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1
APEC Committee on Trade and Investment. Sub-Committee on Standards and Conformance. Trade impact of life cycle analysis in multi-attribute certification programs for flooring materials and plumbing fixtures in five focus APEC member economies. Singapore: Produced for Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, 2012.
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Ismailov, Nariman, Samira Nadzhafova, and Aygyun Gasymova. Bioecosystem complexes for the solution of environmental, industrial and social problems (on the example of Azerbaijan). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043239.
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A key objective of the modern development of society is the observance of ecological and socio-economic unity in human life
and comprehensive improvement of environment and quality of life should be considered in close connection with the quality of the natural landscape. The formation of scientific understanding of the unity of society and nature is driven by the need for practical implementation of such unity. This defines the focus of this monograph. Given the overall assessment of the current state of the environment in Azerbaijan, considers the scenarios for the future development of the area. The prospects of the use of biotechnology in integrated environmental protection. In the framework of the above to address complex social, environmental and production problems in Azerbaijan developed scientific basis of integrated system of industrial farms — biclusters with a closed production cycle through effective utilization of regional biological resources,
whose interactions and relationships take on the character of vzaimodeistvie components for obtaining focused final result with high practical importance. Microbiological, biochemical
and technological processes are the basis of all development of biotechnology. Presents the development will help strengthen the ties between science and production, establishing mechanisms to conduct applied research in the field of innovation and creation of knowledge-based technologies in solving current and future environmental problems in Azerbaijan.
We offer innovative ideas distinguishes the potential need for their materialization into new products, technologies and services, including the widespread use of digital technologies to design dynamic digital environmental map in space and in time.
For students, scientific and engineering-technical workers, students and specializing in environmental technology, environmental protection.
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Ken, Geiser, Irwin Frances H, and World Wildlife Fund (U.S.), eds. Rethinking the materials we use: A new focus for pollution policy. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund, 1993.
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Bracic, Ana. Breaking the Exclusion Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190050672.001.0001.
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Social exclusion of marginalized populations is an intractable problem of global relevance. Breaking the Exclusion Cycle develops a theory of how individual behaviors contribute to its persistence, and presents a possible solution. The book introduces the “exclusion cycle,” which consists of four parts. Antiminority culture gives rise to discrimination by members of the majority. Members of the minority anticipate maltreatment and develop survival strategies. Members of the majority often disapprove of minority’s survival strategies, ethnicize them, and attribute them to the minority as such, and not the discrimination. Such attribution errors feed the existing anti-minority culture and the cycle repeats. The empirical portion of the book is centered on the social exclusion of Roma (derogatively known as “Gypsies”) in Slovenia, which the book uses to illustrate the theory and to offer evidence that the vicious cycle can be broken. Specifically, the findings in the book suggest that Roma-led, NGO-promoted dialogue and intergroup contact strategies can help reduce non-Roma discrimination against the Roma. The empirics in the book rest on original evidence collected over twelve months of fieldwork. The centerpieces are two lab-infield experiments, one involving a trust game and one involving the public goods game administered via original videogame. The experiments capture discriminatory behavior by non-Roma and survival strategies by Roma, and are supplemented by interviews, field observations, and surveys. While the empirics focus on Roma and non-Roma, the theory as well as the implications of the findings apply to other cases of marginalized populations.
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Focus the Word: Ideas and Resources for a Living Liturgy for Every Sunday of the Year: Complete 3 Year Cycle. Kevin Mayhew, 1989.
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90 Day Cycle to New Habits Journal: 60 Minutes of Daily Focus to Transform Your Life and Achieve Your Goals and Dreams. Independently Published, 2020.
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Kumar, Abhishek, Sushanta Mallick, and Kunal Sen. Effects of productivity growth on domestic savings across countries: Disentangling the roles of trend and cycle. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/912-9.
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Resource mobilization continues to be an important policy challenge for developing economies, raising questions as to what determines differences in saving behaviour across countries. Using a panel of 47 economies with at least 40 years of continuous time series data, we causally identify, using a range of approaches, that higher productivity growth leads to greater savings, thereby contributing to higher investment. The dynamics of such productivity shocks have been disentangled into trend and cyclical shocks to uncover that cyclical productivity shocks tend to have a strong positive effect on saving rates. Comparing two countries with different levels of productivity (high and low) in a counterfactual analysis, this result remains robust, and we reconfirm that large declines in productivity shocks were associated with large decline in saving rates. Countries should focus on promoting policies to boost productivity growth and thereby achieve higher savings instead of focusing on savings-induced policies alone.
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Eckardt, Regine, and Augustin Speyer. Information Structure and Language Change. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.23.
