mimetic polymorphism, resulting in mimetic and non-mimetic forms. To understand how a critical gene such as dsx regulates novel wing patterns while maintaining its basic function in sex differentiation, we traced its expression through metamorphosis in P. polytes using developmental transcriptome data. We found three key dsx expression peaks: (i) eggs in pre- and post-ovisposition stages; (ii) developing wing discs and body in final larval instar; and (iii) 3-day pupae. We identified potential dsx targets using co-expression and differential expression analysis, and found distinct, non-overlapping sets of genes—containing putative dsx- binding sites—in developing wings versus abdominal tissue and in mimetic versus non-mimetic individuals. This suggests that dsx regulates distinct downstream targets in different tissues and wing colour morphs and has perhaps acquired new, previously unknown targets, for regulating mimetic polymorphism. Additionally, we observed that the three female isoforms of dsx were differentially expressed across stages (from eggs to adults) and tissues and differed in their protein structure. This may promote differential protein–protein interactions for each isoform and facilitate sub-functionalization of dsx activity across its isoforms. Our findings suggest that dsx employs tissue-specific downstream effectors and partitions its functions across multiple isoforms to regulate primary and secondary sexual dimorphism through insect development.

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21

Renault, David. "A Review of the Phenotypic Traits Associated with Insect Dispersal Polymorphism, and Experimental Designs for Sorting out Resident and Disperser Phenotypes." Insects 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040214.

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Dispersal represents a key life-history trait with several implications for the fitness of organisms, population dynamics and resilience, local adaptation, meta-population dynamics, range shifting, and biological invasions. Plastic and evolutionary changes of dispersal traits have been intensively studied over the past decades in entomology, in particular in wing-dimorphic insects for which literature reviews are available. Importantly, dispersal polymorphism also exists in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects, and except for butterflies, fewer syntheses are available. In this perspective, by integrating the very latest research in the fast moving field of insect dispersal ecology, this review article provides an overview of our current knowledge of dispersal polymorphism in insects. In a first part, some of the most often used experimental methodologies for the separation of dispersers and residents in wing-monomorphic and wingless insects are presented. Then, the existing knowledge on the morphological and life-history trait differences between resident and disperser phenotypes is synthetized. In a last part, the effects of range expansion on dispersal traits and performance is examined, in particular for insects from range edges and invasion fronts. Finally, some research perspectives are proposed in the last part of the review.

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22

Smýkal, Vlastimil, Martin Pivarči, Jan Provazník, Olga Bazalová, Pavel Jedlička, Ondřej Lukšan, Aleš Horák, et al. "Complex Evolution of Insect Insulin Receptors and Homologous Decoy Receptors, and Functional Significance of Their Multiplicity." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 6 (February 26, 2020): 1775–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa048.

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Abstract Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.

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23

Foster, Brodie J., Graham A. McCulloch, Marianne F. S. Vogel, Travis Ingram, and Jonathan M. Waters. "Anthropogenic evolution in an insect wing polymorphism following widespread deforestation." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (August 2021): 20210069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0069.

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Anthropogenic environmental change can underpin major shifts in natural selective regimes, and can thus alter the evolutionary trajectories of wild populations. However, little is known about the evolutionary impacts of deforestation—one of the most pervasive human-driven changes to terrestrial ecosystems globally. Absence of forest cover (i.e. exposure) has been suggested to play a role in selecting for insect flightlessness in montane ecosystems. Here, we capitalize on human-driven variation in alpine treeline elevation in New Zealand to test whether anthropogenic deforestation has caused shifts in the distributions of flight-capable and flightless phenotypes in a wing-polymorphic lineage of stoneflies from the Zelandoperla fenestrata species complex. Transect sampling revealed sharp transitions from flight-capable to flightless populations with increasing elevation. However, these phenotypic transitions were consistently delineated by the elevation of local treelines, rather than by absolute elevation, providing a novel example of human-driven evolution in response to recent deforestation. The inferred rapid shifts to flightlessness in newly deforested regions have implications for the evolution and conservation of invertebrate biodiversity.

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24

Trikhleb, T. A. "Wing structure and polymorphism in minute scavenger beetles (Coleoptera, Latridiidae)." Entomological Review 89, no. 3 (June 2009): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873809030038.

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25

Byrne, David N., and Marilyn A. Houck. "Morphometric Identification of Wing Polymorphism in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83, no. 3 (May 1, 1990): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/83.3.487.

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26

Braendle, Christian, Ilvy Friebe, Marina C. Caillaud, and David L. Stern. "Genetic variation for an aphid wing polyphenism is genetically linked to a naturally occurring wing polymorphism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1563 (March 22, 2005): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2995.

