Journal articles: 'Wireless Channel Propagation Model'

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Imoize, Agbotiname Lucky, Augustus Ehiremen Ibhaze, Aderemi A. Atayero, and K. V. N. Kavitha. "Standard Propagation Channel Models for MIMO Communication Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (February 15, 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8838792.

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The field of wireless communication networks has witnessed a dramatic change over the last decade due to sophisticated technologies deployed to satisfy various demands peculiar to different data-intensive wireless applications. Consequently, this has led to the aggressive use of the available propagation channels to fulfill the minimum quality of service (QoS) requirement. A major barometer used to gauge the performance of a wireless communication system is the spectral efficiency (SE) of its communication channels. A key technology used to improve SE substantially is the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique. This article presents a detailed survey of MIMO channel models in wireless communication systems. First, we present the general MIMO channel model and identified three major MIMO channel models, viz., the physical, analytical, and standardized models. The physical models describe the MIMO channel using physical parameters. The analytical models show the statistical features of the MIMO channel with respect to the measured data. The standardized models provide a unified framework for modern radio propagation architecture, advanced signal processing, and cutting-edge multiple access techniques. Additionally, we examined the strengths and limitations of the existing channel models and discussed model design, development, parameterization, implementation, and validation. Finally, we present the recent 3GPP-based 3D channel model, the transitioning from 2D to 3D channel modeling, discuss open issues, and highlight vital lessons learned for future research exploration in MIMO communication systems.

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Gao, Zhenran, Weijing Li, Yan Zhu, Yongchao Tian, Fangrong Pang, Weixing Cao, and Jun Ni. "Wireless Channel Propagation Characteristics and Modeling Research in Rice Field Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 3116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093116.

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Wireless channel propagation characteristics and models are important to ensure the communication quality of wireless sensor networks in agriculture. Wireless channel attenuation experiments were carried out at different node antenna heights (0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.6 m, and 2.0 m) in the tillering, jointing, and grain filling stages of rice fields. We studied the path loss variation trends at different transmission distances and analyzed the differences between estimated values and measured values of path loss in a free space model and a two-ray model. Regression analysis of measured path loss values was used to establish a one-slope log-distance model and propose a modified two-slope log-distance model. The attenuation speed in wireless channel propagation in rice fields intensified with rice developmental stage and the transmission range had monotone increases with changes in antenna height. The relative error (RE) of estimation in the free space model and the two-ray model under four heights ranged from 6.48–15.49% and 2.09–13.51%, respectively, and these two models were inadequate for estimating wireless channel path loss in rice fields. The ranges of estimated RE for the one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance models during the three rice developmental stages were 2.40–2.25% and 1.89–1.31%, respectively. The one-slope and modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability for modeling of wireless channels in rice fields. The estimated RE values for the modified two-slope log-distance model were all less than 2%, which improved the performance of the one-slope log-distance model. This validates that the modified two-slope log-distance model had better applicability in a rice field environment than the other models. These data provide a basis for modeling of sensor network channels and construction of wireless sensor networks in rice fields. Our results will aid in the design of effective rice field WSNs and increase the transmission quality in rice field sensor networks.

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Grote, Walter. "Wireless SISO Channel Propagation Model for Underground Mines." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 23 (2009): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20091014-3-cl-4011.00056.

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Yang, Yi Huai, Li Fang Wang, and Yuan Li. "Propagation Channel Modeling for Rayleigh and Rice Fading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 3648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.3648.

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An important requirement for assessing technology for wireless applications is to have an accurate description of the wireless channel. Rayleigh and Rice are the most popular models for wireless channels. In this paper, we simulation study the most important statistical properties, such as PDF and CDF, of Rayleigh and Rice channels, we also simulate the outputs of complex signals which passed the Rayleigh and Rice channels, and give some useful results.

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Habib, Arafat, and Sangman Moh. "Wireless Channel Models for Over-the-Sea Communication: A Comparative Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030443.

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Over the past few years, the modeling of wireless channels for radio wave propagation over the sea surface has drawn the attention of many researchers. Channel models are designed and implemented for different frequencies and communication scenarios. There are models that emphasize the influence of the height of the evaporation duct in the marine environment, as well as models that deal with different frequencies (2.5, 5, and 10 GHz, etc.) or the impact of various parameters, such as antenna height. Despite the increasing literature on channel modeling for the over-the-sea marine environment, there is no comprehensive study that focuses on key concepts that need to be considered when developing a new channel model, characteristics of channel models, and comparative analysis of existing works along with their possible improvements and future applications. In this paper, channel models are discussed in relation to their operational principles and key features, and they are compared with each other in terms of major characteristics and pros and cons. Some important insights on the design and implementation of a channel model, possible applications and improvements, and challenging issues and research directions are also discussed. The main goal of this paper is to present a comparative study of over-the-sea channel models for radio wave propagation, so that it can help engineers and researchers in this field to choose or design the appropriate channel models based on their applications, classification, features, advantages, and limitations.

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Zheng, Kan, Suling Ou, and Xuefeng Yin. "Massive MIMO Channel Models: A Survey." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/848071.

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The exponential traffic growth of wireless communication networks gives rise to both the insufficient network capacity and excessive carbon emissions. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) can improve the spectrum efficiency (SE) together with the energy efficiency (EE) and has been regarded as a promising technique for the next generation wireless communication networks. Channel model reflects the propagation characteristics of signals in radio environments and is very essential for evaluating the performances of wireless communication systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the state of the art in channel models of massive MIMO. First, the antenna array configurations are presented and classified, which directly affect the channel models and system performance. Then, measurement results are given in order to reflect the main properties of massive MIMO channels. Based on these properties, the channel models of massive MIMO are studied with different antenna array configurations, which can be used for both theoretical analysis and practical evaluation.

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Narrainen, Jessen, Philippe Besnier, and Martine Gatsinzi Ibambe. "A geometry-based stochastic approach to emulate V2V communications’ main propagation channel metrics." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 3 (January 15, 2016): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001749.

