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Journal articles on the topic 'Witnesses – Public opinion'
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1
Chin, Jason M., Jan Tomiska, and Chen Li. "Drawing the Line Between Lay and Expert Opinion Evidence." McGill Law Journal 63, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 89–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1054352ar.
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This article examines the vanishingly thin line between lay and expert opinion evidence in Canada. In Parts I and II, we set the stakes — the dangers involved in expanding the scope of admissible opinion evidence. Canadian trial courts have been warned by peak scientific bodies and public commissions like the Goudge Inquiry about the dangers of attorning to persuasive expert witnesses. Thus, expert evidence faces new hurdles, both substantively and procedurally. This scrutiny has inspired parties to seek refuge in the more flexible and discretionary lay opinion evidence rules. But newfound vigilance to expert opinion is invalidated if the same evidence can be admitted as lay opinion. Parts III and IV illustrate these problems as we examine three cases in which authoritative lay witnesses opined on topics requiring specialized training and expertise. Three hazards are readily apparent from this analysis: (1) the lay witnesses opined on matters in which there are established methodologies to control for unconscious bias, but did not follow these methodologies; (2) the lay witnesses–– police officers––though authority figures, were not qualified experts in the area they were opining on, and; (3) the lay opinion jurisprudence has failed to meaningfully distinguish between lay and expert opinion. In Part V, we seek to fill this void by proposing a new analytic approach—Lay Opinion 2.0—which draws on both the practical and epistemological distinction between lay and expert opinion to provide an efficient and fair test for the admission of lay opinion evidence.
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Váryová, Ivana, Iveta Košovská, and Alexandra Ferenczi Vaňová. "ACCOUNTING AS AN INFORMATION SOURCE FOR DETERMINATION OF GENERAL ASSET VALUE IN CONDITIONS OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." Science and Studies of Accounting and Finance: Problems and Perspectives 9, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2014.29.
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Currently, expert witness's activities became an essential part of the development of business activities. Expert witness's activities deals with the process of determining the value based on the use of appropriate valuation methods. The basic role of expert witness's activities is valuation of the assets. In practice, expert witness' opinions are increasingly required not only by the courts and other public authorities, but also by the banking institutions, natural and legal persons. This demand stems primarily from the difference between the perception of price and the actual value of assets. The essential prerequisite for the success of a forensic expert witness's work is the access to quality information. The article's aim is to identify the information sources from which an expert witness is based on the preparation of expert witness's opinion. The theoretical and empirical research was applied in order to achieve the article's aim. The collection of empirical data was carried out using the technique of standardized interview with respondents. Based on the conducted research it can be concluded that the accounting is the principal point and the information source underlying the activity of a forensic expert witness in the determination of general asset value respectively the parts or individual assets items. Accounting presents the information source for various internal and external users. Forensic expert witnesses shall be even included to the users of accounting as regards the establishment of expertizing as a new scientific discipline.
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Suari, Ni Made Elly Pradnya, I. Made Minggu Widyantara, and Ni Made Sukaryati Karma. "Kedudukan dan Perlindungan Saksi Mahkota dalam Tindak Pidana Pencurian dengan Kekerasan (Studi Kasus Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar)." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.1.1.2213.210-215.
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The presence of witnesses in the evidence is the keyword in disclosing the facts of criminal cases. The crown witness is often present at court. However, there are many differences of opinion in the Jurisprudence regarding the use of crown witnesses in court because there is no legal regulation that explicitly regulates the use of crown witnesses in criminal justice. Based on these problems, this study described how the protection of the rights of defendants as crown witnesses in criminal acts of theft with violence and how the position of crown witnesses in criminal acts of theft with violence. This research was designed using a normative legal research method and a conceptual approach. In the Criminal Procedure Code, there is no prohibition for a defendant to provide information for other defendants as far as using a splitsing system so that defendants who are crown witnesses still receive legal protection. The decision of the Supreme Court Number 1942 K / PID / 2012 which in its verification process used a crown witness. In this case, the public prosecutor presented the crown witness due to the lack of evidence especially witness testimony evidence. The role of the crown witness is very important to uncover criminal events because the defendant knows, sees, and commits criminal theft with violence. The result of this study showed that the protection of the rights of the defendant as a crown witness is equated with the rights of the defendant in general, which is regulated in Article 50 to Article 68 of the Criminal Procedure Code and witness rights set out in Article 5 of Law Number 31 of 2014. The position of the crown witness is justified in proof-based on the Circular Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia Number B-69 / E / 02/1997 of 1997 concerning Proof Law in Criminal Cases.
