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1

Liang, Xiurong, and You Qian. "Energy Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 27, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4597992.

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The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.
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Anish Soni and Rajneesh Randhawa. "Simulating and Analysing the Impact of Routing Protocols on Different Parameters of WSNs." Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 6, no. 1 (2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2015.61003.

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Energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks has become an essential requirement and is the main issue for researchers. Various routing, data dissemination and energy efficient protocols have been designed for Wireless Sensor Networks where energy issue has been given more stress. Sensors in wireless sensor networks work on battery and have limited energy. Hence, network has limited lifetime. Routing protocol plays a major role in deciding for how much time a network will survive. All routing algorithms tend to increase the lifetime of WSN while maintaining factors like successful and real-time delivery of a message. This paper aims towards studying different categories of routing protocols and finally four hierarchical routing protocols LEACH, EHRP, SEP and FAIR have been simulated. The performance of each routing protocol has been measured on some performance metrics like network lifetime, packets transferred to BS, number of dead nodes etc and finally concluded that how a routing protocol can impact the network lifetime.
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Evstifeeva, Ekaterina. "Features of LEACH-based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks." Systems Engineering and Infocommunications, no. 1 (March 31, 2025): 34–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15112008.

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The article is a review of generations of routing protocols based on the hierarchical routing protocol LEACH. With the progress in wireless communication, wireless sensor networks have become widely used in various fields. Routing protocols play a significant role in the functioning of wireless sensor networks. Routing protocols can optimize the resources of a wireless sensor network, such as energy consumption, memory usage, and others. Energy-efficient routing protocols are a serious problem in the field of sensor networks. The development and application of various energy-efficient routing protocols can increase the lifetime of a sensor network.
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4

Tan, Qing, and Xiao Jing Yue. "Comparative Performance Analysis of Flat and Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.587.

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Wireless sensor network is composed of a set of sensors in a wireless network of self-organized. Research on topological structure of wireless sensor network is focused in two directions, namely plane topology structure and hierarchical topology structure. This paper gives a detailed analysis of wireless sensor networks in the flat routing protocols and hierarchical routing protocols, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the performance of two kinds of protocol by simulation experiment.
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Alazzawi, L., and A. Elkateeb. "Performance Evaluation of the WSN Routing Protocols Scalability." Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/481046.

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Scalability is an important factor in designing an efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A good routing protocol has to be scalable and adaptive to the changes in the network topology. Thus scalable protocol should perform well as the network grows larger or as the workload increases. In this paper, routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are simulated and their performances are evaluated to determine their capability for supporting network scalability.
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6

Velmurugan, M. "Fault-Tolerant Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks using a Gaussian Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (2023): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53790.

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Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are utilised for sensing various physical and environmental variables like temperature, pressure, motion, and pollution. A component of a network to continue operating even when some sensor nodes fail is regarded as fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks. Due to battery life deadlines and the challenges associated with charging or replacing failing nodes, the deployment of sensor nodes in the target area is done in a dense manner to maximise coverage and connection. This paper implements a hybrid fault-tolerant routing methodology to address the problem of fault tolerance in hierarchical topology for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The network location is partitioned into small square grids, with a Gaussian integer serving as each grid's cluster head. A Gaussian network is created through communicating these cluster heads together. Discovering the Gaussian network's shortest path and multi-path routing, the project implements a hybrid Fault-tolerant Clustering routing protocol based on Gaussian network for Wireless Sensor Network (FCGW). The purpose of FCGW is to improve fault tolerance and reduce energy consumption for Wireless Sensor Networks. Experimental results using MATLAB shows that FCGW protocol has high data reliability. In addition, the FCGW protocol consumes lesser energy in the network compared to other protocols namely FT-LEACH, HEED and PSO-UFC
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7

Chen, Bowen. "Wireless Communication Chip Designs: analysis of the Wireless Integrated Network Sensors." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 70 (November 15, 2023): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v70i.13989.

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With the development of wireless technology, wireless integrated network sensor is a new form of sensor network. It enables highly efficient data acquisition and transmission by connecting the sensor nodes wirelessly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the basic principles and techniques of wireless integrated network sensors, analyze their application fields, and conduct experimental studies to verify their performance. This study first introduces the basic principles of wireless integrated network sensors, including wireless communication, sensor nodes, and network topology. Then, related technologies, including energy management, routing protocols and network security, are studied to improve the performance and stability of wireless integrated network sensors. Wireless integrated network sensors have wide application prospects in environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation and agriculture. Meanwhile, the energy utilization efficiency and network stability of the sensor network can be improved by adopting the new energy management mechanism and routing protocol. This study reveals the potential and value in practical applications through the exploration and research of wireless integrated network sensors. In future studies, the energy management and routing mechanisms of sensor networks can be further optimized to improve their performance and reliability. In addition, more application scenarios suitable for wireless integrated network sensors can be explored to provide solutions for practical problems.
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8

Ms., K.Gandhimathi, and Dr.G.M.Tamilselvan. "A VARIATION IN ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING METHOD RESULTING IN THE HIGH QUALITY ROUTING PERFORMANCE FOR L-PEDAP." International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Scientific Research 1, no. 8 (2014): 07–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10725355.