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In order to evaluate a communication system, we need to model the propagation channel of the relevant environments pertaining to that communication. In this paper, we propose a Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Modeling approach to build up propagation channel simulations to assess the performance of vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communications. Our methodology allows the simulation of dynamic scenarios, with an electromagnetic simulator, to emulate typical propagation environments (rural, highway and urban-like propagation channels). Simple metallic plates are used to represent scatterers in the simulated geometric configurations. The common characteristics defining a propagation channel such as delay spread, angle of arrival distribution, and the delay-Doppler spectrum are obtained through adjustment of the number and location of those simple metallic plates.

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Sirdeshpande, Nandakishor, and Vishwanath Udupi. "Characterization of path loss model for wireless communication channel modelling." Data Technologies and Applications 54, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dta-03-2019-0052.

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PurposeWireless communication channel provides a wide area of applications in the field of communication, distributed sensor network and so on. The prominence of the wireless communication channel is because of its robust nature and the sustainability for the precise ranging and the localization. The precision and accuracy of the wireless communication channel largely depend on the localization. The development of the wireless communication channel with improved benefits needs the accurate channel model.Design/methodology/approachThis paper characterizes the tangential path loss model in the WINNER based wireless communication channel model. The measurements taken in the WINNER channel model are compared with the tangential path loss characterized WINNER Channel model.FindingsThe model operates well over the varying antenna orientations, measurement condition and the propagation condition. The proposed tangential path loss model is performing well over the various outdoor scenarios.Originality/valueThe proposed characterization shows change in the small-scale parameters (SSP), such as power, delay, angle of arrival and angle of departure as well as the large-scale parameters (LSP), such as RMS delay spread, shadowing, path loss and Ricean factor associated with the model.

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Zhu, Shan, Bang Wang, Wen Yu Liu, and Hui Liang. "An Empirical Indoor Propagation Model for Underground Parking Area." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 4865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4865.

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This paper presents an empirical indoor propagation model for underground parking area based on our extensive field measurements. Among several candidate empirical models, we choose the modified Keenan-Motley model for calibration, using channel power measurements at the 3G and 4G radio frequencies. Our calibration results can be used to provide a simple propagation model for wireless transmission planning, forecasting and quality control in indoor parking scenarios.

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Xu, Yi Dong. "Modeling and Simulation of the Propagation Characteristics by Underground Current Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1568.

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It's one of the effective channels for short-distance wireless communications through stratum in underground mines on emergency communications. The geologic structure is complex in mines, in practical environments. It means there is a considerable difference in conductance property and channel characteristics. In order to realize effective communication through stratum, its necessary to explore and study underground signal transmission by establishing mathematical model of underground signal propagation characteristics based on the theory of constant current field and simulating the mathematical model with MATLAB. We established a simulation model of underground communication channel physics experiments and obtained the amplitude frequency characteristic of the channel, with which we can get the error comparison between theory and test.

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Khan, Mohammad Monirujjaman, Qammer H. Abbasi, Akram Alomainy, and Yang Hao. "Performance of Ultrawideband Wireless Tags for On-Body Radio Channel Characterisation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/232564.

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Experimental characterisation of on-body radio channel for ultrawideband (UWB) wireless active tags is reported in this paper. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of the commercially available wireless tags on the UWB on-body radio channel characterisation. Measurement campaigns are performed in the chamber and in an indoor environment. Statistical path loss parameters of nine different on-body radio channels for static and dynamic cases are shown and analyzed. Results demonstrated that lognormal distribution provides the best fits for on-body propagation channels path loss model. The path loss was modeled as a function of distance for 34 different receiver locations for propagation along the front part of the body. A reduction of 11.46% path loss exponent is noticed in case of indoor environment as compared to anechoic chamber. In addition, path loss exponent is also extracted for different body parts (trunk, arms, and legs). Second-order channel parameters as fade probability (FP), level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD) are also investigated.

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Tu, Wanli, Hong Xu, Yiqun Xu, Qiubo Ye, and Mingxian Shen. "Research on 2.4 GHz Wireless Channel Propagation Characteristics in a Steel Ship Cabin." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (January 19, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6623638.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) has become a popular technology and has a good potential application in naval architecture and marine engineering field. Analysis of transmission ability of wireless signal in steel ship environment is important for network deployment including base station and node installation, which would directly impact network performance and has become a hot research field. This paper investigates 2.4 GHz frequency wireless signal propagation characteristics in the steel ship cabin. A 3D ray-tracing model of 2.4 GHz wave propagation in the ship cabin is established, a multipath propagation prediction is carried on, and receiving power is calculated. Besides, the experimental test is performed in the real ship. The simulated and experimental results are processed and compared; the influence law of large obstacles on the signal is discussed, and the guidance scheme for node and base station deployment of the wireless sensor network is proposed. The results show that this analysis could provide valid interpretation of wireless channel propagation characteristics in steel ships.

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Düngen, Monique, Thomas Hansen, Ramona Croonenbroeck, Rüdiger Kays, Bernd Holfeld, Dennis Wieruch, Pablo Wilke Berenguer, et al. "Channel measurement campaigns for wireless industrial automation." at - Automatisierungstechnik 67, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2018-0052.

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Abstract The factories of the future will be highly digitalized in order to enable flexible and interconnected manufacturing processes. Especially wireless technologies will be beneficial for industrial automation. However, the high density of metallic objects is challenging for wireless systems due to multipath fading. In order to understand the signal propagation in industrial environments, this paper provides results from a number of channel measurement campaigns funded by the German research initiative “Reliable wireless communication in the industry”. We give an overview of different measurement scenarios covering visible light communication and radio communication below 6 GHz. We analyze large and small scale parameters as well as delay statistics of the wireless channels. Finally, we discuss the importance of the results for the definition of industrial channel models.

