Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wireless communication systems Cognitive radio networks'

With the traditional static spectrum management, a significant portion of the licensed spectrum is underutilized in most of time while the unlicensed spectrum is over-crowded due to the growing demand for wireless radio spectrum from exponential growth of various wireless devices. Dynamic Spectrum Access utilizes the wireless spectrum in a more intelligent and flexible way. Cognitive radios are a promising enabler for Dynamic Spectrum Access because they can sense and access the idle channels. With cognitive radios, the unlicensed users (SUs) can opportunistically identify and access the vacant portions of the spectrum of the licensed users (PUs). In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), multiple idle channels may be available to SUs. If two or more SUs want to communicate with each other, they must select a channel which is available to all of them. The process of two or more SUs to meet and establish a link on a commonly-available channel is known as rendezvous. 1) Multiple Radios for Fast Rendezvous in CRNs: The existing works on rendezvous implicitly assume that each cognitive user is equipped with one radio (i.e., one wireless transceiver). As the cost of wireless transceivers is dropping, this feature can be exploited to significantly improve the rendezvous performance at low cost. We investigate the rendezvous problem in CRNs where cognitive users are equipped with multiple radios and different users may have different numbers of radios. We first study how the existing rendezvous algorithms can be generalized to use multiple radios for faster rendezvous. We then propose a new rendezvous algorithm, called role-based parallel sequence (RPS), which specifically exploits multiple radios for more efficient rendezvous. Our basic idea is to let the cognitive users stay in a specific channel in one dedicated radio and hop on the available channels with parallel sequences in the remaining general radios. We prove that RPS provides guaranteed rendezvous (i.e., rendezvous can be completed within a finite time) and derive the upper bounds on the maximum time-to-rendezvous (TTR) and the expected TTR. The simulation results show that i) multiple radios can cost-effectively improve the rendezvous performance, and ii) the proposed RPS algorithm performs better than the ones generalized from the existing algorithms. 2) Efficient Channel-Hopping Rendezvous Algorithm Based on Available Channel Set: All the existing rendezvous algorithms that provide guaranteed rendezvous (i.e., rendezvous can be achieved within finite time) generate channel-hopping (CH) sequences based on the whole channel set. However, some channels may be unavailable (e.g., being used by the licensed users) and these existing algorithms would randomly replace the unavailable channels by the available ones in the CH sequence. This random replacement is not effective, especially when the number of unavailable channels is large. We design a new rendezvous algorithm, called Interleaved Sequences based on Available Channel set (ISAC), that attempts rendezvous on the available channels only for faster rendezvous. ISAC constructs an odd subsequence and an even subsequence and interleaves these two subsequences to compose a CH sequence. We prove that ISAC provides guaranteed rendezvous. We derive the upper bounds on the maximum time-to-rendezvous to be O(

Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Akyildiz, Ian; Committee Member: Ingram, Mary Ann; Committee Member: Blough, Douglas; Committee Member: Dovrolis, Konstantinos; Committee Member: Li, Ye. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop interference-aware resource management techniques for CR networks that opportunistically operate within the licensed primary networks spectrum and to investigate the application of such CR techniques to emerging wireless networks. In this thesis, we report on a set of laboratory experiments that we undertook to analyze the interference between the CR-based wireless regional-area network (WRAN) standard and the digital television (DTV) broadcasting system. We determined the tolerable levels of WRAN interference into DTV receivers and studied the effect of these interference levels on WRAN deployment. Based on the need for efficient utilization of the primary network spectrum, we propose efficient interference-aware radio resource allocation (RRA) techniques for orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) CR networks. These RRA techniques aim to maximize the CR network throughput and to keep the CR interference to the primary network at or below a predefined threshold, known as the "interference temperature" limit. Moreover, we propose a joint spectrum-sensing design and power control algorithm that lead to increased CR network throughput and efficient protection of the PUs from undue interference. Interference coordination (IC) is considered a key technique for capacity maximization in emerging heterogeneous wireless networks. We propose a CR-based IC and RRA algorithm for OFDMA femtocell deployments to achieve efficient spectrum utilization and maximum network throughput. CR is envisioned as a key enabling technology for future wireless networks; our novel CR techniques will provide other researchers useful tools to design such networks.

Considerando a atual subutilização do espectro de rádio frequências para comunicação sem fio, o rádio cognitivo é visto como um conceito chave para permitir uma melhoria da utilização deste recurso de comunicação. A implementação de dispositivos de rádio cognitivo deve basear-se nas quatro principais funções cognitivas: sensoriamento espectral, decisão espectral, compartilhamento espectral e mobilidade espectral. Através dessas funções, um dispositivo de rádio cognitivo é capaz de procurar canais livres para transmitir de forma oportunista em uma rede de rádios cognitivos. No entanto, as redes de rádios cognitivos devem ser gerenciadas, com o objetivo de garantir seu pleno funcionamento, melhorando o desempenho destes dispositivos. Este gerenciamento deve melhorar o conhecimento do administrador sobre o funcionamento da rede. Assim, a configuração, o monitoramento e a visualização das funções cognitivas são fundamentais para o processo de aprendizagem contínua do administrador de rede. Neste trabalho, propõe-se Kitsune, um sistema de gerenciamento com base em um modelo hierárquico que permite gerenciar as informações sobre as funções cognitivas em redes de rádios cognitivos. Kitsune é projetado para gerenciar todas as quatro funções cognitivas, permitindo que o administrador da rede possa configurar os dispositivos de rádio cognitivo, monitorar os resultados de cada função cognitiva e analisar importantes visualizações destes resultados. Além disso, um protótipo de Kitsune foi desenvolvido e avaliado por meio de um cenário experimental baseado na norma IEEE 802.22. O resultado obtido mostra que Kitsune fornece ao administrador um melhor conhecimento sobre a rede, melhorando a taxa de transferência média para cada canal.
Considering the current underutilization of radio frequency spectrum for wireless communication, the Cognitive Radio is seen as a key concept to enable the improvement of the radio frequency spectrum utilization. The implementation of cognitive radio devices must be based on the four main cognitive functions: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility. Through these functions, a cognitive radio device is able to search for vacant channels to opportunistically transmit in a cognitive radio network. However, cognitive radio networks should be managed, aiming to guaranty the proper operation of the cognitive radio devices, improving the performance of these devices. This management should improve the administrator knowledge about the cognitive radio network operation. Therefore, the configuration, monitoring and visualization of the cognitive functions are fundamental to the continuous knowledge building process of the network administrator. In this paper we propose Kitsune, a management system based on a hierarchical model allowing to manage summarized information about cognitive functions in radio networks. Kitsune is designed to manage all four cognitive functions, enabling the network administrator to configure the cognitive radio devices, monitor the results of each cognitive function, and make important visualizations of these results. Moreover, a Kitsune prototype was developed and evaluated through an experimental IEEE 802.22 scenario. The result obtained show that Kitsune allows the administrator to achieve a better knowledge about the network and improve the average throughput for each channel.

In this thesis the multi-polarized Cognitive Radios are studied. Cognitive Radios are proposed as an interesting way to more efficiently use the frequency resources. A Cognitive Radio secondary user finds the frequency bands which are not utilized by primary users and communicates on them without interfering with the primary users. In order to achieve this goal the secondary user must be able to detect reliably and quickly the presence of a primary user in a frequency band. In this thesis, the impact of polarization on the spectrum sensing performances of cognitive radio systems is studied.

First the depolarization occurring in the wireless channel is studied for two cognitive radio scenarios. This is done through an extensive measurement campaign in two outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-indoor scenarios where the parameters characterizing the radiowaves polarization are characterized at three different spatial scales: small-scale variation, large-scale variation and distance variation.

Second, a new approach is proposed in modeling of multi-polarized channels. The polarization of received fields is characterized from an electromagnetic point of view by modeling the polarization ellipse. Theoretical formulations are proposed in order to obtain the parameters characterizing the polarization ellipse based on the signals received on three cross-polarized antennas. A system-based statistical model of the time-dynamics of polarization is proposed based on an indoor-to-indoor measurement campaign. The analytical formulations needed in order to project the polarization ellipse onto a polarized multi-antenna system are given and it is shown how the model can be generated.

Third, the impact of polarization on the spectrum sensing performances of energy detection method is presented and its importance is highlighted. The performance of spectrum sensing with multi-polarized antennas is compared with unipolar single and multi-antenna systems. This analysis is based on an analytical formulation applied to the results obtained from the multi-polarized measurement campaign. The detection probability as a function of distance between the primary transmitter and the secondary terminal and the inter-antenna correlation effect on the spectrum sensing performance are studied.

