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1

Ali, Wisam Hasan, Amnah Abas Kareem, and Manal Jasim. "Survey on Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v3n2y2019.pp42-47.

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Indoor positioning has finally testified a rise in interest, thanks to the big selection of services it is provided, and ubiquitous connectivity. There are currently many systems that can locate a person, be it wireless or by mobile phone and the most common systems in outdoor environments is the GPS, the most common in indoor environments is Wi-Fi positioning technique positioning. The improvement of positioning systems in indoor environments is desirable in many areas as it provides important facilities and services, such as airports, universities, factories, hospitals, and shopping malls. This paper provides an overview of the existing methods based on wireless indoor positioning technique. We focus in this survey on the strengths of these systems mentioned in the literature discordant with the present surveys; we also assess to additionally measure various systems from the scene of energy efficiency, price, and following accuracy instead of comparing the technologies, we also to additionally discuss residual challenges to correct indoor positioning.
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Bai, Lu, Chenglie Du, and Jinchao Chen. "Weighted K-nearest Neighbor Fast Localization Algorithm Based on RSSI for Wireless Sensor Systems." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666191024170807.

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Background: Wireless positioning is one of the most important technologies for realtime applications in wireless sensor systems. This paper mainly studies the indoor wireless positioning algorithm of robots. Methods: The application of the K-nearest neighbor algorithm in Wi-Fi positioning is studied by analyzing the Wi-Fi fingerprint location algorithm based on Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm in Wi-Fi positioning. The KNN algorithm is computationally intensive and time-consuming. Results: In order to improve the positioning efficiency, improve the positioning accuracy and reduce the computation time, a fast weighted K-neighbor correlation algorithm based on RSSI is proposed based on the K-Means algorithm. Thereby achieving the purpose of reducing the calculation time, quickly estimating the position distance, and improving the positioning accuracy. Conclusion: Simulation analysis shows that the algorithm can effectively shorten the positioning time and improve the positioning efficiency in robot Wi-Fi positioning.
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Liu, Hui, Houshang Darabi, Pat Banerjee, and Jing Liu. "Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 37, no. 6 (November 2007): 1067–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmcc.2007.905750.

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Seok, Keun Young, Jong Yeol Ryu, and Jung Hoon Lee. "Risk-Aware Wireless Positioning in Maritime Environment." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102107.

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The evolution of wireless communications systems has promoted various applications that require user positions in various environments including indoor, maritime and aerial environments. This progress has also brought advanced wireless location tracking (i.e., positioning) schemes for many purposes such as military, accident prevention and facility management. In this paper, we propose a risk-aware wireless positioning scheme, where the position information is required for safety. Especially for the maritime environment, we model the risk of the user at each position as a function of location accuracy, geometry, ocean current speed and so forth. Considering the power budget of each user, we optimize the user’s wireless positioning signal frequency (i.e., the positioning signal broadcasting rate) at each position so that our positioning scheme can minimize the average risk for each user.
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Du, Lei, Nan Liu, Rui Fang, Nan Li, and Xiang Hui Song. "A Cooperative Positioning Scheme Based on Beam-Forming for Intelligent Transportation Systems." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 3255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.3255.

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Cooperative positioning (CP) originating in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is expected to enhance the accuracy of real-time positioning by exchanging location related information in vehicular network via wireless communication. A novel CP system based on beam-forming for vehicular networks is proposed by this work. Its application includes several roadside units equipped with a kind of transceiver based on an special dual-transmitter outphasing architecture which are utilized to broadcast the spatial directivity and correct receive angle information to vehicles with onboard wireless communication units in desired areas. The goal of enhancement positioning via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication can be acquired by a data fusion means based on the extended Kalman filter when GNSS is available and a cooperative solution based on the least-squares method under the condition that the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is available respectively. The main process of positioning and all the key technical points of the system's application are modeled and analyzed mathematically. And the results of computer simulation confirm the technical practicability for the proposed method.
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Duque Domingo, Jaime, Carlos Cerrada, Enrique Valero, and J. A. Cerrada. "Indoor Positioning System Using Depth Maps and Wireless Networks." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2107872.

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This work presents a newIndoor Positioning System(IPS) based on the combination ofWiFi Positioning System(WPS) anddepth maps, for estimating the location of people. The combination of both technologies improves the efficiency of existing methods, based uniquely on wireless positioning techniques. While other positioning systems force users to wear special devices, the system proposed in this paper just requires the use ofsmartphones, besides the installation of RGB-D sensors in the sensing area. Furthermore, the system is not intrusive, being not necessary to know people’s identity. The paper exposes the method developed for putting together and exploiting both types of sensory information with positioning purposes: the measurements of the level of the signal received from different access points (APs) of the wireless network and thedepth mapsprovided by the RGB-D cameras. The obtained results show a significant improvement in terms of positioning with respect to common WiFi-based systems.
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Gilski, Przemysław, and Jacek Stefański. "Survey of Radio Navigation Systems." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2015-0006.

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Abstract At present, there is a growing demand for radio navigation systems, ranging from pedestrian navigation to consumer behavior analysis. These systems have been successfully used in many applications and have become very popular in recent years. In this paper we present a review of selected wireless positioning solutions operating in both indoor and outdoor environments. We describe different positioning techniques, methods, systems, as well as information processing mechanisms
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Fu, Pei Hua, and An Ding Zhu. "A High Speed Stacker Regulating Algorithm Based on Wireless Sensor Network." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1256.

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An indoor positioning technique combined with wireless sensor network, RFID and photoelectric sensor is introduced into high speed stacker positioning and speed regulating systems. Compared to high precision retroreflective laser ranging sensors, the combined positioning technique can provide absolute addressing with low cost to speed up stackers. An optimization of frequency conversion motor with absolute addressing can increase improve turnover rate and reduce energy consumption of AS/RS systems.
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Cai, Wen Yang, and Gao Yong Luo. "Autocorrelation Phase Measurement of Spread Spectrum Signal for High Precision Indoor Microwave Positioning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.31.