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Pedraza, Luis F., Cesar A. Hernández, and Danilo A. López. "A Model to Determine the Propagation Losses Based on the Integration of Hata-Okumura and Wavelet Neural Models." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1034673.

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Radioelectric spectrum occupancy forecast has proven useful for the design of wireless systems able to harness spectrum opportunities like cognitive radio. This paper proposes the development of a model that identifies propagation losses and spectrum opportunities in a channel of a mobile cellular network for an urban environment using received signal power forecast. The proposed model integrates the Hata-Okumura (H-O) large-scale propagation model with a wavelet neural model. The model results, obtained through simulations, show that the wavelet neural model forecasts with a high degree of precision, which is consistent with the observed behavior in experiments carried out in wireless systems of this type.

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Banaseka, Frank Kataka, Ferdinand Katsriku, Jamal Deen Abdulai, Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu, and Felicia Nana Ama Engmann. "Signal Propagation Models in Soil Medium for the Study of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: A Review of Current Trends." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (April 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8836426.

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Radio signal propagation modeling plays an important role in the design of wireless communication systems. Various models have been developed, over the past few decades, to predict signal propagation and behavior for wireless communication systems in different operating environments. Recently, there has been an interest in the deployment of wireless sensors in soil. To fully exploit the capabilities of sensor networks deployed in soil requires an understanding of the propagation characteristics within this environment. This paper reviews the cutting-edge developments of signal propagation in the subterranean environment. The most important modeling techniques for modeling include electromagnetic waves, propagation loss, magnetic induction, and acoustic wave. These are discussed vis-a-vis modeling complexity and key parameters of the environment including electric and magnetic properties of soil. An equation to model propagation in the soil is derived from the free space model. Results are presented to show propagation losses and at different frequencies and volumetric water content. The channel capacity and the operating frequency are also analyzed against soil moisture at different soil types and antenna sizes.

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Ma, Yuanyuan, Bjørn Olav Hogstad, Matthias Pätzold, and Pedro M. Crespo. "Statistical Modeling, Simulation, and Experimental Verification of Wideband Indoor Mobile Radio Channels." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8271765.

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This paper focuses on the modeling, simulation, and experimental verification of wideband single-input single-output (SISO) mobile fading channels for indoor propagation environments. The indoor reference channel model is derived from a geometrical rectangle scattering model, which consists of an infinite number of scatterers. It is assumed that the scatterers are exponentially distributed over the two-dimensional (2D) horizontal plane of a rectangular room. Analytical expressions are derived for the probability density function (PDF) of the angle of arrival (AOA), the PDF of the propagation path length, the power delay profile (PDP), and the frequency correlation function (FCF). An efficient sum-of-cisoids (SOC) channel simulator is derived from the nonrealizable reference model by employing the SOC principle. It is shown that the SOC channel simulator approximates closely the reference model with respect to the FCF. The SOC channel simulator enables the performance evaluation of wideband indoor wireless communication systems with reduced realization expenditure. Moreover, the rationality and usefulness of the derived indoor channel model is confirmed by various measurements at 2.4, 5, and 60 GHz.

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MOLISCH, Andreas F., and Fredrik TUFVESSON. "Propagation Channel Models for Next-Generation Wireless Communications Systems." IEICE Transactions on Communications E97.B, no. 10 (2014): 2022–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e97.b.2022.

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Thavaselan, Gopinathan, and Ranganathan Rani Hemamalini. "Performance Analysis of Coded Reception in Multipath Fading Channels with Wavelet Packet Based OFDM Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.400.

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Abstract. Radio propagation on wireless channels depends on many static and dynamic factors like, buildings, trees, mountains, frequency of operation, velocity of mobile stations and interfering sources. Mathematical models for channel are considered for various communication functions like, predicting radio coverage, estimation of interferences from various sources, estimating the characteristics of an alternate transmitter and receiver, achievable data rates and for determining the location for wireless infrastructure. Signal propagation in fading channels cause degradation of signal QoS. OFDM is often used to mitigate fading effects in wireless channels; the paper describes the disadvantage of OFDM and provides a wavelet based solution to surmount it. The paper also investigates the BER vs. SNR performance of modified OFDM using wavelet packet in Rayleigh and Rician Channels and the results are compared with conventional OFDM.

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Guang, Min Liang, and Shao Dan. "Modeling the Propagation of Wireless Worms among Vehicles." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.833.

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We investigate the problem of a widespread occurrence of an unknown worm in vehicular networks at equilibrium traffic. We introduce an intelligent microscopic mobility and consider the fading effect in channel model; meanwhile we design a new series of rules to imitate the most relevant aspect of medium access control. The extensive Monte Carlo simulations uncovered the impacts of the transmission range (from minimum to maximum), the velocity (from free to congested), and the vehicle density (from sparse to dense) on worm spreading.

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Girma, Solomon T., Dominic B. O. Konditi, and Ciira Maina. "A Novel Radio Wave Propagation Modeling Method Using System Identification Technique over Wireless Links in East Africa." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (November 26, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2162570.

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Transmission of a radio signal through a wireless radio channel is affected by refraction, diffraction and reflection, free space loss, object penetration, and absorption that corrupt the originally transmitted signal before radio wave arrives at a receiver antenna. Even though there are many factors affecting wireless radio channels, there are still a number of radio wave propagation models such as Okumura, Hata, free space model, and COST-231 to predict the received signal level at the receiver antenna. However, researchers in the field of radio wave propagation argue that there is no universally accepted propagation model to guarantee a universal recommendation. Thus, this research is aimed at determining the difference between the measured received signal levels and the received signal level calculated from the free space propagation model. System identification method has been proposed to determine this unknown difference. Measured received signal levels were collected from three randomly selected urban areas in Ethiopia using a computer, Nemo test tool, Actix software, Nokia phone, and GPS. The result from the simulations was validated against the received experimental signal level measurement taken in a different environment. From the simulation results, the mean square error (MSE) was 4.169 dB, which is much smaller than the minimum acceptable MSE value of 6 dB for good signal propagation, and 74.76% fit to the estimation data. The results clearly showed that the proposed radio wave propagation model predicts the received signal levels at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in the study region.