An important limitation of energy detector is its dependence on the knowledge of the noise variance. An uncertainty on the estimation of the noise variance considerably affects the performance of energy detector. This limitation is resolved by proposing new multi-polarized spectrum sensing methods which do not require any knowledge neither on the primary signal nor on the noise variance. These methods, referred to as “Blind spectrum sensing methods”, are based on the use of three cross-polarized antennas at the secondary terminal. Based on an analytical formulation and the results obtained from the measurement campaign, the performances of the proposed methods are compared with each-other and with the energy detection method. The effect of antenna orientation on the spectrum sensing performance of the proposed methods and the energy detection method is studied using the proposed elliptical polarization model.

Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Orientador: Paulo Cardieri
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Mestrado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Spatial diversity is an effective technique to combat the effects of severe fading in wireless environments. Recently, cooperative communications has emerged as an attractive communications paradigm that can introduce a new form of spatial diversity which is known as cooperative diversity, that can enhance system reliability without sacrificing the scarce bandwidth resource or consuming more transmit power. It enables single-antenna terminals in a wireless relay network to share their antennas to form a virtual antenna array on the basis of their distributed locations. As such, the same diversity gains as in multi-input multi-output systems can be achieved without requiring multiple-antenna terminals. In this thesis, a new approach to cooperative communications via distributed extended orthogonal space-time block coding (D-EO-STBC) based on limited partial feedback is proposed for cooperative relay networks with three and four relay nodes and then generalized for an arbitrary number of relay nodes. This scheme can achieve full cooperative diversity and full transmission rate in addition to array gain, and it has certain properties that make it alluring for practical systems such as orthogonality, flexibility, low computational complexity and decoding delay, and high robustness to node failure. Versions of the closed-loop D-EO-STBC scheme based on cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing type transmission are also proposed for both flat and frequency-selective fading channels which can overcome imperfect synchronization in the network. As such, this proposed technique can effectively cope with the effects of fading and timing errors. Moreover, to increase the end-to-end data rate, this scheme is extended for two-way relay networks through a three-time slot framework. On the other hand, to substantially reduce the feedback channel overhead, limited feedback approaches based on parameter quantization are proposed. In particular, an optimal one-bit partial feedback approach is proposed for the generalized D-O-STBC scheme to maximize the array gain. To further enhance the end-to-end bit error rate performance of the cooperative relay system, a relay selection scheme based on D-EO-STBC is then proposed. Finally, to highlight the utility of the proposed D-EO-STBC scheme, an application to cognitive radio is studied.

Traditionally, radio spectrum has been statically allocated to wireless service providers (WSPs). Regulators, like FCC, give wireless service providers exclusive long term licenses for using specific range of frequencies in particular geographic areas. Moreover, restrictions are imposed on the technologies to be used and the services to be provided. The lack of flexibility in static spectrum allocation constrains the ability to make use of new technologies and the ability to redeploy the spectrum to higher valued uses, thereby resulting in inefficient spectrum utilization (23, 38, 42, 62, 67). These limitations have motivated a paradigm shift from static spectrum allocation towards a more 'liberalized' notion of spectrum management in which secondary users can borrow idle spectrum from primary spectrum licensees, without causing harmful interference to the latter- a notion commonly referred to as dynamic spectrum access (DSA) or open spectrum access (3), (82). Cognitive radio (30, 47), empowered by Software Defined Radio (SDR) (81), is poised to promote the efficient use of spectrum by adopting this open spectrum approach. In this dissertation, we first address the problem of dynamic channel (spectrum) access by a set of cognitive radio enabled nodes, where each node acting in a selfish manner tries to access and use as many channels as possible, subject to the interference constraints. We model the dynamic channel access problem as a modified Rubinstein-Stahl bargaining game. In our model, each node negotiates with the other nodes to obtain an agreeable sharing rule of the available channels, such that, no two interfering nodes use the same channel. We solve the bargaining game by finding Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) strategies of the nodes. First, we consider finite horizon version of the bargaining game and investigate its SPNE strategies that allow each node to maximize its utility against the other nodes (opponents).; We then extend these results to the infinite horizon bargaining game. Furthermore, we identify Pareto optimal equilibria of the game for improving spectrum utilization. The bargaining solution ensures that no node is starved of channels. The spectrum that a secondary node acquires comes to it at a cost. Thus it becomes important to study the 'end system' perspective of such a cost, by focusing on its implications. Specifically, we consider the problem of incentivizing nodes to provide the service of routing using the acquired spectrum. In this problem, each secondary node having a certain capacity incurs a cost for routing traffic through it. Secondary nodes will not have an incentive to relay traffic unless they are compensated for the costs they incur in forwarding traffic. We propose a path auction scheme in which each secondary node announces its cost and capacity to the routing mechanism, both of which are considered as private information known only to the node. We design a route selection mechanism and a pricing function that can induce nodes to reveal their cost and capacity honestly (making our auction truthful), while minimizing the payment that needs to be given to the nodes (making our auction optimal). By considering capacity constraint of the nodes, we explicitly support multiple path routing. For deploying our path auction based routing mechanism in DSA networks, we provide polynomial time algorithms to find the optimal route over which traffic should be routed and to compute the payment that each node should receive. All our proposed algorithms have been evaluated via extensive simulation experiments. These results help to validate our design philosophy and also illustrate the effectiveness of our solution approach.
ID: 030422691; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-166).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science

This thesis proposes a multifaceted production test and post-manufacture yield enhancement framework for RF systems. This framework uses low-cost test and post-manufacture calibration/tuning techniques. Since the test cost and the yield of the RF circuits/sub-system directly contribute to the manufacturing cost of RF systems, the proposed framework minimizes overall RF systems' manufacturing cost by taking two approaches. In the first approach, low-cost testing methodologies are proposed for RF amplifiers and integrated RF substrates with an embedded RF passive filter and interconnect. Techniques are developed to test RF circuits by the analysis of low-frequency signal of the order of few MHz and without using any external RF test-stimulus. Oscillation principles are used to enable testing of RF circuits without any external test-stimulus. In the second approach, to increase the yield of the RF circuits for parametric defects, RF circuits are tuned to compensate for a performance loss during production test using on-board or on-chip resources. This approach includes a diagnosis algorithm to identify faulty circuits within the system, and performs a compensation process that adjusts tunable components to enhance the performance of the RF circuits. In the proposed yield improvement methodologies, the external test stimulus is not required because the stimulus is generated by the RF circuit itself with the help of additional circuitry and faulty circuits are detected using low-cost test methods developed in this research. As a result, the proposed research enables low-cost testing and self-healing of RF systems.

