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1
Gojmerac, Christina Barbara. Perception of emotional facial expressions elicit approach and withdrawal behaviour. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.
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2
A, Wilson Judith, ed. Addictionary: A primer of recovery terms and concepts, from abstinence to withdrawal. Center City, Minn: Hazelden, 1994.
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3
A, Wilson Judith, ed. Addictionary: A primer of recovery terms and concepts, from abstinence to withdrawal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
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4
Townsend, John Sims. Hiding from love: How to change the withdrawal patterns that isolate and imprison you. Colorado Springs, Colo: NavPress, 1991.
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5
Townsend, John Sims. Hiding from love: How to change the withdrawal patterns that isolate and imprison you : now with discussion guide. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Pub. House, 1996.
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6
The happy minimalist: Financial independence, good health, and a better planet for us all. United States: Xlibris, 2008.
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7
Maurice, Chazan, ed. Helping socially withdrawn and isolated children and adolescents. London: Cassell, 1998.
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8
Wise, Lowell C. SYSTEMATIC REDUCTION IN PARTICIPATION: A STUDY OF AN EMPLOYEE WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOR (WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOR). 1990.
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9
Valpey, Robin, and Amy Crawford-Faucher. Behavioral Health Emergencies (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0016.
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Behavioral health emergencies typically involve agitation with autonomic instability. Many medical and psychiatric conditions can precipitate agitation that could necessitate rapid response interventions. Non-pharmacologic therapies can be useful to modulate agitation or delirium, but the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment is either antipsychotics or benzodiazepines, depending on the underlying problem. Psychosis and delirium generally respond better to antipsychotics, while mania, catatonia, toxidromes, withdrawal, and agitation from head injuries are more effectively treated with benzodiazepines. Prompt recognition of severe alcohol withdrawal can improve mortality; getting a history of other drug use, including “designer drugs” can help inform care. This chapter discusses the treatment of agitation, catatonia, medication-related disturbances, and intoxication and withdrawal during emergencies.
10
Finlay, John Reginald. Patterns of self disclosing behaviour amongst aggressive, withdrawn and socially competent teenagers. 1987.
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11
E, Hood Kathryn, Greenberg Gary, Tobach Ethel 1921-, and T.C. Schneirla Conference (5th : 1992 : Pennsylvania State University), eds. Behavioral development: Concepts of approach/withdrawal and integrative levels. New York: Garland Pub., 1995.
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12
Greenberg, Gary, Ethel Tobach, and Kathryn E. Hood. Behavioral Development: Concepts of Approach/Withdrawal and Integrative Levels. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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13
Lubelczyk, Rebecca. Detoxification or supervised withdrawal. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0017.
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Drugs or alcohol are used at the time of the offense by over half of all detainees, necessitating screening for both intoxication and risk of withdrawal from substances at intake. Intoxication and withdrawal can mimic signs and symptoms of an acute mental disorder or exacerbate an underlying chronic disease. One of the most difficult challenges a clinician may face is differentiating whether the presentation is due to a combination of intoxication/withdrawal and mental illness versus mental illness alone. Using substances while on psychiatric medications can alter the pharmacology, change the effectiveness, and exacerbate the side effects of medications, potentially causing lack of response, nonadherence, or dangerous physical effects. Substance use also puts the patient at risk for trauma and exposure to infections from risky behaviors while intoxicated. The clinician faces an imposing challenge in any attempt to accurately assess underlying psychopathology in the midst of acute detoxification. It is a generally accepted practice to reassess the patient’s psychotropic treatment needs once their detoxification is complete, but individual cases may require acute intervention based on the severity of the patient’s mental illness. This chapter attempts to educate the correctional clinician on the common presentations of intoxication and withdrawal syndromes of various substances. The similarities and distinctions of such syndromes with mental illnesses are discussed. Standardized medical management approaches to safeguard patient safety during supervised withdrawal are also presented. Following such a process allows the clinician to subsequently assess the patient’s true mental health and substance abuse treatment needs.