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Xue, Wei, and Jun Wang. "Modeling and Simulation of the Propagation Characteristics by Underwater Conduction Current Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1582.

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Underwater conduction current field communication is a low noise system. It is absolutely to realize the short-distance underwater wireless communication .Compared with underwater acoustic communication, because of the electrical noise underwater is very low, so using underwater current field to realize short-distance underwater wireless communication has a certain advantage. In order to implement the design of conduction current field in underwater communication system better, its necessary to explore and study underwater signal transmission by establishing mathematical model of underwater signal propagation characteristics based on the theory of constant current field and simulating the mathematical model with MATLAB. To fully understand the underwater conduction current field channel characteristics in the actual field environment, we established a simulation model of underwater conduction current field communication channel physical experiment and obtained the amplitude frequency characteristics of the channel based on the external field test data, it laid a solid foundation for the parameter selection of underwater communication system.

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Nuckelt, J., M. Schack, and T. Kürner. "Deterministic and stochastic channel models implemented in a physical layer simulator for Car-to-X communications." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-165-2011.

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Abstract. This paper presents a physical (PHY) layer simulator of the IEEE 802.11p standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE). This simulator allows the emulation of data transmission via different radio channels as well as the analysis of the resulting system behavior. The PHY layer simulator is part of an integrated simulation platform including a traffic model to generate realistic mobility of vehicles and a 3D ray-optical model to calculate the multipath propagation channel between transmitter and receiver. Besides deterministic channel modeling by means of ray-optical modeling, the simulator can also be used with stochastic channel models of typical vehicular scenarios. With the aid of this PHY layer simulator and the integrated channel models, the resulting performance of the system in terms of bit and packet error rates of different receiver designs can be analyzed in order to achieve a robust data transmission.

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Yang, Yi Huai. "Channel Modelling for WBANs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.346.

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Development of an appropriate propagation channel model is an important step to design wireless body area network (WBAN). Because the human body has different body shapes (male, female and child), different tissues with different permittivity and conductivity (even the same person at the different age), and limbs positions and postures are changing all the time, this made the in-body channel modelling extremely difficult, if not impossible. There are few publications on implant communication channel models compared to wearable WBAN. In this paper, we present a literature survey on radio channel modelling for WBAN, especially the IEEE 802.15.6 models. The performance of the model is studied by simulating probability density functions (PDF) and cumulative distribution functions (CDF). Finally, we briefly outline some aspects of our future research works.

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Jing, Nan, Yu Sun, Lin Wang, and Jinxin Shan. "Fine-grained wireless propagation ambience sensing." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 10 (October 2018): 155014771880469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718804699.

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The ubiquitous wireless network infrastructure and the need of people’s indoor sensing inspire the work leveraging wireless signal into broad spectrum for indoor applications, including indoor localization, human–computer interaction, and activity recognition. To provide an accurate model selection or feature template, these applications take the system reliability of the signal in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation into account. Unfortunately, these two types of signal propagation are analyzed in static or mobile scenario separately. Our question is how to use the wireless signal to estimate the signal propagation ambience to facilitate the adaptive complex environment? In this paper, we exploit the Fresnel zone theory and channel state information (CSI) to model the static and mobile ambience detectors. Considering the spatiotemporal correlation of indoor activities, the propagation ambience can be divided into three categories: line-of-sight (LOS), non-line-of-sight (NLOS), and semi-line-of-sight (SLOS), which is used to represent the intermediate state between the LOS and NLOS propagation ambience during user movement. Leveraging the hidden Markov model to estimate the dynamic propagation ambience in the mobile environment, a novel propagation ambience identification method, named Ambience Sensor (Asor), is proposed to improve the real-time performance for the upper applications. Furthermore, Asor is integrated into a localization algorithm, Asor-based localization system (Aloc), to confirm the effectiveness. We prototype Asor and Aloc based on commodity WiFi infrastructure without any hardware modification. In addition, the real-time performance of Asor is evaluated by conducting tracking experiments. The experimental results show that the median detection rate of propagation ambience is superior to the existing methods in absence of any a priori hypothesis of static or mobile scenarios.

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Alex, Akohoule, Bamba Aliou, Kamagate Aladji, Konate Adama, Oussama Tabbabi, and Asseu Olivier. "MEASUREMENTSBASEDEVALUATION OF PATHLOSSEXPONENTS IN URBAN OUTDOORENVIRONMENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12556.

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In wireless networks, propagation models are used to assess the received power signal and estimate the propagation channel. These models depend on the pathloss exponent (PLE) which is one of the main parameters to characterize the propagation environment. Indeed, in the wireless channel, the path loss exponent has a strong impact on the quality of the links and must therefore be estimated with precision for an efficient design and operation of the wireless network. This paper addresses the issue of path loss exponents estimation for mobile networks in four outdoor environments. This study is based on measurements carried out in four outdoor environments at the frequency of 2600 MHz within a bandwidth of 70 MHz. It evaluates the path loss exponent, and the impact of obstacles present in the environments. The parameters of the propagation model determined from the measurements show that the average power of the received signal decreases logarithmically with the distance. We obtained path loss exponents values of 4.8, 3.53, 3.6 and 3.99 for the site 1, site 2, site 3 and site 4, respectively. Clearly the density of the obstacles has an impact on the path loss exponents and our study shows that the received signal decrease faster as the transmitter and receiver separation in the dense environments.

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Lopez-Iturri, Peio, Erik Aguirre, Mikel Celaya-Echarri, Leyre Azpilicueta, Alejandro Eguizábal, Francisco Falcone, and Ana Alejos. "Radio Channel Characterization in Dense Forest Environments for IoT-5G." Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-5-05731.