A melhora na eficiência do uso do espectro de radiofrequência é fundamental para permitir um desempenho adequado dos diversos sistemas sem fio cuja complexidade e requerimentos aumentam a cada dia. O panorama atual de atribuição de canais é estático, tolerando assim, que o espectro de radiofrequência seja usado de forma desequilibrada, gerando com isso, problemas de coexistência em algumas faixas e subutilização de recursos em outras. Para contornar esse problema, tem sido proposta a ideia de introduzir algoritmos de cognição nos dispositivos sem fio, a fim de permitir um modelo de alocação dinâmico adicional. Neste, os usuários secundários equipados com rádios cognitivos podem utilizar de forma dinâmica os canais subutilizados de usuários primários. Um usuário primário tem prioridade de uso do canal como consequência da atribuição estática, porém, o uso do canal por um usuário secundário qualquer é oportunista e limitando ao tempo de inatividade do usuário primário em um determinado local. As redes de sensores sem fio trabalham em uma banda concorrida e são sistemas que podem melhorar seu desempenho utilizando um mecanismo de acesso dinâmico aos canais, possibilitando o aproveitamento dos períodos de inatividade de usuários primários ou aumentando sua capacidade de coexistência na banda de operação atual. Segundo a literatura pesquisada são vários os desafios existentes para conseguir um método distribuído de acesso dinâmico aos canais que considere as restrições de trocas de sinalizações, consumo de energia e complexidade dos dispositivos de uma rede de sensores sem fio. Neste contexto, propõe-se uma metodologia de sensoriamento e acesso dinâmico aos canais para uma rede de sensores sem fio considerando a simplicidade dos dispositivos. Como fatores de inovação, optou-se pela definição de uma política de sensoriamento por clusters que permite realizar uma aprendizagem cooperativa por reforço da situação dos canais de operação. Além disso, a definição de um mecanismo de acesso dinâmico aos canais fundamentado no padrão IEEE 802.15.4 permite comunicação e coordenação distribuída de forma assíncrona. O funcionamento da metodologia proposta é avaliado e comparado usando simulações e experimentos mediante um estudo de caso específico. As comparações são realizadas com métodos de seleção de canal: fixa, cega ou baseada em recompensas por acesso. Os resultados mostram a eficiência no acesso dinâmico aos canais com aumentos na taxa de entrega de mensagens e na capacidade de coexistir com as redes primárias.
The efficiency improvement of the use of radiofrequency spectrum is fundamental to allow more complex and more optimal wireless systems. The current channel allocation is static. It tolerates unbalanced use of the radiofrequency spectrum generating coexistence problems in some bands and underutilization of resources in other bands. The introduction of cognitive algorithms into wireless devices has been proposed to overcome that problem, in order to allow an additional dynamic allocation model. In this, the secondary users equipped with cognitive radios will be able to use dynamically the underutilized channels of primary users. A primary user has channel usage priority related to the static allocation, on the other hand, the use of the channel by any secondary user is opportunistic and limited to the inactivity time of the primary user in a specific place. Wireless sensor networks work in a competitive band. These systems can improve their performance using a dynamic access to the channels and consequently to enable the utilization of inactivity periods of primary users or to increase the coexistence capability at their current operation band. According to the researched literature, several challenges exist to find a distributed method for dynamic access to the channels considering the restrictions on control signaling, energy consumption and computational complexity of wireless sensor network devices. In this context, a methodology of sensing and dynamic access to the channels in a wireless sensor network considering the restrictions of the devices is proposed. As innovation, we opted for the definition of a sensing policy by clusters that allows the cooperative reinforcement learning of the situation of channels. In addition, a mechanism for dynamic access to the channels based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is defined to allow asynchronous and distributed coordination. The behavior of the proposed methodology is evaluated and compared using simulations and experiments through a specific case study. The comparisons are performed with channel selection methods: fixed, blind and access based. The results show good efficiency in the dynamic allocation of the channels, increasing the message delivery rate and the coexistence capability.

Evolution of wireless services enabled the development of the advanced applications and shifted the paradigms of research in this field from voice to data centric. Such services are spreading like wildfire between users and hence, increasing the demand for large bandwidth. However, the frequency spectrum that is suitable for wireless mobile communications is already assigned to particular services from 400 MHz to several GHz. Also, allocating a large chunk of band continuously from the same part of the spectrum may not be possible due to spectral crowd. Therefore, meeting the demand for high data rate requiring wireless services within the accessible spectrum range becomes a challenging problem. The spectrum allocation policies are discussed by regulatory authorities and academia, and the idea of spectrum sharing systems are addressed as a solution. For instance, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) increase the number of available resources and improve the spectrum accessing capabilities of the wireless communication systems. To achieve this, HetNet nodes are deployed within the coverage of the macrocell regions. Thus, spectral efficiency is boosted via spatial reuse of the same spectral resources. On the contrary, HetNets preclude to fully exploit the resources because of serious interference problems between macrocell and HetNet nodes. Thus, wireless networks of the future will observe interference from even a larger number of sources. Due to co-channel HetNet deployment and denser frequency reuse, interference cancellation is expected to have significant importance for future wireless communication systems. The occupied resources can also be reused as a solution by conducting advanced signal processing algorithms at the receiver to increase the spectral efficiency. While doing so, the proposed approaches are expected to be easily integrated with the existing complementary approaches to improve the capacity further. Besides, new deployment strategies that allow spectrum access for non-licensed users to achieve larger bandwidth become important to increase the spectral efficiency of the HetNets. Within the scope of the dissertation, new solutions are developed for the aforementioned problems of the next-generation wireless communication systems. First, an interference cancellation receiver that exploits the unique characteristics of current waveforms is developed in Chapter 2. Also the unknown model of interference is converted to a known model and new algorithms are proposed to recover the desired signal. Then, another perspective is brought into the subject by transforming the interference problem to an interference advantage in Chapter 3. The idea of co-existence of different types of signals are analyzed to bring another degree of freedom as a solution. The proposed approaches are integrated to the existing complementary approaches, such as interference coordination and power control, to improve the capacity further. Finally, a cooperation mechanism is suggested to facilitate the transmission of signal which has a large bandwidth by integrating the idle bands in Chapter 4. By this way, geo-spatially idle bands within the coverage area are utilized and spectral efficiency is increased.