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The increasing demand for high precision indoor positioning in many public services has urged research to implement cost-effective systems for a rising number of applications. However, current systems with either short-range positioning technology based on wireless local area networks (WLAN) and ZigBee achieving meter-level accuracy, or ultra-wide band (UWB) and 60 GHz communication technology achieving high precision but with high cost required, could not meet the need of indoor wireless positioning. This paper presents a new method of high precision indoor positioning by autocorrelation phase measurement of spread spectrum signal utilizing carrier frequency lower than 1 GHz, thereby decreasing power emission and hardware cost. The phase measurement is more sensitive to the distance of microwave transmission than timing, thus achieving higher positioning accuracy. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed positioning method can achieve high precision of less than 1 centimeter decreasing when various noise and interference added.
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Alaydrus, Mudrik, and Thomas Eibert. "Effects of Antenna Characteristics in RFID Systems for Positioning Purposes." Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v1i1.247.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless system designed to identify the presence of objects attached by tags. In recent times, RFID is also used for positioning purposes. We show a scenario of wireless propagation observed by eight antennas with different polarization located in different positions. In this way, the antenna characteristics, i.e. the polarization and diagram radiation of the antennas will play a significant role in producing electromagnetic field in the region. In this work we will use the fingerprinting procedure, with this we produce some data bases containing the electric field received by RFID readers if we located the RFID tag in certain position in region of interest. In this work, two cost functions are proposed, which are to be minimized for determining the position of the tag.
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Lei, Pengyu, Zhitian Li, Bo Xue, Haifeng Zhang, and Xudong Zou. "Hybsync: Nanosecond Wireless Position and Clock Synchronization Based on UWB Communication with Multisensors." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9920567.

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PNT (positioning, navigation, and timing) is the core functional part of kinds of wireless sensor network, which can provide high-precision timing and positioning services for cooperative work systems. Unfortunately, the mature wireless PNT schemes are generally based on GNSS and other auxiliary sources to complete the high accuracy synchronization process, which cannot be applied to GNSS degraded and denied environments such as mines, underground application. In order to solve the application problem of high-precision wireless PNT, Hybsync—a novel non-GNSS-aided wireless PNT architecture, is proposed in this paper, which integrates the information from the UWB communication, inertial sensor, and camera to achieve great PNT performance. Hybsync improves the accuracy of time deviation measurement by collecting and recording timestamps in hardware layer, and with the coarse/fine synchronization two-phase calibration, Hybsync greatly improves the accuracy of time deviation adjustment, thus providing accurate time information for the whole system. Besides, Hybsync uses the VINS framework to further integrate the real-time information of IMU and camera to complete the multinode positioning service. Under the premise that the cost is much lower than existing solutions, Hybsync can provide nanosecond-level clock synchronization and centimeter-level positioning. Experiments prove that Hybsync supports high-precision clock synchronization and positioning of more than 10 nodes; the maximum clock synchronization error is 3 ns, and the positioning error is 7 cm. It can provide accurate time and position services for cooperative work systems under complex and GNSS-denied conditions.
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12

Maneerat, Kriangkrai, and Kamol Kaemarungsi. "Robust System Design Using BILP for Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems." Mobile Information Systems 2018 (March 25, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4198504.

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In wireless indoor positioning system designs, reference node (RN) failures during the online phase cause received signal strength values to be unavailable. This leads to accuracy performance degradation and a lack of system reliability in smart office systems. Moreover, the major design concern in the reliability of indoor positioning systems under the faulty RNs during the online phase has not been yet investigated in previous works. To address these gaps, we propose a novel mathematical formulation using a Binary Integer Linear Programming (BILP) approach that employs the Simulated Annealing (SA) solution technique. The proposed robust system design aims to put in place a suitable number of RNs and to determine their optimum locations, which may be located on a single floor or on multiple floors. In particular, the proposed system design provisions to support robust operation both during a normal situation and when there are some RN failures. Experimental results and comparative performance evaluation revealed that the proposed robust system design outperformed other system designs and was able to achieve the highest location accuracy performance in both fault-free and RN-failure scenarios. Specifically, when nine of the RNs in a three-story building failed, the proposed system design achieved 84.6%, 54.7%, and 32.9% more accurate performance than the Uniform, the MSMR, and the PhI-Uni, respectively.
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13

Yin, Lu, Jiameng Cao, Kaiqin Lin, Zhongliang Deng, and Qiang Ni. "A Novel Positioning-Communication Integrated Signal in Wireless Communication Systems." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 8, no. 5 (October 2019): 1353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2019.2917670.

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14

Gu, Yanying, Anthony Lo, and Ignas Niemegeers. "A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 11, no. 1 (2009): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/surv.2009.090103.

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15

Gim, Joonseong, Jong-Kyun Hong, and Sang-Sun Lee. "Error Minimization Algorithm Using Barycentric Coordinates for Wireless Positioning Systems." Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences 7, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/070516.

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16

Zhang, Jinxi, Wenying Zhu, Xueying Wu, and Tianshan Ma. "Traffic Information Collection Using Wireless Sensor Network Positioning Technology." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 3, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6156258.