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The attenuation due to vegetation can limit drastically the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT) communication systems. Even more for the envisaged high data rates expected for the upcoming 5G mobile wireless communications. In this context, radio planning tasks become necessary in order to assess the validity of future WSN and IoT systems operating in vegetation environments. For that purpose, path loss models for scenarios with vegetation play a key role since they provide RF power estimations that allow an optimized design and performance of the wireless network. Although different propagation models for vegetation obstacles can be found in the literature, a model combining path loss and multipath propagation is rarely considered. In this contribution, we present the characterization of the radio channel for IoT and 5G systems working at 2.4 GHz, focusing on the radio links blocked by oak and pine trees modelled from specimens found in a real recreation area located within a dense forest environment. This specific forest, composed of thick in-leaf trees, is called Orgi Forest and it is situated in Navarre, Spain. In order to fit and validate a radio channel model for this type of scenarios, both measurements and simulations by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching algorithm have been performed, offers as outcomes the path loss and multipath information of the scenario under study. A geometrical and dielectric model of the trees were created and introduced in the simulation software. The path loss was then estimated as dependent of the radio link range for two species of trees at 2.4 GHz. We concluded that the scattering produced by the tree can be divided into two zones with different dominant propagation mechanisms: a free-space zone far from the tree and a diffraction zone around the edge of the tree. 2D planes of delay spread value are also presented which similarly reflects the proposed two-zone model.

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Supramongkonset, Jatuporn, Sarun Duangsuwan, Myo Myint Maw, and Sathaporn Promwong. "Empirical Path Loss Channel Characterization Based on Air-to-Air Ground Reflection Channel Modeling for UAV-Enabled Wireless Communications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589487.

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The purpose of this work was to investigate the air-to-air channel model (A2A-CM) for unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) enabled wireless communications. Specifically, a low-altitude small UAV needs to characterize the propagation mechanisms from ground reflection. In this paper, the empirical path loss channel characterizations of A2A ground reflection CM based on different scenarios were presented by comparing the wireless communication modules for UAVs. Two types of wireless communication modules both WiFi 2.4 GHz and LoRa 868 MHz frequency were deployed to study the path loss channel characterization between Tx-UAV and Rx-UAV. To investigate the path loss, three types of experimental channel models, such as CM1 grass floor, CM2 soil floor, and CM3 rubber floor, were considered under the ground reflection condition. The analytical A2A Two-Ray (A2AT-R) model and the modified Log-Distance model were simulated to compare the correlation with the measurement data. The measurement results in the CM3 rubber floor scenario showed the impact from the ground reflection at 1 m to 3 m Rx-UAV altitudes both 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz which was converged to the A2AT-R model and related to the modified Log-Distance model above 3 m. It clear that there is no ground reflection effect from the CM1 grass floor and CM2 soil floor. This work showed that the analytical A2AT-R model and the modified Log-Distance model can deploy to model the path loss of A2A-CM by using WiFi and LoRa wireless modules.

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Li, Yupeng, Jianhua Zhang, Zhanyu Ma, and Yu Zhang. "Clustering Analysis in the Wireless Propagation Channel with a Variational Gaussian Mixture Model." IEEE Transactions on Big Data 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2018.2840696.

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Chen, Guoping, Li Wang, and Baike Zhang. "Wireless Indoor Positioning Method with Evaluation of Channel Propagation Model by TR-FMM." Wireless Personal Communications 81, no. 3 (November 13, 2014): 1199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2179-z.

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Lee, Byung-Jin, Ju-Phil Cho, In-Ho Ra, and Kyung-Seok Kim. "Propagation Characterization Based on Geographic Location Variation for 5G Small Cells." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7028431.

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Developments in next-generation wireless transmission technology and efficient frequency-use research are based on understanding the characteristics of the exact radio channel. With regard to developments in next-generation mobile communication systems, performance verification of the development system is essential, for which it is necessary to estimate the exact wireless-space channel. This paper presents results of the analysis of radio propagation characteristics based on location variation in outdoor environments for small-cell 5th generation (5G) mobile systems. Changes due to variation in location were measured using a channel sounder in a microcell environment with a 0.5 km radius in Korea. In order to analyze the propagation characteristics, the best distribution model reflecting the characteristics of the locations was derived. A comparison between actual measurements and three-dimensional ray-tracing simulation results confirmed the validity of the measurement result.

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Obite, Felix, Jafri Din, Kamaludin Mohammad Yusof, and Basliza M. Noor. "Investigation of HAPs Propagation Channel for Wireless Access in a Tropical Region at Ka-Band." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i3.pp1204-1211.

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<p>In the last few years, High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) have attracted considerable effort due to their ability to exploit the advantages of satellite and terrestrial-based systems. Rain attenuation is the most dominant atmospheric impairment, especially at such frequency band. This paper addresses the modelling of rain attenuation and describes a propagation channel model for HAPs at Ka-band to provide efficient and robust wireless access for tropical regions. The attenuation due to rain is modeled based on three years measured data for Johor Bahru to estimate the actual effect of rain on signals at Ka band. The radio propagation channel is usually characterized as a random multipath channel. Specifically, a statistical derivation of probability distribution function for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels are presented. The model consists of multiple path scattering effects, time dispersion, and Doppler shifts acting on the HAPs communication link. Simulation results represent the fading signal level variations. Results show perfect agreement between simulation and theoretical, thereby conforming to the multipath structures. The information obtained will be useful to system engineers for HAPs link budget analysis in order to obtain the required fade margin for optimal system performance in tropical regions.</p>

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Vien, Quoc-Tuan, Michael Opoku Agyeman, Tuan Anh Le, and Terrence Mak. "On the Nanocommunications at THz Band in Graphene-Enabled Wireless Network-on-Chip." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9768604.