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This article explores the effect of language change on focusing and focus constructions based on observations and case studies. It begins by analysing bleached focus and contrasts it with independent focus. It also makes a distinction between universal focus effects and language-specific focus operators to show how language change can affect the specific parts of the grammar of focus. The discussion then turns to the emergence of focus sensitive particles, with particular reference to the semantic units that precede focus as part of semantic composition. The Jespersen Cycle is considered as a classic example of independent focus that gets bleached and finally lost. The article concludes by looking at information structure and syntactic change in the rise and loss of V2 in Germanic languages. It demonstrates how bleached focus can bridge the gap between the formal focus and informal notions of information structure.
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Williams, Craig A., and Sébastien Ratel. Maximal-intensity exercise. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0008.
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Maximal intensity is any activity where the exercise-supplying metabolism demonstrates a higher anaerobic ATP yield than the oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Ethical considerations prevent muscle biopsy techniques in young people, resulting in indirect inferences about anaerobic metabolism during exercise being applied to mostly mechanically derived measurements. These measurements are largely based on cycle ergometry tests like the Wingate test. Compared to aerobic data, maximal-intensity data sets are infrequently published, female data across all age ranges are lacking, and application is limited by a focus on sports performance rather than health. However, regardless of how these data are analysed, children and adolescent performance is inferior to adults. Most studies attempt to explain this from a quantitative muscle (and age) perspective, while explanations of qualitative factors, e.g. hormonal and neuromuscular, have proved elusive. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms underpinning maximal-intensity exercise as an important component of everyday physical activity.
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Weinthal, Erika, Avner Vengosh, and Kate Neville. The Nexus of Energy and Water Quality. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.26.
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While the literature on the water-energy nexus tends to focus on scarcity and security, scientific research is revealing increasing concerns with the impact of energy production on water quality. This chapter explores the politics of energy and water quality, with a focus on water contamination associated with coal and shale gas development. It presents evidence of the effects of fossil fuel exploration and production on water quality, noting the life cycle water quality impacts of the coal industry and emerging work on the effects of unconventional shale gas and tight oil associated with hydraulic fracturing. While the science is drawn primarily from the United States, the chapter then considers the global implications of these findings for policy design. It argues that current regulatory approaches are mismatched with the environmental risks and calls instead for a holistic approach to policy design and management that brings together the energy and water sectors.
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Abbott, Helen. Repackaging Baudelaire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.003.0003.
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Beginning with a survey of known Baudelaire settings, this chapter analyses the extent of reworkings of Baudelaire’s poetry, including those made by the poet himself, through the different editions of Les Fleurs du mal, and translations of his work beyond France. The rationale for the selected corpus of song settings is then outlined (focus on an important time period for transmission of Baudelaire’s poetry across Europe; analysis of groups of Baudelaire poems set to music by a given composer; focus on scores which converge around the mélodie genre). It explores definitions of a ‘song set’ as: (a) a looser grouping than the ‘song cycle’ of the German Lied tradition; and (b) shaped by both aesthetic and commercial concerns. These concerns influence the analysis which seeks to balance ‘quantifiable’ features of song settings against the challenges of evaluating songs which emerge from a given historical and cultural context.
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Smith, Jennifer J. The Persistence of Place. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423939.003.0003.
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Building on correspondence, essays, and public statements, the second chapter examines the ongoing significance of place to contemporary cycles. Although Winesburg, Ohio did not originate the genre, it has had the most enduring and wide influence on cycles in recent decades, a period which has seen the resurgence of the cycle because community itself is being reimagined in response to the volatility of the economy. This chapter focus on texts whose authors explicitly cite Anderson’s influence: Russell Banks’s Trailerpark (1981), Cathy Day’s The Circus in Winter (2004), and Rebecca Barry’s Later, at the Bar (2007). Anderson hails Winesburg as enabling “a new looseness” in fiction; that sense of novelty and innovation recurs in authors’ statements about reading Winesburg for the first time, citing its transformative and revelatory power. These contemporary writers narrow even within the small town settings to focus on a particular, marginalized population, thereby amplifying the pervasiveness of alienation in contemporary America.
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Poehler, Eric E. Architecture of the Street. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614676.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 changes the focus from the shape of the street network and the surfaces applied to it to considerations of street’s architectural components. To do so, it dissects the canonical shape of the Pompeian street—a cambered, impermeable stone surface abutting high curbs with pedestrian crossings and intersections and elsewhere—to better understand how this space was formed and how it functioned. The individual components of the street—paving stones, curbstones, stepping stones, and guard stones—are discussed in a series of brief but detailed mini-essays, each of which takes a morphological, functional, and evolutionary approach to the form, distribution, and life cycle of these objects.
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Epstein, Ben. The Stabilization Process Then and Now. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0008.
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This chapter shifts the focus to the third and final stabilization phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). During the stabilization phase, a new political communication order (PCO) takes shape through the building of norms, institutions, and regulations that serve to fix the newly established status quo in place. This status quo occurs when formerly innovative political communication activities become mundane, yet remain powerful. Much of the chapter details the pattern of communication regulation and institution construction over time. In particular, this chapter explores the instructive similarities and key differences between the regulation of radio and the internet, which offers important perspectives on the significance of our current place in the PCC and the consequences of choices that will be made over the next few years.