En la actualidad, la Internet de las Cosas (Internet of Things, IoT) es una tecnología esencial para la próxima generación de sistemas inalámbricos. La conectividad es la base de IoT, y el tipo de acceso requerido dependerá de la naturaleza de la aplicación. Uno de los principales facilitadores del entorno IoT es la comunicación machine-to-machine (M2M) y, en particular, su enorme potencial para ofrecer conectividad ubicua entre dispositivos inteligentes. Las redes celulares son la elección natural para las aplicaciones emergentes de IoT y M2M. Un desafío importante en las redes celulares es conseguir que la red sea capaz de manejar escenarios de acceso masivo en los que numerosos dispositivos utilizan comunicaciones M2M. Por otro lado, los sistemas celulares han experimentado un tremendo desarrollo en las últimas décadas: incorporan tecnología sofisticada y nuevos algoritmos para ofrecer una amplia gama de servicios. El modelado y análisis del rendimiento de estas redes multiservicio es también una tarea desafiante que podría requerir un gran esfuerzo computacional. Para abordar los desafíos anteriores, nos centramos en primer lugar en el diseño y la evaluación de las prestaciones de nuevos mecanismos de control de acceso para hacer frente a las comunicaciones masivas M2M en redes celulares. Posteriormente nos ocupamos de la evaluación de prestaciones de redes multiservicio y proponemos una nueva técnica analítica que ofrece precisión y eficiencia computacional. Nuestro principal objetivo es proporcionar soluciones para aliviar la congestión en la red de acceso radio cuando un gran número de dispositivos M2M intentan conectarse a la red. Consideramos los siguientes tipos de escenarios: (i) los dispositivos M2M se conectan directamente a las estaciones base celulares, y (ii) forman grupos y los datos se envían a concentradores de tráfico (gateways) que les proporcionan acceso a la infraestructura. En el primer escenario, dado que el número de dispositivos añadidos a la red aumenta continuamente, esta debería ser capaz de manejar el considerable incremento en las solicitudes de acceso. El 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ha propuesto el access class barring (ACB) como una solución práctica para el control de congestión en la red de acceso radio y la red troncal. El ajuste correcto de los parámetros de ACB de acuerdo con la intensidad del tráfico es crítico, pero cómo hacerlo de forma dinámica y autónoma es un problema complejo cuya solución no está recogida en las especificaciones del 3GPP. Esta tesis doctoral contribuye al análisis del rendimiento y al diseño de nuevos algoritmos que implementen efectivamente este mecanismo, y así superar los desafíos introducidos por las comunicaciones masivas M2M. En el segundo escenario, dado que la heterogeneidad de los dispositivos IoT y las arquitecturas celulares basadas en hardware imponen desafíos aún mayores para permitir una comunicación flexible y eficiente en los sistemas inalámbricos 5G, esta tesis doctoral también contribuye al diseño de software-defined gateways (SD-GWs) en una nueva arquitectura propuesta para redes inalámbricas definidas por software que se denomina SoftAir. Esto permite manejar tanto un gran número de dispositivos como el volumen de datos que estarán vertiendo en la red. Otra contribución de esta tesis doctoral es la propuesta de una técnica novedosa para el análisis de prestaciones de redes multiservicio de alta capacidad que se basa en un nuevo enfoque del modelizado analítico de sistemas que operan a diferentes escalas temporales. Este enfoque utiliza el análisis del transitorio de una serie de subcadenas absorbentes y lo denominamos absorbing Markov chain approximation (AMCA). Nuestros resultados muestran que para un coste computacional dado, AMCA calcula los parámetros de prestaciones habituales de un sistema con mayor precisión, en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por otr
Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) is an essential technology for the upcoming generation of wireless systems. Connectivity is the foundation for IoT, and the type of access required will depend on the nature of the application. One of the leading facilitators of the IoT environment is machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, and particularly, its tremendous potential to offer ubiquitous connectivity among intelligent devices. Cellular networks are the natural choice for emerging IoT and M2M applications. A major challenge in cellular networks is to make the network capable of handling massive access scenarios in which myriad devices deploy M2M communications. On the other hand, cellular systems have seen a tremendous development in recent decades; they incorporate sophisticated technology and algorithms to offer a broad range of services. The modeling and performance analysis of these large multi-service networks is also a challenging task that might require high computational effort. To address the above challenges, we first concentrate on the design and performance evaluation of novel access control schemes to deal with massive M2M communications. Then, we focus on the performance evaluation of large multi-service networks and propose a novel analytical technique that features accuracy and computational efficiency. Our main objective is to provide solutions to ease the congestion in the radio access or core network when massive M2M devices try to connect to the network. We consider the following two types of scenarios: (i) massive M2M devices connect directly to cellular base stations, and (ii) they form clusters and the data is forwarded to gateways that provide them with access to the infrastructure. In the first scenario, as the number of devices added to the network is constantly increasing, the network should handle the considerable increment in access requests. Access class barring (ACB) is proposed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a practical congestion control solution in the radio access and core network. The proper tuning of the ACB parameters according to the traffic intensity is critical, but how to do so dynamically and autonomously is a challenging task that has not been specified. Thus, this dissertation contributes to the performance analysis and optimal design of novel algorithms to implement effectively this barring scheme and overcome the challenges introduced by massive M2M communications. In the second scenario, since the heterogeneity of IoT devices and the hardware-based cellular architectures impose even greater challenges to enable flexible and efficient communication in 5G wireless systems, this dissertation also contributes to the design of software-defined gateways (SD-GWs) in a new architecture proposed for wireless software-defined networks called SoftAir. The deployment of these SD-GWs represents an alternative solution aiming at handling both a vast number of devices and the volume of data they will be pouring into the network. Another contribution of this dissertation is to propose a novel technique for the performance analysis of large multi-service networks. The underlying complexity of the network, particularly concerning its size and the ample range of configuration options, makes the solution of the analytical models computationally costly. However, a typical characteristic of these networks is that they support multiple types of traffic flows operating at different time-scales. This time-scale separation can be exploited to reduce considerably the computational cost associated to determine the key performance indicators. Thus, we propose a novel analytical modeling approach based on the transient regime analysis, that we name absorbing Markov chain approximation (AMCA). For a given computational cost, AMCA finds common performance indicators with greater accuracy, when compared to the results obtained by other approximate methods proposed in the literature.
En l'actualitat, la Internet de les Coses (Internet of Things, IoT) és una tecnologia essencial per a la propera generació de sistemes sense fil. La connectivitat és la base d'IoT, i el tipus d'accés requerit dependrà de la naturalesa de l'aplicació. Un dels principals facilitadors de l'entorn IoT és la comunicació machine-to-machine (M2M) i, en particular, el seu enorme potencial per oferir connectivitat ubiqua entre dispositius intel · ligents. Les xarxes mòbils són l'elecció natural per a les aplicacions emergents de IoT i M2M. Un desafiament important en les xarxes mòbils que actualment está rebent molta atenció és aconseguir que la xarxa siga capaç de gestionar escenaris d'accés massiu en què una gran quantitat de dispositius utilitzen comunicacions M2M. D'altra banda, els sistemes mòbils han experimentat un gran desenvolupament en les últimes dècades: incorporen tecnologia sofisticada i nous algoritmes per oferir una àmplia gamma de serveis. El modelatge i análisi del rendiment d'aquestes xarxes multiservei és també un desafiament important que podria requerir un gran esforç computacional. Per abordar els desafiaments anteriors, en aquesta tesi doctoral ens centrem en primer lloc en el disseny i l'avaluació de les prestacions de nous mecanismes de control d'accés per fer front a les comunicacions massives M2M en xarxes cel · lulars. Posteriorment ens ocupem de l'avaluació de prestacions de xarxes multiservei i proposem una nova tècnica analítica que ofereix precisió i eficiència computacional. El nostre principal objectiu és proporcionar solucions per a alleujar la congestió a la xarxa d'accés ràdio quan un gran nombre de dispositius M2M intenten connectar-se a la xarxa. Considerem els dos tipus d'escenaris següents: (i) els dispositius M2M es connecten directament a les estacions base cel · lulars, i (ii) formen grups i les dades s'envien a concentradors de trànsit (gateways) que els proporcionen accés a la infraestructura. En el primer escenari, atès que el nombre de dispositius afegits a la xarxa augmenta contínuament, aquesta hauria de ser capaç de gestionar el considerable increment en les sol · licituds d'accés. El 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ha proposat l'access class barring (ACB) com una solució pràctica per al control de congestió a la xarxa d'accès ràdio i la xarxa troncal. L'ajust correcte dels paràmetres d'ACB d'acord amb la intensitat del trànsit és crític, però com fer-ho de forma dinàmica i autònoma és un problema complex, la solució del qual no està recollida en les especificacions del 3GPP. Aquesta tesi doctoral contribueix a l'anàlisi del rendiment i al disseny de nous algoritmes que implementen efectivament aquest mecanisme, i així superar els desafiaments introduïts per les comunicacions massives M2M en les xarxes mòbils actuals i futures. En el segon escenari, atès que l'heterogeneïtat dels dispositius IoT i les arquitectures cel · lulars basades en hardware imposen desafiaments encara més grans per permetre una comunicació flexible i eficient en els sistemes sense fil 5G, aquesta tesi doctoral també contribueix al disseny de software-defined gateways (SD-GWS) en una nova arquitectura proposada per a xarxes sense fils definides per programari que s'anomena SoftAir. Això permet gestionar tant un gran nombre de dispositius com el volum de dades que estaran abocant a la xarxa. Una altra contribució d'aquesta tesi doctoral és la proposta d'una tècnica innovadora per a l'anàlisi de prestacions de xarxes multiservei d'alta capacitat que es basa en un nou enfocament del modelitzat analític de sistemes que operen a diferents escales temporals. Aquest enfocament utilitza l'anàlisi del transitori d'una sèrie de subcadenes absorbents i l'anomenem absorbing Markov chain Approximation (AMCA). Els nostres resultats mostren que per a un cost computacional donat, AMCA calcula els paràmetres de prestacions habituals d
Tello Oquendo, LP. (2018). Design and Performance Analysis of Access Control Mechanisms for Massive Machine-to-Machine Communications in Wireless Cellular Networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107946
TESIS

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Spectrum allocation in wireless communication and telemetry systems of the future may be performed in a dynamic and distributed manner, as opposed to static centralized regulations currently in place. This paper surveys a new area of research in the communications field known as cognitive radio which will allow dynamic sharing of spectral bands. An introduction to cognitive radio, a review of existing research results, and discussion of open problems in the area is provided.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed December 7, 2007) Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-173).

Cognitive radio (CR) is a novel wireless communication approach that may alleviate the looming spectrum-shortage crisis. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive modulation candidate for CR systems. In this thesis, we study resource allocation (RA) for OFDM-based CR systems using both aggressive and protective sharing. In aggressive sharing, cognitive radio users (CRUs) can share both non-active and active primary user (PU) bands. We develop a model that describes aggressive sharing, and formulate a corresponding multidimensional knapsack problem (MDKP). Low-complexity suboptimal RA algorithms are proposed for both single and multiple CRU systems. A simplified model is proposed which provides a faster suboptimal solution. Simulation results show that the proposed suboptimal solutions are close to optimal, and that aggressive sharing of the whole band can provide a substantial performance improvement over protective sharing, which makes use of only the non-active PU bands. Although aggressive sharing generally yields a higher spectrum-utilization efficiency than protective sharing, aggressive sharing may not be feasible in some situations. In such cases, sharing only non-active PU bands is more appropriate. When there are no fairness or quality of service (QoS) considerations among CRUs, both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that plain equal power allocation (PEPA) yields similar performance as optimal power allocation in a multiuser OFDM-based CR system. We propose a low-complexity discrete bit PEPA algorithm. To improve spectrum-utilization efficiency, while considering the time-varying nature of the available spectrum as well as the fading characteristics of wireless communication channels and providing QoS provisioning and fairness among users, this thesis introduces the following novel algorithms: (1) a distributed RA algorithm that provides both fairness and efficient spectrum usage for ad hoc systems; (2) a RA algorithm for non-real-time (NRT) services that maintains average user rates proportionally on the downlink of multiuser OFDM-based CR systems; and (3) cross-layer RA algorithms for the downlink of multiuser OFDM-based CR systems for both real-time (RT) services and mixed (RT and NRT) services. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms provide satisfactory QoS to all supported services and perform better than existing algorithms designed for multiuser OFDM systems.