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One of the main challenges towards the growing computation-intensive applications with scalable bandwidth requirement is the deployment of a dense number of on-chip cores within a chip package. To this end, this paper investigates the Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC), which is enabled by graphene-based nanoantennas (GNAs) in Terahertz frequency band. We first develop a channel model between the GNAs taking into account the practical issues of the propagation medium, such as transmission frequency, operating temperature, ambient pressure, and distance between the GNAs. In the Terahertz band, not only dielectric propagation loss but also molecular absorption attenuation (MAA) caused by various molecules and their isotopologues within the chip package constitutes the signal transmission loss. We further propose an optimal power allocation to achieve the channel capacity. The proposed channel model shows that the MAA significantly degrades the performance at certain frequency ranges compared to the conventional channel model, even when the GNAs are very closely located. More specifically, at transmission frequency of 1 THz, the channel capacity of the proposed model is shown to be much lower than that of the conventional model over the whole range of temperature and ambient pressure of up to 26.8% and 25%, respectively.

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Cui, Xue Rong, Li Zhang, Hao Zhang, and T. Aaron Gulliver. "A Novel Wireless Location Algorithm Based on High Probability Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2656.

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This paper presents a novel location algorithm for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) wireless communication based on Time Of Arrival (TOA) measurements. The traditional algorithm and mean value algorithm are compared with the proposed high probability algorithm in a three-dimensional (3D) indoor environment. The IEEE802.15.4a channel model is considered with Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) propagation conditions, models CM1 and CM2, respectively. Performance results are presented which verify that the proposed algorithm can provide improved accuracy and robustness compared to other algorithms, particularly in poor channel environments.

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Liu, Wei, and E. Zhang. "Study on Predistortion Techniques and Adaptive Modulation Used in Fading Channels." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 3723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.3723.

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Spectral efficiency is one of primary concern in the design of any wireless data communications systems, where fading is the main problem. An approach that can be taken to overcome the problem of fading is to adapt the modulation scheme according to the instantaneous propagation channel conditions. In this paper, we present a simplified mathematical model to calculate the probability of SER for any given constellation of M-QAM. This model plays an important role in designing spectrally efficient adaptive modulation over nonlinear mobile channels. Instantaneous spectral efficiency and its histogram distribution are found for linear and nonlinear channel cases. The achievable spectral efficiency is obtained for linear and nonlinear channel and compared with non-adaptive system and Shannon capacity.

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Elshafie, H., N. Fisal, Y. Baguda, H. Sayuti, Y. Abdulrahman, M. Hafizal, N. Ramli, and M. Abbas. "Measurement of UHF Signal Propagation Loss under Different Altitude in Hilly Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.37.

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In this paper, the effect of environment and altitude on ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band has been studied. Both theoretical study and experimental investigations are conducted in order to model and characterize such complex communication medium. The experimental study is primarily aimed at critically analyzing the detrimental impact of channel condition on received power in hilly environment under different altitudes. The propagated signal strength varies from one place to another due to time varying channel condition as a result of obstacles between the transmitter and receiver. There is dramatic need to experimentally investigate such scenario in order to provide an avenue through which service providers can strategies their policies for effective wireless communication. Developing such channel models is extremely useful in communication systems design and simulation. The proposed model has been compared with ITU-R model for verification of the develop model for propagation loss prediction in hilly environment. The results obtained are compared with different measurement at various altitudes in hilly terrain environment.

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Hall, Donald L., Ram M. Narayanan, and David M. Jenkins. "SDR Based Indoor Beacon Localization Using 3D Probabilistic Multipath Exploitation and Deep Learning." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 10, 2019): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111323.

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Wireless indoor positioning systems (IPS) are ever-growing as traditional global positioning systems (GPS) are ineffective due to non-line-of-sight (NLoS) signal propagation. In this paper, we present a novel approach to learning three-dimensional (3D) multipath channel characteristics in a probabilistic manner for providing high performance indoor localization of wireless beacons. The proposed system employs a single triad dipole vector sensor (TDVS) for polarization diversity, a deep learning model deemed the denoising autoencoder to extract unique fingerprints from 3D multipath channel information, and a probabilistic k-nearest-neighbor (PkNN) to exploit the 3D multipath characteristics. The proposed system is the first to exploit 3D multipath channel characteristics for indoor wireless beacon localization via vector sensing methodologies, a software defined radio (SDR) platform, and multipath channel estimation.

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Li, Shuang-de, Yuan-jian Liu, Le-ke Lin, Zhong Sheng, Xiang-chen Sun, Zhi-peng Chen, and Xiao-jun Zhang. "Channel Measurements and Modeling at 6 GHz in the Tunnel Environments for 5G Wireless Systems." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1513038.

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Propagation measurements of wireless channels performed in the tunnel environments at 6 GHz are presented in this paper. Propagation characteristics are simulated and analyzed based on the method of shooting and bouncing ray tracing/image (SBR/IM). A good agreement is achieved between the measured results and simulated results, so the correctness of SBR/IM method has been validated. The measured results and simulated results are analyzed in terms of path loss models, received power, root mean square (RMS) delay spread, Ricean K-factor, and angle of arrival (AOA). The omnidirectional path loss models are characterized based on close-in (CI) free-space reference distance model and the alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) model. Path loss exponents (PLEs) are 1.50–1.74 in line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios and 2.18–2.20 in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. Results show that CI model with the reference distance of 1 m provides more accuracy and stability in tunnel scenarios. The RMS delay spread values vary between 2.77 ns and 18.76 ns. Specially, the Poisson distribution best fits the measured data of RMS delay spreads for LOS scenarios and the Gaussian distribution best fits the measured data of RMS delay spreads for NLOS scenarios. Moreover, the normal distribution provides good fits to the Ricean K-factor. The analysis of the abovementioned results from channel measurements and simulations may be utilized for the design of wireless communications of future 5G radio systems at 6 GHz.