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Balkelis, Tomas. Multidirectional War and Paramilitarism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668021.003.0006.
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This chapter, by following the course of military actions in Lithuania in 1919, explores the emergence of various military and paramilitary groups that engaged in different types of violence. The focus here is on the entanglement of three types of actors: those that performed state-sanctioned violence; those that acted as semi-independent paramilitary agents, and those that engaged in ethnically or socially motivated violence on a local level. The ability of the Lithuanian government to survive the series of military engagements in 1919 enhanced its legitimacy among the local population, and laid the foundation for a modern Lithuanian identity among the masses. Yet the new state and national identity were shaped in a continuous cycle of violence, social strife, mobilization, and militarization of society.
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Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis, eds. An Introduction to Population-level Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.001.0001.
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This book is based on the content covered during the non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention short course at the University of Oxford. It provides theoretical background and ‘real life case studies’ helping readers to apply the learnings to their day-to-day work. It covers case studies from both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. This book is structured around the four stages of the policy cycle: (1) problem definition; (2) solution generation; (3) resource mobilization and implementation; and (4) evaluation. Chapters 2–7 focus on problem definition, which involves understanding the burden of NCDs, its risk factors, the sociopolitical landscape, the role of advocacy, and screening and surveillance. Chapters 8–10 are about solution generation, which involves examining the evidence for potential costs and benefits of interventions, while also considering contextual factors, including the ethical and political dimensions of different solutions. Chapters 11–13 are on implementation and the mobilization of resources, both the money needed for material aspects of the interventions and the people required to plan for and carry out the interventions. Chapter 14 is about evaluation and monitoring, which may be designed to assess whether interventions met their aims and objectives. Given the cyclical nature of the policy cycle, the final chapter is about returning to the various stages. NCD prevention does not always follow the stages of the policy cycle in a strict sequence and often, NCD interventions will need revisiting in light of the experiences and lessons learned from earlier stages.
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Dougherty, Deborah. Enacting Skillful Research Performance through Abductive Reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806639.003.0003.
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Few outsiders pay attention to organization and management research, suggesting we need to enhance our skillful research performance. We are uniquely able to address grand challenges that societies face since all involve organizing, but we fail to deliver on our capabilities because we focus instead on filling small gaps in our own theories, and we use constricted notions of rigor. This chapter develops one way to enact skillful research that contributes to resolving grand challenges rather than just extending our own theories. Enacting skillful research performance relies on abductive reasoning to cycle through formulating, evaluating, and reframing rich understandings that define and resolve practical problems. The author explains how to use cycles of abductive reasoning in researching and publishing, and outline new criteria for publishing to support this enhanced enactment of skillful research performance.
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Gabriel, Angela, and Tiffany C. Hoyt. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and discusses how it can serve the geriatric population. Aging is viewed in TCM as a natural progression of the life cycle, with a major focus on achieving longevity, with good physical condition and cognitive health, optimizing one’s genetic potential, and maintaining quality of life. The importance of harmonizing one’s life with the natural elements and in relation to the social environment is an essential part of health care in TCM. This is attained through attention to work–rest balance, “climactic factors,” proper nutrition, and mental and physical exercise, using such therapeutic modalities as diet modification, herbal medicine, acupuncture and acupuncture-related therapies, and therapeutic massage. TCM has treatment plans for both the acute and chronic health conditions of aging, which can successfully complement and enhance Western medical treatments.
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Schrag, Brian, and Kathleen J. Van Buren. Celebrate and Integrate for Continuity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878276.003.0008.
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Step 7 is the final step in the Make Arts process. It includes suggestions for promoting continual creativity within communities and for celebrating both new and older arts forms. It describes results-based management (RBM) and demonstrates how to create arts-related results chains. The focus, however, is not so much in providing a new set of activities, but in urging readers to continue applying all seven of the Make Arts steps. Embedding the Make Arts cycle in community life will result in the best chance for better lives to continue to emerge and endure. This section also includes a case study and discussion highlighting the potentially devastating effects of cultural and musical change within communities. Step 7 concludes with final thoughts from the authors about the Guide and the impact they hope it will have on arts advocates and arts work.
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Kirchman, David L. Elements, biochemicals, and structures of microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0002.