There is a strong uptake of femtocell deployment as small cell application platforms in the upcoming LTE networks. In such two-tier networks of LTE-femtocell base stations, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically leading to underutilisation of valuable frequency resources. Novel spectrum access techniques are necessary to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems. Therefore, spectrum management solutions should have the features to improve spectrum access in both temporal and spatial manner. Cognitive Radio (CR) with the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is considered to be the key technology in this research in order to increase the spectrum efficiency. This is an effective solution to allow a group of Secondary Users (SUs) to share the radio spectrum initially allocated to the Primary User (PUs) at no interference. The core aim of this thesis is to develop new cognitive LTE-femtocell systems that offer a 4G vision, to facilitate the radio network management in order to increase the network capacity and further improve spectrum access probabilities. In this thesis, a new spectrum management model for cognitive radio networks is considered to enable a seamless integration of multi-access technology with existing networks. This involves the design of efficient resource allocation algorithms that are able to respond to the rapid changes in the dynamic wireless environment and primary users activities. Throughout this thesis a variety of network upgraded functions are developed using application simulation scenarios. Therefore, the proposed algorithms, mechanisms, methods, and system models are not restricted in the considered networks, but rather have a wider applicability to be used in other technologies. This thesis mainly investigates three aspects of research issues relating to the efficient management of cognitive networks: First, novel spectrum resource management modules are proposed to maximise the spectrum access by rapidly detecting the available transmission opportunities. Secondly, a developed pilot power controlling algorithm is introduced to minimise the power consumption by considering mobile position and application requirements. Also, there is investigation on the impact of deploying different numbers of femtocell base stations in LTE domain to identify the optimum cell size for future networks. Finally, a novel call admission control mechanism for mobility management is proposed to support seamless handover between LTE and femtocell domains. This is performed by assigning high speed mobile users to the LTE system to avoid unnecessary handovers. The proposed solutions were examined by simulation and numerical analysis to show the strength of cognitive femtocell deployment for the required applications. The results show that the new system design based on cognitive radio configuration enable an efficient resource management in terms of spectrum allocation, adaptive pilot power control, and mobile handover. The proposed framework and algorithms offer a novel spectrum management for self organised LTE-femtocell architecture. Eventually, this research shows that certain architectures fulfilling spectrum management requirements are implementable in practice and display good performance in dynamic wireless environments which recommends the consideration of CR systems in LTE and femtocell networks.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 83. Thesis director: Bijan Jabbari. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 12, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-82). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 28, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Science (Electrical Engineering))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Murali Tummala, Roberto Cristi. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71). Also available online.

The presence of multipath propagation in indoor environments limits the performance of wideband radio communication systems and also the maximum data rate that can be feasible. This thesis addresses the dynamics of propagation mechanisms needed to design and exploit future broadband wireless local area networks in the 60GHz millimetre-wave band. The frequency band between 62-63GHz with data rates up to 155Mb/s, has been provisionally assigned for Mobile Broadband Systems. The main emphasis of this study was to provide an original contribution to the development, design and planning of future broadband communication systems using new high-resolution wideband channel measurement data. Based on this data, spatial and temporal statistics of several line-of-sight radio paths in a University campus are presented and analysed. In order to enable measurement of the wideband propagation characteristics a high-resolution (Ins) wideband Frequency-swept channel sounder was designed and implemented at 62.4GHz. The channel sounder has been built around a Vector Network Analyser to measure the complex transfer function of the channel. The instantaneous coherence bandwidth is found to be highly variable with the location of the receiver with respect to the base station. With delay spread values ranging from 20 to 70ns the coherence bandwidth remains most of the times below 10MHz. Based on the maximum delay spread of 68ns obtained in a 41m long narrow corridor, a BER of 10" 3 and normalised delay spread of 0.1, the minimum data transmission rate is estimated at 1.47 Mb/s. For a 12.80m room environment with maximum delay spread of 20ns the minimum data transmission rate is 5Mb/s. To achieve higher data transmission rates channel protection countermeasures appears to be necessary. However limiting the extent of a picocell size and utilising the potential capability of frequency re-use at 62.4GHz can result in radio network implementation without the complexity of countermeasures. Results relating to coherence bandwidth variability in multipath conditions confirm that higher user mobility envisaged for MBS would present a real challenge to the achievement of data transmission rates of the order of 155Mb/s. The research work reported in the thesis has been able to identify and extract from extensive high resolution wideband propagation the necessary design characteristics for the development of realistic radio planning models. Using measured results obtained in a number of radio paths geometries, the objectives of the project have been largely achieved and further work is recommended.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
This thesis presents the results of an investigation to establish methods to improve the performance of area radio based communication systems for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. The considerable scale on which an area radio network is used as a telecommunication network is quite unique to South Africa due to a lack of high bandwidth telecommunication systems in rural areas. Research was done to establish Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure the performance of the area radio telecommunication systems. Two KPIs were chosen, namely Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) availability and Control Success Rate (CSR). These KPIs were trended over a three-year period to measure the effectiveness of measures taken to improve the systems. Two measures were implemented, namely to change the RTU radios, antennas and coaxial feeder cables and to redesign the communication systems in such a way to restrict multiple RTU protocols on the same area radio telecommunication network. The installation of new digital radios together with low loss coaxial cable and specific antennas improved the RTU availability from 96.87 % for the year 2002 to 99.17 % for the year 2004, which realised in an increase of 2.83 % for 432 installed RTUs. This measure, however, did not influence the CSR. The implementation of the newly designed communication networks had a significant influence on the control success rate of the SCADA systems and the KPI increased from 77.65 % for the year 2002 to 78.76 % for the year 2003 and 80.88 % for the year 2004. A drastic increase in performance was observed after the restriction of multiple RTU protocols on the same network during May 2004, where the value for twelve months prior to September 2005 was measured at 84.38 %. The utilisation of area radio telecommunication networks was measured for two operational networks and it was found to be well within the specifications of international accepted standards. One of these networks comprised of three repeaters and 84 installed RTUs and an average utilisation of 17 % and a peak utilisation of 25 % was measured. The other network had an installed base of 4 repeaters and 15 installed RTUs’s and an average utilisation of 3 % and a peak utilisation of 8 % was measured. This compares favourable with the IEEE standard 999-1992 [20], which recommends a channel utilisation of between 40 % and 60 %. Keywords : Key performance indicators, Radio telecommunication networks, Remote terminal unit

This thesis explores a novel technique for transceiver design in future wireless systems, which is cloud radio access networks (CRANs) with single radio frequency (RF) chain antennas at each remote radio head (RRH). This thesis seeks to make three contributions. Firstly, it proposes a novel algorithm to solve the oscillatory/unstable behaviour of electronically steerable parasitic array radiators (ESPAR) when it provides multi-antenna functionality with a single RF chain. This thesis formulates an optimization problem and derives closed-form expressions when calculating the configuration of an ESPAR antenna (EA) for arbitrary signals transmission. This results in simplified processing at the transmitter. The results illustrate that the EA transmitter, when utilizing novel closed-form expressions, shows significant improvement over the performance of the EA transmitter without any pre-processing. It performs at nearly the same symbol error rate (SER) as standard multiple antenna systems. Secondly, this thesis illustrates how a practical peak power constraint can be put into an EA transceiver design. In an EA, all the antenna elements are fed centrally by a single power amplifier. This makes it more probable that during use, the power amplifier reaches maximum power during transmission. Considering limited power availability, this thesis proposes a new algorithm to achieve stable signal transmission. Thirdly, this thesis shows that an energy efficiency (EE) optimization problem can be formulated and solved in CRANs that deploy single RF chain antennas at RRHs. The closed-form expressions of the precoder and power allocation schemes to transmit desired signals are obtained to maximise EE for both single-user and multi-user systems. The results show that the CRANs with single RF chain antennas provide superior EE performance compared to the standard multiple antenna based systems.