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Lubelczyk, Rebecca. Detoxification or supervised withdrawal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0017_update_001.
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Drugs or alcohol are used at the time of the offense by over half of all detainees, necessitating screening for both intoxication and risk of withdrawal from substances at intake. Intoxication and withdrawal can mimic signs and symptoms of an acute mental disorder or exacerbate an underlying chronic disease. One of the most difficult challenges a clinician may face is differentiating whether the presentation is due to a combination of intoxication/withdrawal and mental illness versus mental illness alone. Using substances while on psychiatric medications can alter the pharmacology, change the effectiveness, and exacerbate the side effects of medications, potentially causing lack of response, nonadherence, or dangerous physical effects. Substance use also puts the patient at risk for trauma and exposure to infections from risky behaviors while intoxicated. The clinician faces an imposing challenge in any attempt to accurately assess underlying psychopathology in the midst of acute detoxification. It is a generally accepted practice to reassess the patient’s psychotropic treatment needs once their detoxification is complete, but individual cases may require acute intervention based on the severity of the patient’s mental illness. This chapter attempts to educate the correctional clinician on the common presentations of intoxication and withdrawal syndromes of various substances. The similarities and distinctions of such syndromes with mental illnesses are discussed. Standardized medical management approaches to safeguard patient safety during supervised withdrawal are also presented. Following such a process allows the clinician to subsequently assess the patient’s true mental health and substance abuse treatment needs.
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Wells, Karen C., John E. Lochman, and Lisa A. Lenhart. Session 6: Ignoring Minor Disruptive Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195327960.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 discusses minor disruptive behavior, and how to learn to ignore it on the basis that withdrawal of attention will reduce the frequency of this behavior. The techniques of praise and ignoring are outlined, as well as how to track and ignore the child’s behavior.
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H, Rubin Kenneth, and Asendorpf Jens, eds. Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1993.
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17
Rubin, Kenneth H., Jens B. Asendorpf, and Jens Asendorpfz. Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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18
Torrington, Matthew. Addiction: Definition, Epidemiology, and Neurobiology. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders and identifies addiction as a disease of reward, motivation, and memory rooted in complex biologic changes. It explains the epidemiology of addiction and identifies the rise and fall of specific drug use and behaviors. It then moves to the neurobiology of addiction, naming the numerous survival systems that are intertwined with addiction’s genetics, early brain development, and learning pathways. Finally, it looks at why some people become addicts, describing it as a pro-inflammatory, bio-psycho-social-environmental-spiritual disease state. Addicted persons often engage in this behavior, no longer to obtain pleasure, but to relieve discomfort created by withdrawal from the drug and the negative life consequences of addiction. The chapter concludes by addressing what needs to be done in both the short- and long-term, noting that applying the disease model to addiction has been the most effective method of saving lives.
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Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Key elements of addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0003.
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Addiction is characterized by the compulsion to seek and take a substance, the loss of control in limiting substance intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g. dysphoria, anxiety) when substance intake is prevented. Importantly, there are elements of addiction that emerge during the addiction trajectory (e.g. liking, wanting, habit, craving) that are a reflection of key changes in the homeostasis of brain networks that control different behaviours. These homeostatic changes ultimately lead to 1) a decreased sensitivity for natural rewards, 2) an enhanced sensitivity for conditioned substance cues and the expectation of substance use rewards, 3) a weakened control over substance use urges and substance-taking behaviour, and 4) substance tolerance and withdrawal. Significantly, these changes are targets for pharmacological and psychological treatment interventions in addiction.
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Behavioral Development: Concepts of Approach/Withdrawal and Integrative Levels (Garland Reference Library of Social Science). Routledge, 1995.
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21
Becker, Stephen P., and Russell A. Barkley. Sluggish cognitive tempo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0015.
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Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is characterized by excessive daydreaming, mental confusing and fogginess, and slowed behaviour/thinking. A brief history of the SCT construct is provided, followed by a review of the current research supporting SCT as distinct from ADHD and other psychopathologies. SCT is positively associated with ADHD inattentive symptoms, depression, anxiety, and daytime sleepiness, but is unassociated or negatively associated with externalizing behaviours such as hyperactivity-impulsivity, oppositionality, and aggression. A growing body of research also demonstrates that SCT is uniquely associated with poorer functioning in various domains of major life activities, including academic difficulties (including poor organization, homework problems, and lower grade point average), social problems (especially peer withdrawal and isolation), and emotion dysregulation. SCT is less clearly associated with most neuropsychological performance outcomes with the possible exceptions of sustained attention, processing speed, and motor speed.
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Boswell, Wendy R., and Richard G. Gardner. Employed Job Seekers and Job-to-Job Search. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.007.
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The purpose of this chapter is to review and integrate the existing research on job-to-job search behavior. The authors provide an overview of the various job-search and employee withdrawal/turnover models followed by a review of the prior empirical findings on the processes, antecedents, and outcomes of job-search behavior within the context of employed individuals. An important focus of this paper is the authors’ explicit focus on the varying objectives an employee may have for engaging in job-search activity. The chapter concludes by discussing developing issues in this research area and offering directions for future research to enhance our understanding of job-to-job search behavior.
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Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Nicotine addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0011.
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Cigarette smoking presents with considerable health risks and induces high costs on healthcare resources. People continue to smoke cigarettes in the face of adversity because they contain nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine is a stimulant that exerts its effects within the brain by acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). nAChRs are located in areas of the brain involved in reward processing, motivation, and cognitive control, which results in disruptions to behaviour when nicotine addiction has developed. Disturbances to the brain and behaviour are particularly evident during early nicotine abstinence when people are in withdrawal. Importantly, treatments (e.g. varenicline, bupropion) that attenuate disturbances to reward and cognition in the brain during withdrawal in early nicotine abstinence are conferred with the efficacy to promote smoking cessation and protect against relapse.
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McCracken, Lindsay M., Mandy L. McCracken, and R. Adron Harris. Mechanisms of Action of Different Drugs of Abuse. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.010.
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Drugs of abuse represent a spectrum of chemically diverse compounds that are used via various routes of drug administration depending on the drug and its preparation. Although the exact molecular mechanisms by which these agents act to produce their intoxicating effects are not completely understood, many drugs of abuse are known to bind to specific neuronal membrane proteins that produce effects on cellular signaling and ultimately on behavior. With repeated administration of a drug, individuals often develop tolerance, and discontinuation of drug use following chronic administration typically results in withdrawal symptoms. This chapter describes the mechanism of action for the following classes of drugs of abuse: alcohol, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, sedative hypnotics, and stimulants. In addition, mechanisms of tolerance and withdrawal are discussed.
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Christopher, Evans J., Brigitte L. Kieffer, David Jentsch, and Rafael J. Maldonado. Animal Models of Addiction. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0043.
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Drug addiction, now officially diagnosed as substance use disorder (SUD), is a chronic brain syndrome characterized by the compulsive use of drugs, loss of control over drug taking in spite of its adverse consequences, and relapse even after long periods of drug abstinence. Animal models have played a critical role in our understanding of the molecules, circuits, and behaviors associated with substance use disorders. This chapter reviews animal models that have been widely used to assess all stages of the addiction cycle: from drug initiation, through drug seeking, to withdrawal and relapse. We discuss the power of genetics, especially in generating rodent models for the discovery of essential proteins and pathways regulating behaviors exhibited during the different stages of the addiction cycle. Preclinical research in animal models will undoubtedly continue to reveal therapeutic strategies for substance use disorders.
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Compston, Alastair. Development, degeneration, and regeneration of the central nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0180.
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What does the nervous system do? Primitive organisms respond to threats by reflex withdrawal and explore their environment through goal-directed activities. They sense and respond to their internal environment in order to maintain homeostasis. From these origins emerge more sophisticated forms of discriminative sensation and the acquisition of special senses; precision in the efficiency of movement and coordination between separate elements of motor skills; and cognitive behaviours that anticipate, conceptualize, and enrich physical and social interactions with the environment.
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Sagan, Meredith, and Timothy Fong. Integrative Approach to Behavioral Addictions: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD). Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0010.
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In recent years, awareness and concern has grown within the psychological and medical communities regarding “behavioral addictions”: these are defined as the compulsive performance of otherwise normal everyday activities such as sex, gambling, use of the Internet and online video games, and shopping. This chapter examines 3 such addictive disorders: gambling disorder, compulsive buying disorder (CBD), and Internet gaming disorder (IGD), exploring their definitions, prevalence, diagnoses, consequences, and treatment. All 3 disorders share similar neurobiological mechanisms, acting on the pleasure centers of the brain and having potentially severe social, mental, and psychological repercussions, including loss of interest in life and withdrawal symptoms as intense as those felt by substance abusers when quitting drugs. Certain pharmaceuticals, CBT, and treatment principles similar to those followed by substance abusers, as well as various non-traditional modalities such as acupuncture and yoga, all have shown promise in treating these disorders.
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Feinstein, Robert E., and Brian Rothberg. Violence. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0013.
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Potentially violent patients need immediate attention and evaluation to determine their risk of imminent violence. A past history of violence is the best predictor of future violent behavior, and individuals who have committed violent acts in the past and have been arrested for assaultive behavior represent the highest risk; people who carry weapons or have access to weapons are of relatively high risk. Individuals with violent impulses who are either intoxicated or are in withdrawal have the most extreme risk for imminent violence. The treatment of acute aggression or agitation involves the judicious use of sedative-anxiolytics or low doses of second-generation antipsychotics. SSRIs have been used to treat aggressive, impulsive, and violent symptoms, particularly in individuals with head injuries, and lithium carbonate can reduce impulsive aggression to extremely low levels in some aggressive patients. Two Tarasoff decisions have become national standards for clinical practice regarding “duty to warn” and “duty to protect” all potential victims of life-threatening danger from a homicidal patient.
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Schulkin, Jay. The CRF Signal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.001.0001.
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This book discusses just how diverse a peptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is, as demonstrated by its presence in various tissues in the body, including the skin, the placenta, and various regions of the brain. As Dobzhansky (1962) noted, in light of Darwin (1874), and beyond, CRF must be placed in the larger world of regulatory biology. Evolutionary trends do not proceed in a continuous one-dimensional direction; there are starts, turns, and abrupt ends. The study of CRF is mostly about diverse functions in physiological and behavioral regulation of the internal milieu and adapting to an ecological and or social context. The book begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things, dating back hundreds of millions of years. The book pushes the conception of CRF beyond the HPA axis and common knowledge. We study the role of CRF in metamorphosis and parturition. Further, CRF is a contributor to fear and anxiety, and the book explains how excessive fear is tied to anxiety disorders and vulnerability to the breakdown of mental and physical health. Also discussed is CRF in approach/avoidance behaviors across pre- and postnatal events. CRF is intimately involved in organ development, but it is also linked to devolution of function and conditions of danger. Cravings, addictions, and how CRF is tied both to the ingestion of diverse drugs and to withdrawal are explored. CRF is considered as an epistemic object, addressing what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular.
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Swift, Robert M. Pharmacotherapy of Substance Use, Craving, and Acute Abstinence Syndromes. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.12.
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Advances in the understanding of the neurobiological basis of addiction have led to a better understanding of the causes of drug and alcohol dependence, as well as to new alternatives in the treatment of these disorders. By addressing some of the underlying neurobiological changes that cause and maintain drug and alcohol dependence, pharmacotherapies can provide an important adjunctive treatment for alcohol- and drug-dependent and behaviorally addicted patients. During detoxification, pharmacotherapies can reduce the severity of withdrawal. After detoxification, pharmacotherapies can be useful as an adjunct to psychosocial treatments to help maintain abstinence or reduced addictive behaviors by reducing craving, reducing the rewarding effects of drugs, and improving the allostasis that accompanies abstinence. This chapter describes the neurobiology of drugs and alcohol, how chronic use leads to brain adaptations that result in addiction, and the actions of medications used to treat addictive disorders.
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Peppin, John, Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Robert B. Raffa, and Steven L. Wright, eds. The Benzodiazepines Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197517277.001.0001.
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When properly prescribed, benzodiazepines and related “Z” drugs, are usually safe and effective. However, some patients experience lack of efficacy, severe adverse effects, and/or protracted withdrawal symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to predict outcome prior to treatment. Use has dramatically expanded, to the point where some experts suggest a disconnect with actual medical need. With increased and longer prescribing there has been a corresponding increase in the “down-side” of these drugs. Benzodiazepines, as all drugs, produce some degree of normal physiologic tolerance and physical dependence. But for some patients withdrawal can result in a bewildering array of symptoms, that can persist for protracted time periods, difficult to understand and live with. Although there is currently no clear mechanistic explanation, some potentials include alterations of receptor number, promoters of receptor protein synthesis or degradation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, GABAA-receptor function or subtype-distribution, or involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine binding/receptor sites. This book attempts to bring benzodiazepine use under a more rational paradigm and reduce the incidence of side-effects and drug–drug interactions (DDI). It is the first devoted to take on this responsibility. Use, overuse/misuse, side-effects, DDI, physiology, and withdrawal are reviewed by expert clinicians and basic scientists in-depth. The book challenges the medical community to take seriously the use of this class of drug and to ameliorate prescribing behavior. The case is made for limiting initiation and duration (2–4 weeks) of use, and careful, supported discontinuation. We laud and suggest increased research into this class of drug and it’s “down-side.”
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Förster, André, and Malte Kaukal. Economic Performance and Turnout in Regional Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0007.
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Following the idea that the behavior of individuals is framed by their contextual setting, this chapter tackles the persistent research gap regarding the impact of regionally varying economic performance on individual turnout. By looking at German districts and applying a multilevel design, we analyze the interplay of an individual’s characteristics and the regional economic performance regarding the decision to cast a vote. Results do not show a direct effect of regional economic performance in the data for 2009 and 2013, but high regional unemployment rates enforce the negative effect of individual unemployment on turnout in the German federal election in 2009, in the middle of the European economic crisis. Additionally, we find evidence that during this crisis election in 2009, East Germans seem to be more susceptible to economic threat scenarios than West Germans, as the former tend to withdraw from voting when regional unemployment rates are high.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Physical health care. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0022.
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This chapter deals with an increasingly important topic: the recognition that individuals with severe mental illness die nearly 20 years before they should. The situational factors contributing to this excess mortality are outlined—failure to register with a GP, homelessness, and dysfunctional help-seeking behaviour. Individual risks, including self-neglect, co-morbid conditions, and the impact of treatments (e.g. metabolic syndrome caused by novel antipsychotics), are also outlined. The role of the outreach worker can involve building liaison with the GP and, on occasions, taking direct responsibility for the physical care of some of the more severely ill patients. There are risks of blurred confidentiality, marginalization, and withdrawal by GP services in this approach, but sometimes it is inevitable.
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Markwica, Robin. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794349.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines Nikita Khrushchev’s decision-making in the Cuban missile crisis. It posits that the logic of affect offers a more comprehensive explanation of the Soviet prime minister’s choice behavior. Specifically, the model shows that his defiance of John F. Kennedy’s demand to remove the missiles from Cuba during the first two days of the crisis was shaped by his sense of humiliation and anger at what he saw as the American president’s refusal to recognize him as the leader of a co-equal power. In the last four days of the crisis, however, the decline of Khrushchev’s anger and humiliation and a growing fear of nuclear war shaped his preference for accepting Kennedy’s terms. That Khrushchev interpreted a message from Washington at the height of the crisis to mean that Kennedy was finally validating his equal status helped him to protect his self-esteem as he decided to withdraw the missiles.
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An introduction to economics: concepts for students of agriculture and the rural sector. 5th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620063.0000.
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Abstract This text aims to provide a simple but effective introduction to general economics for students of agriculture, the rural sector and related topics in universities and colleges. This fifth edition continues the process of adaptation and adjustment to meet changing times, the most significant of which for readers in Europe has been the withdrawal of the UK from the EU which carry implications not only for the chapter on agricultural policy but in many other places in the text. In the process of revision, the opportunity has been taken to make numerous other updates and small improvements. The book has 10 chapters which cover: the essence of economics, consumer behaviour, demand and supply, markets and competition, production economics, factors of production, macroeconomics, international trade, and government policy for agriculture and rural areas.
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Martin, Christopher S., Tammy Chung, and James W. Langenbucher. Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.001.
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This chapter describes how substance use, substance-related problems, and substance use disorders (SUDs) have been viewed over time and in different cultures. Substance problems and inebriety were historically understood through a moralistic perspective, although the description of substance problem syndromes as medical diseases or disorders has a long history. Systematic attempts to develop and refine diagnostic criteria for SUDs began in the middle of the twentieth century and continue to this day. Research has identified limitations of existing diagnostic criteria for SUDs, which can aid the development of future classification systems. Culture plays a role in how substance use and SUDs are conceptualized and in how symptoms are manifested and interpreted. Modern theory of the nature of substance dependence emphasizes how chronic substance use can produce neuroadaptations in brain systems involved in reward, motivation, affective regulation, inhibitory control, and tolerance/withdrawal, all of which can contribute to compulsive substance use behavior.
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Linzer, Shoshana, Adina Chesir, Tal Ginsburg, and Olivia Varas. Stressful Life Events. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0005.
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Stressful life events often occur during the week or month preceding suicide and may aid both the formation of the suicidal narrative and the triggering of the suicide crisis syndrome. This chapter examines the stressors that have been linked to imminent suicidal behavior. The chapter has five sections. The work and career section describes imminent risk associated with economic hardship, business/work failures, and home loss. The relationship conflict section discusses suicide risks stemming from romantic rejection, intimate relationship and family conflicts, as well as abuse, neglect, and bullying. The serious medical illness section discusses suicide risks associated with diagnosis and chronicity of being critically ill. The serious mental illness section focuses on imminent risk associated with recent diagnosis, acuity and hospitalization for mental illness, as well the risks following recent failed suicide attempts. The recent substance misuse section assesses imminent risk associated with chronic alcohol/drug use, acute intoxication, and withdrawal.
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Tavares, Hermano. Assessment and Treatment of Pathological Gambling. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0091.
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As gambling becomes more popular, more people will be exposed to it; thus, the prevalence of and demand for gambling-related treatments are expected to increase. Pathological gambling (PG) is the most severe level of gambling compromise, characterized by unrestrained gambling to the point of financial and psychosocial harm. Classified among the impulse control disorders, PG resembles other addictive disorders. A host of scales for screening and diagnosing PG are available for both the specialist and the general practitioner. The diagnosis of PG, like that of other addictions, is based upon signs of loss of control over the target behavior (i.e., gambling), dose escalation (increasing amounts wagered to get the same excitement as in previous bets), withdrawal-like symptoms, psychosocial harm, persistent desire, and persistent betting despite the negative consequences. Its treatment requires thorough assessment of psychiatric related conditions, motivational intervention, gambling-focused psychotherapy, relapse prevention, and support for maintenance of treatment gains. Psychopharmacological tools to treat craving and gambling recurrence are an incipient but promising field.
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Parran, Theodore V., John A. Hopper, and Bonnie B. Wilford. Diagnosing Patients and Initiating Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 provides an organized approach to diagnosis and to the initial treatment plan, focusing on substance use disorders. The elements of pharmacological and behavioral approaches to treatment, including the management of withdrawal, are addressed separately (Sections III and IV). It begins with directions on initiation of the patient relationship, with the object of eliciting cooperation. The sources of information that should be interrogated are listed, including the history, screening tools, physical examination, laboratory studies, and collateral information (e.g., the prescription drug monitoring program or PDMP). A discussion of diagnosis includes the principles underlying the ICD-10 and the DSM-5. The process of enlisting the patient in a treatment agreement and in the formulation of a collaborative treatment plan is described; the practical elements of patient education in medication accountability and dosing are included. The chapter concludes with a treatment planning checklist to facilitate orderly transition to the treatment itself.
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Modir, Shahla, and George Munoz, eds. Integrative Addiction and Recovery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.001.0001.
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Integrative Addiction and Recovery is a book discussing the epidemic of addiction that is consuming our friends, family, and community nationwide. In 2016, there were 64,000 drug overdoses, and addiction became the top cause of accidental death in America in 2015. We are in a crisis and in need of a robust and integrated solution. We begin with the definition of addiction, neurobiology of addiction, and the epidemiology of varying substances of abuse and treatment guidelines. Section II reviews different types of addiction such as food, alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, cannabis, stimulants (such as cocaine and methamphetamine), opiates (including prescription and illicit opiates), and tobacco, and evidence-based approaches for their treatment using psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, as well as holistic treatments including acupuncture, nutraceuticals, exercise, yoga, and meditation. We also have chapters on behavioral addictions and hallucinogens. Section III reviews co-occurring disorders and their evidence-based integrative treatment and also overviews the holistic therapeutic techniques such as acupuncture and TCM, Ayurveda, homeopathy, nutrition, nutraceuticals, art and aroma therapy, and equine therapy as tools for recovery. We have unique chapters on shamanism and ibogaine, as well as spirituality and group support (12 steps included). The final section deals with challenges facing recovery such as trauma, acute/chronic pain, and post acute withdrawal. Integrative Addiction and Recovery is an innovative and progressive textbook, navigating this complex disease with the most comprehensive approach.
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Wakeman, Sarah E., and Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046.
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Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment with agonist medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. Only a minority of prisoners receive any addiction treatment while incarcerated. Those that do are usually offered behavioral interventions, which when used alone have extremely poor outcomes. Although there are limited studies on the outcomes of drug treatment during incarceration, there are nearly 50 years of evidence documenting the efficacy of methadone given in the community in reducing opioid use, drug-related health complications, overdose, death, criminal activity, and recidivism. Buprenorphine is similarly an effective, safe, and cost-effective long-term treatment for opioid dependence that reduces other opioid use and improves health and quality of life outcomes. There is a growing role for MAT in jails, and to a lesser degree in prisons for the treatment of alcohol and opiate dependence. This chapter presents the current state of evidence based practice in correctional MAT models.
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Wakeman, Sarah E., and Josiah D. Rich. Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders within correctional facilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0046_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Drug addiction treatment is increasingly complex. Only 5% of prisons and 34% of jails offer any detoxification services, and only 1% of jails offer methadone for opioid withdrawal. Even fewer facilities offer medication assisted therapy (MAT) for alcohol or substance use disorders despite the tremendous evidence base supporting the use of medications to treat addiction. Untreated opioid dependence both within corrections and in the community is associated with HIV, Hepatitis C, crime, and death by overdose. Substantial evidence argues that these risks are reduced through long-term treatment with agonist medications such as methadone and buprenorphine. Only a minority of prisoners receive any addiction treatment while incarcerated. Those that do are usually offered behavioral interventions, which when used alone have extremely poor outcomes. Although there are limited studies on the outcomes of drug treatment during incarceration, there are nearly 50 years of evidence documenting the efficacy of methadone given in the community in reducing opioid use, drug-related health complications, overdose, death, criminal activity, and recidivism. Buprenorphine is similarly an effective, safe, and cost-effective long-term treatment for opioid dependence that reduces other opioid use and improves health and quality of life outcomes. There is a growing role for MAT in jails, and to a lesser degree in prisons for the treatment of alcohol and opiate dependence. This chapter presents the current state of evidence based practice in correctional MAT models.