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Microbiologists focus on the basic biochemical make-up of microbes, such as relative amounts of protein, RNA, and DNA in cells, while ecologists and biogeochemists use elemental ratios, most notably, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N), to explore biogeochemical processes and to connect up the carbon cycle with the cycle of other elements. Microbial ecologists make use of both types of data and approaches. This chapter combines both and reviews all things, from elements to macromolecular structures, that make up bacteria and other microbes. The most commonly used elemental ratio was discovered by Alfred Redfield who concluded that microbes have a huge impact on the chemistry of the oceans because of the similarity in nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios for organisms and nitrate-to-phosphate ratios in the deep oceans. Although statistically different, the C:N ratios in soil microbes are remarkably similar to the ratios of aquatic microbes. The chapter moves on to discussing the macromolecular composition of bacteria and other microbes. This composition gives insights into the growth state of microbes in nature. Geochemists use specific compounds, “biomarkers”, to trace sources of organic material in ecosystems. The last section of the chapter is a review of extracellular polymers, pili, and flagella, which serve a variety of functions, from propelling microbes around to keeping them stuck in one place.
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Broschak, Joseph. Client Relationships in Professional Service Firms. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.4.
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This chapter reviews the research literature on professional service firm–client relationships. Client relationships are a defining feature of professional service firms, but are also critical strategic assets and an indicator of the market strategy of professional service firms. To assess the state of knowledge about client relationships the chapter is organized around three themes. First is the different ways that professional service firm–client relationships have been characterized and how this shapes researchers’ assumptions about and focus on client relationships. Second, it examines the life cycle of client relationships, focusing specifically on research that addresses the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of client relationships. The third theme examines research that has identified how client relationships affect professional service firms, particularly in the areas of strategy, structure, learning, and human resource practices. The author identifies important gaps in our understanding of client relationships and suggests several potential avenues for future research.
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Epstein, Ben. The Social and Technological History of Political Communication Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 provides a historical overview of information and communications technology (ICT) development through the lens of political communication orders (PCOs) and political communication revolutions (PCRs). This chapter begins a focus on the first stage of the political communication cycle (PCC): the technological imperative. This historically rich chapter details the social and technological history of the four PCOs that have existed through American political history and the revolutions that disrupted them. First is the Elite PCO from the colonial era through the 1830s, when newspapers were printed for small, elite audiences. The Mass PCO emerged as printing technology and political access expanded in the early nineteenth century, creating the first mass media in the United States. Next, the Broadcast PCO grew out of the expansion of radio and later television use across the country. Finally, the Information PCO is linked to the internet and digital communication since the 1990s.
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Nikiforidis, Lambrianos, Ashley Rae Arsena, and Kristina M. Durante. The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Intrasexual Competition. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.23.
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This chapter examines how the ovulatory cycle affects the tactics women use to compete with one another. As fertility increases near ovulation, women’s mating psychology changes, with implications for intersexual courtship (i.e., attracting opposite-sex mates) and intrasexual competition (i.e., outshining same-sex rivals) which is the primary focus of this chapter. The ovulatory competition hypothesis refers to the effect of fertility on women’s competition, manifested mainly in the domains of physical attractiveness and relative status. Previous research shows that women’s tendency to enhance their appearance near ovulation is driven not by a desire to impress men, but by a motivation to outcompete other women, when those women are perceived as potential rivals. Moreover, the effect of fertility on women’s consumption and financial decision making stems from a desire to surpass other women in status and resources. Implications for women’s materialism, consumption of luxury items, and financial decision making are discussed.
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James, Philip. Diversity of organisms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0005.
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The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.
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Kachun, Mitch. Michelle Obama, the Media Circus, and America’s Racial Obsession. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036606.003.0004.
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This chapter shifts the focus to Michelle Obama, a figure whose family's experiences of enslavement, emancipation, and northward migration make her nearly as important a cultural figure as her husband. It explains how media coverage of Michelle Obama during the campaign was shaped not only by Americans' expectations of prospective first ladies, but by a long history of powerful stereotypes of black women and their bodies. While praised and admired by many, Michelle Obama had become a target whose attackers utilized an ever-expanding twenty-four/seven cable news cycle and the unprecedented forum of the blogosphere to promulgate every sort of personal and political attack. In the process, they dredged up deep-seated stereotypes of African American women—the domineering “mammy,” the hypersexualized “jezebel,” the more recently minted “angry black woman”—and used them to construct an unappealing and even threatening image of the candidate's wife.
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Bekker, Sonja. Can European Socioeconomic Governance Be Social Investment Proof? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0028.
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This chapter argues that EU socioeconomic coordination can support social investment. Both the Lisbon Treaty’s main norms and goals and the European Semester’s short-term goals are in line with social investment. This chapter closely scrutinizes the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) stemming from the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Whereas this coordination cycle has been criticized for having a one-sided focus on limiting public expenditure, even the SGP at times results in recommendations that encourage social investment. Such recommendations only address a limited number of policies and are communicated to a small number of countries. However, the scope for and the content of social investment recommendations changes from year to year, reflecting that coordination is open to changes. This adjustment capacity provides new opportunities for social investment to further integrate into the European Semester process of socioeconomic coordination, thus building on core social principles of the Lisbon Treaty.