The architecture of mobile networks has dramatically evolved in order to fulfill the growing demands on wireless services and data. The radio resources, which are used by the current mobile networks, are limited while the users demands are substantially increasing. In the future, tremendous Internet applications are expected to be served by mobile networks. Therefore, increasing the capacity of mobile networks has become a vital issue. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) have been considered as a promising paradigm for future mobile networks. Accordingly, the concept of small cell has been introduced in order to increase the capacity of the mobile networks. A femtocell network is a kind of small cell networks. Femtocells are deployed within macrocells coverage. Femtocells cover small areas and operate with low transmission power while providing high capacity. Also, UEs can be offloaded from macrocells to femtocells. Thus, the capacity can be increased. However, this will introduce different technical challenges. The interference has become one of the key challenges for deploying femtocells within a certain macrocells coverage. Undesirable impact of the interference can degrade the performance of the mobile networks. Therefore, radio resource management mechanisms are needed in order to address key challenges of deploying femtocells. The objective of this work is to introduce radio resource control approaches, which are used to increase mobile networks' capacity and alleviate undesirable impact of the interference. In addition, proposed radio resource control approaches ensure the coexistence between macrocell and femtocells based on LTE-Advanced environment. Firstly, a novel mechanism is proposed in order to address the interference challenge. The proposed approach mitigates the impact of interference based on controlling radio sub-channels' assignment and dynamically adjusting the transmission power. Secondly, a dynamic strategy is proposed for the FFR mechanism. In the FFR mechanism, the whole spectrum is divided into four fixed sub-channels and each sub-channel is assigned for a different sub-area after splitting the macrocell coverage area into four sub-areas. The objective of the proposed scheme is to divide the spectrum dynamically based on the QoS indicators for each sub-area. Lastly, a novel packet scheduling scheme is proposed to improve the performance of femtocell networks. The proposed scheduling strategy assigns radio resources based on two objectives: increasing the network capacity and achieving better fairness among attached UEs.

Aujourd'hui, les appareils sans fil disposent généralement de plusieurs technologies d'accès radio (LTE, WiFi,WiMax, ...) pour gérer une grande variété de normes ou de technologies. Ces appareils doivent être suffisamment intelligents et autonomes pour atteindre un niveau de performance donné ou sélectionne automatiquement la meilleure technologie sans fil disponible en fonction de la disponibilité des normes. Du point de vue matériel, les périphériques System on Chip (SoC) intègrent des processeurs et des structures logiques FPGA sur la même puce avec une interconnexion rapide. Cela permet de concevoir des systèmes logiciels / matériels et de mettre en oeuvre de nouvelles techniques et méthodologies qui améliorent considérablement les performances des systèmes de communication. Dans ces dispositifs, la reconfiguration partielle dynamique (DPR) constitue une technique bien connue pour reconfigurer seulement une zone spécifique dans le FPGA tandis que d'autres parties continuent à fonctionner indépendamment. Pour évaluer quand il est avantageux d'effectuer un DPR, des techniques adaptatives ont été proposées. Ils consistent à reconfigurer automatiquement des parties du système en fonction de paramètres spécifiques. Dans cette thèse, un système de communication sans fil intelligent visant à implémenter un émetteur OFDM adaptatif et à effectuer un transfert vertical dans des réseaux hétérogènes est présenté. Une couche physique unifiée pour les réseaux WiFi-WiMax est également proposée. Un algorithme de transfert vertical intelligent (VHA) basé sur les réseaux neuronaux (NN) a été proposé pour sélectionner le meilleur standard sans fil disponible dans un réseau hétérogène. Le système a été implémenté et testé sur un ZedBoard équipé d'un Xilinx Zynq-7000-SoC. La performance du système est décrite et des résultats de simulation sont présentés afin de valider l'architecture proposée. Des mesures de puissance en temps réel ont été appliquées pour calculer l'énergie de surcharge pour l'opération de RP. De plus, des démonstrations ont été effectuées pour tester et valider le système mis en place
Today, wireless devices generally feature multiple radio access technologies (LTE, WiFi, WiMax, ...) to handle a rich variety of standards or technologies. These devices should be intelligent and autonomous enough in order to either reach a given level of performance or automatically select the best available wireless standard. On the hardware side, System on Chip (SoC) devices integrate processors and FPGA logic fabrics on the same chip with fast inter-connection. This allows designing Software/Hardware systems. In these devices, Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) constitutes a well-known technique for reconfiguring only a specific area within the FPGA while other parts continue to operate independently. To evaluate when it is advantageous to perform DPR, adaptive techniques have been proposed. They consist in reconfiguring parts of the system automatically according to specific parameters. In this thesis, an intelligent wireless communication system aiming at implementing an adaptive OFDM based transmitter is presented. An unified physical layer for WiFi-WiMax networks is also proposed. An intelligent Vertical Handover Algorithm (VHA) based on Neural Networks (NN) was proposed to select best available wireless standard in heterogeneous network. The system was implemented and tested on a ZedBoard which features a Xilinx Zynq-7000-SoC. The performance of the system is described and simulation results are presented in order to validate the proposed architecture. Real time power measurements have been applied to compute the overhead power for the PR operation. In addition demonstrations have been performed to test and validate the implemented system

Vu que la modulation multi-porteuses est largement utilisée dans les communications sans fil et la radio cognitive (CR pour “Cognitive Radio”) améliore l’utilisation des ressources radio et du spectre, nous nous concentrons sur les réseaux radio cognitifs (CR) pour faire progresser l’allocation des ressources, le routage, et l’ajustement de la puissance d’émission vers les récepteurs (synthèse de faisceaux ou beamforming) dans cette thèse. Nous étudions deux types de modulations multi-porteuses :Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) à base d’ondelettes (WOFDM pourWavelet OFDM) et OFDM dans sa forme classique ou traditionnelle (OFDM s’appuyant sur la transformation de Fourier pour partager les ressources). WOFDM adopte Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) pour obtenir des lobes secondaires beaucoup plus faibles dans la densité spectrale de puissance du signal transmis en comparaison à OFDM. WPM permet de surcroit à WOFDM de s’affranchir du Préfixe Cyclique (indispensable à OFDM) et d’exploiter l’égalisation pour combattre l’Interférence entre Symboles (ISI). Nous évaluons la performance de WOFDM sous différentes conditions du canal radio. Nous comparons la performance de WOFDM, qui s’appuie sur l’égalisation dans le domaine temporel, à celle de OFDM, qui requiert l’utilisation du Préfixe Cyclique et opère dans le domaine fréquentiel
In view of the wide usage of multicarrier modulation in wireless communications and the prominent contribution of Cognitive Radio (CR) to deal with critical shortage of spectrum resource, we focus on multicarrier based cognitive radio networks to investigate general resource allocation issues: subcarrier allocation, power allocation, routing, and beamforming in this thesis. We investigate two types of multicarrier modulation: Wavelet-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (WOFDM) and Fourier-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). WOFDM adopts Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM). Compared with fourier-based OFDM, wavelet-based OFDM achieves much lower side lobe in the transmitted signal. Wavelet-based OFDM excludes Cyclic Prefix (CP) which is used in fourier-based OFDM systems. Wavelet-based OFDM turns to exploit equalization to combat Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). We evaluate the performance of WOFDM under different channel conditions. We compare the performance of wavelet-based OFDM using equalization in the time domain to that of fourier-based OFDM with CP and the equalization in the frequency domain

Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne - 2007.
Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Industrial Research Institute Swinburne (IRIS), Swinburne University of Technology - 2007. Typescript. "August 2007". Includes bibliographical references (p. 256-270).