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Zeng, Wenbo, Yigang He, Bing Li, and Shudong Wang. "3D Multiple-Antenna Channel Modeling and Propagation Characteristics Analysis for Mobile Internet of Things." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030989.

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The demand for optimization design and performance evaluation of wireless communication links in a mobile Internet of Things (IoT) motivates the exploitation of realistic and tractable channel models. In this paper, we develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) multiple-antenna channel model to adequately characterize the scattering environment for mobile IoT scenarios. Specifically, taking into consideration both accuracy and mathematical tractability, a 3D double-spheres model and ellipsoid model are introduced to describe the distribution region of the local scatterers and remote scatterers, respectively. Based on the explicit geometry relationships between transmitter, receiver, and scatterers, we derive the complex channel gains by adopting the radio-wave propagation model. Subsequently, the correlation-based approach for theoretical analysis is performed, and the detailed impacts with respect to the antenna deployment, scatterer distribution, and scatterer density on the vital statistical properties are investigated. Numerical simulation results have shown that the statistical channel characteristics in the developed simulation model nicely match those of the corresponding theoretical results, which demonstrates the utility of our model.

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Tian, Yong, Zhenan Tang, and Yan Yu. "Third-Order Channel Propagation Model-Based Indoor Adaptive Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2293578.

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Kalistatov, Kalistratov Dmitry. "Wireless Video Monitoring of the Megacities Transport Infrastructure." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 1033–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091309.

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The article discusses the development of megacities transport infrastructure. The problem of traffic congestion is touched upon, the task of optimal road design is justified. In the context of these issues gives a system of wireless video monitoring of traffic flows on base of digital panoramic video images. The main objective is to obtain a universal mathematical model for the description of a radio signal with any type of digital modulation. This will greatly facilitate the parametric calculation of the radio channel for image transmission and the design of the monitoring system. The objective is achieved by applying the Fourier method of separation of variables in combination with computer simulation methods. As result, a highly accurate universal mathematical model of radio signal with digital modulation is proposed. The scientific novelty of the model is that it allows to simulate the propagation of a radio signal with an arbitrary waveform. Thanks to this, the model covers almost all common types of digital modulation of the radio signal. In addition, the model takes into account the internal noise of the equipment and the external interference of the radio channel. The article describes in detail the process of solving the wave equation, underlying the model. Examples of modeling are given, the advantages and disadvantages of the model are indicated. Recommendations are made on its use for calculating radio channels and designing systems for analyzing and developing the transport infrastructure of a megacity.

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Greenstein, L. J., J. B. Andersen, H. L. Bertoni, S. Kozono, D. G. Michelson, and W. H. Tranter. "Guest editorial channel and propagation models for wireless system design I." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 20, no. 3 (April 2002): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2002.995507.

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Del Galdo, G., M. Haardt, and C. Schneider. "Geometry-based channel modelling of MIMO channels in comparison with channel sounder measurements." Advances in Radio Science 2 (May 27, 2005): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-2-117-2004.

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Abstract. In this paper we propose a flexible geometrybased propagation model for wireless communications developed at Ilmenau University of Technology. The IlmProp comprises a geometrical representation of the environment surrounding the experiment and a precise representation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. The IlmProp is capable of simulating Multi-User MIMO scenarios and includes a complete collection of tools to analyze the synthetic channels. In order to assess the potentials as well as the limits of our channel simulator we reconstruct the scenario encountered in a recent measurement campaign at Ilmenau University of Technology leading to synthetic data sets similar to the ones actually measured. The measurements have been collected with the RUSK MIMO multi-dimensional channel sounder. From the comparisons of the two channel matrices it is possible to derive useful information to improve the model itself and to better understand the physical origins of small-scale fading. In particular the effects of the different parameters on the synthetic channel have been studied in order to assess the sensibility of the model. This analysis shows that the correct positioning of a small number of scatterers is enough to achieve frequency selectiveness as well as specific traits of the channel statistics. The size of the scattering clusters, the number of scatterers per cluster, and the Rician K-factor can be modified in order to tune the channel statistics at will. To obtain higher levels of time variance, moving scatterers or time dependent reflection coefficients must be introduced.

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Unterhuber, Paul, Stephan Pfletschinger, Stephan Sand, Mohammad Soliman, Thomas Jost, Aitor Arriola, Iñaki Val, et al. "A Survey of Channel Measurements and Models for Current and Future Railway Communication Systems." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7308604.

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Modern society demands cheap, more efficient, and safer public transport. These enhancements, especially an increase in efficiency and safety, are accompanied by huge amounts of data traffic that need to be handled by wireless communication systems. Hence, wireless communications inside and outside trains are key technologies to achieve these efficiency and safety goals for railway operators in a cost-efficient manner. This paper briefly describes nowadays used wireless technologies in the railway domain and points out possible directions for future wireless systems. Channel measurements and models for wireless propagation are surveyed and their suitability in railway environments is investigated. Identified gaps are pointed out and solutions to fill those gaps for wireless communication links in railway environments are proposed.

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Nguyen, Viet-Hung, Minh-Tuan Nguyen, Jeongsik Choi, and Yong-Hwa Kim. "NLOS Identification in WLANs Using Deep LSTM with CNN Features." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114057.

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Identifying channel states as line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight helps to optimize location-based services in wireless communications. The received signal strength identification and channel state information are used to estimate channel conditions for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems in indoor wireless local area networks. This paper proposes a joint convolutional neural network and recurrent neural network architecture to classify channel conditions. Convolutional neural networks extract the feature from frequency-domain characteristics of channel state information data and recurrent neural networks extract the feature from time-varying characteristics of received signal strength identification and channel state information between packet transmissions. The performance of the proposed methods is verified under indoor propagation environments. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a 2% improvement in classification performance over the conventional recurrent neural network model.

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Adnan, Farasatul, Valon Blakaj, Sendy Phang, Thomas M. Antonsen, Stephen C. Creagh, Gabriele Gradoni, and Gregor Tanner. "Wireless power distributions in multi-cavity systems at high frequencies." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2245 (January 2021): 20200228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0228.