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The wireless sensor network integrates sensor technology, microelectromechanical technology, distributed information processing technology, and wireless communication technology. In order to solve this problem, this paper designs and proposes an anchor node self-location algorithm. Aiming at the positioning accuracy of wireless sensor network nodes, this paper proposes an improved algorithm for sensor network node positioning that uses error correction methods to reduce accumulated distance errors and positioning errors. In this paper, the designed routing algorithm is simulated and implemented, and the performance of the routing algorithm is evaluated based on different network topologies. From the analysis results, compared with the existing typical routing algorithms, the routing algorithms designed in this paper can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the network and prolong the lifetime of the network. The core of the algorithm is to integrate the known and available information of the system to locate unknown anchor nodes. This greatly reduces the number of anchor nodes whose initial position information is required by the system, and under the condition of less impact on the positioning accuracy of the system, the cost of the system is reduced and the scope of application of the system is improved. This paper has deeply studied the positioning and tracking problems in wireless sensor networks, including node positioning, biochemical gas source positioning, and target tracking, and designed and developed a platform for positioning and tracking application research to lay the foundation for further application research. In the study of the above problems, new methods of positioning and tracking with theoretical and practical value are proposed for different practical application scenarios, and the performance is verified and evaluated through computer simulation.
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17

Young, Darrin J. "Micromachining for rf Communications." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 4 (April 2001): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.74.

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The increasing demand for wireless communication applications, such as cellular and cordless telephones, wireless data networks, and global positioning systems, motivates a growing interest in building miniature radio transceivers that can support multistandard capabilities. Such transceivers will greatly enhance the convenience and accessibility of various wireless services.
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18

Khudhair, Ahmed Azeez, Saba Qasim Jabbar, Mohammed Qasim Sulttan, and Desheng Wang. "Wireless Indoor Localization Systems and Techniques: Survey and Comparative Study." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v3.i2.pp392-409.

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<p>The popularity, great influence and huge importance made wireless indoor localization has a unique touch, as well its wide successful on positioning and tracking systems for both human and assists also contributing to take the lead from outdoor systems in the scope of the recent research works. In this work, we will attempt to provide a survey of the existing indoor positioning solutions and attempt to classify different its techniques and systems. Five typical location predication approaches (triangulation, fingerprinting, proximity, vision analysis and trilateration) are considered here in order to analysis and provide the reader a review of the recent advances in wireless indoor localization techniques and systems to have a good understanding of state of the art technologies and motivate new research efforts in this promising direction. For these reasons, existing wireless localization position systems and location estimation schemes are reviewed. We also made a comparison among the related techniques and systems along with conclusions and future trends to identify some possible areas of enhancements. </p>
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Maneerat, Kriangkrai, and Kamol Kaemarungsi. "Performance Improvement Design of Bluetooth Low Energy-Based Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems." Mobile Information Systems 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891856.

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The systematic design of wireless indoor positioning systems can offer another essential approach to achieving the required performance objectives aside from using suitable location determination algorithms. This manuscript investigates Bluetooth Low Energy- (BLE-) based wireless indoor positioning systems and how adjusting the system design parameters can affect their location determination performance. Without placing emphasis on sophisticated location determination algorithms, this work provides guidelines for how a system designer can control the balance among multiple positioning performance metrics. For example, a balance between the number of installed reference nodes and the accuracy performance can be chosen to control deployment costs, such as the installation expense, infrastructure expense, and installation time. To demonstrate our baseline study, we compare three different designs of BLE wireless indoor positioning system that utilize location determination algorithms based on proximity, trilateration, and scene analysis. These designs are also compared over two different building sizes, which are medium and large. The design model and performance analysis data were based on our actual implementation of the hardware and software system for a BLE wireless indoor positioning system. Specifically, the received signal strength indication data were collected from our prototype reference nodes. The findings from our study indicated that a proximity-based system can only provide fair location accuracy performance (average error distance of 5 m to 7 m) making it unsuitable for applications that require high accuracy. For medium location accuracy performance (average error distance of 3 m to 5 m), the trilateration-based system can achieve the highest efficiency in terms of number of installed reference nodes over the accuracy. The trilateration-based system can reduce the number of installed reference nodes by 154% to achieve the same level of accuracy as the scene analysis-based system. For good location accuracy performance (average error distance ≤ 3 m), the scene analysis-based system yields the highest scalability performance in terms of installed reference nodes. The scene analysis-based system can reduce the number of reference nodes by 40% and 113% to achieve the same accuracy performance when compared with trilateration and proximity-based systems, respectively. Finally, the validation results from the actual installation of Bluetooth-based indoor positioning systems confirmed that our proposed framework can help the system designers to achieve the required performance goal.
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Filjar, Renato, Darko Huljenić, and Saša Dešić. "Distributed Positioning: A Network-Supported Method for Satellite Positioning Performance Improvement." Journal of Navigation 55, no. 3 (September 2002): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463302001996.

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Recent studies show that basic satellite positioning is reaching its limits in terms of performance improvements. Further enhancements in positioning performance can be based almost entirely on augmentation and procedures supported by other systems. Considering the complexity of the interrelationship with additional systems, intrinsically different solutions are being developed to solve the positioning performance improvement problem. Here we present a new concept in positioning. Dubbed distributed positioning, it merges basic satellite positioning with advanced and assisted positioning procedures. The resulting complex synergy unavoidably includes the use of additional technologies in mobile communications, wireless Internet, and advanced computer systems. The real advantage from the introduction of distributed positioning lies in its capability to provide a significant improvement in overall positioning performance. Latest navigation status and up-to-date local environment models are much easier to apply on rover positioning, compared with classical assisted-GPS positioning procedures. Distributed positioning presents a completely different approach in positioning performance improvement, opening new prospects in research and development not only in the field of the satellite positioning, but also in telecommunications and computer engineering.
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Liao, Tianrui, Kaoru Hirota, Xiangdong Wu, Shuai Shao, and Yaping Dai. "A Dynamic Self-Tuning Maximum Correntropy Kalman Filter for Wireless Sensors Networks Positioning Systems." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174345.