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Vincent, Amy, Sead Alihodzic, and Stephen Gale. Risk Management in Elections: A Guide for Electoral Management Bodies. Australian Electoral Commission and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.62.
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When electoral risks are not understood and addressed, they can undermine the credibility of the process and the results it yields. Electoral management bodies (EMBs) encounter numerous risks across all phases of the electoral cycle. They operate in environments that are increasingly complex and volatile and where factors such as technology, demographics, insecurity, inaccurate or incomplete information and natural calamities, create increasing uncertainty. The experiences of EMBs show that when formal risk management processes are successfully implemented, the benefits are profound. Greater risk awareness helps organizations to focus their resources on where they are most needed, thus achieving cost-effectiveness. Over the last decade it has been observed that EMBs are increasingly moving from informal to formal risk management processes. The purpose of this Guide is to lay out a set of practical steps for EMBs on how to establish or advance their risk management framework. The Guide’s chapters reflect the breadth of key considerations in the implementation process and offer basic resources to assist in the process.
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Thiess, Derek J. Sport and Monstrosity in Science Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786942227.001.0001.
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Sport and Monstrosity in Science Fiction examines fantastic representations of sport in science fiction, both cataloguing this almost entirely unexamined literary tradition and arguing that the reason for its neglect reflects a more widespread social suspicion of the athletic body as monstrous. Combining scholarship of monstrosity with a biopolitically focused philosophy of embodiment, this work plumbs the depths of our abjection of the athletic body and challenges us to reconsider sport as an intersectional space. In this latter endeavour it contradicts the image presented by both the most dystopian films such as Deathrace and Rollerball as well as social criticism of sport that limits its focus to an essentially violent masculinity. The book traces an alternative tradition of sport sf through authors as diverse as Arthur C. Clarke, Steven Barnes, and Joan Slonczewski, exploring the way the intersectional categories of gender, race, and age in these works are negotiated in, for example, a solar wind sailing race or futuristic anti-gravity boxing. These complex athletic bodies display the social mobility that sport allows and challenge us to acknowledge our own monstrously animal bodies and our place in a “cycle of living and dying.”
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Pulakos, Elaine D., and Mariangela Battista, eds. Performance Management Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190942878.001.0001.
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No other talent process has been the subject of such great debate and emotion as performance management (PM). For decades, different strategies have been tried to improve PM processes, yielding an endless cycle of reform to capture the next “flavor-of-the-day” PM trend. The past 5 years, however, have brought novel thinking that is different from past trends. Companies are reducing their formal processes, driving performance-based cultures, and embedding effective PM behavior into daily work rather than relying on annual reviews to drive these. Through case studies provided from leading organizations, this book illustrates the range of PM processes that companies are using today. These show a shift away from adopting someone else’s best practice; instead, companies are designing bespoke PM processes that fit their specific strategy, climate, and needs. Leading PM thought leaders offer their views about the state of PM today, what we have learned and where we need to focus future efforts, including provocative new research that shows what matters most in driving high performance. This book is a call to action for talent management professionals to go beyond traditional best practice and provide thought leadership in designing PM processes and systems that will enhance both individual and organizational performance.
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Cairney, Paul, and Emily St Denny. Why Isn't Government Policy More Preventive? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793298.001.0001.
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If ‘prevention is better than cure’, why isn’t policy more preventive? Policymakers only have the ability to pay attention to, and influence, a tiny proportion of their responsibilities, and they engage in a policymaking environment of which they have limited understanding and even less control. This simple insight helps explain the gap between stated policymaker expectations and actual policy outcomes. We use these insights to produce new empirical studies of ‘wicked’ problems with practical lessons. We find that both the UK and Scottish governments use a simple idiom—prevention is better than cure—to sell a package of profound changes to policy and policymaking. Taken at face value, this focus on ‘prevention’ policy seems like an idea ‘whose time has come’. Yet, ‘prevention’ is too ambiguous until governments give it meaning. No government has found a way to turn this vague aim into a set of detailed, consistent, and defendable policies. We examine what happens when governments make commitments without knowing how to deliver them. We compare their policymaking contexts, roles, and responsibilities, policy styles, language, commitments, and outcomes in several cross-cutting policy areas (including health, families, justice, and employability) to make sense of their respective experiences. We use multiple insights from policy theory to help research and analyse the results. The results help policymakers reflect on how to avoid a cycle of optimism and despair when trying to solve problems that their predecessors did not.
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Pozio, Edoardo. Trichinellosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0068.