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<strong>Abstract </strong> <em>Wireless Sensor Networks is a collection of wireless sensor nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks helps node to send and receive packets.</em><em> </em><em>Traditional hierarchical routing algorithms combine adaptability to changing environments with energy aware aspects.</em><em> </em><em>In this random mobility model structure, which nodes can construct from the position of their 1-hop neighbors. This also describes route maintenance protocols to respond to predicted sensor failures and addition of new sensors. Localized &ndash; Power Efficient Data Aggregation Protocol (L-PEDAP) and Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector routing protocol (AODV) are compared. The performance of these two routing protocols (L-PEDAP, AODV) is based on metrics such as packet delivery ratio, end to end delay; energy consumption and throughput, also this work will analyze and compare the performance of protocols using NS-2.34, when various other mobility models are applied to these protocols.</em> <strong><em>Keywords </em></strong><em>- mobile sensor networks, mobile node, mobility model.</em>
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9

Kori, Prachi. "A Review Article on Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Minimizing Energy Consumption." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (2021): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39316.

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Abstract: Recent developments in the area of micro-sensor devices have accelerated advances in the sensor networks field leading to many new protocols specifically designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks with hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes can gather information from an unattended location and transmit the gathered data to a particular user, depending on the application. These sensor nodes have some constraints due to their limited energy, storage capacity and computing power. Data are routed from one node to other using different routing protocols. There are a number of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. In this review article, we discuss the architecture of wireless sensor networks. Further, we categorize the routing protocols according to some key factors and summarize their mode of operation. Finally, we provide a comparative study on these various protocols. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, TEEN protocol, isolated node
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10

Fathima, S., P.N. Kathiravan, and S. Sharmila. "Design of Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." COMPUSOFT: An International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology 04, no. 07 (2015): 1895–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14786446.

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In this work we designed a routing protocol to overcome upcoming challenges in under water wireless sensor networks. The routing protocol designed for specific roles leads to issues in the network. The major issues for development of routing protocol for underwater sensor network are harsh deployment environment, low bandwidth, high propagation delay, low bandwidth, requires high bandwidth energy, temporary losses, fouling and corrosion and high bit error rates. In this project the certain issues to be rectified are low bandwidth, energy efficiency and data delivery. The limitations existing routing protocols are low data delivery, data delivery ratio, energy efficiency, bandwidth efficiency and reliability. Design of three new protocol is to overcome the limitations of existing protocols in underwater wireless sensor networks.&nbsp;
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11

Yassine, Sabri, and Najib El Kamoun. "Attacks and Secure Geographic Routing In Wireless Sensor Networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i1.pp147-158.

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Due to open network nature of wireless sensor networks make them highly vulnerable to a variety of security attacks and easy target for adversaries, which may capture these nodes, analyze and easily insert fake route information. Wireless sensor network is an emerging, cost effective and unsupervised solution for collecting this information from the physical world and sending this information back to centralized authority for further processing. GRPW (Geographic Routing in connected wireless sensor networks based on Multiple Sinks) is one of the basic routing protocols used for Supporting Mobile Sinks in Wireless Sensor Networks. GRPW, a geographical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, is based on an architecture partitioned by logical levels, on the other hand based on a multipoint relaying flooding technique to reduce the number of topology broadcast. GRPW-MuS uses periodic HELLO packets to neighbor detection. The wormhole attack can form a serious threat in wireless sensor networks, especially against many wireless sensor networks routing protocols and location-based wireless security systems. Here, a trust model to handle this attack in GRPW is provided called GRPW-MuS-s. Using OMNET++ simulation and the MiXiM framework, results show that GRPW-MuS-s protocol only has very small false positives for wormhole detection during the neighbor discovery process (less than GRPW). The average energy usage at each node for GRPW-MuS-s protocol during the neighbor discovery and route discovery is very low than GRPW-MuS, which is much lower than the available energy at each node. The cost analysis shows that GRPW-MuS-s protocol only needs small memory usage at each node, which is suitable for the sensor network.
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12

Singh, Barjinder, and Rishma Chawla. "Performance quantification of Wireless Sensor Networks by implementing ZRP." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 3 (2012): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v2i3b.2695.

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sensor network is composed of a largenumber of autonomous sensor nodes, which are denselydeployed in the area of interest i.e either inside thephenomenon or very close to it. Routing is an importantoperation, being the foundation of data exchangingbetween wireless devices.Zone Routing Protocol was thefirst hybrid routing protocol with both a proactive and areactive routing component. ZRP was proposed to reducethe control overhead of proactive routing protocols anddecrease the latency caused by route discovery in reactiverouting protocols. ZRP defines a zone around each nodeconsisting of the numbers of neighbourhood. During myresearch work, I applied the hybrid routing protocol inwireless sensors and measure the correspondingperformance of the network in terms of overhead, delayand throughput.[10]
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13

Kohli, Sheena. "Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach for Routing in Underwater Acoustic Communication." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.1.649.

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks are deployed to explore the world under the water, measure different parameters and communicate the data to the surface, in the widespread applications. The main operating technology of these networks is the acoustic communication. The communication among the sensors and finally to the surface station requires a routing protocol. The sensors being battery limited and unfeasible to be replaced under the water requires an energy efficient routing protocol. Clustering imparted in routing is an energy saving technique in sensor networks. The routing may involve single or multi hop communication in the sensor networks. The paper gives a comparative study of the benchmark protocol multi-hop LEACH with the proposed Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach (SHEENA) for the shallow as well as deep water in three dimensional Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. The network energy model for the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is based among the different acoustic channel characteristics. The proposed approach is found to give better response.
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14

Ismail, Reem J., Khalid F. Jasim, Samar J. Ismael, and Soma A. M. Solaimanzadeh. "Enhancing Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocols based on Cross Layer Interaction." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v5n2y2021.pp52-55.

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Wireless sensor networks aim to develop a smart city based on sensing environment. The routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is important to transfer the data in smart cities since sensor nodes have limited power and transmission range. The aim of this research is to enhance wireless sensor networks routing protocols based on proposed cross-layer interaction between physical layer and network layer also a proposed routing table information of wireless sensor nodes is developed to consider the transmission power of neighbor’s nodes to determine the next hop. Cross-layer interaction provides a useful information and effective adaptation for WSN routing protocols. As a result, the proposed routing protocol shows an improvement in network performance when number of intermediate nodes are minimized.
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15

Liao, Ying, Wei Xu Hao, and Wei Qun Li. "Algorithms for Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.965.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) detect and monitor the outside physical state by the sensor nodes organizing automatically. Routing protocol is one of most important parts research contents of WSNs. This paper analyses and compares routing protocols of wireless sensor networks with other networks, and summarizes characteristics and the appropriate application by studying recent routing protocols for sensor networks. Finally, the important features and the future trends of routing protocols possess are putted forward.
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16

K., T. Kishor, J. Shridhar P., and Senthil Kumar A. "A Fundamental Implementations and Working Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks." COMPUSOFT: An International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology 04, no. 12 (2015): 2030–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14789777.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of Sensors, which are low cost small devices with limited storage, computational capability and power. They can provide low cost solution to verity of real-world problems. They are outfitted with various sensing devices and small non rechargeable batteries. Usually, these sensors are engineered that suddenly active to gather the required data for some times when something is detected, and then remaining largely inactive for long periods of time. Here the study on sensor&rsquo;s structure, its architecture, its applications and their challenges were pursued. The study on various routing protocols for sensor networks and classification for the various approaches were also pursued. The major classifications of routing protocol reviewed are network structure, path establishment, protocol operation and initiator of communication. Each of the routing schemes and algorithms has the common goal of trying to get better throughput and to increase the lifetime and efficiency of the sensor network. Thus, this work has significant importance, to study and considering while designing a Wireless Sensor Routing protocol.&nbsp;
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Yuan, Bingxia. "A Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Energy Network Based on Trust Management." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5955543.

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In order to enhance the ability of wireless sensor networks to resist various security threats and reduce the limitations caused by the characteristics of wireless sensor networks and sensor nodes, this paper proposes a secure routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on trust management. Combined with the relevant parameters of wireless sensor network, the simulation experiment is carried out with MATLAB. Aiming at the trust management part of the wireless sensor network security protocol proposed in this paper, the malicious attack environment such as sensor node attributes is simulated to verify the resistance of this model to relevant malicious attacks. For the trust management-based wireless sensor network security routing protocol proposed in this paper, the model included in the protocol is compared to the existing security routing model, combining the characteristics of average simulation transmission, network life, and average routing update time. Experiments show that the model has better routing performance and has improved by an average of about 20%. We offer a new solution to solve the problem of wireless routing security.
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Lv, Junke. "Research on LEACH-Based Wireless Sensor Network Routing." ITM Web of Conferences 25 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192501011.

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Routing technology is one of the main supporting technologies of wireless sensor networks. Only by using routing algorithm reasonably or finding better routing optimization algorithm, can the function of wireless sensor networks be maximized. Therefore, the research of routing technology for wireless sensor networks has important theoretical and practical significance. Based on the analysis of existing routing protocols in wireless sensor networks, this paper focuses on LEACH protocol.
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Zeng, Tao. "Routing Protocol Security Strategies of Non-Uniform Energy Distribution Wireless Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.715.

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Unlike other networks based on wireless sensor networks, such as the characteristics of Ad hoc network design algorithm to reduce the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks. The main study of wireless sensor networks in a variety of energy-saving protocols and algorithms, analyze the impact of these agreements on energy saving in different environments, MAC protocol for wireless sensor network design energy efficient use of its improvement, based on the maximum advantage disjoint approximate area set covering algorithm. Energy efficient or superior energy savings in the paper can prolong survival time of the network to provide scientific reference.
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20

Verma, Chandra Prakash. "Enhancing Parameters of LEACH Protocol for Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Computers, Mechanical and Management 2, no. 1 (2023): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.57159/gadl.jcmm.2.1.23040.

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The increasing popularity of wireless sensor networks can be attributed to their unique characteristics, which include high density, low power consumption, software programmability, and long-term accuracy. This paper presents a thorough analysis of key parameters for sensor network applications, including network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, energy-efficient transmission, and dead node ratio. This paper examines the effectiveness of clustering in wireless sensor networks for achieving efficiency. The research focuses on the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol and proposes an enhanced algorithm that improves network lifetime, throughput, and the number of living nodes. This paper evaluates the performance of the improved LEACH protocol and compares it to other protocols currently in use. The results indicate that the proposed method significantly improves the performance of the protocol, making it a promising method for efficient routing in wireless sensor networks. This study is an important contribution to the field of wireless sensor networks and can aid in the creation of more efficient and effective protocols for various sensor network applications.
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Prabhu. M, Mr Dinesh, and Dr Dinesh Senduraja. "MAC chastised Dynamism Efficient in Wireless Device Lattice Spending Mistralapproach." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 12 (2021): 25453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v10i12.4641.

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In Wireless sensor Network, several researchers have provided different routing protocol for sensor networks, particularly routing protocols depending on clusters protocols. Reliability of nodes is necessary parameter in effective sensor networks. We use MAC protocol for controlling the network packets. This is because the usage of cluster based routing has several merits like minimized control messages, re-usability of bandwidth and enhanced power control. Different cluster based routing protocol is proposed by many researchers for the purpose of reducing the consumption energy in wireless sensor networks. Those techniques reduces the energy consumption but with several disadvantages like lack of QoS, inefficient transmission, etc., To overcome those problems, modified QoS enhanced base station controlled in Mistrial Approach (flooding Technique) for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this work. Here we reduce the number of retransmission and detect the overlay packets in networks using proposed approach. Simulation results show the better energy consumption, Maximum Life time &amp; Efficient Bandwidth is achieved by flooding management when compared to the conventional techniques
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Uppalapati, Srilakshmi. "Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Optimization Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, no. 5 (2020): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190510.

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A wide range of applications include in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and it is being used extensively in data collection specifically to process the mission-critical tasks. The implementation of routing protocols of energy-efficient (EE) is one of the significant challenging jobs of Sensor Networks (MC-SSN) and Mission Critical Sensors. In hierarchical routing protocols, higher EE can reach when compared to the flat routing protocols. The network’s scheduling process doesn’t support enhanced balanced Energy-efficient network-integrated super-heterogeneous (E-BEENISH), which discusses earlier. An Energy. Energy efficient Time scheduling based particle swarm optimization unequal fault tolerance clustering protocol (EE-TDMA-PSO-UFC) is proposed in this paper. Based on the distance parameter, an efficient cluster head (CH) is selected in this protocol. Owing to the unexpected failure of MCH (Master Cluster Head), an additional “CH” is chosen that is termed as Surrogate cluster head (SCH) for the restoration of network’s connectivity in the protocol of PSO-UFC. Based on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) protocols, the consumption of Energy. Energy is reduced with the allocation of timeslots during transmission of data. Using the technique of EE-TDMA-PSOUFC, the network’s lifespan improves than CEEC and E-BEENISH protocols according to the assessment of simulation results.
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Choi, Woo-Yong. "Novel MAC routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks." Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, no. 5 (2022): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0048.

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Abstract Due to the lack of efficient specified multi-hop routing protocol, IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks have been in limited use for realizing wireless sensor networks where wireless sensors are dispersed in a region and each sensor can transmit its data to one another. We propose a novel MAC routing protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless sensor networks, of which the service areas are extended by appropriately appointed pseudo-access points.
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Sang, Lei, and Duo Long. "A Study on Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1116.

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Wireless sensor network is one of the supporting technologies of the Internet of Things, composed of both communication ability and wireless sensors with limited power, WSN is responsible for sensing information and transmission of stub networks. On the basis of analyzing the reason for generating uncertain information such as information fusion and random load in wireless sensor networks, transmission model is the emphasis of research and design. Besides this, a multiple-path routing protocol with minimum transmission is put forward.
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Dr., Atul M. Gosai, and M. Raval Lakshdeep. "Grid Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocol." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 1, no. 3 (2017): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd72.

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This Paper gives information about Grid base multipath wireless sensor network. We give a brief introduction about wireless sensor network, how sensor works in this network. How the Routing is done and if there is congestion detected in sensors networks and then how it can be solved. Routing protocols are also classified in several types like Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid in also given here the details of that. Also here we describe various routing techniques like Traditional and Current techniques. In flooding based techniques, sensor broadcast the information and the destination sensor receives that information. In gossiping techniques, sensor sends information to neighbor sensor and so on. In this paper we also see that if any sensor id dies due to lack of power or any other problems then another path will be routed. Routing protocols are having 3 types Flat routing, Hierarchical routing and Location based routing. In Flat routing SPIN,DD, Rumor routing, etc protocols are used. In hierarchical routing LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN protocols are used. Now a day LEACH and PEGASIS are widely used in cluster base Wireless Sensor Network. In leach protocol reduced the path using cluster head formulation in this method randomly any sensor make the cluster head n send messages in the network. In pegasis protocol use chaining concept and find the best path from base station to the destination station. PEGASIS and LEACH provide best routing techniques in wireless sensor network but they also have some disadvantages. We also differentiate flat and hierarchical routing techniques in which case which one gives best performances. Here we introduce the readers to Location based routing protocols GEAR and how it route the path is also briefly described here. Dr. Atul M Gosai | Lakshdeep M Raval &quot;Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocol&quot; Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd72.pdf
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Moussa, Sherif, Ghada Abdel Halim, and Salah Ramadan. "Study on the Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 850 (August 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.43.

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Routing the sensed data is considered a main challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) because the routing characteristics may vary depending on the network application and/or the network architecture. Since most sensor network applications work in clusters, hierarchical routing protocols have been developed to fit this network topology. This paper introduces the performance differentials for most common hierarchical routing protocols such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol (TEEN). The design parameters of sensor networks are analyzed to present a classification and comparison of LEACH, TEEN routing protocols. The two protocols are analyzed using different mobility models using NS2 simulation tool. This comparison reveals the important features that need to be taken into consideration while designing and evaluating new routing protocols for sensor networks.
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27

Sixu, Lu, Wu Muqing, and Zhao Min. "Particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony algorithm for clustering and mobile based software-defined wireless sensor networks." Wireless Networks 28, no. 4 (2022): 1671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-022-02925-x.

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AbstractWith the development of the internet of things, people pay more and more attention to wireless sensor networks. Designing the energy efficient routing is an essential objective for wireless sensor networks. Cluster routing is one of the most popular routing protocols to enhance the network lifetime. However, hotspot problem always exists in cluster-based routing protocol. The task of this study is designing a cluster routing protocol with mobile base station which aims at balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the network lifetime. In this article, we design a particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony algorithm for clustering and mobile based software-defined wireless sensor networks. The software defined network architecture is used to reduce the energy overhead and computation overhead in sensor nodes. Particle swarm optimization-based cluster routing algorithm is used to calculate the cluster heads and the sojourn locations of base station. Artificial bee colony algorithm-based traversal path algorithm is used to design the move path of the base station. Comparing with relevant protocols, the proposed protocol reduces the energy consumption, enhances the network lifetime and reduces the control overhead.
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Juwaied, Abdulla, Lidia Jackowska-Strumillo, and Artur Sierszeń. "Enhancing Clustering Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Protocols Using the K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm." Sensors 25, no. 4 (2025): 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041029.

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Wireless Sensor Networks are formed by tiny, self-contained, battery-powered computers with radio links that can sense their surroundings for events of interest and store and process the sensed data. Sensor nodes wirelessly communicate with each other to relay information to a central base station. Energy consumption is the most critical parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Network lifespan is directly influenced by the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. All sensors in the network send and receive data from the base station (BS) using different routing protocols and algorithms. These routing protocols use two main types of clustering: hierarchical clustering and flat clustering. Consequently, effective clustering within Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) protocols is essential for establishing secure connections among nodes, ensuring a stable network lifetime. This paper introduces a novel approach to improve energy efficiency, reduce the length of network connections, and increase network lifetime in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks by employing the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm to optimise node selection and clustering mechanisms for four protocols: Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN), and Distributed Energy-efficient Clustering (DEC). Simulation results obtained using MATLAB (R2024b) demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed K-Nearest Neighbours algorithm, revealing that the modified protocols achieve shorter distances between cluster heads and nodes, reduced energy consumption, and improved network lifetime compared to the original protocols. The proposed KNN-based approach enhances the network’s operational efficiency and security, offering a robust solution for energy management in WSNs.
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Sarella, Venkata Ramana, P. V. G. D. Prasad Reddy, S. Krishna Rao, and Preethi Padala. "EEECARP." Journal of Global Information Management 25, no. 4 (2017): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2017100108.

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WSN is a promising approach for variety of different real time applications. Different Routing protocols for WSNs are very effective challenge in present days because of scalability, efficient energy utilization and robustness in large number of wireless sensor networks with consists of more number of sensor nodes. LEATCH is a traditional routing protocol for energy optimization in WSNs. However, LEATCH cannot scale performance for large scale wireless sensor networks and difficulty to apply effective utilization of real time wireless sensor networks. So, in this paper the authors propose to develop a novel Energy Efficiency and Event Clustering Adaptive Routing Protocol (EEECARP) for WSN. The main designing feature of their proposed approach is as follows: Energy Efficiency, Dynamic Event Clustering and multi hop relay configuration with residual energy available on relay nodes in wireless sensor networks. The simulation results show that authors' routing protocol achieves convenient and effective better performance in formation of clusters with relay sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks.
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Singh, Kamred Udham. "Design Of Energy Efficient and Secure Routing Protocol for Wsn in Iot." Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications 70, no. 2 (2021): 1434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/msea.v70i2.2336.

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&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Abstract&#x0D; This paper proposes an energy-efficient and secure routing system for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed routing protocol improves packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, and network lifetime over existing protocols. The protocol under consideration reduces node energy consumption, increasing the network's lifetime, while ensuring data security. Simulation studies using several metrics evaluate the proposed procedure. The recommended protocol outperforms existing protocols in energy efficiency and security. The protocol under discussion has several IoT applications, including smart agriculture, healthcare monitoring, and environmental monitoring. It ensures reliable and secure data transfer. This paper introduces a novel routing system that addresses energy saving and security in wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT).&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;
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Cynthia, Prudhvi Krishna Saguturu, C., Komali Bandi, Srikanth Magulluri, and T. Anusha. "A survey on MANET protocols in wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.31 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.31.13384.

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In Wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks nodes have a freedom to move from one place to another, they are self-configuring this type of the structure fulfil the requirements of several application. A survey on the different MANET protocols will be done in this paper. Mainly this paper will focus on the Quality of Service on the different parameters like Throughput and Delay between different protocols like AODV (Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and TORA (Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm). DSDV is called as proactive protocol because they know everything about the nodes in the network before the communication start. DSR, AODV, TORA protocols are called reactive protocol because nodes in this network do not know anything about network. They are also called ON-DEMAND routing protocols. After this analysis you will come to know which MANET protocol is best for different application.
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32

Sixu, Lu, Wu Muqing, and Zhao Min. "SDFMUCR: Software-defined and fuzzy-based multi-hop unequal cluster routing." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 10 (2020): 155014772096299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720962996.

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Recently, wireless sensor networks play an important role in our life. Researchers give more and more attention to the design of the routing algorithm. Cluster routing is the most popular routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. However, hotspot problem always exists. Unequal cluster routing is an effective method to solve this problem. In these protocols, nodes closer to base station have the smaller cluster size than other sensor nodes. It will reduce the relay pressure of the node which is near to the base station. The development of the software-defined network optimizes the performance of wireless sensor networks. In this article, we propose a software-defined and fuzzy-based multi-hop unequal cluster routing protocol. It adopts three methods to make the routing protocol outstanding. First, it uses a novel software-defined network architecture to reduce computation overhead and energy overhead in sensor nodes. Then, the fuzzy logic–based intracluster and intercluster routing is designed to balance energy consumption. Finally, residual energy–based rotating scheme is proposed to reduce most of the control overhead. According to the simulation results, the proposed protocol balances and reduces the energy consumption, extends the lifetime, and reduces the control overhead and latency of the network.
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33

Jabbar, Ali H., and Imad S. Alshawi. "Spider monkey optimization routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2432-2442.

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Uneven energy consumption (UEC) is latent trouble in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that feature a multiple motion pattern and a multi-hop routing. UEC often splits the network, reduces network life, and leads to performance degradation. Sometimes, improving energy consumption is more complicated because it does not reduce energy consumption only, but it also extends network life. This makes energy consumption balancing critical to WSN design calling for energy-efficient routing protocols that increase network life. Some energy-saving protocols have been applied to make the energy consumption among all nodes inside the network equilibrate in the expectancy and end power in almost all nodes simultaneously. This work has suggested a protocol of energy-saving routing named spider monkey optimization routing protocol (SMORP), which aims to probe the issue of network life in WSNs. The proposed protocol reduces excessive routing messages that may lead to the wastage of significant energy by recycling frequent information from the source node into the sink. This routing protocol can choose the optimal routing path. That is the preferable node can be chosen from nodes of the candidate in the sending ways by preferring the energy of maximum residual, the minimum traffic load, and the least distance to the sink. Simulation results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in terms of decreasing end-to-end delay, reducing energy consumption compared to well-known routing protocols.
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Ali, H. Jabbar, and S. Alshawi Imad. "Spider monkey optimization routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2432–42. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2432-2442.

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Uneven energy consumption (UEC) is latent trouble in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that feature a multiple motion pattern and a multi-hop routing. &nbsp;UEC often splits the network, reduces network life, and leads to performance degradation. Sometimes, improving energy consumption is more complicated because it does not reduce energy consumption only, but it also extends network life. This makes energy consumption balancing critical to WSN design calling for energy-efficient routing protocols that increase network life. Some energy-saving protocols have been applied to make the energy consumption among all nodes inside the network equilibrate in the expectancy and end power in almost all nodes simultaneously. This work has suggested a protocol of energy-saving routing named spider monkey optimization routing protocol (SMORP), which aims to probe the issue of network life in WSNs. The proposed protocol reduces excessive routing messages that may lead to the wastage of significant energy by recycling frequent information from the source node into the sink. This routing protocol can choose the optimal routing path. That is the preferable node can be chosen from nodes of the candidate in the sending ways by preferring the energy of maximum residual, the minimum traffic load, and the least distance to the sink. Simulation results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in terms of decreasing end-to-end delay, reducing energy consumption compared to well-known routing protocols.
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35

Sheenam. "MULTI-HOP DISTRIBUTED ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING SCHEME FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS." International Journal on Foundations of Computer Science & Technology (IJFCST) 5, no. 6 (2023): 18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120899.

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Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are network of Sensor Nodes (SNs) with inherent sensing, processing and communicating abilities. One of current concerns in wireless sensor networks is developing a stable clustered heterogeneous protocol prolonging the network lifetime with minimum consumption of battery power. In the recent times, many routing protocols have been proposed increasing the network lifetime, stability in short proposing a reliable and robust routing protocol. In this paper we study the impact of hierarchical clustered network with sensor nodes of two-level heterogeneity. The main approach in this research is to develop an enhanced multi-hop DEEC routing protocol unlike DEEC. Simulation results show the proposed protocol is better than DEEC in terms of FDN (First Dead Node), energy consumption and Packet transmission.
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L.LAKSHMANAN, L. LAKSHMANAN, and Dr D. C. Tomar Dr.D.C.Tomar. "Secure Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks for Vampire Attack." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (2011): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/48.

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37

Hoque, M. M., M. G. Rashed, M. H. Kabir, A. F. M. Z. Abadin, and M. I. Pramanik. "EAGBRP: A Gateway Based Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 2 (2021): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i2.50005.

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In most of the cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), cluster heads (CHs) are selected from the normal sensors which may expire rapidly due to fast energy diminution for such an additional workload. As a consequence, the network lifetime of such cluster-based routing protocol reduces drastically. To resolve these constraints, in this study, we proposed a gateway-based routing protocol-namely Energy-Aware Gateway Based Routing Protocol (EAGBRP) for WSNs. In our proposed protocol, the deployed sensor nodes of a WSN were divided into five logical regions based on their location in the sensing field. The base station (BS) was installed out of the sensing area, and two gateway nodes were inaugurated at two predefined regions of the sensing area. The CH in each region is independent of the other regions and selected based on a weighted election probability. We implemented our proposed routing protocol through simulations. To evaluate the performance of our EAGBRP, we simulated SEP, M-GEAR, and MGBEHA (4GW) protocols. The network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy parameters are utilized for performance analysis. It is revealed from the performance analysis results that WSNs with EAGBRP achieve maximum network lifetime and throughput over other considered protocols with minimum energy consumption.
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38

Ding, Yong. "Study Routing Metrics Based on OPRM for Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.651.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of tiny nodes with sensing, actuating, computation, wireless communications capabilities. Because of node's limited energy, the energy control Routing metric is becoming an important research topic, this paper firstly makes a summary to the existing routing metrics, accordingly analyzes that it is deficient to design routing protocols for wireless sensor networks based existing routing metric. Secondly, finds the several key characteristics of wireless sensor networks communication link. Finally, the energy control routing metric is proposed in the paper and this routing metric is adopted to improve the traditional directed diffusion routing protocol. Simulation results show that the optimization transmits power can reduce lots of power consumptions, which will meet to industrial requirements.
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39

Jaffri, Zain ul Abidin, Muhammad Asif, Wali Ullah Khan, et al. "TEZEM: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for next-generation wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, no. 6 (2022): 155013292211072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501329221107246.

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The design and implementation of energy-efficient routing protocols for next-generation wireless sensor networks is always a challenge due to limited power resource capabilities. Hierarchical (clustering) routing protocols appeared to be a remarkable solution for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, particularly in application-aware (threshold-sensitive) and heterogeneity-aware cluster-based routing protocols. In this article, we propose a protocol, namely, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol. It is a heterogeneity-aware and threshold-based protocol that provides a better solution to existing problems in next-generation wireless sensor networks. During execution, the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol splits the entire network area into several zones to manage network traffic efficiently. In the first step, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is designed for a homogeneous network where the initial energy of all the nodes is the same. Thereafter, we bring in heterogeneity in the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol execution environment to optimize its energy consumption. By investigating the performance of the various numbers of divisions, it is proved that the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol with 9 zonal divisions has higher stability and throughput. The performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is compared with those of Stable Election Protocol, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, and Gateway-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol through computer simulations. Simulation results verify the improved performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput.
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40

Mondal, Raj Kumar, and Debabrata Sarddar. "DATA-CENTRIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEY." COMPUSOFT: An International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology 03, no. 02 (2014): 593–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14640111.

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This survey paper is more focused and can serve those who like to overall concept about all data centric routing for wireless sensor networks. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first work to make a classification of routing protocols in sensor networks. Sensor networks are classified by considering several architectural factors such as network dynamics, data aggregations, node capabilities and the data delivery model. Such classification is helpful for a designer to select the appropriate infrastructure for his/her application. Our work is a dedicated study of different data centric routing protocol. Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing and wireless communication . Routing in sensor networks is very challenging, due to several characteristics that distinguish them from contemporary communication and wireless ad-hoc networks. Many new goal and data-oriented algorithms have been proposed for the problem of routing data in sensor networks. Most routing protocols can be classified as data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Data-centric protocols are query-based and depend on the naming of desired data and also do some aggregation and reduction of data in order to save energy. Hierarchical protocols aim at clustering the nodes. Location-based protocols utilize the position information to relay the data to the desired regions. In this paper, we give a survey of data-centric routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique.&nbsp;
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Gan, Quan, and Qiong Qiong Sun. "Research on the QoS Routing Protocol Based on ACO Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 1818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.1818.

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Wireless multimedia sensor network routing protocols based on ant colony optimization algorithm (ACOQoS) is proposed. Based on the existing routing protocol design concept, and the actual needs of QoS from each network layer of wireless multimedia sensor networks, the protocols use the Agent collection method to select cluster head node, from the perspective of the balance network load. And maximize the network lifetime by balanced use of energy of the whole network.
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42

Samara, Ghassan, and Mohammad Aljaidi. "Efficient energy, cost reduction, and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (2019): 496–504. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp496-504.

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Recent developments and widespread in wireless sensor network have led to many routing protocols, many of these protocols consider the efficiency of energy as the ultimate factor to maximize the WSN lifetime. The quality of Service (QoS) requirements for different applications of wireless sensor networks has posed additional challenges. Imaging and data transmission needs both QoS aware routing and energy to ensure the efficient use of sensors. In this paper, we propose an Efficient, Energy-Aware, Least Cost, (ECQSR) quality of service routing protocol for sensor networks which can run efficiently with best-effort traffic processing. The protocol aims to maximize the lifetime of the network out of balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, by using the concept of service differentiation, finding lower cost by finding the shortest path using nearest neighbor algorithm (NN), also put certain constraints on the delay of the path for real-time data from where link cost that captures energy nodes reserve, energy of the transmission, error rate and other parameters. The results show that the proposed protocol improves the network lifetime and low power consumption.
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43

George, Alan, and Deepa Jose. "Comparative Anlysis of Clustering Techniques for Various Models of Node Deployment Strategies." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 10, no. 1 (2017): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/10.01.32.

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Energy efficiency has always remained a pressing matter in the world of Wireless Sensor Networks. Irrespective of the number of routing protocols that exist for Wireless Sensor Networks, only a handful can be named as efficient. Yet above all these routing protocols stands the emblematic one, the LEACH protocol. This research work is aimed at bringing forth a new routing strategy based on the LEACH protocol, which aims at improving the energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks and applying the given clustering technique, in randomly deployed and fixed sensor network simulation environment using MATLAB. In depth simulations have proven that the proposed clustering strategy gives better performance compared to LEACH based on the lifetime of the Nodes. A comparative analysis of the rate of energy consumed on various node deployment strategies has also been carried out.
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44

Tang, Churan, and Linghua Zhang. "An Improved Flooding Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Network-Coding." ITM Web of Conferences 17 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20181702001.

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A central question in wireless sensor network research is how to reduce the consumption of the energy of the sensor nodes. Theoretically, the network coding technology proposed by Ahlswede et al (2000) can improve the network reliability and network throughput, increase the robustness and save energy. Based on the classic flooding routing protocol, the present study proposes a new flooding control protocol, i.e. NC-Flooding for wireless sensor networks. NC-Flooding protocol introduces five mechanisms to enhance the efficiency of wireless sensor networks. As shown by MATLAB simulation results, NC-Flooding protocol reduces the number of broadcasts of wireless sensor networks, increases the throughput of the network and increases the bandwidth utilization. We conclude that NC-Flooding protocol reduces data forwarding cost and node energy consumption and extends nodes’ life cycle, thus increasing network utilization.
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45

Onkar, Singh. "Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review." International Journal of Advances In Scientific Research and Engineering (IJASRE) 3, no. 4 (2017): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.583818.

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A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes arranged into a Prespecified/random way in the concerned Geographical region. Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are dramatically becoming more popular and widely being used in variety of application like battlefield, medicals and several other areas because they are cheap in cost and have the ability to sense data irrespective of environment conditions. Routing in WSNs consumes the most of sensors nodes energy if we are able to make an energy conserving routing protocol then we will be able to conserve the considerable amount of energy which will enhance the Network lifetime.
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46

., C. Sudha, D. Suresh ., and A. Nagesh . "Classification of WSN Routing Protocol Based On Clustering." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, S1 (2018): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2018.7.s1.1807.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) within the zone time regulate to greater enticing and develop their manner into massive variance of exercise in distinctive domains. Elevation in wireless sensor network technology provide the affability of small and low cost sensor nodes with the adequacy of sensing, processing, computing the physical and surroundings circumstances. Due to inhibition in transmission range, processing and power resources it is considered necessary to design awesome and energy aware protocol to increase network lifetime. Routing strategies are developing to boom life cycle of sensor network and increase throughput performance. This paper gives, an analysis of various routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks in addition importance of cluster based routing, and varieties of cluster, type of cluster based routing are discussed. The observe concludes with the issues and the resent researchers on cluster based routing.
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47

Amit Singh and Dr. Devendra Singh. "Genetic Algorithm-Based Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 1, no. 01 (2023): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2023.007.

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In a wireless sensor network (WSN), security threats are prevalent as a result of the network's distributed nature and resource limitations. This paper proposes a secure routing protocol for WSNs based on Genetic Algorithms (GA). The protocol utilizes GA to optimize secure route selection while considering network lifetime and energy efficiency. To showcase the efficiency of the suggested protocol, we present a case study, provide a detailed algorithmic representation, and evaluate its performance through extensive simulations. The results showcase the protocol's ability to enhance security and improve network performance, including increased packet delivery ratio, reduced energy consumption, and robustness against attacks. The proposed GA-based secure routing protocol offers a promising approach to address the unique security challenges of WSNs, contributing to the development of secure and efficient communication frameworks for various applications. Additionally, we highlight the significance of incorporating genetic algorithms into secure routing protocols as a means to optimize route selection in WSNs. By leveraging the evolutionary nature of genetic algorithms, our proposed protocol adapts to dynamic network conditions and effectively balances security requirements with energy efficiency and network lifetime considerations. The case study, algorithmic representation, and comprehensive simulation results validate the protocol's ability to enhance security while maintaining robust network performance. This study contributes to the advancement of secure routing in WSNs, offering a viable solution to mitigate security threats and ensure reliable communication in resource-constrained environments.
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An, Lei, Aihua Li, Ling Pang, and Guangdong He. "Analysis and Comparison of Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 12, no. 10 (2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v12i10.6195.

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&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; -ms-layout-grid-mode: line; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;There are many differences between the routing protocol design of a wireless sensor network and wireless ad-hoc network. Highly restricted resource and frequent node failure are two major challenges. Relevant technical research into wireless sensor network has become an issue of intense interest. In recent years, achievements in research on routing protocol of wireless sensor network have been summarized, analyzed and compared. Features of wireless sensor networks have been introduced and key factors of its routing protocol design have been introduced. According to the realization features of protocol, routing protocol of wireless sensor network has been divided into five categories, and each category of important protocols has been elaborated and analyzed. Finally, the features of these protocols are summarized and compared and the development trend of such research has been forecasted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
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Parmar, Khushboo. "A Review on Energy and Latency Efficient Routing Protocol Design for Wireless Sensor Networks." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34750.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been utilized by various industries, such as disaster management, the chemical and heavy industries, marine research, and space exploration. One of the primary challenges faced by wireless sensor networks is their limited network lifetime. Several techniques have been devised to extend the duration of network operation. This proposed method introduces a threshold-based algorithm to minimize the amount of data that needs to be transferred. In this approach, the selection of cluster heads and their sizes is not fixed. Instead, they are dynamically determined at the beginning of each iteration. The design of routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks faces three main challenges: lowering the rate at which the average node energy declines, minimizing the number of dead nodes, and eventually prolonging the network's lifetime. This paper provides a thorough examination of efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks with the goal of improving network longevity. Keywords: Efficient Routing, WSN Clustering, Network Latency, Network Lifetime.
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KANELLOPOULOS, DIMITRIS. "Rethinking Cluster-based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 12, no. 1 (2019): 03–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst12.01.02.

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A wireless sensor network (WSN) can be employed in many application areas such as traffic control and industrial automation. In WSNs, clustering achieves energy efficiency and scalable performance. A cluster is formed by several sensors nodes, and one of them is elected as cluster-head (CH). A CH collects information from the cluster members and sends aggregated sensed data to the base station (BS) or another CH. The main task of a routing protocol in a WSN is to forward these sensed data to the BS. This paper analyses the advantages of cluster-based routing protocols vs. flat routing protocols in WSNs.
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