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Yarotskiy, Petro, and Yu Ye Reshetnikov. "Institutionalization of Protestantism as a way out." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 35 (September 9, 2005): 238–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2005.35.1609.
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The study of the current state and tendencies of the development of the traditional trends of late Protestantism in Ukraine - Baptism, Adventism and Pentecostalism, as well as Jehovah's Witnesses during 1999-2005 made it possible, in our opinion, to be scientifically valuable and relevant to the public in these confessions. generalizations and conclusions. At the same time, in our study, they have both a universal character for all four of these denominations, as well as a specific context in the form of an extended analysis of the nature of theological, doctrinal, institutionalization changes that have taken place in the past 15 years in particular in Ukrainian Baptism and the religious organization of Jehovah's Witnesses. Adventism was preserved somewhat during this period.
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Wagstaff, Graham F. "Hypnosis and the Law." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 10 (October 2008): 1277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854808321669.
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The traditional view of the hypnotized person as someone in a state of automatism, possessed of transcendent powers, is still popular among the general public. This has obvious implications for legal issues concerning possible coercion through hypnosis and the use of hypnosis for interviewing witnesses. However, it is now the opinion of most researchers that hypnosis does not induce a state of automatism, and caution should be exercised when employing hypnotic procedures to facilitate memory. It is concluded that better progress will be made in countering public misconceptions about hypnosis, and in benefiting from research on the applications of hypnotic interviewing procedures, if more effort is made to use concepts and terminology that relate hypnotic phenomena to everyday behavior and experience.
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Kudela-Świątek, Wiktoria. "Awangarda i outsiderzy. Rozważania o polskiej historii mówionej pomiędzy historią publiczną a dyskusją akademicką." Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 5 (October 30, 2015): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.98.
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The main aim of this article is to analyse the essence and usefulness of beyond-academic usage of oral history as a particularly important part of public history. It discusses oral history as a part of public history as practised by some Polish socio-cultural institutions who concentrate on documenting people’s memories. The author focuses her attention of four centres documenting people’s accounts and their recordings collections. In her opinion, these main Polish centres are: the “Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre” in Lublin, the History Meeting House and the KARTA Centre, the “Topografie” Association in Łódź and the Remembrance and Future” Center in Wrocław. In order to be able to fully analyse separate social initiatives in Poland, one needs to, in the first place, pay attention to the uniqueness of oral history in the post-Communist countries. Having this context in mind, it is easier to present the way this technique has been adapted to the documentary arena in Poland. First and foremost, the author is most interested in what subjects are covered within the scope of programmes run by these institutions, and what picture of the past is promoted by these institutions in today’s public sphere. She also tackles issues connected with social archive studies conducted by the institutions she is talking about. It is her opinion, that by archiving the testimonies of witnesses to history, these institutions successfully fulfil their task: they do not make their findings and knowledge a secret, they do not treat it as something only a small group of chosen researchers on contemporary history can have access to. Instead, they make it available to anyone who is willing to learn history as presented in individual witnesses’ stories. Somewhere in the background remains the question of the avant-garde and outsiders division, as towards the end of the article the author wants to present as fully as possible the place of beyond-academic oral history in Poland as compared to oral history developed by academic circles.
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Bálint, Emese. "Mechanisms of the Hue and Cry in Kolozsvár in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369875.
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AbstractThis essay looks at a voluntary form of law enforcement based on trial records of late sixteenth-century Kolozsvár. It reconstructs mechanisms of hue and cry to show how social processes of control touched on culture and bore on the articulation of public and private domains in the early modern town. In witnesses' depositions hue and cry emerges as a customary practice with agents who could equally engage public opinion on behalf of victims against law-breakers, or make the system fail, and turn against the denouncer. Special attention is paid to the ways the town's landscape and soundscape interacted with raising the hue and cry. People's moves in response to the outcry effaced the usual divide between in and out, between domestic space and street, so with hue and cry, street and house, normally distinct, merged in ways otherwise abnormal.
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Zakharchenko, Alexey Vladimirovich, Maksim Sergeevich Kirdyashev, and Ksenia Viktorovna Pankeeva. "Public mood of the Kuibyshev Region residents in 1990-1991 in the context of the social history of Russia." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874219.
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This paper deals with 1990-1991 as a turning point, which marked the collapse of the policy of perestroika, the communist institutions of power became a relic of the past, metamorphoses took place in the social structure of the Soviet society. The focus of everyday life history is the reality in the interpretation of its immediate participants, who were witnesses of the events of those years. Such events can relate to different spheres of life, and participants in these events can be people of different social strata. Newspapers and magazines are considered to be an irreplaceable source of information for studying the relationship between government and society in this chronological period. Letters and appeals of citizens from the regional newspaper Volzhskaya Kommuna were taken into consideration. There were rubrics expressing public opinion about the dynamics of the perestroika policy. The emotional reaction reflected in the letters is of great interest. The sources clearly record the main tendencies and stages of the public mood that prevailed in that period, thereby transfer the political apathy that spread in the society. The information received from the sources makes a definite contribution to the study of the everyday life history and can serve as a basis for research and reveal new aspects in social history.
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Kristensen, Lars, and Christo Burman. "Painful Neutrality: Screening the Extradition of the Balts from Sweden." Baltic Screen Media Review 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsmr-2018-0005.
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Abstract The article deals with the extradition of Baltic soldiers from Sweden in 1946 as represented in Per Olov Enquist’s novel The Legionnaires: A Documentary Novel (Legionärerna. En roman om baltutlämningen, 1968) and Johan Bergenstråhle’s film A Baltic Tragedy (Baltutlämningen. En film om ett politiskt beslut Sverige 1945, Sweden, 1970). The theoretical framework is taken from trauma studies and its equivalent within film studies, where trauma is seen as a repeated occurrence of a past event. In this regard, literature and moving images become the means of reaching the traumatic event, a way to relive it. What separates the extradition of the Baltic soldiers from other traumas, such as the Holocaust, is that it functions as a guilt complex related to the failure to prevent the tragedy, which is connected to Sweden’s position of neutrality during World War II and the appeasement of all the warring nations. It is argued that this is a collective trauma created by Enquist’s novel, which blew it into national proportions. However, Bergenstråhle’s film changes the focus of the trauma by downplaying the bad conscience of the Swedes. In this way, the film aims to create new witnesses to the extradition affair. The analysis looks at the reception of both the novel and film in order to explain the two different approaches to the historical event, as well as the two different time periods in which they were produced. The authors argue that the two years that separate the appearance of the novel and the film explain the swing undergone by the political mood of the late 1960s towards a deflated revolution of the early 1970s, when the film arrived on screens nationwide. However, in terms of creating witnesses to the traumatic event, the book and film manage to stir public opinion to the extent that the trauma changes from being slowly effacing to being collectively ‘experienced’ through remembrance. The paradox is that, while the novel still functions as a vivid reminder of the painful aftermath caused by Swedish neutrality during World War II, the film is almost completely forgotten today. The film’s mode of attacking the viewers with an I-witness account, the juxtaposition and misconduct led to a rejection of the narrative by Swedish audiences.
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Chan, Chi Kit. "‘Burglar alarms’ and the making of social risks." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 13, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-06-2016-0004.
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Purpose This paper explicates news making process of social risks in the midst of inconclusive social facts and contested interpretation of social consequences. Specifically, the author aims to investigate how journalists perform the normative role of “Burglar Alarms” – raising social concern to risks and problems amid uncertainties stemming from risk society. Shedding light on the controversies of “tourism capacity” in Hong Kong, this study unravels how news discourses represented the social risks of “outnumbered” Chinese tourists amid ambiguous facts and questionable credibility of news sources. Content analysis of news discourses and interviews with journalists showed that there are emerging journalistic practices – namely, witnessing performativity and opinionated objectivity – to construct social risks in view of less credible news sources, volatile public opinion and highly speculative news events. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis of news discourses was represented in the press and in-depth interviews with journalists. Findings Content analysis of news discourses and interviews with journalists showed that there are emerging journalistic practices – namely, witnessing performativity and opinionated objectivity – to construct social risks in view of less credible news sources, volatile public opinion and highly speculative news events. Originality/value Informed by the theory of risk society, this paper explores how journalists set out the “Burglar Alarms” of social risks by constructing social facts in the midst of questionable authorities and limited expert advice. Instead of relying on authoritative interpretation of social risks, journalists performed as the witnesses to the “reality” of social risks and problems, however selective and interpretative, to the audience. They also articulated to the general will of the people and selective representation of everyday life experience so as to justify their opinionated news angle and the pledge to news objectivity.
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Jermakowa, Inna. "Wizualizacja jako narzędzie manipulacji współczesnej wojny informacyjno-hybrydowej. Historia jednej fotografii — „Rozejm w Szyrokinem”." Oblicza Komunikacji 9 (October 30, 2018): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.9.10.
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Visualization as a tool for manipulating the modern information-hybrid war. History of one photo — “The truism in Szyrokine”Documentary nature of photography convinces the viewer that the image is exactly the same as reality. A photo causes trust and this property of photos is repeatedly used in manipulating public opinion. In the report perception means of the image are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the fact how photojournalism becomes the powerful tool in terms of information war against a backdrop of military conflicts. Especially in today’s conditions, when, according to Oksana Zabuzhko: “Era of »bombed cities« passed — the era of »bombed brains« began…”. History of photodocumentary and history in general can argue that wars and disasters always attracted the attention of the news. A photo neutralized the distance between the viewer and the event. But at the same time, in terms of Russian aggression against Ukraine, it became a popular and effective weapon in the “information” or “psychological war”. The meaning and the true scale of this war are often underestimated. It is perceived like a sort of supplement to “main”, “hot” armed phase of the war. But in reality the meaning is reversed: the information war is total. Moreover, the visual aspect of it is paid the main attention. Photos and their variations are successfully used as a technology of hybrid war. The consequences of this are so powerfully felt by Ukrainian media space. To the most used means we include misrepresentations, information provokes, fakes, manipulations, photo collages, false testimonies of witness, fake experts and witnesses and others. These technologies are analyzed in the report as manipulative tools of modern information and hybrid war.
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Ignjatovic, Tanja. "Assessments of the social welfare centers on the consequences, security risks and recovery needs of children witnesses of violence in parental relationships." Temida 23, no. 3 (2020): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2003307i.
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The subject of the research presented in this paper is focused on the assessments of experts in social welfare centres on the consequences, security risks and recovery needs of children witnesses of violence in parental partnerships, which were submitted to the court in the proceedings for protection from domestic violence associated with the proceedings in a marital dispute, in which the court decides on the exercise of parental rights. The aim is to describe the characteristics of professional assessments and opinions and to map the present problems and point out possible improvements, in accordance with the principle of safety/security of victims and the standard of best interests of the child. In processing this complex topic, thematic analysis was used, as a qualitative descriptive technique. The sample consisted of two groups of reports on the findings and opinion of the social welfare centres, in 62 cases completed in 2010/2011, and 15 cases completed in 2019/2020. The legal and by-law changes related to the subject of the research were expected to produce a positive effect on the content and quality of expert assessments in the second, later sample. The conducted analysis indicated an unsystematic approach and the absence of relevant data, which is also present in the reports from the later period. A positive change was observed regarding the assessment of security risks, but it was insufficiently integrated with the proposals for entrusting custody and determining the model of contact between children and the violent parent. Although it is acknowledged in public documents that children are also victims of violence when witnessing it and that the safety of the victim is the organizing general principle of protection from domestic violence, assessment methods are insufficiently operationalized and the understanding of the difference between partner conflict and violence/abuse of the woman is inadequate. Decisions on children?s contact with the violent parent remain inconsistent with protection measures against domestic violence, and when they are not respected, there are no or rare guardianship authorities? proposals to ban contact, even when the consequences for children and their relationship with mothers are obvious. Therefore, it would be important to supplement and refine the guidelines in existing treatment protocols, develop and harmonize specific expert guidance for these assessments, specialize knowledge and increase the experts? capacity and resources, develop specific and available services, in line with relevant standards. An increased number of researches on various aspects of professional practice in this sphere would also be important for progress in the field.
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Kirichek, Evgeniy Vladimirovich, Eduard Anatolievich Kononov, and Golib Nurullo Kodirzoda. "The constitution of the Russian Federation and constitutional identity in the context of global changes." SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110801003.
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Today we are witnesses and participants in a historic event that is very important for Russia – preparation and adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, reflecting both a legal identity and a vast long-term experience of the constitutional development of the Russian state with due consideration to the opinion of various strata of the population and extensive public discussion. Goal of the research is to show a special role of the Constitution of the Russian Federation from the position of its supremacy in combination with the doctrine of constitutional identity, which is essentially a trend of modern globalization processes, based on the analysis of doctrinal and practical issues, laws and regulations, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the European Court of Human Rights, and statistical data. The methodological basis of the research consists in the application of both general scientific and special methods developed in jurisprudence. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge played a special role: dialectical, historical, comparative law, statistical, logical, etc. A number of conclusions were drawn concerning, on the one hand, the development of a legal potential of the Constitution of the Russian Federation being a determining vector in preventing socio-political destabilization, and on the other hand, constitutional identity, in the broadest sense shown in the desire to know and formulate the own national, religious and other identities, to follow traditional family values, etc., and at the state level – prevention of violation of territorial integrity, state sovereignty, acknowledgement of constitutional and legal identity of the state.
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Crête, Raymonde. "L'enquête publique et le pouvoir de condamnation pour outrage au tribunal." Les Cahiers de droit 19, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 859–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042278ar.
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In the sphere of public inquiries, i.e. those which are limited to the exercice of the power of inquiry and recommendation to a higher instance, the Quebec legislator has enacted different provisions conferring upon the investigators the power to punish acts of contempt. Such provisions were necessary because investigators, as opposed to judges of the superior courts and the courts of records, possess no inherent capacity to impose penalties for acts of contempt committed in or out of their presence. To this end, the legislator has conferred upon investigators the power to condemn for contempt of court, by provisions which refer to the powers of the Superior Court in this matter. The investigators therefore may punish acts of contempt committed in their presence, such as witnesses' refusal to testify or produce documents. It is however more difficult to determine if the investigators are empowered to punish acts of contempt committed outside their presence, for usually inferior courts are not so empowered. In this connection, the courts have also examined the nature of contempt, which can be either civil or criminal depending on the nature of the jurisdiction exercised and the offence committed. With respect to public inquiries, it is equally interesting to ask oneself if the investigators can use contempt of court as a means of punishment. Relative to this question, we think that the investigators should sanction contempt only as a coercive means and not as punishment. Upon conviction of contempt, it is important that the convicted parties have some recourse, since the decisions may have serious consequences such as a fine or imprisonment. In this regard, the courts agree to exercice their powers of control when commissioners exceed their jurisdiction. There is however no right to appeal the commissioner's decision. Investigators may conceivably use such vast powers in an arbitrary and abusive manner. In a perspective of legislative reform, we would be of the opinion that it would be preferable to attribute such a power to a court of justice rather than to the investigators themselves.
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STAN, George-Alexandru. "Scurte considerații asupra condițiilor speciale de valabilitate și asupra efectelor testamentelor privilegiate." Analele Universitării din București Drept 2020, no. 2020 (January 13, 2020): 266–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/aubd.2020.15.
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"This paper is focused on establishing the legal regime of privileged wills. First of all, we will analyse the probative value of this type of will and we shall demonstrate that it is justified to assign it the probative value specific to authentic deeds. Second of all, given that we are in the presence of an authentic deed, we shall extract all the specific requirements in regard to the simplified authentication procedure starting from the provisions of the Romanian Civil Code. These should be complemented by the general regulations in the field of authentic deeds as regulated by the Romanian Code of Civil Procedure, as well as with those compatible provisions regarding the authentication procedure applied by the public notary when authenticating wills. Subsequently, we will focus on the constrains regarding the incompatibility of the agent which manages the procedure and the requirements that must be met by the witnesses involved in the proceedings. Finally, we will undertake an analysis on the substantive conditions that privileged wills must meet and we will present the reasons why we agree with the opinion that supports the ability of the disposer to create a privileged will even if he could draw up a holographic will. Given the opportunity, we will also specify for how long the effects of a privileged will last in so far author could have also draw up a holographic will. Thus, we will demonstrate that the limited term whose fulfilment attracts expiration of the privileged will shall not start unless two cumulative conditions are met: the deceased is able to draw up a holographic will and the circumstance which allow him to draw up a privileged will have ceased to exist. On the contrary, it will be proven that the one who can address a public notary in order to create a will shall not be allowed to also create a valid privileged will."
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Gimžauskas, Edmundas. "Institutions for the Administration of Vilnius at the Beginning of the German Occupation during the First World War." Lithuanian Historical Studies 19, no. 1 (February 20, 2015): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01901006.
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The entrenched opinion in historiography is that during the First World War, the German army, after entering the lands belonging to the Russian Empire, created its own occupying administrative structures essentially in an empty space. This also applies to the case of Vilnius. Nevertheless, the diaries and memoirs of witnesses of the events of that time cast doubt on this very entrenched stereotype. Indeed, the entry of the Germans into Vilnius in September 1915 meant radical changes in the development of the city’s administration, but from an administrative point of view, the arriving conquerors did not really find an empty space here. Certain structures, the city magistrate, police and Citizens’ Committee were approved for retention. This was done not at the initiative of the Russian government that carried it out, but of the local public itself. After the Germans marched in, they did not destroy the structures of civil administration they found, but adapted them to meet their own interests. Along with this, they created military structures, leaving civilian rule on the sidelines. As the Germans gradually established themselves, the rudiments of occupation civilian rule, which were drawn from cadres of local Poles, began to emerge. This was associated with the trend the German authorities expressed in the first months of the occupation to link the future of the Vilnius region with Poland. The Poles of Vilnius, dominating in the structures of the civil administration, hoped for a liberal system of government, similar to that of occupied ethnic Poland. However, in the late autumn of 1915, at the initiative of the highest German military command in the East, a special administrative formation, the Oberost, began to be created, which was to become an economic and military colony of Germany. The Vilnius region was also to be part of it. From then on, the creation of the German civil administration began on a purely military basis, with the suppression of the Polish identity and the gradual restriction and pressure on all former local administrative structures, which was fully revealed at the beginning of 1916.
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Barysheva, Elena V. "Mythologization of the History of the 1920-30s Festivities." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2020): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-1-180-193.
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The article discusses techniques and methods used by the Soviet government to formulate the historical myth of the revolutionary movement in Russia and of the 1917 revolution. Holidays in Soviet Russia and later in the Soviet Union were not just days of relaxation. They served educational function, formed new spiritual values, instilled a sense of engagement with the events of 1917. As one of the ways to influence the mass consciousness, the festive events of the first decades of the Soviet power formed public opinion and influenced perception of historical and current events by the population. Popularization of the emerging official history of the new socialist state, which had begun in 1917, was especially effective during celebrations owing to their inherent emotional component. The use of historical plots in various dramatizations, mass actions, political processions, carnivals, and demonstrations of workers created an appearance of the new government’s legitimacy, contributed to the formation of the collective memory of the revolutionary days within the frameworks of their official interpretation. The article uses archival materials of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.), which testify to the importance that the party authorities attached to the scenarios of the festive events. Memoirs of the direct participants in the events played their role in creating heroic myth of the revolution. An obligatory element of the celebration of the anniversaries was meetings with workers revolutionaries and witnesses of the revolutionary events that were arranged at the enterprises. Participation in these “evenings of remembrance” became a way of “self-identification” of an individual in new, socialist society, for speakers, as well as listeners. During these festive meetings, appearance of belonging, not only to the heroic past, but also to the epic present, was created. Specifics and ideological implications of the 1920s–30s memoirs contributed to the use of the “memorial boom” in the forming official narrative of the revolution.
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Syamsuddin. "The government whistleblowers in generating audit quality (a survey on provincial audit boards in South, Central, and West Sulawesi, Indonesia)." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 1046–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-08-2016-0069.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to investigate the mediation effect of whistleblower in relationship between auditor’s ethic, auditor’s commitment and auditor’s independence to audit quality – a survey on provincial audit boards in South, Central and West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach The population in this research were auditors of audit board, amounting to 249 people, distributed in three provinces, namely, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, using purposive sampling. The method used for analyzing the data in this research is structural equation modeling with auxiliary program analysis of moment structural version 20. Findings The main finding of this research is that the whistleblower is not the mediation variable of the relationship between auditor’s ethic, auditor’s commitment and auditor’s independence to audit quality. However, it does not mean that auditors will be whistleblowers who will disclose all cases into the public domain. Facts on the field are that Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik (BPK) or The Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia auditors do not become whistleblowers due to unsupportive atmosphere and less response from superiors. The results support the agency theory. This research supports the agency theory because of the fact in the field that BPK auditors are not committed to be whistleblowers. Meanwhile, there is positive effect of commitment to audit quality. This research supports stewardship theory and setting theory, as BPK auditors are already committed to the organization and demonstrate high levels of participation in the organization and stronger willingness to keep working and contribute to achievement of better audit. The BPK auditors maintain their independence in the inspection, but for them to be whistleblowers to reveal findings to the public is not allowed by their superiors. The research results support the agency theory. Research limitations/implications Whistleblower needs special attention in BPK, as it is proven that whistleblowing system has not been implemented, and support is needed from superiors and the agencies concerned if one of the auditors in carrying out their auditing tasks turn out to be a whistleblower due to their conscience. Although whistleblower is not regulated in Inspection Standard Statement, Regulation No. 01 of 2007 on Standards of State Audit (SKPN) of BPK, BPK should accommodate the application of the whistleblowing system, such as that adopted by institutions under the Ministry of Finance (Tax Office); hence, the existence of independent auditor profession regains public trust, something that has been dropped for all this time due to many cases involving independent auditors in business sector or the government sector. The government should provide a strong legal protection to ensure the protection to whistleblowers, as the existing legislation is still general in characteristics, as outlined in Law No. 13 of 2006 on Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Furthermore, the researchers should use qualitative research to study the behavior of the government auditors; why some areas receive Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian (WTP) or unqualified opinion predicate but are coupled by a tremendous increase in corruption; and whether BPK auditors have become whistleblowers in disclosing the actual facts. Practical implications Whistleblower need special attention in BPK as it is proven that whistleblowing system has not been implemented, and support is needed from superiors and the agencies concerned if one of the auditors in carrying out their auditing tasks turn out to be a whistleblower due to their conscience. Although whistleblower is not regulated in Inspection Standard Statement, Regulation No. 01 of 2007 on Standards of State Audit (SKPN) of BPK, BPK should accommodate the application of the whistleblowing system, such as that adopted by institutions under the Ministry of Finance (Tax Office), hence the existence of independent auditor profession regain public trust, something that has been dropped for all this time due to many cases involving independent auditors in business sector or the government sector. The government should provide a strong legal protection to ensure the protection to whistleblowers, as the existing legislation is still general in characteristics, as outlined in Law No. 13 of 2006 on Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Furthermore, the researchers should use qualitative research to study the behavior of the government auditors; why some areas receive WTP predicate but are coupled by a tremendous increase in corruption; and whether BPK auditors have become whistleblowers in disclosing the actual facts. Social implications The government needs to provide a strong legal framework to ensure the protection of whistleblowers, because the existing legislation is still general as outlined in the Act – Act No. 13 of 2006 on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Originality/value The originality of this research is using the government whistleblower as the mediation variable in relationship between auditor’s ethics, auditor’s commitment and auditor’s independence on audit quality, with the object being auditor in South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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Rasmussen, Anne, Lars Kai Mäder, and Stefanie Reher. "With a Little Help From The People? The Role of Public Opinion in Advocacy Success." Comparative Political Studies 51, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414017695334.
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Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in research on advocacy success, but limited attention has been paid to the role of public opinion. We examine how support from the public affects advocacy success, relying on a new original data set containing information on public opinion, advocacy positions, and policy outcomes on 50 policy issues in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Claims by advocates are measured through a news media content analysis of a sample of policy issues drawn from national and international public opinion surveys. Our multilevel regression analysis provides evidence that public support affects advocacy success. However, public opinion does not affect preference attainment for some of the lobbying advocates whose influence is feared the most, and the magnitude of its impact is conditional upon the number of advocates who lobby on the policy issue in question.
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Perry, Joe. "Opinion Research and the West German Public in the Postwar Decades*." German History 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 461–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghaa063.
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Abstract This article investigates the history of opinion research in West Germany in the decades following the Second World War, which witnessed the emergence of a dense network of research institutes, including the Institut für Demoskopie-Allensbach (IfD), Emnid and Infratest. It argues that ‘opinion research’—a term used to encompass political polling as well as market research—helped consolidate an emerging West German consumer society based on liberal, free-market capitalism and offered West Germans new ways of imagining this new national collective. The opinion surveys and the subjectivities they measured were mutually constitutive of this reconfigured ‘public’, as exposure to survey results in countless media reports both reflected and shaped popular understandings of self and society. To make this argument, the article explores the US influence on German opinion research from the 1920s to the 1960s and the ‘modern’ language and techniques of survey research in the FRG. It offers an account of sex research as a case study of the same and concludes with a brief discussion of opinion research and its role in shaping contemporary understandings of the public sphere.
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Corbett, Ross J. "Recusant Witnesses and the McCarthyite Congressional Investigations." British Journal of American Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2016-0004.
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Abstract This paper charts the Warren Court’s handling of those convicted for contempt of Congress at the urging of the House Un-American Activities Committee and the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. An examination of the arguments made in the Court’s various opinions—and by whom—reveals that the outcomes in these cases cannot be explained solely by the changing membership of the Court. Even when there were the votes to support the vigorous denunciations of the McCarthyite congressional investigations that found expression in dissents inspired by Watkins v. United States, the Warren Court took a more measured tone. That more measured tone was an attempt to avoid a repeat of the fractured Court amidst a public backlash that Warren had provoked with Watkins and marked a return to the Court’s pre-Watkins use of formalism to bring about the just result.
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Parmentier, Stephan, and Geert Vervaeke. "In criminal justice we trust? A decade of public opinion research in Belgium." European Journal of Criminology 8, no. 4 (July 2011): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370811411460.
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Like other modern-day democracies, Belgium has in the last quarter century introduced many changes in its system for justice administration, by undertaking judicial reforms and commissioning empirical research on public confidence. Following long years of fierce criticism of the police and the criminal justice system since the late 1980s, the turn of the century witnessed three quantitative surveys (the Justice Barometers) in 2002, 2007 and 2010. These were complemented by several qualitative studies in specific districts or with specific groups. Although many variables appear to exert some influence on public confidence, the one that emerges time and again is the degree of contact with the justice system and the ensuing negative perceptions that result from it. This contribution describes the most salient findings of this decade of public opinion research on the criminal justice system in Belgium and reflects on the implications for judicial policy-making.