The present dissertation deals with how to use the precious wireless resources that are usually wasted by under-utilization of networks. We have been particularly interested by all resources that can be used in an opportunistic fashion using different technologies. We have designed new schemes for better and more efficient use of wireless systems by providing mathematical frameworks. In the first part, We have been interested in cognitive radio networks, where a cellular service provider can lease a part of its resources to secondary users or virtual providers. In the second part, we have chosen delay-tolerant networks as a solution to reduce the pressure on the cell traffic, where mobile users come to use available resources effectively and with a cheaper cost. We have focused on optimal strategy for smartphones in hybrid wireless networks. In the last part, an alternative to delay-tolerant networks, specially in regions that are not covered by the cellular network, is to use Ad-hoc networks. Indeed, they can be used as an extension of the coverage area. We have developed a new analytical modeling of the IEEE 802.11e DCF/EDCF. We have investigated the intricate interactions among layers by building a general cross-layered framework to represent multi-hop ad hoc networks with asymmetric topology and traffic

Data dissemination among wireless devices is an essential application in wireless networks. In contrast to its wired counterparts which have more stable network settings, wireless networks are subject to network dynamics, such as variable network topology, channel availability and capacity, which are due to user mobility, signal collision, random channel fading and scattering, etc. Network dynamics complicate the protocol design for optimal data disseminations. Although the topic has been intensively discussed for many years, existing solutions are still not completely satisfactory, especially for stochastic or arbitrary networks. In this thesis, we address optimal data dissemination in both stochastic and arbitrary wireless networks, using techniques of Lyapunov optimization, graph theory, network coding, multi-resolution coding and successive interference cancellation. We first discuss the maximization of time-averaged throughput utility over a long run for unicast and multirate multicast, respectively, in stochastic wireless networks without probing into the future. For multi-session unicast communications, a utility-maximizing cross-layer design, composed of joint end-to-end rate control, routing, and channel allocation, is proposed for cognitive radio networks with stochastic primary user occupations. Then, we study optimal multirate multicast to receivers with non-uniform receiving rates, also making dynamic cross-layer decisions, in a general wireless network with both a timevarying topology and random channel capacities, by utilizing random linear network coding and multi-resolution coding. In both solutions, we assume users are selfish and prefer only to relay data for others with strong social ties. Such social selfishness of users is a new constraint in network protocol design. Its impact on efficient data dissemination in wireless networks is largely unstudied, especially under stochastic settings. Lyapunov optimization is applied in our protocol design achieving close-to-optimal utilities. Next, we turn to latency-minimizing data aggregation in wireless sensor networks having arbitrary network topologies under the physical interference model. Different from our effort for stochastic networks where we target at time-averaged optimality over a long run, the objective here is to minimize the time-span to accomplish one round of aggregation scheduling for all sensors in an arbitrary topology. This problem is NP-hard, involving both aggregation tree construction and collision-free link scheduling. The current literature mostly considers the protocol interference model, which has been shown to be less practical than the physical interference model in characterizing the interference relations in the real world. A distributed solution under the physical interference model is challenging since cumulative interferences from all concurrently transmitting devices need to be well measured. In this thesis, we present a distributed aggregation protocol with an improved approximation ratio as compared with previous work. We then discuss the tradeoff between aggregation latency and energy consumption for arbitrary topologies when the successive interference cancellation technique is in force. Another distributed algorithm is introduced with asymptotic optimality in both aggregation latency and latency-energy tradeoff. Through theoretical analysis and empirical study, we rigorously examine the optimality of our protocols comparing with both the theoretical optima and existing solutions.
published_or_final_version
Computer Science
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

In this work, we consider the channel assignment problem in single radio multi-channel mobile ad-hoc networks. Specifically, we investigate the granularity of channel assignment decisions that gives the best trade-off in terms of performance and complexity. We present a new granularity for channel assignment that we refer to as component level channel assignment. The strategy is relatively simple, and is characterized by several impressive practical advantages. We also show that the theoretical performance of the component based channel assignment strategy does not lag significantly behind the optimal possible performance, and perhaps more importantly we show that when coupled with its several practical advantages, it significantly outperforms other strategies under most network conditions.

Wireless ad hoc networks have been increasingly popular in recent years with the development of mobile devices. However, both theoretical and simulation works show that the capacity of wireless ad hoc networks is bounded due to its nature of distributed and multihop. Spatial reuse is a promising technology to increase the capacity of wireless ad hoc networks by allowing more transmissions to occur simultaneously. In this thesis, we enhance 802.11 performances by exploiting the benefits of spatial reuse in wireless ad hoc networks which is achieved by transmission power control (TPC) and directional antennas. We first propose spatial TPC based on basic TPC to fully exploit the benefits of spatial reuse achieved by transmission range control. Simulation results show that spatial TPC achieves higher throughput and lower power consumption compared to 802.11 and basic TPC. We also develop four schemes of directional MAC protocols with the intention of overcoming the new hidden node problem faced by directional antennas. By extensive simulations under different topologies and traffic patterns, we find the directional RTS/CTS (DD) scheme outperforms 802.11 as well as other three schemes by fully exploiting the benefits of spatial reuse achieved by directional antennas.

Recently, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have gained significant attention as a new network architecture to not only achieving unprecedented spectral and energy efficiencies, but also to alleviating propagation losses and inter-user/inter-cell interference. Therefore, massive MIMO has been identified as one of the key candidate technologies for the 5th generation wireless standard. This dissertation thus focuses on (1) developing a performance analysis framework for cognitive massive MIMO systems by investigating the uplink transmissions of multi-cell multi-user massive MIMO secondary systems, which are underlaid in multi-cell multi-user primary massive MIMO systems, with taking into consideration the detrimental effects of practical transmission impairments, (2) proposing a new wireless-powered underlay cognitive massive MIMO system model, as the secondary user nodes is empowered by the ability to efficiently harvest energy from the primary user transmissions, and then access and utilize the primary network spectrum for information transmission, and (3) developing a secure communication strategy for cognitive multi-user massive MIMO systems, where physical layer secure transmissions are provisioned for both primary and secondary systems by exploiting linear precoders and artificial noise (AN) generation in order to degrade the signal decodability at eavesdropper. The key design feature of the proposed cognitive systems is to leverage the spatial multiplexing strategies to serve a large number of spatially distributed user nodes by using very large numbers of antennas at the base-stations. Moreover, the fundamental performance metrics, the secondary transmit power constraints, which constitute the underlay secondary transmissions subject to a predefined primary interference temperature, and the achievable sum rates of the primary and secondary systems, are characterized under different antenna array configurations. Additionally, the detrimental impact of practical wireless transmission impairments on the performance of the aforementioned systems are quantified. The important insights obtained throughout these analyses can be used as benchmarks for designing practical cognitive spectrum sharing networks.

A wireless channel is shared by all devices, in the vicinity, that are tuned to the channel, and at any given time, only one of the devices can transmit information. One way to overcome this limitation, in throughput capacity, is to use multiple orthogonal channels for different devices, that want to transmit information at the same time. In this work, we consider the use of multiple orthogonal channels in wireless data networks. We explore algorithms and protocols for such multi-channel wireless networks under two broad categories of network-wide and link-level challenges. Towards handling the network-wide issues, we consider the channel assignment and routing issues in multi-channel wireless networks. We study both single radio and multi-radio multi-channel networks. For single radio multi-channel networks, we propose a new granularity for channel assignment, that we refer to as component level channel assignment. The strategy is relatively simple, and is characterized by several impressive practical advantages. For multi-radio multi-channel networks, we propose a joint routing and channel assignment protocol, known as Lattice Routing. The protocol manages channels of the radios, for the different nodes in the network, using information about current channel conditions, and adapts itself to varying traffic patterns, in order to efficiently use the multiple channels. Through ns2 based simulations, we show how both the protocols outperform other existing protocols for multi-channel networks under different network environments. Towards handling the link-level challenges, we identify the practical challenges in achieving a high data-rate wireless link across two devices using multiple off-the-shelf wireless radios. Given that the IEEE 802.11 a/g standards define 3 orthogonal wi-fi channels in the 2.4GHz band and 12 orthogonal wi-fi channels in the 5GHz band, we answer the following question: ``can a pair of devices each equipped with 15 wi-fi radios use all the available orthogonal channels to achieve a high data-rate link operating at 600Mbps?' Surprisingly, we find through experimental evaluation that the actual observed performance when using all fifteen orthogonal channels between two devices is a mere 91Mbps. We identify the reasons behind the low performance and present Glia, a software only solution that effectively exercises all available radios. We prototype Glia and show using experimental evaluations that Glia helps achieve close to 600Mbps data-rate when using all possible wi-fi channels.