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The next generations of wireless networks will work in frequency bands ranging from sub-6 GHz up to 100 GHz. Radio signal propagation differs here in several critical aspects from the behaviour in the microwave frequencies currently used. With wavelengths in the millimetre range (mmWave), both penetration loss and free-space path loss increase, while specular reflection will dominate over diffraction as an important propagation channel. Thus, current channel model protocols used for the generation of mobile networks and based on statistical parameter distributions obtained from measurements become insufficient due to the lack of deterministic information about the surroundings of the base station and the receiver-devices. These challenges call for new modelling tools for channel modelling which work in the short-wavelength/high-frequency limit and incorporate site-specific details—both indoors and outdoors. Typical high-frequency tools used in this context—besides purely statistical approaches—are based on ray-tracing techniques. Ray-tracing can become challenging when multiple reflections dominate. In this context, mesh-based energy flow methods have become popular in recent years. In this study, we compare the two approaches both in terms of accuracy and efficiency and benchmark them against traditional power balance methods.

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Koutitas, George, Varun Kumar Siddaraju, and Vangelis Metsis. "In Situ Wireless Channel Visualization Using Augmented Reality and Ray Tracing." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030690.

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This article presents a novel methodology for predicting wireless signal propagation using ray-tracing algorithms, and visualizing signal variations in situ by leveraging Augmented Reality (AR) tools. The proposed system performs a special type of spatial mapping, capable of converting a scanned indoor environment to a vector facet model. A ray-tracing algorithm uses the facet model for wireless signal predictions. Finally, an AR application overlays the signal strength predictions on the physical space in the form of holograms. Although some indoor reconstruction models have already been developed, this paper proposes an image to a facet algorithm for indoor reconstruction and compares its performance with existing AR algorithms, such as spatial understanding that are modified to create the required facet models. In addition, the paper orchestrates AR and ray-tracing techniques to provide an in situ network visualization interface. It is shown that the accuracy of the derived facet models is acceptable, and the overall signal predictions are not significantly affected by any potential inaccuracies of the indoor reconstruction. With the expected increase of densely deployed indoor 5G networks, it is believed that these types of AR applications for network visualization will play a key role in the successful planning of 5G networks.

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Akkaş, Mustafa Alper. "A Comparative Review of Mote Size and Communication Method for Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 850 (August 2016): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.3.

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In the near future, WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) have grown from a theoretical concept to a burgeoning modern technology. In this paper, it is presented a comparative review of wireless sensor network according to their size and communication methods. The main contributions of this paper are: comparing the mote size and the communication channel model considering the propagation properties of EM wave, magnetic induction, molecular communication, optical communication and acoustic communication; show the feasible range, speed and bandwidth of the channel of nodes for soil, water and air. In this respect the work presents a guideline for other researches to choose the right node and communication method for their application.

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Singh, Ranjit, and Rakesh Poonia. "Routing the Messages to Grid Channel Based Model in Wireless Mesh Networks." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 2, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2020.06.26.116.

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Earlier the work has analyzed and implemented through IPV4 based traffic. The researchers have address the source IPv4 based routing in MRMC method. The router configures with a standard IPV4 based network extracts the source IPV4 address from the packet Header. This paper has been defined the network topology which was work on IPV6 protocol and it may also support IPV4 protocol. This paper implements the equalization that takes observation of channel state. The stations collect channel state information to their neighboring node, later on it was transfer to Gateway. The collected information was only possible through equalization method. In general, the equalization divided into two ways, per symbol and Sequence based which are according to receiver Theory. We are using sequence based theory under equalization that take data from maximum likelihood neighbors. We were used proposed Hybrid that take the existing method and combine with dynamic channel method. The proposed model avoids the multipath propagation problem and that problem only arise when we changes the channel from one wavelength to another wavelength. This paper showed proposed results that would be analysis the position of the packets in cluster head (CH). The router is taking as the cluster head which is being deployed on the number of nodes and these nodes randomly moves from one location to another. The MATLAB Simulator has been used in this research paper that helps to solve the complex mathematical equation. Network Simulator (NS2) has used to implement the Network Model.

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Joshy, Susan. "Capacity of Underwater Wireless Communication Channel With Different Acoustic Propagation Loss Models." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 2, no. 5 (September 15, 2010): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2010.2512.

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Kubrak, O. M., V. O. Cholpanov, and I. M. Dyukov. "ESTIMATION OF BIT ERROR PROBABILITIES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS WITH FM BROADBAND SIGNALS." Проблеми створення, випробування, застосування та експлуатації складних інформаційних систем, no. 18 (December 30, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46972/2076-1546.2020.18.03.

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Today, wireless communication is one of the most promising areas in the field of communications. Modern radio communication systems and facilities operate in a complex electronic environment. The development of next-generation wireless networks depends on both transmitting and receiving equipment, which must provide the high data rates needed to maintain a reliable level of interference protection. The main factors influencing the quality of radio communication are natural and intentional interference in the radio wave propagation channel, multi-beam propagation, bandwidth limitation and the need for asynchronous access. One of the possible methods of partial solution of the above problems is the use of extended spectrum communication systems. The article investigates the effectiveness of different types of phase modulation used for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum systems. An idealized channel with additive white Gaussian noise was chosen as the radio wave propagation channel. It has been observed that Binary phase shift keying radio systems achieve better Bit error rate values than other systems. The research was conducted in the environment of dynamic interdisciplinary modeling of complex technical systems - Simulink (the main tool for model-oriented design), whose main interface is a graphical tool for charting and a flexible set of libraries of functional blocks. The simulation results showed that for a given data rate and under the influence of AWGN on the propagation channel, DSSS-BPSK was more resistant to the negative effects of white noise. Future research will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of the SSS communication system in the event of different types of interference.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wireless Channel Propagation Model'

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