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Trichinellosis is caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. These zoonotic parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution in all the continents, but Antarctica. They circulate in nature by synanthropic-domestic and sylvatic cycles. Today, eight species and four genotypes are recognized, all of which infect mammals, including humans, one species also infects birds, and two other species infect also reptiles.Parasites of the genus Trichinella are unusual among the other nematodes in that the worm undergoes a complete developmental cycle, from larva to adult to larva, in the body of a single host, which has a profound influence on the epidemiology of trichinellosis. When the cycle is complete, the muscles of the infected animal contain a reservoir of larvae, capable of long-term survival. Humans and other hosts become infected by ingesting muscle tissuescontaining viable larvae.The symptoms associated with trichinellosis vary with the severity of infection, i.e. the number of viable larvae ingested, and the time after infection. The capacity of the worm population to undergo massive multiplication in the body is a major determinant. Progression of disease follows the biological development of the parasite. Symptoms are associated first with the gastrointestinal tract, as the worms invade and establish in the small intestine, become more general as the body responds immunologically, and finally focus on the muscles as the larvae penetrate the muscle cells and develop there. Although Trichinella worms cause pathological changes directly by mechanical damage, most of the clinical features of trichinellosis are immunopathological in origin and can be related to the capacity of the parasite to induce allergic responses.The main source of human infection is raw or under-cooked meat products from pig, wild boar, bear, walrus, and horses, but meat products from other animals have been implicated. In humans, the diagnosis of infection is made by immunological tests or by direct examination of muscle biopsies using microscopy or by recovery of larvae after artificial digestion. Treatment requires both the use of anthelmintic drugs to kill the parasite itself and symptomatic treatment to minimize inflammatory responses.Both pre-slaughter prevention and post-slaughter control can be used to prevent Trichinella infections in animals. The first involves pig management control as well as continuous surveillance programmes. Meat inspection is a successful post-slaughter strategy. However, a continuous consumer education is of great importance in countries where meat inspection is not mandatory.
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Dlugacz, Henry A. Community re-entry preparation/coordination. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0015.
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The transition from short-term incarceration in jail or longer-term prison sentences back to the community presents substantial challenges for those with mental illness. Approximately 97 percent of all inmates return to the community. This simple reality makes it in society’s enlightened self-interest to be concerned with the readiness of these former inmates to live a productive life. The criminal justice and correctional treatment systems affect an inmate’s behavior and opportunities upon release. Successful reentry planning considers multiple interrelated issues (entitlements, housing, treatment needs, and so forth) when building an individualized plan to address them. It begins at admission (or even sentencing) and continues after release. Rather than considering incarceration to be an isolated event, reentry planning views incarceration as part of a cycle to be disrupted through targeted intervention. Correctional mental health treatment is seen as part of a continuum of care extending to the community. Reentry planning for people with serious mental illness should be a primary focus of correctional mental health care integrated into the treatment function, not an afterthought to be considered only as release is imminent. While acceptance of personal responsibility is a critical antecedent to leading a lawful life, and self-determination a fundamental principle of recovery, it is unrealistic for service providers to rely on the individual to coordinate fragmented public systems. This is the job of those funded to provide services. This chapter presents the current understanding of transition support needs and practices to optimize successful community reentry.
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Dlugacz, Henry A. Community re-entry preparation/coordination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0015_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
The transition from short-term incarceration in jail or longer-term prison sentences back to the community presents substantial challenges for those with mental illness. Approximately 97 percent of all inmates return to the community. This simple reality makes it in society’s enlightened self-interest to be concerned with the readiness of these former inmates to live a productive life. The criminal justice and correctional treatment systems affect an inmate’s behavior and opportunities upon release. Successful reentry planning considers multiple interrelated issues (entitlements, housing, treatment needs, and so forth) when building an individualized plan to address them. It begins at admission (or even sentencing) and continues after release. Rather than considering incarceration to be an isolated event, reentry planning views incarceration as part of a cycle to be disrupted through targeted intervention. Correctional mental health treatment is seen as part of a continuum of care extending to the community. Reentry planning for people with serious mental illness should be a primary focus of correctional mental health care integrated into the treatment function, not an afterthought to be considered only as release is imminent. While acceptance of personal responsibility is a critical antecedent to leading a lawful life, and self-determination a fundamental principle of recovery, it is unrealistic for service providers to rely on the individual to coordinate fragmented public systems. This is the job of those funded to provide services. This chapter presents the current understanding of transition support needs and practices to optimize successful community reentry.
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Gibson, Rachel K. When the Nerds Go Marching In. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195397789.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
When the Nerds Go Marching In shows how digital technology has moved from the margins to the mainstream of campaign and election organization in contemporary democracies. Combining an extensive review of existing literature and comparative data sources with original survey evidence and web content analysis of digital campaign content across four nations—the United Kingdom, Australia, France, and the United States—the book maps the key shifts in the role and centrality of the internet in election campaigns over a twenty-year period. The chapters reveal how these countries have followed a four-phase model of digital campaign development which begins with experimentation, and is followed by a period of standardization and professionalization. Subsequent phases focus on increasingly strategic activities around the mobilization of activists and supporters, before switching to micro-targeted mobilizing of individual voters. The changes are mapped over time in each country from the perspective of both the campaigners (supply side), and that of voters (demand side), and the four nations are compared in terms of how far and fast they have moved through the developmental cycle. As well as providing the most comprehensive narrative charting the evolution of digital campaigning from its inception in the mid-1990s, the book also offers important insights into the national conditions that have been most conducive to its diffusion. Finally, based on the findings from the most recent phase of development, the book speculates on the future direction for political campaigns as they increasingly rely on digital tools and artificial intelligence for direction and decision-making during elections.
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Singh, Balwant, Marta Camps-Arbestain, and Johannes Lehmann, eds. Biochar. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305100.
Full textAbstract:
Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields.
Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature.
Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses.
Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.
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Heine, Steven. From Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637491.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This work provides a survey and critical investigation of the remarkable century from 1225 to 1325, during which the transformation of the Chinese Chan school into the Japanese Zen sect was successfully completed. The cycle of transfer began with a handful of Japanese pilgrims traveling to China, including Eisai, Dōgen, and Enni, in order to discover authentic Buddhism. They quickly learned that Chan, with the strong support of the secular elite, was well organized in terms of the intricate teaching techniques of various temple lineages. After receiving Dharma transmission through face-to-face meetings with prominent Chinese teachers, the Japanese monks returned with many spiritual resources. However, foreign rituals and customs met with resistance, so by the end of the thirteenth century it was difficult to imagine the success Zen would soon achieve. Following the arrival of a series of émigré monks, who gained the strong support of the shoguns for their continental teachings, Zen became the mainstream religious tradition in Japan. The transmission culminated in the 1320s when prominent leaders Daitō and Musō learned enough Chinese to overcome challenges from other sects with their Zen methods. The book examines the transcultural conundrum: how did Zen, which started half a millennium earlier as a mystical utopian cult primarily for reclusive monks who withdrew from society, gain a broad following among influential lay followers in both countries? It answers this question by developing a focus on the main mythical elements that contributed to the overall effectiveness of this transition, especially the Legend of Living Buddhas.
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Montibeller, Gilberto Ristow. O Mito do desenvolvimento sustentável: Meio ambiente e custos sociais no moderno sistema produtor de mercadorias. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-451-7.
Full textAbstract:
In this book we analyse the sustainability question in the Modern Production System, which today encompasses most of the world economy. We present concepts, theories, indicators, indices, formulas, methods and historical date to examine the evolution and trends of two sustainable development dimensions: socioeconomic and environmental. We focus on the nature-economy nexus and analyse its contradictory process: the more the economics needs nature, the more its cause natural resources depletion and environmental degradation. The huge increase on CO2 emissions in the last three decades – from oil, coal and another non-renewable resources– provides strong evidence to such contradiction. We then analyze the role of material recycle as a solution against both, resources depletion and environmental degradation. Our analysis suggests that the recycle of materials can only contribute to reduce the problem. Moreover, there cycle process of materials depends, on many cases, of public or social subsidies – as financial incentives from the government and domestic material selection. The environment problem transcends borders (as an enterprise, a village, a city, or a country): one can be sustainable, but in fact transfer to other its environmental problem. We adopt the notion of Environmental Space to deal with the sustainability question. We then present and apply the concept of Eco-inequal Exchange to analyse such a question. The environmental movement, which started about fifty years ago, did transform the sustainable development into a global mission. By exposing socio-environmental problems generated by the modern production system itself, this book aims to contribute to a better understanding the limits and possibilities of ours actions as environmentalists.
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Richard, Kreindler, Wolff Reinmar, and Rieder Markus S. Commercial Arbitration in Germany. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676811.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book provides a detailed commentary on and analysis of German arbitration law and practice. This title covers both domestic and international arbitration in all its stages. The work details the legal framework for German-related arbitration and provides practical guidance on the appropriate choices, with a specific focus on particularities of German law and practice. The book navigates along the life cycle of an arbitration, commencing with the arbitration agreement, continuing with the arbitral tribunal, the arbitral proceedings and interim relief, and concluding with the arbitral award including its recognition and enforcement. At each stage, the work combines exhaustive legal analysis, clear and concise presentation, and a practical and accessible approach. Arbitration in Germany continues to grow as the country builds on its reputation as a suitable venue for international arbitration. This trend is reflected in the increasing relevance of the German Institution of Arbitration (DIS), which currently has more than 1,150 members domestically and overseas, including numerous major trade organizations and chambers of commerce, leading German companies, judges, lawyers and academics. The number of arbitration cases under the DIS Rules has more than doubled since 2005 while statistics of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) show that Germany is the fifth most frequently chosen place of arbitration and German law is the fourth most frequently chosen law. Even where the place of arbitration is outside Germany, German arbitration law plays an increasingly important role for the recognition and enforcement of awards. This particular significance is highlighted by Germany's strong export-oriented economy and is mirrored in the fact that German parties are the second most frequently encountered nationality among parties in ICC arbitrations worldwide.
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Guideline for Preventive Chemotherapy for the Control of Taenia solium Taeniasis. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123720.
Full textAbstract:
The larval stage of the parasite Taenia solium can encyst in the central nervous system causing neurocysticercosis, which is the main cause of acquired epilepsy in the countries in which the parasite is endemic. Endemic areas are those with the presence (or likely presence) of the full life cycle of Taenia solium. The parasite is most prevalent in poor and vulnerable communities in which pigs roam free, open defecation is practiced, basic sanitation is deficient, and health education is absent or limited. Several tools are available for the control of Taenia solium. Preventive chemotherapy for Taenia solium taeniasis, which is directed at the adult tapeworm, is one of them. Other tools focus on pig management, pig vaccination and treatment, sanitation and hygiene, and community education. Three potential drugs—niclosamide, praziquantel, and albendazole—have been considered for use for preventive chemotherapy in Taenia solium taeniasis control programs through mass drug administration or targeted chemotherapy. In this Guideline, we provide recommendations for preventive chemotherapy in Taenia solium-endemic areas using niclosamide, praziquantel, or albendazole, including at which dose and in which population groups. The development of this Guideline is based on the latest standard World Health Organization methods for guideline development, including the use of systematic search strategies, synthesis, quality assessment of the available evidence to support the recommendations, and participation of experts and stakeholders in the Guideline Development Group and External Review Group. The recommendations are intended for a wide audience, including policymakers and their expert advisers, and technical and program staff at governmental institutions and organizations involved in the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of preventive chemotherapy programs for the control of Taenia solium.
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Baron, Eugene, and Nico A. Botha. Obedience and Servant Leadership: Apollis, Appies, Buti, Buys. SunBonani Scholar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928424772.
Full textAbstract:
In celebrating a quarter of a century of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (URSCA) (1994 2019), quite a few well-organised activities and events took place. These activities reflect a mix of serious academic seminars and liturgical celebrations of which the ones in the Cape, both in Belhar and at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) warrant special mention. In his sermon based on John 17 at the closing liturgical celebration at UWC, Prof Daan Cloete raised several pertinent issues pertaining to unity and justice as a challenge to the leadership of URCSA. Despite all the significant events taking place throughout the year (2019), there has been a major deficit. Attempts at serious historiography are few and far between. This book is an attempt at starting such a study process. However, to put it modestly to contribute to the writing of the history of the URCSA. It has been resolved to start right at the beginning: the founding synod of URCSA with a specific focus on the constituting moderature. The book discusses the issues that were looming large at the founding Synod in 1994 which captures the ‘miracle’ and the euphoria that emerged amidst some delicate matters and issues that would have posed some serious impediments that would have jeopardise the unification before it even started. In calling into service the pastoral or praxis cycle the contributions of the first moderature of URCSA: Rev Nick Apollis (moderator), Rev Leonardo Appies (Scriba Synodii) Rev Dr Sam Buti (Assessor) and Rev JD Buys (Actuaris), of the 1994 General Synod elections are presented in this book. The authors were interested in answering the question: In what way did the moderature members of URCSA assist in the transformation of church and society? The book showcases, how not only systems and structures are essential in transformation processes, but people - who take up the task in obedience and servitude.
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Shatzkin, Mike, and Robert Paris Riger. The Book Business. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190628031.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Many of us read books every day, either electronically or in print. We remember the books that shaped our ideas about the world as children, go back to favorite books year after year, give or lend books to loved ones and friends to share the stories we've loved especially, and discuss important books with fellow readers in book clubs and online communities. But for all the ways books influence us, teach us, challenge us, and connect us, many of us remain in the dark as to where they come from and how the mysterious world of publishing truly works. How are books created and how do they get to readers? The Book Business: What Everyone Needs to Know® introduces those outside the industry to the world of book publishing. Covering everything from the beginnings of modern book publishing early in the 20th century to the current concerns over the alleged death of print, digital reading, and the rise of Amazon, Mike Shatzkin and Robert Paris Riger provide a succinct and insightful survey of the industry in an easy-to-read question-and-answer format. The authors, veterans of "trade publishing," or the branch of the business that puts books in our hands through libraries or bookstores, answer questions from the basic to the cutting-edge, providing a guide for curious beginners and outsiders. How does book publishing actually work? What challenges is it facing today? How have social media changed the game of book marketing? What does the life cycle of a book look like in 2019? They focus on how practices are changing at a time of great flux in the industry, as digital creation and delivery are altering the commercial realities of the book business. This book will interest not only those with no experience in publishing looking to gain a foothold on the business, but also those working on the inside who crave a bird's eye view of publishing's evolving landscape. This is a moment of dizzyingly rapid change wrought by the emergence of digital publishing, data collection, e-books, audio books, and the rise of self-publishing; these forces make the inherently interesting business of publishing books all the more fascinating.