Future cognitive radio networks are expected to come as a disruptive technological advance in the currently saturated field of wireless communications. The idea behind cognitive radios is to think of the wireless channels as a pool of communication resources, which can be accessed on-demand by a primary licensed network or opportunistically preempted (or overlaid) by a secondary network with lower access priority. From a physical layer point of view, the primary network is ideally oblivious of the existence of a co-localized secondary networks. The latter are therefore required to autonomously explore the air in search for resource left-overs, and then to optimally exploit the available resource. The exploration and exploitation procedures, which involve multiple interacting agents, are requested to be highly reliable, fast and efficient. The objective of the thesis is to model, analyse and propose computationally efficient and close-to-optimal solutions to the above operations.Regarding the exploration phase, we first resort to the maximum entropy principle to derive communication models with many unknowns, from which we derive the optimal multi-source multi-sensor Neyman-Pearson signal sensing procedure. The latter allows for a secondary network to detect the presence of spectral left-overs. The computational complexity of the optimal approach however calls for simpler techniques, which are recollected and discussed. We then proceed to the extension of the signal sensing approach to the more advanced blind user localization, which provides further valuable information to overlay occupied spectral resources.The second part of the thesis is dedicaded to the exploitation phase, that is, the optimal sharing of available resources. To this end, we derive an (asymptotically accurate) approximated expression for the uplink ergodic sum rate of a multi-antenna multiple-access channel and propose solutions for cognitive radios to adapt rapidly to the evolution of the primary network at a minimum feedback cost for the secondary networks.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Laskar, Joy; Committee Member: Chakraborty, Sudipto; Committee Member: Chang, Jae Joon; Committee Member: Divan, Deepakraj; Committee Member: Kornegay, Kevin; Committee Member: Tentzeris, Emmanouil. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Indoor use of wireless systems poses one of the biggest design challenges. It is difficult to predict the propagation of a radio frequency wave in an indoor environment. To assist in deploying the above systems, characterization of the indoor radio propagation channel is essential. The contributions of this work are two-folds. First, in order to build a model, extensive field strength measurements are carried out inside two different buildings. Then, path loss exponents from log-distance path loss model and standard deviations from log-normal shadowing, which statistically describe the path loss models for a different transmitter receiver separations and scenarios, are determined. The purpose of this study is to characterize the indoor channel for 802.11 wireless local area networks at 2.4 GHz frequency. This thesis presents a channel model based on measurements conducted in commonly found scenarios in buildings. These scenarios include closed corridor, open corridor, classroom, and computer lab. Path loss equations are determined using log-distance path loss model and log-normal shadowing. The chi-square test statistic values for each access point are calculated to prove that the observed fading is a normal distribution at 5% significance level. Finally, the propagation models from the two buildings are compared to validate the generated equations.

Inkjet-printing is a technology which has for the last decade been exploited to fabricate flexible RF components such as antennas and planar circuit elements. However, the limitations of feature size and single layer fabrication prevented the demonstration of compact, and high efficiency RF components operating above 10 GHz into the mm-Wave regime which is critical to silicon integration and fully-printed modules. To overcome these limitations, a novel vertically-integrated fully inkjet-printed process has been developed and characterized up to the mm-Wave regime which incorporates up to five highly conductive metal layers, variable thickness dielectric layers ranging from 200 nm to 200 um, and low resistance through-layer via interconnects. This vertically-integrated inkjet printed electronics process, tagged VIPRE, is a first of its kind, and is utilized to demonstrate fully additive RF capacitors, inductors, antennas, and RF sensors operating up to 40 GHz. In this work, the first-ever fully inkjet printed multi-layer RF devices operating up to 40 GHz with high-performance are demonstrated, along with a demonstration of the processing techniques which have enabled the printing of multi-layer RF structures with multiple metal layers, and dielectric layers which are orders of magnitude thicker than previoulsy demonstrated inkjet-printed structures. The results of this work show the new possibilities in utilizing inkjet printing for the post-processing of high-efficiency RF inductors, capacitors, and antennas and antenna arrays on top of silicon to reduce chip area requirements, and for the production of entirely printed wireless modules.

Dans cette thèse, on étudie l'application de la méthode des moments pour les télécommunications. On analyse cette méthode et on montre son importance pour l'étude des matrices aléatoires. On utilise le cadre de probabilités libres pour analyser cette méthode. La notion de produit de convolution/déconvolution libre peut être utilisée pour prédire le spectre asymptotique de matrices aléatoires qui sont asymptotiquement libres. On montre que la méthode de moments est un outil puissant même pour calculer les moments/moments asymptotiques de matrices qui n'ont pas la propriété de liberté asymptotique. En particulier, on considère des matrices aléatoires gaussiennes de taille finie et des matrices de Vandermonde al ?eatoires. On développe en série entiére la distribution des valeurs propres de differents modèles, par exemple les distributions de Wishart non-centrale et aussi les distributions de Wishart avec des entrées corrélées de moyenne nulle. Le cadre d'inference pour les matrices des dimensions finies est suffisamment souple pour permettre des combinaisons de matrices aléatoires. Les résultats que nous présentons sont implémentés en code Matlab en générant des sous-ensembles, des permutations et des relations d'équivalence. On applique ce cadre à l'étude des réseaux cognitifs et des réseaux à forte mobilité. On analyse les moments de matrices de Vandermonde aléatoires avec des entrées sur le cercle unitaire. On utilise ces moments et les détecteurs à expansion polynomiale pour décrire des détecteurs à faible complexité du signal transmis par des utilisateurs mobiles à une station de base (ou avec deux stations de base) représentée par des réseaux linéaires uniformes
In this thesis, we focus on the analysis of the moments method, showing its importance in the application of random matrices to wireless communication. This study is conducted in the free probability framework. The concept of free convolution/deconvolution can be used to predict the spectrum of sums or products of random matrices which are asymptotically free. In this framework, we show that the moments method is very appealing and powerful in order to derive the moments/asymptotic moments for cases when the property of asymptotic freeness does not hold. In particular, we focus on Gaussian random matrices with finite dimensions and structured matrices as Vandermonde matrices. We derive the explicit series expansion of the eigenvalue distribution of various models, as noncentral Wishart distributions, as well as correlated zero mean Wishart distributions. We describe an inference framework so flexible that it is possible to apply it for repeated combinations of random ma- trices. The results that we present are implemented generating subsets, permutations, and equivalence relations. We developped a Matlab routine code in order to perform convolution or deconvolution numerically in terms of a set of input moments. We apply this inference framework to the study of cognitive networks, as well as to the study of wireless networks with high mobility. We analyze the asymptotic moments of random Vandermonde matrices with entries on the unit circle. We use them and polynomial expansion detectors in order to design a low complexity linear MMSE decoder to recover the signal transmitted by mobile users to a base station or two base stations, represented by uniform linear arrays

Orientador: Paulo Cardieri
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: A evidente subutilização dos recursos de freqüência tem incentivado discussões e trabalhos visando propor uma transformação no uso do espectro. O acesso oportunista ao espectro é uma proposta bastante atraente nessa busca pelo uso mais eficiente dos recursos de freqüência e propõe o compartilhamento do espectro por redes licenciadas e redes oportunistas. As redes oportunistas utilizam os recursos com restrição espaço-temporal, enquanto as redes licenciadas são protegidas de possíveis danos causados por interferência. Este trabalho considera uma rede sem fio dotada de características cognitivas para a detecção de oportunidades de transmissão em um canal compartilhado com uma rede licenciada. São apresentados um estudo sobre o sensoriamento do espectro em ambientes com desvanecimento e um estudo de vazão nessa rede, determinando as probabilidades de colisão de pacotes e adotando um modelo de captura. Os resultados são validados por simulação de eventos discretos.
Abstract: The apparent underutilization of frequency resources has encouraged several research works on innovative spectrum usage schemes. The opportunistic spectrum access is an attractive proposal aiming at an efficient use of frequency resources by spectrum sharing among licensed and unlicensed networks. The unlicensed opportunistic networks use the spectrum with geographical and temporal constraints, while licensed networks are protected from interference. In this work, a wireless network with cognitive features is considered. This unlicensed network searches for transmission opportunities in a shared channel, using the resources in an opportunistic manner. A study on spectrum sensing under fading conditions is presented, as well as a throughput analysis, determining the packet collision probabilities and adopting a capture model. The results have been validated by discrete events simulation.
Mestrado
Telecomunicações
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Paulo Cardieri
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma estimação da capacidade das redes sem fio tipo Mesh. As redes deste tipo têm topologias e padrões de tráfego únicos que as diferenciam das redes sem fio convencionais. Nas redes sem fio tipo mesh os nós atuam como clientes e como servidores e o tráfego e encaminhado para uma ou várias gateways em um modo multi-salto. A estimação da capacidade é baseada em estudos da Camada Física e MAC. Efeitos da propagação do canal são avaliados
Abstract: This work addresses the capacity of wireless mesh networks (WMN). This kind of networks has unique topologies and traffic patterns that differentiate them from conventional wireless networks. In WMN, the nodes act as clients and hosts and the traffic is forwarded to one or more gateways in a multihop fashion. The capacity estimation presented in this work is based on the physical and link layer investigation, using computer simulation
Mestrado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica