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Lang, Wei Min, Yuan Cheng Zhu, and Hu Sheng Li. "A Multi-Layer Security Architecture for Wireless Cognitive Sensor Networks in Smart Grids." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.1107.
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Wireless sensor networks have been extensively deployed in the electric power systems for sensing, transmission and control, which provide more opportunities for wireless low power radios to operate. As the next generation electricity system, the smart grid should possess the capability to transmit reliable and real-time information to the control centers of the utilities. In order to solve the issues such as heterogeneous coexistence, spectrum scarcity, tremendous data processing and Security guarantees, revolutionary communication architecture is urgently demanded. In this paper, after analyzing the hierarchical structure of smart grid and illustrating the principle of WCSN in smart grids, we propose the security architecture of wireless sensor networks based on cognitive radio for smart grids, which can be used as a reference to design and develop the Wireless Cognitive Sensor Network (WCSN) security schemes in the electric power systems.
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Romaszko, Sylwia, and Petri Mähönen. "Quorum Systems towards an Asynchronous Communication in Cognitive Radio Networks." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/753541.
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This paper reviews quorum systems (QS) from the perspective of cognitive radio networks. Quorum systems were originally developed for and widely used in the scope of operating systems. Recently, quorum systems have been also started to be applied to wireless communications. The objective of this paper is threefold. First, the paper provides survey and guidance on the use of quorum systems. Second, it shows that QS properties provide an interesting alternative towards an asynchronous communication in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRANs). Due to properties of quorum systems it is possible to establish CRANs without employing a common control channel (CCC), perfect synchronization, or central controller architecture. QS properties can be efficiently utilized to handle the rendezvous (RDV) problem in CRANs. New RDV protocols must be designed in such a way that there is a guarantee that all nodes meet periodically within reasonable periods of time. Since pseudorandom solutions do not provide this guarantee, systematic approaches are needed such as QSs. Third, we also propose a novel distributed RDV protocol, MtQS-DSrdv, which is based on mirror torus QS and difference set concepts. The proposed protocol guarantees RDVs on all available channels while CR nodes have the same channel set.
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Yadav, Ramnaresh, Keshav Singh, and Ashwani Kumar. "Optimal Power Allocation for Achieving Secure Green Cognitive Radio Networks." Electronics 11, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11131952.
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In cognitive radio networks, wireless nodes adapt to the surrounding radio environment and utilize the spectrum of licensed users. The cognitive radio environment is dynamic, and wireless channels are accessible by both legitimate and illegitimate users. Therefore, maintaining the security of cognitive radio networks is a challenging task, which must be addressed thoroughly. Further, with the recent exponential surge in wireless nodes and associated high data rate requirements, energy consumption is also growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, energy efficiency becomes an important metric that must be considered in the design of future wireless networks. Accordingly, by considering the great ecological and economic benefits of green wireless networks, this work focus on energy-efficient resource allocation in secure cognitive radio networks. Since physical-layer security is an emerging technique that improves the security of communication devices, in this paper, an ergodic secure energy efficiency problem for a cognitive radio network is formulated with a primary user, a secondary user, and an eavesdropper. As the formulated problem is non-convex, a concave lower bound is applied to transform the original non-convex problem into a convex one. Further, by adopting the fractional programming and dual decomposition techniques, optimal power allocation strategies are obtained with the aim of maximizing the ergodic secure energy efficiency of the secondary user with constraints on the average interference power and average transmit power. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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Kumar, A. Narendra. "Low Error Rate Data Transmission in Cognitive Radio Networks." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13, no. 10 (March 4, 2017): 5899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i10.5832.
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Cognitive Radio (CR) has become a hopeful technology to enhance the spectrum utilization through spectrum sharing between licensed user (primary user) and unlicensed user (secondary user). An vital rule mandated for the development of such frameworks are to develop solutions that don’t require any changes to the existing primary user (PU) infrastructure. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is typically worn advancements in present wireless communication systems which has the possibility of fulfilling the demand for cognitive radios intrinsically or with slight changes. In this paper, Space time block codes is used. The various antennas used on both ends for trustworthy data broadcast and interference nulling schemes. These codes can accomplish full broadcast diversification determined via the number of broadcast antennas. The MIMO is worn for enhancing the power of a wireless link, to determine the issue for lower BER and achieve a superior performance.
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Yılmaz, Mustafa Harun, Ertuğrul Güvenkaya, Haji M. Furqan, Selçuk Köse, and Hüseyin Arslan. "Cognitive Security of Wireless Communication Systems in the Physical Layer." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3592792.
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While the wireless communication systems provide the means of connectivity nearly everywhere and all the time, communication security requires more attention. Even though current efforts provide solutions to specific problems under given circumstances, these methods are neither adaptive nor flexible enough to provide security under the dynamic conditions which make the security breaches an important concern. In this paper, a cognitive security (CS) concept for wireless communication systems in the physical layer is proposed with the aim of providing a comprehensive solution to wireless security problems. The proposed method will enable the comprehensive security to ensure a robust and reliable communication in the existence of adversaries by providing adaptive security solutions in the communication systems by exploiting the physical layer security from different perspective. The adaptiveness relies on the fact that radio adapts its propagation characteristics to satisfy secure communication based on specific conditions which are given as user density, application specific adaptation, and location within CS concept. Thus, instead of providing any type of new security mechanism, it is proposed that radio can take the necessary precautions based on these conditions before the attacks occur. Various access scenarios are investigated to enable the CS while considering these conditions.
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Molokomme, Daisy Nkele, Chabalala S. Chabalala, and Pitshou N. Bokoro. "A Review of Cognitive Radio Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure Systems." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 3245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123245.
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The cognitive smart grid (SG) communication paradigm aims to mitigate quality of service (QoS) issues in obsolete communication architecture associated with the conventional electrical grid. This paradigm entails the integration of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) into power grids, enabling a two-way flow of information. However, due to the exponential increase in wireless applications and services, also driven by the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) smart devices, SG communication systems are expected to handle large volumes of data. As a result, the operation of SG networks is confronted with the major challenge of managing and processing data in a reliable and secure manner. The existing works in the literature proposed architectures with the objective to mitigate the underlying QoS issues such as latency, bandwidth, data congestion, energy efficiency, etc. In addition, a variety of communication technologies have been analyzed for their capacity to support stringent QoS requirements for diverse SGs environments. This notwithstanding, a standard architecture designed to mitigate the aforementioned issues for SG networks remains a work-in-progress. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the emerging technologies such as cognitive radio networks (CRNs) as part of the Fifth-Generation (5G) mobile technology for reliable communication in SG networks. Furthermore, a hybrid architecture based on the combination of fog computing and cloud computing is proposed. In this architecture, real-time latency-sensitive information is given high priority, with fog edge based servers deployed in close proximity to home area networks (HANs) for preprocessing and analyzing of information collected from smart IoT devices. In comparison to the recent works in the literature, which are mainly based on CRNs and 5G separately, the proposed architecture in this paper incorporates the combination of CRNs and 5G for reliable and efficient communication in SG networks.
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Chen, Hsing-Chung, Marsha Violetta, Chien-Erh Weng, and Tzu-Liang Kung. "Cognitive RBAC in mobile heterogeneous networks." Computer Science and Information Systems 10, no. 2 (2013): 779–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis121110034c.
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In communication networks, a cognitive network (CN) is a new type of data network which is used to solve some of the problems that face current networks. Cognitive radio (CR) is part of a cognitive network and a smart wireless communication system. CR is conscious of its surrounding environment, and learns from the environment. It adapts its internal states by making corresponding real-time changes in certain operating parameters. In this paper, we propose a novel Cognitive RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) scheme which can be applied to Mobile Heterogeneous Networks (MHNs). The MHNs consist of mobile communication systems and Wi-Fi systems. The required new definitions for the RBAC model are proposed in this paper. They can improve the ability of conventional RBAC model to meet new challenges. In our scheme, we assume that a Cognitive Server (CS) provides and manages the permissions of services, and Network Providers support and manage a variety CRs and CNs, individually. For more efficiently managing CR and CN and meeting the large scale heterogeneous networks, we let mobile user can perceive network candidate actively to access services, in which the permissions are depending to the contract made by CS with each Network Provider. In this paper, the new generalized cognitive RBAC model and their definitions are proposed, and could be applied to new applications in a MHNs environment.
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Bhatt, Ruby, Edeh Michael Onyema, Khalid K. Almuzaini, Celestine Iwendi, Shahab S. Band, Tripti Sharma, and Amir Mosavi. "Assessment of Dynamic Swarm Heterogeneous Clustering in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7359210.
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Many optimization algorithms have been created to determine the most energy-efficient transmission mode, allowing for lower power consumption during transmission over shorter distances while minimising interference from primary users (PUs). The improved cooperative clustering algorithm (ICCA) performs superior spectrum sensing across groups of multiusers compared to any other method currently available in terms of sensing inaccuracy, power savings, and convergence time than any other method currently available. The proposed ICCA algorithm is employed in this research study to find the optimal numbers of clusters based on its connectivity and the most energy-efficient distributed cluster-based sensing technique available. In this research, many randomly chosen secondary users (SUs) and primary users (PUs) are investigated for potential implementation opportunities. Therefore, as compared to the current optimization strategies, the proposed ICCA algorithm enhanced the convergence speed by integrating the multiuser clustered communication into a single communication channel. Experimental results revealed that the new ICCA algorithm reduced node power by 9.646 percent compared to traditional ways when comparing the novel algorithm to conventional approaches. In a similar vein, as compared to the prior methodologies, the ICCA algorithm reduced the average node power of SUs by 24.23 percent on average. When the SNR is decreased to values below 2 dB, the likelihood of detection improves dramatically, as seen in the figure. ICCA has a low false alarm rate when matched to other optimization algorithms for direct detection, and the proposed method outperforms them all. Following the findings of the simulations, the proposed ICCA technique effectively addresses multimodal optimization difficulties and optimizes network capacity performance in wireless networks. A detailed discussion of SS applications for the IoT and wireless sensor networks, both based on CR, is provided. There is also a thorough discussion of the most recent advancements in spectrum sensing as a facility. IoT or WSN may be essential in feeding the CR networks with spectrum sensing data and the future of spectrum sensing. The use of CR for fifth generation and afar its potential application in frequency allocation are discussed. To stay up with the advancement of communication technology, SS should give additional features to remain competitive, like the capacity to investigate various available channels and accessible places for transmission. Based on present and prospective methods in wireless communications, we highlight the crucial upcoming study paths and difficulty spots in signal processing for cognitive radio and potential solutions (SS-CR).
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Biswas, Abhijit, and Dushyanta Dutta. "Interference Cancellation and Efficient Channel Allocation for Primary and Secondary Users Using Hybrid Cognitive (M2M) Mac Routing Protocol." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.308311.
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It is projected that communication among cognitive machine-to-machine (M2M) in smart grid networks is necessary and vital in forthcoming years. The objective of this paper is to bring out the significance of cognitive medium access control (MAC) protocol focusing on the distinctive characteristics of the devices in M2M and requirements of the smart grid communication. Therefore, developing a cognitive radio system which supports dynamic access to the spectrum available that is recently considered as a novel solution for extending wireless systems. In this paper, MAC layer sensing approaches in cognitive radio networks are investigated by considering both proactive and reactive sensing. To evaluate the performance, analytical modeling and simulation studies are carried out by comparing with state of art methods. As a result, the proposed HCM2M-MACachieves 687.3 kbps of blocking probability, 368.6kbps of dropping probability, 96.4% bandwidth utilization, 67.3% end to end delay and 89.3% of throughput.
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Kumar Vaigandla, Karthik, Thippani Mounika, Uzma Urooj, Nilofar Azmi, and RadhaKrishna Karne. "INVESTIGATION ON COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS: INTRODUCTION, SPECTRUM SENSING, IEEE STANDARDS, CHALLENGES, APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 9 (January 1, 2022): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i09.011.
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During the last decade, Cognitive Radio (CR) has become a popular research topic. The availability of radio spectrum is in shortage, and CR technology can solve the problem by enabling dynamic spectrum access. This innovative technology has been used to manage the radio spectrum since it was introduced. These developments have led to rapid advances in this research field. A review of recent advances in Spectrum Sensing (SS) is presented in this paper, from its origins to its present state. A CR network has been found to be a highly effective and intelligent technology. Frequency spectrum is a bounded natural resource and an essential component of wireless communication networks. We explored CR in this paper and its various phases. Different definitions of CR are then presented from various institutions. Many different types of communications systems use CR techniques. It is anticipated that they will improve commercial and military data services, as well as increase the use of underutilized radio frequencies. In this paper, CR standards have been discussed, as well as its applications in various areas.
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Kumar Vaigandla, Karthik, Thippani Mounika, Uzma Urooj, Nilofar Azmi, and RadhaKrishna Karne. "INVESTIGATION ON COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS: INTRODUCTION, SPECTRUM SENSING, IEEE STANDARDS, CHALLENGES, APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i07.043.
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During the last decade, Cognitive Radio (CR) has become a popular research topic. The availability of radio spectrum is in shortage, and CR technology can solve the problem by enabling dynamic spectrum access. This innovative technology has been used to manage the radio spectrum since it was introduced. These developments have led to rapid advances in this research field. A review of recent advances in Spectrum Sensing (SS) is presented in this paper, from its origins to its present state. A CR network has been found to be a highly effective and intelligent technology. Frequency spectrum is a bounded natural resource and an essential component of wireless communication networks. We explored CR in this paper and its various phases. Different definitions of CR are then presented from various institutions. Many different types of communications systems use CR techniques. It is anticipated that they will improve commercial and military data services, as well as increase the use of underutilized radio frequencies. In this paper, CR standards have been discussed, as well as its applications in various areas.
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Alvi, Shakeel A., Riaz Hussain, Atif Shakeel, Muhammad Awais Javed, Qadeer Ul Hasan, Byung Moo Lee, and Shahzad A. Malik. "QoS-Oriented Optimal Relay Selection in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (April 24, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5580963.
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A cognitive radio network can be employed in any wireless communication systems, including military communications, public safety, emergency networks, aeronautical communications, and wireless-based Internet of Things, to enhance spectral efficiency. The performance of a cognitive radio network (CRN) can be enhanced through the use of cooperative relays with buffers; however, this incurs additional delays which can be reduced by using virtual duplex relaying that requires selection of a suitable relay pair. In a virtual duplex mode, we mimic full-duplex links by using simultaneous two half-duplex links, one transmitting and the other one receiving, in such a way that the overall effect of duplex mode is achieved. The relays are generally selected based on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). However, other factors such as power consumption and buffer capacity can also have a significant impact on relay selection. In this work, a multiobjective relay selection scheme is proposed that simultaneously takes into account throughput, delay performance, battery power, and buffer status (i.e., both occupied and available) at the relay nodes while maintaining the required SINR. The proposed scheme involves the formulation of four objective functions to, respectively, maximize throughput and buffer space availability while minimizing the delay and battery power consumption. The weighted sum approach is then used to combine these objective functions to form the multiobjective optimization problem and an optimal solution is obtained. The assignments of weights to objectives have been done using the rank sum (RS) method, and several quality-of-service (QoS) profiles have been considered by varying the assignment of weights. The results gathered through simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme efficiently determines the optimal solution for each application scenario and selects the best relay for the respective QoS profile. The results are further verified by using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. Both techniques gave identical solutions, thus validating our claim.
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Zhao, Yichao, and Wenjun Ouyang. "Wireless Communication Network Security System Based on Big Data Information Transmission Technology." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1066331.
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This paper establishes a unified perception information transmission model for the difference in the number of cognitive radio users in wireless communication network systems. The model can effectively improve the utilization of spectrum resources. At the same time, this paper introduces a cyclic delay full diversity sensing information coding transmission scheme for the security risks of wireless communication networks. We established a system simulation model to compare performance under different correlation coefficients. The study found that the total interference intensity in the cyclic delay diversity system is lower than that of the frequency division duplex and time division duplex. Its antijamming attack capability also becomes stronger accordingly.
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Sun, Jiangfeng, Zhisong Bie, Hongxia Bie, Pengfei He, and Machao Jin. "Secrecy Analysis of Cognitive Radio Networks over Generalized Fading Channels." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842012.
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At present, the fifth generation (5G) communication networks are in the time of large-scale deployment principally because its characteristics consists of large bandwidth, fast response, and high stability. As a partner of 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT) involves billions of devices around the world, which can make the wireless communication environment more intelligent and convenient. However, the problem that cannot be ignored is the physical layer security of 5G-IoT networks. Based on this, we perform a security analysis of cognitive radio networks (CRN) for IoT, where the CRN is the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) model experiencing κ-μ shadowed fading with multiple eavesdroppers. To analyze the confidentiality of the system under consideration, we analyze the security performance for the considered IoT systems with the help of the derived secure outage probability (SOP) and probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC). As a verification of the theoretical formula, Monte Carlo simulation is also provided. The results of great interest are the factors that can produce better security performance in high SNRs region which consist of smaller M, smaller k, and larger N, and larger μ, smaller IP, and smaller Rth.
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Jiao, Yan, and Inwhee Joe. "Markov Model-Based Energy Efficiency Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7695278.
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Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN), incorporating cognitive radio capability in wireless sensor networks, is a new paradigm of the next-generation sensor network. Sensor nodes are usually battery powered and hence have strict energy constraints. As a result, energy efficiency is also a very critical problem in the CRSN. In this paper, we focus on energy consumption because of spectrum sensing. Furthermore, we present an adaptive spectrum sensing time interval strategy, in which SUs can adjust the next spectrum sensing time interval according to the current spectrum sensing results (namely, channel status). In order to find an optimal spectrum sensing time interval, we introduce the Markov model. Then, we establish a Markov model-based mathematical modeling for analyzing the relationship between spectrum sensing time interval and prior spectrum sensing results. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy with dynamic adaptive spectrum sensing time interval exceededlisten before talk(LBT) strategy which is widely used for traditional wireless sensor networks.
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Arslan, Hüseyin, and Joseph Mitola. "Special Issue: Cognitive radio, software-defined radio, and adaptive wireless systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 7, no. 9 (2007): 1033–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.478.
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Li, Quanzhong, and Sai Zhao. "Robust Secure Beamforming Design for Cooperative Cognitive Radio Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (March 18, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526485.
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By the integration of cooperative cognitive radio (CR) and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), cooperative CR NOMA networks can improve the spectrum efficiency of wireless networks significantly. Due to the openness and exposure of wireless signals, secure communication is an important issue for cooperative CR NOMA networks. In this paper, we investigate the physical layer security design for cooperative CR NOMA networks. Our objective is to achieve maximum secrecy rate of the secondary user by designing optimal beamformers and artificial noise covariance matrix at the multiantenna secondary transmitter under the quality-of-service at the primary user and the transmit power constraint at the secondary transmitter. We consider the practical case that the channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdropper is imperfect, and we model the imperfect CSI by the worst-case model. We show that the robust secrecy rate maximization problem can be transformed to a series of semidefinite programmings based on S-procedure and rank-one relaxation. We also propose an effective method to recover the optimal rank-one solution. Simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of our proposed robust secure algorithm with comparison to the nonrobust secure design and traditional orthogonal multiple access schemes.
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Kumar, B. Naresh, and Jai Sukh Paul Singh. "Intelligence-based optimized cognitive radio routing for medical data transmission using IoT." AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering 6, no. 3 (2022): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2022014.
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<abstract> <p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered an effective wireless communication, where the main challenge is to manage energy efficiency, especially in cognitive networks. The data communication protocol is a broadly used approach in a wireless network based IoT. Cognitive Radio (CR) networks are mainly concentrated on battery-powered devices for highly utilizing the data regarding the spectrum and routing allocation, dynamic spectrum access, and spectrum sharing. Data aggregation and clustering are the best solutions for enhancing the energy efficiency of the network. Most researchers have focused on solving the problems related to Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) in terms of Spectrum allocation, Quality of Service (QoS) optimization, delay reduction, and so on. However, a very small amount of research work has focused on energy restriction problems by using the switching and channel sensing mechanism. As this energy validation is highly challenging due to dependencies on various factors like scheduling priority to the registered users, the data loss rate of unlicensed channels, and the possibilities of accessing licensed channels. Many IoT-based models involve energy-constrained devices and data aggregation along with certain optimization approaches for improving utilization. In this paper, the cognitive radio framework is developed for medical data transmission over the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) network. The energy-efficient cluster-based data transmission is done through cluster head selection using the hybrid optimization algorithm named Spreading Rate-based Coronavirus Herding-Grey Wolf Optimization (SR-CHGWO). The network lifetime is improved with a cognitive- routing based on IoT framework to enhance the efficiency of the data transmission through the multi-objective function. This multi-objective function is derived using constraints like energy, throughput, data rate, node power, and outage probability delay of the proposed framework. The simulation experiments show that the developed framework enhances the energy efficiency using the proposed algorithm when compared to the conventional techniques.</p> </abstract>
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Zhang, Zixuan, Bo Zhang, and Yunlong Wu. "Joint Communication–Motion Planning in Networked Robotic Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 6261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126261.
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In the recent decade, many research efforts in robotic society have considered motion planning for maintaining connectivity in networked robotic system (NRS) by exploiting robotic autonomous mobility. On the other hand, cognitive radio (CR) in the communication society aims at fully exploiting the spectrum in a wireless network, while the motion planning is seldom considered, as a wireless device itself may not decide where to go. In this article, joint communication–motion planning (JCMP) is proposed to boost the capability of NRS by exploiting both the adaptive communications and mobility control of autonomous robots. Specifically, we propose a JCMP framework for NRS, which aims at jointly exploiting the degree-of-freedom in mobility, space, time, frequency and power dimensions from both the motion and communication components. Afterward, we design and evaluate JCMP in a conventional and a CR-relay-assisted robot system, which shows the capability of JCMP in improving the performance of NRS. Finally, we summarize the proposed JCMP-enabled NRS framework and provide a series of future research directions.
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Lee, Kwang-Eog, Joon Goo Park, and Sang-Jo Yoo. "Intelligent Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Network: Planning, Learning and Dynamic Configuration." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030254.
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Cognitive radio (CR) is an adaptive radio technology that can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission parameters to improve the radio operating behavior. A CR ad-hoc network (CRAHN) should be able to coexist with primary user (PU) systems and other CR secondary systems without causing harmful interference to licensed PUs as well as dynamically configure autonomous and decentralized networks. Therefore, an intelligent system structure is required for efficient spectrum use. In this paper, we present a learning-based distributed autonomous CRAHN network system model for network planning, learning, and dynamic configuration. Based on the system model, we propose machine learning-based optimization algorithms for spectrum sensing, cluster-based ad-hoc network configuration, and context-aware signal classification. Using the sensing engine and the cognitive engine, the surrounding spectrum usage and the neighbor network operation status can be analyzed. The proposed policy engine can create network operation policies for the dynamically changing surrounding wireless environment, detect policy conflicts, and infer the optimal policy for the current situation. The decision engine finally determines and configures the optimal CRAHN configuration parameters through cooperation with a learning engine, in which we implement the proposed machine-learning algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed machine-learning CRAHN algorithms can construct CR cluster networks that have a long network lifetime and high spectrum utility. Additionally, with high signal context recognition performance, we can ensure coexistence with neighboring systems.
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Bani, Kavita, and Vaishali Kulkarni. "Hybrid Spectrum Sensing Using MD and ED for Cognitive Radio Networks." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 3 (July 21, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11030036.
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Day by day, the demand for wireless systems is increasing while the available spectrum resources are not sufficient. To fulfil the demand for wireless systems, the spectrum hole (spectrum vacant) should be found and utilised very effectively. Cognitive radio (CR) is a device which intelligently senses the spectrum through various spectrum-sensing detectors. Based on the complexity and licensed user’s information present with CR, the appropriate detector should be utilised for spectrum sensing. In this paper, a hybrid detector (HD) is proposed to determine the spectrum hole from the available spectrum resources. HD is designed based on an energy detector (ED) and matched detector (MD). Unlike a single detector such as ED or MD, HD can sense the signal more precisely. Here, HD can work on both conditions whether the primary user (PU) information is available or not. HD is analysed under heterogeneous environments with and without cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS). For CSS, four users were used to implement OR, AND, and majority schemes under low SNR walls. To design the HD, specifications were chosen based on the IEEE Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) 802.22 standard for accessing TV spectrum holes. For the HD model, we achieved the best results through OR rule. Under the low SNR circumstances at −20 dB SNR, the probability of detection (PD) is maximised to 1 and the probability of a false alarm (PFA) is reduced to 0 through the CSS environment.
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Rai, Prativa, Mrinal Kanti Ghose, and Hiren Kumar Deva Sarma. "Design of utility functions for game-based channel allocation in cognitive radio wireless sensor network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp1013-1023.
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Cognitive radio enabled wireless sensor network is capable of reducing the spectrum scarcity problem of the wireless networks. Looking at the scarcity of available bandwidth, and the high growth in the number of communication devices in recent times, cognitive radio technology has proven to be a promising technology for the days to come. The application of Game Theory in cognitive radio networks has been visible in recent research works. However, only limited literature is available in which possibilities of applying the game-theory based approaches for the challenging task of channel assignment in cognitive radio wireless sensor are available in the literature. It is understood that the crux of the solution to the problem of scheming games for allocation of the channel is centered on the selection of the utility function in order to increase the efficiency of the channel allocation algorithm. Accordingly, the study regarding the influence of several utility functions on the performance of the corresponding channel allocation algorithm is important. Such a study enables designers to arrive at the optimal utility function to be used in game-theory based channel allocation algorithms, and the same is explored to the best extent, in this paper. The detailed procedure of allocating channels to all the contending nodes through game-based channel allocation has been discussed in this paper. Moreover, the performance of six different utility functions proposed which can be used for channel allocation using game theory has been evaluated for respective performances through MATLAB-based simulations.
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Yawada, Prince Semba, and Mai Trung Dong. "Intelligent Process of Spectrum Handoff/Mobility in Cognitive Radio Networks." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2019 (March 13, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7692630.
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Cognitive radio is an innovative technology in the field of wireless communication systems, aimed at significantly improving the use of the radio spectrum while allowing secondary users to access the spectral band opportunistically. Spectrum management mechanism ensures the transmission of data by controlling the efficiency of operation between the primary and secondary networks. The main task of spectrum management is to ensure that secondary users benefit from the spectrum without interfering with primary users. This paper deals with some of the important characteristics of spectrum mobility in the cognitive radio networks. The new management approaches of the mobility and the connection are designed to reduce the latency and loss of information during spectrum handoff, a list of channel safeguard is maintained in this effect, but the maintenance and update are a challenge. In this paper, we describe the reasons and mechanisms of spectrum handoff. Protocols have been developed to illustrate this handoff mechanism. We also make a comparison between the different methods of spectrum handoff. The simulation results obtained confirm that the protocols developed and the proposed method performed better than the pure reactive handoff method.
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Sousa, Elvino S., Brian M. Sadler, Ekram Hossain, and Syed Ali Jafar. "Cognitive radio: A path in the evolution of public wireless networks." Journal of Communications and Networks 11, no. 2 (April 2009): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2009.6391384.
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Hernández, Johana, Danilo López, and Nelson Vera. "Primary user characterization for cognitive radio wireless networks using long short-term memory." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 11 (November 2018): 155014771881182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718811828.
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Cognitive radio is a paradigm that proposes managing the radio electric spectrum dynamically by integrating the spectrum sensing, decision-making, sharing, and mobility stages. In the decision-making stage, the best available channel is selected for transmitting secondary user data in an opportunistic fashion, and the success of that stage depends on the efficiency of the primary user characterization model. Use of the long short-term memory technique based on the deep learning concept is proposed in order to reduce the forecasting error present in the future estimation of primary users in the GSM and WiFi frequency bands. The results show that long short-term memory has the capacity needed to improve channel use forecasting significantly more than other methods such as multilayer perceptron neural networks, Bayesian networks, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS-Grid). It is concluded that although long short-term memory exhibits better performance generating forecasts for time series, computing complexity is higher due to the existence of input, forget, and output gates within the neural structure; therefore, implementation is feasible in cognitive radio networks based on centralized network topologies.
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Richard, E. Alwin. "Performance Analysis of OFDMA vs. NOMA in Cognitive Radio Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34751.
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Recent advancements in communication systems have resulted in a new class of multiple access schemes known as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), the primary goal of which is to increase spectrum efficiency by overlapping data from different users in a single time-frequency resource used by the physical layer. NOMA receivers can resolve interference between data symbols from various users, hence increasing throughput. Initially, the combination of SCMA and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is addressed, establishing a baseline for the overall SER performance of the multiple access strategy. Furthermore, this work suggests the merging of SCMA with generalised frequency division multiplexing (GFDM).GFDM is an intriguing possibility for future wireless communication systems since it is a very flexible non-orthogonal waveform that can imitate various different waveforms as corner cases. This research suggests two methods for integrating SCMA with GFDM.
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Salah, Ahmed, Heba M. Abdel-Atty, and Rawya Y. Rizk. "Joint Channel Assignment and Power Allocation Based on Maximum Concurrent Multicommodity Flow in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (July 10, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3545946.
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Emerging cognitive radio networking technology potentially provides a promising solution to the spectrum underutilization problem in wireless access. In this paper, a cross-layer routing for secondary multihop is studied in cognitive radio network operating in television white spaces. The framework considers a joint channel, power, and routing assignment under signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) constraints. The problem is formulated as a maximum concurrent multicommodity flow problem. The goal of conducting this research is to develop a new routing protocol for the secondary multihop cognitive radio network. Therefore, the objective of this paper focuses on maximizing a flow rate scaling factor. Moreover, the paper focuses on achieving multipath routing when it is possible under SINR constraints to utilize all possible unused channels efficiently. The numerical results proved the strength of the proposed algorithm in its routing ability under the physical model of SINR, in addition to the ability of using multipath routing if there are available free channels to be used in the cognitive communication paradigm.
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Martinez Alonso, Rodney, David Plets, Margot Deruyck, Luc Martens, Glauco Guillen Nieto, and Wout Joseph. "Dynamic Interference Optimization in Cognitive Radio Networks for Rural and Suburban Areas." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (May 9, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2850528.
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In this paper, we investigate the coexistence of cognitive radio networks on TV white spaces for rural and suburban connectivity. Although experimental models and laboratory measurements defined the maximum interference threshold for TV white space technologies for general use cases, our research found that in real wireless rural and suburban scenarios, severe interference to the broadcasting services might occur. This is particularly relevant when the traffic load of the telecom base stations (BSs) exceeds 80% of their maximum capacity. We propose a dynamic management algorithm for minimizing the interference, based on a centralized access control architecture for cognitive radio wireless networks. In an experimental emulation for assessing the impact of cognitive radio interference on the broadcasting service’s QoE, our method reduced the perceived video distortion by the broadcasting users by at least 50% and 27.5% in a rural and suburban scenario, respectively, while the spectrum usage is increased by just 8%.
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Balieiro, Andson, Marcos Falcão, and Kelvin Dias. "An Evolutionary Scheme for Secondary Virtual Networks Mapping onto Cognitive Radio Substrate." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (March 21, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1872765.
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The Fifth Generation (5G) of wireless communication is envisioned to comprise heterogeneous applications, different radio access technologies (RATs), and a large demand for mobile traffic. In this respect, Wireless Virtualization (WV) and Cognitive Radio (CR) are put forward as 5G enablers for providing additional spectrum resources through dynamic spectrum access (DSA) techniques, besides dealing with heterogeneity with no hardware modification. By empowering the synergy between CR and WV, we visualize an environment denoted as Cognitive Radio Virtual Networks Environment (CRVNE) that encompasses VWNs with different access priorities, called Primary Virtual Networks (PVNs) and Secondary Virtual Networks (SVNs) that may be deployed in an overlay manner. In this scenario, the SVNs users (SUs) access the resources opportunistically, which naturally raises challenges towards the SVN mapping. In this paper, we revisit our previous letter that models the interactions between PUs and SUs in a CRVNE and analyzes a proposed formulation for collision probability during the SVN mapping process. The current work is pioneer as it presents a comprehensive approach to the SVNs mapping problem; models, validates, and analyzes additional performance metrics such as SU blocking and SU dropping probabilities and joint utilization; formulates the SVNs mapping as a multiobjective problem; and proposes an evolutionary scheme based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to solve it. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the alternative method in terms of collision, SU dropping, SU blocking probabilities, and joint utilization under different primary and secondary loads.
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Zhai, Linbo, and Hua Wang. "Crowdsensing Task Assignment Based on Particle Swarm Optimization in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4687974.
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Cognitive radio technology allows unlicensed users to utilize licensed wireless spectrum if the wireless spectrum is unused by licensed users. Therefore, spectrum sensing should be carried out before unlicensed users access the wireless spectrum. Since mobile terminals such as smartphones are more and more intelligent, they can sense the wireless spectrum. The method that spectrum sensing task is assigned to mobile intelligent terminals is called crowdsourcing. For a large-scale region, we propose the crowdsourcing paradigm to assign mobile users the spectrum sensing task. The sensing task assignment is influenced by some factors including remaining energy, locations, and costs of mobile terminals. Considering these constraints, we design a precise sensing effect function with a local constraint and aim to maximize this sensing effect to address crowdsensing task assignment. The problem of crowdsensing task assignment is difficult to solve since we prove that it is NP-hard. We design an optimal algorithm based on particle swarm optimization to solve this problem. Simulation results show our algorithm achieves higher performance than the other algorithms.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Pin-Han Ho, Alexander Wong, and Limei Peng. "Cognitive-Empowered Femtocells: An Intelligent Paradigm for Femtocell Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (June 20, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3132424.
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Deploying femtocells has been taken as an effective solution for removing coverage holes and improving wireless service performance in 3G-beyond wireless networks such as WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE). This article investigates a novel framework of dynamic spectrum management for femtocell networks, called cognitive-empowered femtocells (CEF), aiming at mitigating both cross-tier and intratier interferences with minimum modifications required on the corresponding macrocell network. With the proposed framework, each CEF base station (BS) and the femtocell users can utilize spatiotemporally available radio resources for the access traffic. We conclude that the proposed CEF framework can effectively complement the existing femtocell design and serve as a value-added feature to the state-of-the-art femtocell technologies, while achieving high scalability and interoperability by minimizing the required modifications on the macrocell protocol design.
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Al-Medhwahi, Mohammed, Fazirulhisyam Hashim, Borhanuddin Mohd Ali, and A. Sali. "Impact of Packet Size in Adaptive Cognitive Radio Sensor Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (December 9, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3051204.
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A cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is a solution that enables sensor nodes to opportunistically access licensed radio channels. Data transmitted over a network are divided into packets. In machine-to-machine communication, which is a heterogeneous nature of wireless networks, small-size packets are the common form of traffic. Due to the nature of CRSNs, small data packets will not allow a balance between optimal performance of the network and fulfilling the secondary network obligations towards the primary network in terms of interference. Either interference or channel’s underutilization would result from employing data packets of inadequate size. In this paper, the appropriate packet size for adaptive CRSN is investigated by examining the performances of small, medium, and large packet size. In contrast to the trends of exploiting small packets of sizes up to 128 bytes, this study demonstrates that medium-size packets are more appropriate to yield the best performance in CRSNs. Simulation results show that packets of size 375 bytes outperform smaller and larger packets in many CRSN protocols. The induced delay that is partially caused by interference is decreased at the same time the channels are efficiently utilized.
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Srivastava, Vikas, Parulpreet Singh, and Praveen Srivastava. "Advancement of Full-Duplex Cognitive Radio Network: A Review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012061.
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Abstract Communication systems, with various pervasive applications, have become a crucial piece of day to day lives. Wireless systems request an ever-increasing number of phantom assets to help with the regularly expanding quantities of clients. As indicated, the present crunch can be fulfilled by use of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). At a given time, secondary users (SUs) in half-duplex (HD) CRNs can either transmit or detect the signal range. This activity confines the secondary users’ throughput because the secondary user cannot transmit during range detection. With advancement in self-interference separation (SIS) technique, full-duplex (FD) CRNconsider synchronous range detection and transmission at a given time on any channel. This FD activity builds throughput and diminishes crashes as compared to HD-CRNs. This paper presents a complete review of FD-CRN correspondences. This paper spread the supporting system models and transmitted and received radio wire structures. This paper describes various SIS approaches in FD-CRNs. Here, authors discuss range detection methods and security requirements for FD-CRNs and review significant advancement in full-duplex medium access control (FD-MAC) conventions as open issues, difficulties, and future research bearings to help FD activity in CRNs.
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Kryk, Michał, Krzysztof Malon, and Jan M. Kelner. "Propagation Attenuation Maps Based on Parabolic Equation Method." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114063.
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Modern wireless communication systems use various technological solutions to increase the efficiency of created radio networks. This efficiency also applies to radio resources. Currently, the utilization of a radio environment map (REM) is one of the directions allowing to improve radio resource management. The REM is increasingly used in emerging mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), in particular military tactical networks. In this case, the use of new technologies such as software-defined radio and network, cognitive radio, radio sensing, and building electromagnetic situational awareness made it possible to implement REM in tactical MANETs. Propagation attenuation maps (PAMs) are crucial REM elements that allow for determining the ranges of radio network nodes. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for PAM based on a parabolic equation method (PEM). The PEM allows determining the signal attenuation along the assumed propagation direction. In this case, we consider terrain topography to obtain a more realistic analysis. Then, we average the adjacent attenuation profiles defined for the selected directions in places where attenuation has not been calculated. To this aim, linear regression is applied. Finally, we define several metrics that allow for the accuracy assessment of determining the PAM as a function of its dimensions.
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Guo, Wenxuan, and Xinming Huang. "Distributed cross-layer optimization for wireless regional area network-based cognitive radio networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 13, no. 9 (May 19, 2011): 884–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.1148.
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Sharma, Rajesh K., Anastasia Lavrenko, Dirk Kolb, and Reiner S. Thomä. "Cognitive Scout Node for Communication in Disaster Scenarios." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/160327.
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The cognitive radio (CR) concept has appeared as a promising technology to cope with the spectrum scarcity caused by increased spectrum demand due to the emergence of new applications. CR can be an appropriate mean to establish self-organization and situation awareness at the radio interface, which is highly desired to manage unexpected situations that may happen in a disaster scenario. The scout node proposed in this paper is an extended concept based on a powerful CR node in a heterogeneous nodes environment which takes a leading role for highly flexible, fast, and robust establishment of cooperative wireless links in a disaster situation. This node should have two components: one is a passive sensor unit that collects and stores the technical knowledge about the electromagnetic environment in a data processing unit so-called “radio environment map” in the form of a dynamically updated database, and other is an active transceiver unit which can automatically be configured either as a secondary node for opportunistic communication or as a cooperative base station or access point for primary network in emergency communications. Scout solution can be viable by taking advantage of the technologies used by existing radio surveillance systems in the context of CR.
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Thomas Hou, Y., Alexander M. Wyglinski, Maziar Nekovee, Honggang Zhang, Rajarathnam Chandramouli, and Frederick Martin. "Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications." Mobile Networks and Applications 13, no. 5 (June 18, 2008): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-008-0077-x.
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Alvi, Shakeel, Riaz Hussain, Qadeer Hasan, and Shahzad Malik. "Improved Buffer-Aided Multi-Hop Relaying with Reduced Outage and Packet Delay in Cognitive Radio Networks." Electronics 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080895.
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Cognitive radio networks have emerged to exploit optimally the scarcely-available radio spectrum resources to enable evolving 5G wireless communication systems. These networks tend to cater to the ever-increasing demands of higher data rates, lower latencies and ubiquitous coverage. By using the buffer-aided cooperative relaying, a cognitive radio network can enhance both the spectral efficiency and the range of the network; although, this could incur additional end-to-end delays. To mitigate this possible limitation of the buffer-aided relaying in the underlay cognitive network, a virtual duplex multi-hop scheme, referred as buffer-aided multi-hop relaying, is proposed, which improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delays while keeping the outage probability to a minimum as well. This scheme simultaneously takes into account the inter-relay interference and the interference to the primary network. The proposed scheme is modeled as a Markov chain, and Monte Carlo simulations under various scenarios are conducted to evaluate several key performance metrics such as throughput, outage probability, and average packet delay. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms many non-buffer-aided relaying schemes in terms of outage performance. When compared with other buffer-aided relaying schemes such as max-max, max-link, and buffer-aided relay selection with reduced packet delay, the proposed scheme demonstrated better interference mitigation without compromising the delay performance as well.
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Silva, Francisco S. S., Andson M. Balieiro, Francisco F. de Mendoça, Kelvin L. Dias, and Paulo Guarda. "A Conformance Testing Methodology and System for Cognitive Radios." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (January 29, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8869104.
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The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks has started its operation in some countries and is aimed at meeting demands beyond the current system capabilities such as the huge amount of connected devices from IoT applications (e.g., smart cities), explosive growth of high-speed mobile data traffic (e.g., ultrahigh definition video streaming), and ultrareliable and low latency communication (e.g., autonomous vehicle). To attend to these needs, the electromagnetic spectrum must be made available, but the static spectrum allocation policy has caused a spectrum shortage and impaired the employment/expansion of the wireless systems. To overcome this issue, the dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been promoted in 5G/6G networks, which is enabled by the cognitive radio (CR) technology. Although diverse mechanisms have been developed to tackle the challenges that emerge in different CR layers/functionalities, a standardized testing methodology and system for CR is still immature. Existing standards or methodologies and systems for CR only focus on the definition of network technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af), performance evaluation of CR algorithms/mechanisms, or definition of the device cognition level via performance results or psychometric approaches, not covering systems/methodologies to verify if the device meets the CR capabilities and regulatory policies, neglecting the conformance testing. In this respect, this paper proposes a flexible methodology and system for CR conformance testing under two perspectives, functionalities and limits. We instantiate it by using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radio platform and present a proof-of-concept with a conformance metric. The results show the feasibility of our proposal.
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Luo, Jianjun, Ming Li, and Xin Ning. "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in Cognitive Wireless-Powered Hybrid Active-Passive Communications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 18, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8063190.
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Integrating hybrid active-passive communications into cognitive radio can achieve a spectrum- and energy-efficiency information transmission, while the resource allocation has not been well studied particularly for the network with multiple secondary users (also termed as the Internet of Things (IoT) users). In this article, we formulate an optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency of all the IoT nodes in a cognitive wireless-powered hybrid active-passive communication network by taking the interference from the IoT node to the primary link, the energy causality constraint, and the minimum throughput constraint per IoT node. By using the Dinkelbach method and introducing auxiliary variables, we devise an iterative algorithm to optimally solve the formulated problem. Computer simulations are provided to validate the quick convergence of the iterative algorithm and the advantages of the proposed scheme in terms of the energy efficiency.
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Qamar, Faizan, Maraj Uddin Ahmed Siddiqui, MHD Nour Hindia, Rosilah Hassan, and Quang Ngoc Nguyen. "Issues, Challenges, and Research Trends in Spectrum Management: A Comprehensive Overview and New Vision for Designing 6G Networks." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091416.
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With an extensive growth in user demand for high throughput, large capacity, and low latency, the ongoing deployment of Fifth-Generation (5G) systems is continuously exposing the inherent limitations of the system, as compared with its original premises. Such limitations are encouraging researchers worldwide to focus on next-generation 6G wireless systems, which are expected to address the constraints. To meet the above demands, future radio network architecture should be effectively designed to utilize its maximum radio spectrum capacity. It must simultaneously utilize various new techniques and technologies, such as Carrier Aggregation (CA), Cognitive Radio (CR), and small cell-based Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet), high-spectrum access (mmWave), and Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (M-MIMO), to achieve the desired results. However, the concurrent operations of these techniques in current 5G cellular networks create several spectrum management issues; thus, a comprehensive overview of these emerging technologies is presented in detail in this study. Then, the problems involved in the concurrent operations of various technologies for the spectrum management of the current 5G network are highlighted. The study aims to provide a detailed review of cooperative communication among all the techniques and potential problems associated with the spectrum management that has been addressed with the possible solutions proposed by the latest researches. Future research challenges are also discussed to highlight the necessary steps that can help achieve the desired objectives for designing 6G wireless networks.
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Nalapko, Oleksii, Oleg Sova, Andrii Shyshatskyi, Nadiia Protas, Serhii Kravchenko, Andriy Solomakha, Yevhenii Neroznak, Oleksandr Gaman, Dmytro Merkotan, and Hennadii Miahkykh. "Analysis of methods for increasing the efficiency of dynamic routing protocols in telecommunication networks with the possibility of self-organization." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 2(61) (September 23, 2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.239096.
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The object of research is the military radio communication system. Effective operation of routing protocols is possible only if there is reliable information about the network topology for network nodes, given that the mobility of individual nodes is insignificant in special purpose wireless networks. Because nodes in the network demonstrate the mobility property of the node groups. This paper solves the problem of the analysis (decomposition) of methods of protocols efficiency increase of dynamic routing in telecommunication networks with a possibility to self-organization. In the course of the research, the authors used the main provisions of the queuing theory, the theory of automation, the theory of complex technical systems and general scientific methods of cognition, namely analysis and synthesis. This research analyzes various methods to increase the efficiency of dynamic routing protocols. Energy efficiency methods focus on three main components in energy management: battery management, transmission energy management and system energy management methods. Reliable multicast has become indispensable for the successful deployment of special purpose wireless networks, such as in tactical military operations and emergency operations. The results of the research will be useful in: – development of new routing algorithms; – substantiation of recommendations for improving the efficiency of the route selection process in networks with the possibility of self-organization; – analysis of the electronic situation during hostilities (operations); – while creating promising technologies to increase the efficiency of mobile radio networks. Areas of further research will focus on the development of a methodology for the operational management of interference protection of intelligent military radio communication systems.
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Xin, Chunsheng, Liangping Ma, and Chien-Chung Shen. "A Path-Centric Channel Assignment Framework for Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks." Mobile Networks and Applications 13, no. 5 (July 8, 2008): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-008-0084-y.
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Mohanakurup, Vinodkumar, Vishwadeepak Singh Baghela, Sarvesh Kumar, Prabhat Kumar Srivastava, Nitika Vats Doohan, Mukesh Soni, and Halifa Awal. "5G Cognitive Radio Networks Using Reliable Hybrid Deep Learning Based on Spectrum Sensing." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 11, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1830497.
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Spectrum sensing is critical in allowing the cognitive radio network, which will be used in the next generation of wireless communication systems. Several approaches, including cyclostationary process, energy detectors, and matching filters, have been suggested over the course of several decades. These strategies, on the other hand, have a number of disadvantages. Energy detectors have poor performance when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is changing, cyclostationary detectors are very complicated, and matching filters need previous knowledge of the main user (PU) signals. Additionally, these strategies rely on thresholds under particular signal-noise model assumptions in addition to the thresholds, and as a result, the detection effectiveness of these techniques is wholly dependent on the accuracy of the sensor. In this way, one of the most sought-after difficulties among wireless researchers continues to be the development of a reliable and intelligent spectrum sensing technology. In contrast, multilayer learning models are not ideal for dealing with time-series data because of the large computational cost and high rate of misclassification associated with them. For this reason, the authors propose a hybrid combination of long short-term memory (LSTM) and extreme learning machines (ELM) to learn temporal features from spectral data and to exploit other environmental activity statistics such as energy, distance, and duty cycle duration for the improvement of sensing performance. The suggested system has been tested on a Raspberry Pi Model B+ and the GNU-radio experimental testbed, among other platforms.
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Wang, Hui, Jian Dong, Kun Tang, and Heyuan Shi. "Outage Performance Analysis of NOMA in Wireless Powered Cognitive Radio Networks with AF and DF Relaying Techniques." Entropy 23, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23111463.
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Improving spectral efficiency under a certain energy limitation is an important design metric for future wireless communications as a response to the growing transmission demand of wireless devices. In order to improve spectral efficiency for communication systems without increasing energy consumption, this paper considers a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)–based cognitive radio network, with the assistance of a wireless-powered relay station (RS), and then analyzes the system outage performance under amplified-and-forward (AF) and decoded-and-forward (DF) cooperative transmission modes. Specifically, the base station (BS) has the opportunity to cooperate by transmitting information through the RS, depending on whether the RS can harvest sufficient RF energy for cooperative transmission. That is to say, when the energy stored by the RS is sufficient for cooperative transmission, the RS will assist the BS to forward information; otherwise, the BS will send information through direct links, while the RS converts the radio frequency (RF) signals sent by the BS into energy for future transmission. Moreover, the transmission power required by the RS for cooperative transmission is usually relatively large, while the amount of harvested energy by the RS in a transmission slot is usually low, so it takes several consecutive time slots to accumulate enough transmission energy. To this end, we utilize a discrete-time Markov chain to describe the processes of charging and discharging of the RS. Subsequently, we derive the closed-form outage probabilities of both the primary and secondary systems for the considered system in AF and DF modes through mathematical analysis, and verify the accuracy of the analyses through Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results show that the two proposed cooperative transmission schemes with AF and DF relaying techniques outperform both direct transmission and other similar schemes in both the primary and secondary system, while the DF scheme can provide better performance than the AF scheme within the range of setting values.
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Besher, Kedir Mamo, Juan-Ivan Nieto-Hipolito, Mabel Vazquez Briseno, and Raymundo Buenrostro Mariscal. "SenPUI: Solutions for Sensing and Primary User Interference in Cognitive Radio Implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (March 24, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2405141.
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After an introduction of cognitive radio (CR) technology in communication, the hot research topics are sensing, Primary User Interference (PUI), spectrum management, security, spectrum sharing, and environmental sensing. Among the listed, sensing and Primary User Interference are the bold ones. The base query for these two problems lays finding a means for which and what channel at a particular time is available and avoiding interference with Primary Users (PU). This article presents a novel cognitive radio algorithm called SenPUI for both mentioned main challenges, sensing and PUI. First, energy scan during the inactive portion of communication which is dynamic is done. Second, application packet based primary user identification for PUI avoidance is proposed as base solution. Both techniques described in this work are implemented and resulted in a significant reduction of the target problems estimated around 10-30% reduction in average. Main limitations of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) such as memory, battery lifetime, and size are considered during the design and implementation of our solutions.
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Wu, Fahui, Lin Xiao, Dingcheng Yang, Laurie Cuthbert, and Xiaoping Liu. "Transceiver Design and Power Allocation for SWIPT in MIMO Cognitive Radio Systems." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2018): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110647.
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In this paper, we consider a symmetric wireless communication network, i.e., each user is equipped with the same number of antennas. Specifically, this paper studies simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in a K-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cognitive radio network where the secondary users (SUs) access the same frequency band as the pre-existing primary user (PU) without generating any interference. The transceivers and power splitting ratio are designed and power allocation is considered in our system model. To guarantee the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and harvested energy requirement of the PU, its optimal transceiver and minimal transmitted power are obtained by the technique of semi-definite relaxation (SDR). We design the beamformers of the SUs using the distance between the interference subspaces at the PU and the null space of PU’s desired signal to preserve the PU from the interference caused by the SUs. We aim to maximize the sum rate of all the SUs by jointly designing power splitting ratios and allocating transmission power. Furthermore, to consider the performance fairness of SUs, we propose another approach to maximize the minimum SINR of the SUs. Finally, numerical results are given to evaluate the performance of proposed approaches.
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Khan, Muhammad Sajjad, Junsu Kim, Eung Hyuk Lee, and Su Min Kim. "An Efficient Contention-Window Based Reporting for Internet of Things Features in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (August 18, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8475020.
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Internet of things (IoT) is a new challenging paradigm for connecting heterogeneous networks. However, an explosive increase in the number of IoT cognitive users requires a mass of sensing reporting; thus, it increases complexity of the system. Moreover, bandwidth utilization, reporting time, and communication overhead arise. To realize spectrum sensing, how to collect sensing results by reducing the communication overhead and the reporting time is a problem of major concern in future wireless networks. On the other hand, cognitive radio is a promising technology to access the spectrum opportunistically. In this paper, we propose a contention-window based reporting approach with a sequential fusion mechanism. The proposed reporting scheme reduces the reporting time and the communication overhead by collecting sensing results from the secondary users with the highest reliability at a fusion center by utilizing Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. The fusion center broadcasts the sensing results once a global decision requirement is satisfied. Through simulations, we evaluate the proposed scheme in terms of percentage of the number of reporting secondary users, error probability, percentage of reporting, and spectral efficiency. As a result, it is shown that the proposed scheme is more effective than a conventional order-less sequential reporting scheme.
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Tang, Kun, Ronghua Shi, Heyuan Shi, Md Zakirul Alam Bhuiyan, and Entao Luo. "Secure beamforming for cognitive cyber-physical systems based on cognitive radio with wireless energy harvesting." Ad Hoc Networks 81 (December 2018): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.07.013.
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Oliveira, Guilherme, Evelio Fernández, Samuel Mafra, Samuel Montejo-Sánchez, and César Azurdia-Meza. "Optimal Improper Gaussian Signaling for Physical Layer Security in Cognitive Radio Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (December 25, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9065856.
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The next generations of wireless communications are expected to have great demand for security and spectrum efficiency, and the current secrecy solutions may not be enough. In this paper we propose an optimization framework to address the physical layer security in cognitive radio networks when the secondary users employ improper Gaussian signaling. We resort to genetic algorithms to find optimal values of the secondary transmit power and the degree of impropriety, simultaneously. Then, two different problems regarding the system performance are solved: minimizing the secrecy outage probability and maximizing the secondary achievable rate. In both problems we evaluate, besides the secrecy outage probability, the effective secure throughput and the secure energy efficiency of the system as well. The results show that the secondary network using improper signaling outperforms conventional proper signaling in terms of secrecy outage probability and the effective secure throughput, while in terms of the secure energy efficiency, adopting proper signals attains better performance than improper ones.