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To improve the accuracy of the maximum correntropy Kalman filter (MCKF) in wireless sensors networks (WSNs) positioning, a dynamic self-tuning maximum correntropy Kalman filter (DSTMCKF) is proposed, where innovation and the sensors information of the WSNs are used to adjust the noise covariance matrices, and the maximum correntropy criterion is the criterion for the filter’s optimality. By dynamically adjusting the noise covariance matrices, the DSTMCKF ensures that the correntropy distribution is accurate in the presence of non-Gaussian noise (NGN), thus improving its ability to handle the NGN. In simulation and real environment positioning experiments, the DSTMCKF is used to compare with the MCKF, variable kernel width–maximum correntropy Kalman filter (VKW-MCKF) and robust minimum error entropy Kalman filter (R-MEEKF). Among the four filters, the DSTMCKF has the highest accuracy, and the error of the DSTMCKF is reduced by 34.5, 42.9 and 40.0%, respectively, compared with the MCKF, VKW-MCKF and R-MEEKF in the real-world environment positioning experiment. The application of the DSTMCKF in WSNs positioning systems improves the stability of the control systems because of the rising positioning accuracy, which makes WSNs positioning systems more widely used in scenarios requiring high stability, such as automatic parking.
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Pande, Simeon, and Kwame S. Ibwe. "Robust Trilateration Based Algorithm for Indoor Positioning Systems." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 1195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i3.28.

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Abstract Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) plays crucial roles in indoor environment items positioning used in self-navigating robots and helping hands. To obtain position information, positioning algorithms employing Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) are of great benefits since they reuse the existing radio wireless infrastructures for indoor positioning. However, the changes in the indoor environment decrease the overall accuracy of the developed indoor positioning algorithms. To cope with the challenge of environmental dependency in indoor positioning, a robust algorithm using radio signal identification was developed. The algorithm uses circle expansion and reduction mechanism to achieve better RSSI-Distance relationship. The distances from RSSI-Distance relationship are used in trilateration algorithm for position estimation. Experiments were performed to compare position accuracy of the basic RSSI-Based and the proposed algorithm. Simulation results showed that proposed algorithm showed less average positioning errors by 11.2066% and 3.7279% at path loss coefficients of 3.11 and 3.21, respectively compared to the existing algorithms. Likewise, the proposed algorithm showed 2.7282% increase in positioning error when environment was changed from that of path loss coefficient 3.11 to 3.21. The existing basic algorithms show error fluctuation of 10% with the same environment changes. Keywords: Indoor Positioning System; RFID; RSSI; Trilateration
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Li, Yi. "Research and Implementation of Indoor 3D Positioning Algorithm Based on LED Visible Light Communication and Corresponding Parameter Estimation." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (September 13, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2940558.

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In the era of mobile Internet, the application of various positioning-based location service systems is becoming more and more common. In addition, the traditional radio positioning system is limited in the use of special environments such as mines, hospitals, and gas stations, and long-term electromagnetic radiation can cause potential damage to the human body. Compared with the traditional wireless positioning technology, VLC-based positioning technology has a good application prospect in the field of indoor wireless positioning. Compared with traditional radio positioning technology, the use of VLC technology to achieve indoor positioning is different in that the system design and layout need to consider the basic needs of indoor lighting; that is, the layout of multiple visible light sources in the room should meet the minimum illumination requirements of any area of the room. Since the layout structure of the light source that only considers the lighting requirements or only considers the positioning accuracy requirements is not the same, in the design process of the indoor visible light wireless positioning system, it is necessary to consider the overall optimization layout of multiple indoor visible light sources under the conditions of lighting and positioning constraints. This paper mainly optimizes indoor positioning from the aspects of light source layout, reflected light intensity distribution, and noise model.
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Zhou, Yi, and Weili Xia. "Optimization Algorithm and Simulation of Public Resource Emergency Scheduling Based on Wireless Sensor Technology." Journal of Sensors 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2450346.

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Public resource scheduling refers to the rational allocation and effective use of resources, while public emergency scheduling refers to the rational allocation and effective use of resources in the context of emergencies. Its main purpose is to reduce casualties and property losses caused by emergencies. This paper mainly studies the emergency scheduling of public resources based on line sensing technology and solves the scheduling problem of public resources through algorithm optimization. Firstly, combined with the positioning algorithm of wireless sensor, this paper optimizes the positioning and detection technology of wireless sensor technology. Then, we design an improved multiagent genetic algorithm (MAGA-MTERS) using natural number coding and design a penalty function to solve the model. Then, the algorithm is compared with the traditional genetic algorithm. The results show that the accurate positioning of wireless sensor technology can improve the efficiency of public resource scheduling and save the scheduling cost. The multiagent genetic algorithm optimizes the positioning function of wireless sensor. Compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, MAGA-MTERS algorithm can obtain a better solution.
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Guney, C. "RETHINKING INDOOR LOCALIZATION SOLUTIONS TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF MOBILE LOCATION-BASED SERVICES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W4 (November 13, 2017): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w4-235-2017.

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Satellite navigation systems with GNSS-enabled devices, such as smartphones, car navigation systems, have changed the way users travel in outdoor environment. GNSS is generally not well suited for indoor location and navigation because of two reasons: First, GNSS does not provide a high level of accuracy although indoor applications need higher accuracies. Secondly, poor coverage of satellite signals for indoor environments decreases its accuracy. So rather than using GNSS satellites within closed environments, existing indoor navigation solutions rely heavily on installed sensor networks. There is a high demand for accurate positioning in wireless networks in GNSS-denied environments. However, current wireless indoor positioning systems cannot satisfy the challenging needs of indoor location-aware applications. Nevertheless, access to a user’s location indoors is increasingly important in the development of context-aware applications that increases business efficiency. In this study, how can the current wireless location sensing systems be tailored and integrated for specific applications, like smart cities/grids/buildings/cars and IoT applications, in GNSS-deprived areas.
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He, Wenxiu, Ran Cheng, Keji Mao, Ke Yan, Jianliang Wei, and Yingying Xu. "A Novel Anchorless Node Positioning Method for Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2022 (April 15, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5385393.

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Wireless sensor network sensing data is meaningless without any location information, and a large number of anchor node-based localization methods have been proposed to obtain the location information of nodes. However, this kind of method requires a certain number of anchor nodes deployed in the network and complex information interaction between nodes. Therefore, it is not ideal in positioning cost and effect. A WSN positioning method based on the steering antenna of the base station is proposed to address this problem. By rotating the orientation information of the antenna, accurate positioning can be achieved without the assistance of anchor nodes, and no signal interaction between nodes is required. Theoretically, the method is easier to be deployed in the actual scene to realize the positioning of sensor nodes. Experimental results show that the proposed method is better than most positioning methods assisted by anchor node in positioning accuracy, positioning time, and energy consumption.
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Zhang, Jing, Yajing Hu, and Hongliang Li. "Research on Wireless Sensor Network Positioning Based on Genetic Algorithm." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (November 16, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3996401.

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For smart city wireless sensing network construction needs, a network positioning algorithm based on genetic algorithm is proposed. The genetic algorithm uses a real number encoding, and the positioning model is constructed by analyzing the communication constraint between unknown nodes and a small amount of anchor nodes and constructs the positioning model, and the model is solved. The results show that when the ranging error is 50%, the positioning error is only increased by approximately 15% compared to the nonranging error. In a more harsh environment, if the ranging error is equal to the node wireless range, the ranging error is 100%, and the positioning error and the positioning ratio are not significantly changed. The scheme obtained by this algorithm can be well approarded with an ideal limit. In the case where the sensor node is given, the algorithm can obtain the maximum coverage.
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Hall, Donald L., Ram M. Narayanan, and David M. Jenkins. "SDR Based Indoor Beacon Localization Using 3D Probabilistic Multipath Exploitation and Deep Learning." Electronics 8, no. 11 (November 10, 2019): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111323.

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Wireless indoor positioning systems (IPS) are ever-growing as traditional global positioning systems (GPS) are ineffective due to non-line-of-sight (NLoS) signal propagation. In this paper, we present a novel approach to learning three-dimensional (3D) multipath channel characteristics in a probabilistic manner for providing high performance indoor localization of wireless beacons. The proposed system employs a single triad dipole vector sensor (TDVS) for polarization diversity, a deep learning model deemed the denoising autoencoder to extract unique fingerprints from 3D multipath channel information, and a probabilistic k-nearest-neighbor (PkNN) to exploit the 3D multipath characteristics. The proposed system is the first to exploit 3D multipath channel characteristics for indoor wireless beacon localization via vector sensing methodologies, a software defined radio (SDR) platform, and multipath channel estimation.
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Xia, Xu. "Design of Remote Real-Time Positioning Method for Long-Distance Running under Wireless Network Technology." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (October 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5298736.

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Aiming at the problems of low precision, long time, and poor effect of current remote real-time motion location methods, a long-distance real-time motion location method based on wireless network technology was proposed. Through the analysis of wireless network technology, the basic structure and positioning technology of wireless sensor networks are studied. In addition, this paper adopts the core matrix Isomap node location algorithm based on partial least squares (PLS). The distance of geodesic between long-distance running nodes is used to characterize the dissimilarity between nodes, and the sample contribution rate of the partial least squares method is used to find and eliminate the phenomenon of short circuits in long-distance running fields. High-dimensional feature interval is mapped by centroid transformation and kernel transformation. The experimental results show that the method can improve the positioning accuracy and shorten the positioning time effectively.
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30

Cheng, Chia-Hsin, and Yi Yan. "Indoor positioning system for wireless sensor networks based on two-stage fuzzy inference." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 155014771878064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718780649.

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Wireless indoor positioning systems are susceptible to environmental distortion and attenuation of the signal, which can affect positioning accuracy. In this article, we present a two-stage indoor positioning scheme using a fuzzy-based algorithm aimed at minimizing uncertainty in received signal strength indicator measures from reference nodes in wireless sensor networks. In the first stage, the indoor space is divided into several zones and a fuzzy-based indoor zone-positioning scheme is used to identify the zone in which the target node is located via zone splitting. In the second stage, adaptive trilateration is used to position the target node within the zone identified in the first stage. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-stage fuzzy rectangular splitting outperforms non-fuzzy-based algorithms, including K-Nearest Neighbors–based localization, and traditional triangular splitting schemes. We also developed an expanded positioning scheme to facilitate the selection of a positioning map for large indoor spaces, thereby overcoming the limitations imposed by the size of the positioning area while maintaining high positioning resolution.
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31

Yan, Leibing. "Positioning Control Algorithm of Vehicle Navigation System Based on Wireless Tracking Technology." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (December 6, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8620409.

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To improve the accuracy and reliability of the on-board navigation system positioning, the positioning control algorithm of vehicle navigation system based on wireless tracking technology is proposed. By using modern information fusion technology, the accurate positioning of vehicle integrated navigation is realized, and the design goal of omnidirectional, all weather, and self-contained positioning function is realized. Finally, the test shows that the accuracy and reliability of the positioning control algorithm of vehicle navigation system based on wireless tracking technology are improved than existing point system, speed measurement accuracy can reach 0.02 m/s, and positioning accuracy is about 18 meters. The vehicle operation efficiency and safety are greatly improved, and the traffic capacity is improved. And the traffic congestion is effectively alleviated, which provides reliable guarantee for the realization of traffic management automation and intelligent vehicle driving.
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32

Yim, Jaegeol, Chansik Park, Jaehun Joo, and Seunghwan Jeong. "Extended Kalman Filter for wireless LAN based indoor positioning." Decision Support Systems 45, no. 4 (November 2008): 960–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2008.03.004.

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33

Wallbaum, Michael. "A priori error estimates for wireless local area network positioning systems." Pervasive and Mobile Computing 3, no. 5 (October 2007): 560–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2007.02.002.

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34

Rydstrom, M., E. G. Strom, A. Svensson, and L. Reggiani. "An Algorithm for Positioning Relays and Point Scatterers in Wireless Systems." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 15 (2008): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2008.919999.

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35

Machaj, Juraj, Peter Brida, and Slavomir Matuska. "Proposal for a Localization System for an IoT Ecosystem." Electronics 10, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233016.

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In the last decade, positioning using wireless signals has gained a lot of attention since it could open new opportunities for service providers. Localization is important, especially in indoor environments, where the widely used global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals suffer from high signal attenuation and multipath propagation, resulting in poor accuracy or a loss of positioning service. Moreover, in an Internet of things (IoT) environment, the implementation of GNSS receivers into devices may result in higher demands on battery capacity, as well as increased cost of the hardware itself. Therefore, alternative localization systems that are based on wireless signals for the communication of IoT devices are gaining a lot of attention. In this paper, we provide a design of an IoT localization system, which consists of multiple localization modules that can be utilized for the positioning of IoT devices that are connected thru various wireless technologies. The proposed system can currently perform localization based on received signals from LoRaWAN, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, UWB and cellular technologies. The implemented pedestrian dead reckoning algorithm can process the data measured by a mobile device that is equipped with inertial sensors to construct a radio map and thus help with the deployment of the positioning services based on a fingerprinting approach.
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Karakusak, Muhammed Zahid, Hasan Kivrak, Hasan Fehmi Ates, and Mehmet Kemal Ozdemir. "RSS-Based Wireless LAN Indoor Localization and Tracking Using Deep Architectures." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, no. 3 (August 8, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6030084.

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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) positioning is a challenging task indoors due to environmental constraints and the unpredictable behavior of signal propagation, even at a fixed location. The aim of this work is to develop deep learning-based approaches for indoor localization and tracking by utilizing Received Signal Strength (RSS). The study proposes Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), One and Two Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNN and 2D CNN), and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) deep networks architectures for WLAN indoor positioning based on the data obtained by actual RSS measurements from an existing WLAN infrastructure in a mobile user scenario. The results, using different types of deep architectures including MLP, CNNs, and LSTMs with existing WLAN algorithms, are presented. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is used as the assessment criterion. The proposed LSTM Model 2 achieved a dynamic positioning RMSE error of 1.73m, which outperforms probabilistic WLAN algorithms such as Memoryless Positioning (RMSE: 10.35m) and Nonparametric Information (NI) filter with variable acceleration (RMSE: 5.2m) under the same experiment environment.
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Maneerat, Kriangkrai, and Kamol Kaemarungsi. "RoC: Robust and Low-Complexity Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems for Multifloor Buildings Using Location Fingerprinting Techniques." Mobile Information Systems 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5089626.

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Most existing wireless indoor positioning systems have only success performance requirements in normal operating situations whereby all wireless equipment works properly. There remains a lack of system reliability that can support emergency situations when there are some reference node failures, such as in earthquake and fire scenarios. Additionally, most systems do not incorporate environmental information such as temperature and relative humidity level into the process of determining the location of objects inside the building. To address these gaps, we propose a novel integrated framework for wireless indoor positioning systems based on a location fingerprinting technique which is called the Robust and low Complexity indoor positioning systems framework (RoC framework). Our proposed integrated framework consists of two essential indoor positioning processes: the system design process and the localization process. The RoC framework aims to achieve robustness in the system design structure and reliability of the target location during the online estimation phase either under a normal situation or when some reference nodes (RNs) have failed. The availability of low-cost temperature and relative humidity sensors can provide additional information for the location fingerprinting technique and thereby reduce location estimation complexity by including this additional information. Experimental results and comparative performance evaluation revealed that the RoC framework can achieve robustness in terms of the system design structure, whereby it was able to provide the highest positioning performance in either fault-free or RN-failure scenarios. Moreover, in the online estimation phase, the proposed framework can provide the highest reliability of the target location under the RN-failure scenarios and also yields the lowest computational complexity in online searching compared to other techniques. Specifically, when compared to the traditional weighted k-nearest neighbor techniques (WKNN) under the 30% RN-failure scenario at Building B, the proposed RoC framework shows 74.1% better accuracy performance and yields 55.1% lower computational time than the WKNN.
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38

Ramtohul, Arvind, and Kavi Kumar Khedo. "Mobile Positioning Techniques and Systems: A Comprehensive Review." Mobile Information Systems 2020 (September 16, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3708521.

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The recent developments in mobile positioning technologies and the increasing demands of ubiquitous computing have significantly contributed to sophisticated positioning applications and services. Position information represents a core element in the human-centred activities, assisting in visualising complex environments effectively and providing a representational coordinate for localisation, tracking, and navigation purposes. The emergence of smartphones has accelerated the development of cutting-edge positioning-based systems since they are contained to have more processing, memory, and battery power. Similarly, mobile devices are now equipped with new sensory capabilities, wireless communications, and localisation technologies. This has quadrupled towards new advances on positioning techniques, enhancing the existing ones and brought more value to positioning-based systems. Research studies in positioning techniques have progressed in different directions, and no work has categorised and assessed the various advancements in this area. Accuracy and precision are the two challenging aspects that are crucial to the proper functioning of a positioning system. In practice, there is not a single positioning technique that could be appropriate for different situations. Most of the survey papers have focussed on carrying out their review on conventional positioning techniques. The common positioning technique uses simple technologies and is applied to a single type of environment. Hybrid techniques are the next generation of positioning technique that is supporting the real and com plex environment. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the mobile positioning techniques and systems. A total of 21 positioning systems published between the years 2012 and 2018 in the top 5 most popular indexed databases are reviewed. The positioning techniques are identified and streamlined through a methodical process, and the selected ones are reviewed using derived parameters. This paper provides a significant review of the current state of the mobile positioning techniques and outlines the research issues that require more investigation.
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Nor Hisham, Aina Nadhirah, Yin Hoe Ng, Chee Keong Tan, and David Chieng. "Hybrid Wi-Fi and BLE Fingerprinting Dataset for Multi-Floor Indoor Environments with Different Layouts." Data 7, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7110156.

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Indoor positioning has garnered significant interest over the last decade due to the rapidly growing demand for location-based services. As a result, a multitude of techniques has been proposed to localize objects and devices in indoor environments. Wireless fingerprinting, which leverages machine learning, has emerged as one of the most popular positioning approaches due to its low implementation cost. The prevailing fingerprinting-based positioning mainly utilizes wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) signals. However, the RSS of Wi-Fi and BLE signals are very sensitive to the layout of the indoor environment. Thus, any change in the indoor layout could potentially lead to severe degradation in terms of localization performance. To foster the development of new positioning methods, several open-source location fingerprinting datasets have been made available to the research community. Unfortunately, none of these public datasets provides the received signal strength (RSS) measurements for indoor environments with different layouts. To fill this gap, this paper presents a new hybrid Wi-Fi and BLE fingerprinting dataset for multi-floor indoor environments with different layouts to facilitate the future development of new fingerprinting-based positioning systems that can provide adaptive positioning performance in dynamic indoor environments. Additionally, the effects of indoor layout change on the location fingerprint and localization performance are also investigated.
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Lin, Yung Chuan, Chien Sheng Chen, He Nian Shou, and Chi Tien Sun. "Dilution of Position Calculation for Accuracy Improvement in Wireless Location Systems." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1036.

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Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) represents the geometric effect on the relationship between measurement error and positioning determination error. In the calculation of GDOP value, the maximum volume method does not guarantee the optimal selection of the four measurement units. The conventional method for calculating GDOP is to use matrix inversion to all subsets. In this paper, we employ GDOP using the matrix inversion method to select appropriate base stations (BSs) in cellular communication systems. The proposed BS selection criterion performs better than the random subsets of four or five BSs chosen from all seven BSs. The performances of MS location strongly depend on the relative position of the MS and BSs. Therefore, it is very important to select a subset with the most appropriate BSs rapidly and reasonably before positioning.
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41

Manicacci, François-Marie, Johann Mourier, Chabi Babatounde, Jessica Garcia, Mickaël Broutta, Jean-Sébastien Gualtieri, and Antoine Aiello. "A Wireless Autonomous Real-Time Underwater Acoustic Positioning System." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 8208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218208.

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Recent acoustic telemetry positioning systems are able to reconstruct the positions and trajectories of organisms at a scale of a few centimeters to a few meters. However, they present several logistical constraints including receiver maintenance, calibration procedures and limited access to real-time data. We present here a novel, easy-to-deploy, energy self-sufficient underwater positioning system based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) algorithm and the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication technology, capable of locating tagged marine organisms in real time. We provide an illustration of the application of this system with empirical examples using continuous and coded tags in fish and benthic invertebrates. In situ experimental tests of the operational system demonstrated similar performances to currently available acoustic positioning systems, with a global positioning error of 7.13 ± 5.80 m (mean ± SD) and one-third of the pings can be localized within 278 m of the farthest buoy. Despite some required improvements, this prototype is designed to be autonomous and can be deployed from the surface in various environments (rivers, lakes, and oceans). It was proven to be useful to monitor a wide variety of species (benthic and pelagic) in real time. Its real-time property can be used to rapidly detect system failure, optimize deployment design, or for ecological or conservation applications.
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42

Sun, Jin. "Wireless Sensor Networks Assist Intelligent Tourism Traffic Navigation and Tourist Positioning." Journal of Sensors 2021 (October 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6399395.

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With the booming development of tourism, more and more tourists visit scenic spots; followed by dense personnel in scenic spots, tourists’ comfort is not high. This paper introduces the structure diagram, function structure diagram, and database design of an intelligent tourism navigation system based on a wireless sensor network in detail and explains each function module of an intelligent tourism system based on a wireless sensor network in detail. Through the wireless sensor network to obtain the positioning data of tourists in tourist attractions, this article realizes the intelligent traffic navigation in the intelligent tourism navigation system and finally realizes the diversion of tourists. An intelligent travel navigation system based on the wireless sensor network is implemented on Android. Finally, the intelligent travel navigation system based on the wireless sensor network is tested. The results show that the system can meet the real-time demand, the system positioning accuracy is high, and the system can effectively realize the flow analysis and public security warning.
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43

Kondee, Kittipob, and Chutima Prommak. "Performance Analysis and Comparison for Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems in Multi-Floor Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.110.

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In this paper, performance analysis and comparison for Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems (WIPS) in multi-floor building are presented. Different structures of WIPS are considered. In particular, WIPS structure designed by our proposed technique was compared with other structures designed by an opportunistic approach. The comparisons were conducted by using signal strength data from the real measurement and from simulation models. An efficiency of the simulation models was compared as well. The results show that the WIPS structure designed by our proposed technique yield better indoor positioning performances in term of the accuracy and precision.
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44

Yan, Xiaoyong, Aiguo Song, Jimin Yu, and Zhong Yang. "Toward Collinearity-Avoidable Localization for Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/908956.

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In accordance with the collinearity problem during computation caused by the beacon nodes used for location estimation which are close to be in the same line or same plane, two solutions are proposed in this paper: the geometric analytical localization algorithm based on positioning units and the localization algorithm based on the multivariate analysis method. The geometric analytical localization algorithm based on positioning units analyzes the topology quality of positioning units used to estimate location and provides quantitative criteria based on that; the localization algorithm based on the multivariate analysis method uses the multivariate analysis method to filter and integrate the beacon nodes coordinate matrixes during the process of location estimation. Both methods can avoid low estimation accuracy and instability caused by multicollinearity.
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45

Pascacio, Pavel, Sven Casteleyn, Joaquín Torres-Sospedra, Elena Simona Lohan, and Jari Nurmi. "Collaborative Indoor Positioning Systems: A Systematic Review." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21031002.

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Research and development in Collaborative Indoor Positioning Systems (CIPSs) is growing steadily due to their potential to improve on the performance of their non-collaborative counterparts. In contrast to the outdoors scenario, where Global Navigation Satellite System is widely adopted, in (collaborative) indoor positioning systems a large variety of technologies, techniques, and methods is being used. Moreover, the diversity of evaluation procedures and scenarios hinders a direct comparison. This paper presents a systematic review that gives a general view of the current CIPSs. A total of 84 works, published between 2006 and 2020, have been identified. These articles were analyzed and classified according to the described system’s architecture, infrastructure, technologies, techniques, methods, and evaluation. The results indicate a growing interest in collaborative positioning, and the trend tend to be towards the use of distributed architectures and infrastructure-less systems. Moreover, the most used technologies to determine the collaborative positioning between users are wireless communication technologies (Wi-Fi, Ultra-WideBand, and Bluetooth). The predominant collaborative positioning techniques are Received Signal Strength Indication, Fingerprinting, and Time of Arrival/Flight, and the collaborative methods are particle filters, Belief Propagation, Extended Kalman Filter, and Least Squares. Simulations are used as the main evaluation procedure. On the basis of the analysis and results, several promising future research avenues and gaps in research were identified.
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46

Fu, Pei Hua, and An Ding Zhu. "A Novel Quadrilateral Projection Positioning Algorithm to Improve Ranging Accuracy of High Speed Stackers." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1801.

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High speed stackers are the critical equipments for automated storage/retrieval systems to improve efficiency and throughput. And the positioning technique is the key to speed regulating. The low cost and easy installation indoor positioning of wireless sensor network is applied in this situation. A novel quadrilateral projection algorithm taken advantage of the linear moving of stackers is proposed to reduce the complexity of the algorithm and improve ranging accuracy of positioning.
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47

Zeng, Xiang Hui, Hong Tao Hou, Qiang Chang, Qun Li, and Wei Ping Wang. "Cooperative Positioning Based on Hybrid Information." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.940.

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A new localization method has been proposed to overcome the limitations of systems relying on GPS or other terrestrial infrastructure. This method fuses both pseudorange measurements from GNSS satellites and RSSI-based ranging measurements between peers of a wireless network, and uses improved collaborative subtree algorithm to partition the network. In each collaborative subtree, the nodes’ positions can be computed by using the least square algorithm based on Taylor series expansion-based. Simulation results showed that this method improves both availability and positioning accuracy.
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48

Wang, Jingjing, Wei Shi, Xinjie Wang, Lingwei Xu, Qiuna Niu, and Yangyang Ma. "Design and Simulation of High-Precision Position System Using 60 GHz Pulse." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 08 (May 17, 2016): 1650092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500924.

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60[Formula: see text]GHz communication technology is a type of short-range and high-speed wireless communication technology, which is currently considered the most promising one because it has a very high time and multi-path resolution. Therefore, it has the potential to achieve high-precision ranging and positioning. At present, carrier communication system like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or single carrier techniques using frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE), etc., are mostly used in 60[Formula: see text]GHz communication system. Furthermore, accurate wireless positioning systems is mostly based on impulse radio. We propose a pulse positioning system in 60[Formula: see text]GHz band to meet the requirements of high-precision positioning. A pulse waveform suitable for 60[Formula: see text]GHz positioning is presented, meanwhile the positioning process of pulse transmitting, channel transmission, pulse receiving and coordinates calculation using positioning algorithm is also designed and simulated. The results show that the 60[Formula: see text]GHz pulse system has millimeter-level ranging accuracy and centimeter-level positioning accuracy in line-of-sight (LOS) channel, in addition the accuracy is much higher than that in ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse system.
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49

Le, Yanfen, Shijialuo Jin, Hena Zhang, Weibin Shi, and Heng Yao. "Fingerprinting Indoor Positioning Method Based on Kernel Ridge Regression with Feature Reduction." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (January 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6631585.

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An important goal of indoor positioning systems is to improve positioning accuracy as well as reduce power consumption. In this paper, we propose an indoor positioning method based on the received signal strength (RSS) fingerprint. The proposed method used a certain criterion to select fixed access points (FPs) in an offline phase instead of an online phase for location estimation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the features of the RSS measurements but retain the most information possible for establishing the positioning model. Then, a kernel-based ridge regression method was used to obtain the nonlinear relationship between the principal components of the RSS measures and the position of the target. We thoroughly investigated the performance of the proposed method in realistic wireless local area network (WLAN) and wireless sensor network (WSN) indoor environments and made comparisons with recently developed methods. The experimental results indicated that the proposed method was less dependent on the density of the reference points and had higher positioning accuracy than the commonly used positioning methods, and it adapts to different application environments.
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Chan, Eddie C. L., George Baciu, and S. C. Mak. "Properties of Channel Interference for Wi-Fi Location Fingerprinting." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2010): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v6i2.190.

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Localization systems for indoor areas have recently been suggested that make use of existing wireless local areanetwork (WLAN) infrastructure and location fingerprinting approach. However, most existing research work ignores channel interference between wireless infrastructures and this could affect accurate and precise positioning. A better understanding of the properties of channel interference could assist in improving the positioning accuracy while saving significant amounts of resources in the location-aware infrastructure. This paper investigates to what extent the positioning accuracy is affected by channel interference between access points. Two sets of experiments compare how the positioning accuracy is affected in three different channel assignment schemes: ad-hoc, sequential, and orthogonal data is analyzed to understand what features ofchannel interference affect positioning accuracy. The results show that choosing an appropriate channel assignment scheme could make localization 10% more accurate and reduces the number of access points that are required by 15%. The experimental analysis also indicates that the channel interference usually obeys a right-skewed distribution and positioning accuracy is heavily dependent on channel interference between access points (APs).
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