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27

Zimmerman, Erika, Arnar Palsson, and Greg Gibson. "Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Components of Wing Shape inDrosophila melanogaster." Genetics 155, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 671–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.671.

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AbstractTwo composite multiple regression-interval mapping analyses were performed to identify candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting components of wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster defined by eight relative warp-based measures. A recombinant inbred line design was used to map QTL for the shape of two intervein regions in the anterior compartment of the wing, using a high resolution map of retrotransposon insertion sites between Oregon-R and Russian 2b. A total of 35 QTL representing up to 23 different loci were identified, many of which are located near components of the epidermal growth factor-Ras signal transduction pathway that regulates vein vs. intervein decision making and vein placement. Over one-half of the loci were detected in both sexes, and just under one-half were detected at two different growth temperatures. Different loci were found to affect aspects of shape in each intervein region, confirming that the shape of the whole wing should be regarded as a compound trait composed of several developmental units. In addition, a reciprocal backcross design was used to map QTL affecting shape in the posterior compartment of the wings of 831 flies, using a molecular map of 16 allele-specific oligohybridization single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers between two divergent inbred lines. A total of 13 QTL were detected and shown to have generally additive effects on separable components of shape, in both sexes. By contrast, 8 QTL that affected wing size in these backcrosses were nearly dominant in their effects. The results confirm at the genetic level that wing shape is regulated independent of wing size and set up the hypothesis that wing shape is regulated in part through the regulation of the length and positioning of wing veins, involving quantitative regulation of the activity of secreted growth factors.

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28

Tselikh, E. V., and M. D. Mitroiu. "Wing polymorphism in Netomocera ramakrishnai Sureshan, 2010 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in East Asia, with the first description of a brachypterous morph." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 318, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.1.70.

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Netomocera ramakrishnai Sureshan, 2010 is newly recorded from China (Taiwan), Japan (Honshu) and the Russian Far East (Sakhalin I. and Kamchatka Terr.). Females of the species also showed the first example of wing polymorphism in the genus Netomocera Boucek, 1954 and the second in the subfamily Diparinae Thomson, 1876. Female wings of N. ramakrishnai range from being fully macropterous in eastern India to macropterous or slightly brachypterous in Taiwan and fully brachypterous in Japan and eastern Russia. The previously unknown brachypterous morph of N. ramakrishnai is described and illustrated, and the distribution of the species is discussed.

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Ruttenberg, Dee M., Nicholas W. VanKuren, Sumitha Nallu, Shen-Horn Yen, Djunijanti Peggie, David J. Lohman, and Marcus R. Kronforst. "The evolution and genetics of sexually dimorphic ‘dual’ mimicry in the butterfly Elymnias hypermnestra." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942 (January 13, 2021): 20202192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2192.

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Sexual dimorphism is a major component of morphological variation across the tree of life, but the mechanisms underlying phenotypic differences between sexes of a single species are poorly understood. We examined the population genomics and biogeography of the common palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra , a dual mimic in which female wing colour patterns are either dark brown (melanic) or bright orange, mimicking toxic Euploea and Danaus species, respectively. As males always have a melanic wing colour pattern, this makes E. hypermnestra a fascinating model organism in which populations vary in sexual dimorphism. Population structure analysis revealed that there were three genetically distinct E. hypermnestra populations, which we further validated by creating a phylogenomic species tree and inferring historical barriers to gene flow. This species tree demonstrated that multiple lineages with orange females do not form a monophyletic group, and the same is true of clades with melanic females. We identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the colour patterning gene WntA that were significantly associated with the female colour pattern polymorphism, suggesting that this gene affects sexual dimorphism. Given WntA 's role in colour patterning across Nymphalidae, E. hypermnestra females demonstrate the repeatability of the evolution of sexual dimorphism.

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30

Cao, Hehe, Xi Wang, Jiawei Wang, Zhaozhi Lu, and Tongxian Liu. "Wing Plasticity Is Associated with Growth and Energy Metabolism in Two Color Morphs of the Pea Aphid." Insects 15, no. 4 (April 16, 2024): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15040279.

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The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a major pest of legume crops, exhibiting distinct polymorphism in terms of wings and body color. We found that, under crowded conditions, the red morph A. pisum produced more winged offspring than the green morph. The signaling pathways involved in aphid wing determination, like insulin and ecdysone, also play important roles in regulating growth, development, and metabolism. Thus, here, we examined the association between the wing-producing ability and the growth rate, development time, reproductive capacity, and energy metabolism in these two color morphs. The growth rate of red morphs was significantly higher than that of green morphs, whereas green morphs produced more offspring during the first 6 days of the adult stage. Red morphs accumulated higher levels of glycogen and triglycerides and consumed more triglycerides during starvation; however, green aphids consumed more trehalose during food deprivation. Red aphids exhibited stronger starvation tolerance, possibly due to their higher triglyceride catabolic activity. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in the insulin pathway, glycolysis, and lipolysis in red aphids were higher than those in green aphids. These results suggest that the wing-producing ability of the pea aphid may be associated with its growth and metabolism, which may be due to the shared regulatory signaling pathways.

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31

IWANAGA, Kyoko, and Sumio TOJO. "Hormonal control of wing polymorphism in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 31 (1985): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.31.84.

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32

Nardi, Cristiane, Paulo Marçal Fernandes, and José Maurício Simões Bento. "Wing Polymorphism and Dispersal of Scaptocoris carvalhoi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[551:wpados]2.0.co;2.

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33

SOUTHWOOD, T. R. E. "A HORMONAL THEORY OF THE MECHANISM OF WING POLYMORPHISM IN HETEROPTERA." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology 36, no. 4-6 (April 2, 2009): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1961.tb00268.x.

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34

Nakao, Shiro. "Life Cycle and Wing Polymorphism of Composite Thrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis(Crawford)." Japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology 43, no. 1 (1999): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.43.13.

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35

Lin, Xinda, Yili Xu, Yun Yao, Bo Wang, Mark D. Lavine, and Laura Corley Lavine. "JNK signaling mediates wing form polymorphism in brown planthoppers ( Nilaparvata lugens )." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 73 (June 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.04.005.

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36

Mendoza-Cuenca, Luis, and Rogelio Macías-Ordóñez. "Foraging polymorphism in Heliconius charitonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): morphological constraints and behavioural compensation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 4 (June 27, 2005): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002385.

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Sexes and also within sex phenotypes, frequently differ in morphological traits associated with efficiency and performance in foraging and mating behaviours. In butterflies and other flying animals, phenotypic differences in wing size and traits associated with flight are involved in flight performance and individual fitness, but explorations of links among two or more traits and intrasexual differences are scarce. Foraging patterns were studied in a population of Heliconius charitonia butterflies having three phenotypes (females and two male phenotypes) which differ in their wing morphology and reproductive behaviour. As in previous studies, intersexual differences in foraging patterns were found; more interestingly, intrasexual differences were found between alternative male mating strategies. Using morphological and behavioural data, as well as data from previous flight analyses in Heliconius butterflies, we show that intrasexual differences may be explained by the energetic demands of each phenotype. Energetic expenditure is partially related to phenotypic variability in flight morphology and efficiency, and at least in both male phenotypes, differences may also be related to the energetic demands of alternative mating strategies.

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37

Fairbairn, Daphne J., and Derek A. Roff. "The Endocrine Genetics of Wing Polymorphism in Gryllus. A Response to Zera." Evolution 53, no. 3 (June 1999): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2640739.

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38

Ahlroth, Alatalo, Hyvärinen, and Suhonen. "Geographical variation in wing polymorphism of the waterstrider Aquarius najas (Heteroptera, Gerridae)." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12, no. 1 (January 1999): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00022.x.

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39

Berggren, H., J. Tinnert, and A. Forsman. "Spatial sorting may explain evolutionary dynamics of wing polymorphism in pygmy grasshoppers." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25, no. 10 (August 17, 2012): 2126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02592.x.

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40

Fairbairn, Daphne J., and Derek A. Roff. "THE ENDOCRINE GENETICS OF WING POLYMORPHISM IN GRYLLUS . A RESPONSE TO ZERA." Evolution 53, no. 3 (June 1999): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05393.x.

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41

Andersen, N. Møller, and N. Moller Andersen. "The Evolution of Wing Polymorphism in Water Striders (Gerridae): A Phylogenetic Approach." Oikos 67, no. 3 (September 1993): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545355.

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42

Polhemus, Dan A., and Rachael H. Carrie. "A new species of Potamocoris (Heteroptera: Potamocoridae) from Belize, and synonymy of the genus Coleopterocoris." Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 156, no. 2-3 (2013): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119434-00002027.

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A new species of Potamocoridae, Potamocoris isbiru, is described from Belize. This taxon is easily recognized by the thick fringes of gold setae on the lateral margins of the head, pronotum and basal hemelytra. This new species also exhibits both fully macropterous and coleopteriform wing morphologies, thereby encompassing the character states previously used to discriminate the genus Potamocoris Hungerford from the genus Coleopterocoris Hungerford. On the basis of this intraspecific wing polymorphism, we conclude that Coleopterocoris is merely the coleopteriform morph of Potamocoris, and synonymize it under the latter genus. Figures of key morphological characters are provided for P. isbiru, accompanied by a photograph of typical habitat in which the species occurs, and a distribution map.

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43

RODRIGUES, HIGOR D. D., and ROBERT W. SITES. "Notes on the morphology of two species of Limnocoris Stål (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) from South America." Zootaxa 5264, no. 1 (April 12, 2023): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.1.10.

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In the present study, new distribution records and notes on the wing polymorphism of Limnocoris pallescens (Stål, 1861), a species distributed in Colombia and Venezuela, are presented. Also, after the discovery of two female paralectotypes of L. pectoralis Montandon, 1897 deposited at the Natural History Museum in London, ongoing uncertainty about the shape of the diagnostic mediosternite VII (subgenital plate) of this species has been resolved.

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44

OSMAN, MOHAMED M. M., SHAABAN A. HEMEDA, ABEER A. I. HASSANIN, and WALAA A. HUSSEINY. "Polymorphism of Prolactin Gene and Its Association with Egg Production Trait in Four Commercial Chicken Lines." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 68, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15502.

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Broodiness is a behavioral trait observed in most common breeds of domestic fowl and due to its fundamental role in avian reproduction, it has been of great interest to poultry scientists, breeders and producers of hatching eggs. Prolactin gene (PRL) is generally accepted as crucial to the onset and maintenance of broodiness in birds and thus plays a crucial role in egg production. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen the Single Nucleotides Polymorphisms (SNPs) of prolactin gene in four commercial chicken lines namely Hubbard F15, Lohmann, Cobb500, and Avian48 using PCR and direct sequencing. A total number of forty chickens (ten females from each of the four commercial chicken lines) were used. Blood samples were collected aseptically from brachial (wing) vein of the chickens for genomic DNA extraction. PCR reaction was done using five pairs of primers, one sense (F) and one antisense (R) primer for each of the five exons of prolactin gene. Finally, DNA sequencing and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis was done using Laser gene Megalign program. The results showed three SNPs in Hubbard F15 chicken line; one synonymous SNP at the position 3838 bp (ACC/ACT-transition) in exon 2 while in exon 5, two SNPs were detected; one non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism at the position 7921bp (CCT/TCT-transition) which results in amino acid changes at codon positions 169 (P/S), and one synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism at the position 8187 bp T/ C. The study concluded that this SNP in PRL gene could be used as the potential molecular markers for egg production traits in chicken.

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45

Iwanaga, Kyoko, Fusao Nakasuji, and Sumio Toja. "Wing polymorphism in Japanese and foreign strains of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 43, no. 2 (April 1987): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01038.x.

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46

Iwanaga, Kyoko, Fusao Nakasuji, and Sumio Toja. "Wing polymorphism in Japanese and foreign strains of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 43, no. 1 (February 1987): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb02194.x.

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47

Sakashita, Takuji, Fusao Nakasuji, and Kenji Fujisaki. "Seasonal variation in wing polymorphism of the pyrrhocorid bug, Pyrrhocoris sibiricus (Heteroptera : Pyrrhocoridae)." Applied Entomology and Zoology 33, no. 2 (1998): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.33.243.

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48

Descimon, Henri, and Michel Napolitano. "Enzyme polymorphism, wing pattern variability, and geographical isolation in an endangered butterfly species." Biological Conservation 66, no. 2 (1993): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90142-n.

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49

McKECHNIE, S. W., M. J. BLACKET, S. V. SONG, L. RAKO, X. CARROLL, T. K. JOHNSON, L. T. JENSEN, S. F. LEE, C. W. WEE, and A. A. HOFFMANN. "A clinally varying promoter polymorphism associated with adaptive variation in wing size inDrosophila." Molecular Ecology 19, no. 4 (January 14, 2010): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04509.x.

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50

Hamilton, K. G. A. "THE NEARCTIC LEAFHOPPER GENUS AURIDIUS: BIOLOGY, POLYMORPHISM AND NEW SPECIES (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 131, no. 1 (February 1999): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent13129-1.

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AbstractAuridius Oman is revised, and eight new species are described: aurigineus (California), cosmeticus (Montana), melinus (California), safra (Idaho–Oregon), sandaraca (Alberta–Ontario), sulphureus (New Mexico), thapsinus (Arizona–Nevada), and vitellinus (Oregon). Auridius gilvus Hamilton & Ross, 1972 is synonymized with A. auratus (Gillette and Baker 1895). The 12 known species are illustrated and keyed, with notes on host associations, phenology, wing polymorphism, and two new subspecies: A. ordinatus amarillo (southwestern Colorado – New Mexico) and A. ordinatus crocatus (British Columbia – Oregon).

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