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Spicka, Mark E. "Selling the Economic Miracle: Public-Opinion Research, Economic Reconstruction, and Politics in West Germany, 1949-1957." German Politics and Society 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503002782385462.
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Perhaps the most remarkable development in the Federal Republicof Germany since World War II has been the creation of its stabledemocracy. Already by the second half of the 1950s, political commentatorsproclaimed that “Bonn is not Weimar.” Whereas theWeimar Republic faced the proliferation of splinter parties, the riseof extremist parties, and the fragmentation of support for liberal andconservative parties—conditions that led to its ultimate collapse—theFederal Republic witnessed the blossoming of moderate, broadbasedparties.1 By the end of the 1950s the Christian DemocraticUnion/Christian Social Union (CDU), Social Democratic Party(SPD) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) had formed the basis of astable party system that would continue through the 1980s.
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SHAN, Wei. "Social Instability and State Responses in China." East Asian Policy 07, no. 01 (January 2015): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930515000057.
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The year of 2014 in China saw rising terrorist attacks by Uighur minority in Xinjiang, as well as a number of massive protests caused by environmentally risky projects. Hardline policy on public opinion and liberal intellectuals had been continued. The year also witnessed a series of reforms in the party-state's security and legal apparatus, including the creation of the National Security Commission, judicial reform, and redefining the power of the Politics and Law Commission.
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Large, Matthew, Olav Nielssen, and Gordon Elliott. "Reliability of Psychiatric Evidence in Serious Criminal Matters: Fitness to Stand Trial and the Defence of Mental Illness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 5 (January 1, 2009): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670902817745.
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Objective: The criminal justice system relies on the opinions of expert witness to assist in decisions about fitness to stand trial (FST) and verdicts of not guilty by reason of mental illness (NGMI). The aim of the present study was to assess the level of agreement between experts about these legal issues using a consecutive series of serious criminal matters in New South Wales. Methods: Pairs of reports from 110 consecutive criminal matters completed by the New South Wales Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions between 2005 and 2007 were examined. The opinions of experts about FST and NGMI were recorded. Results: Agreement about FST was fair–moderate (experts engaged by opposite sides, κ = 0.293; experts engaged by the same side, κ = 0.471), although there was a higher level of agreement in homicide matters. Agreement about NGMI was moderate–good (experts engaged by opposite sides, κ = 0.508; experts engaged by the same side, κ = 0.644) and there was a higher level of agreement when the experts also agreed about the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Further analysis using generalized estimating equations did not find a higher level of agreement about FST or NGMI in pairs of reports containing the opinion of experts from the same side. Conclusions: Little evidence was found for bias in expert opinions about either FST or NGMI, but the comparatively low level of agreement about FST suggests the need for reform in the way that FST is assessed.
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Hobusch, Gerhard M., Florian Keusch, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Michael Joyce, and Reinhard Windhager. "What Opinions Do Tumor Reconstructive Surgeons Have about Sports Activity after Megaprosthetic Replacement in Hip and Knee? Results of the MoReSports Expert Opinion Online Survey." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 3638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113638.
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Sports activity has many benefits in cancer survivors. A key one is having sport activity contribute to the well-being of the individual. However, there are no guidelines about the intensity and kind of postoperative mobility workouts after hip or knee megaprosthetic treatment. Opinion research about sports after modular bone and joint replacement may provide an understanding of surgeons’ attitudes on sports activity after megaprostheses of the hip and knee joint. A web survey with members of three international professional organizations of orthopedic tumor reconstructive surgeons was conducted between September 2016 and January 2018. Members were invited via personalized emails by the European Musculoskeletal Oncology Society (EMSOS), the International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLS), and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS). The questionnaire included 26 questions. A total of 149 surgeons started the survey, and 76 finished the entire survey (American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) second response rate (RR2) EMSOS: 12.3%; ISOLS: 21.9%; MSTS: n/a). More than half of the respondents encourage sarcoma survivors after megaprosthetic treatment to reach an activity level that would allow them to regularly participate in active sporting events of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity level 7 and higher. Orthopedic tumor reconstructive surgeons do fear a number of complications (periprosthetic fracture, allograft failure/fracture, loosening, prosthetic or bearing failure, and early polyethylene wear) due to sports activity after modular bone–joint replacement, but they actually witness fewer complications than they conceptually anticipated. According to the surgeons’ opinions, between four to seven types of sports after surgery could reasonably be recommended depending on the type of hip or knee procedures. This survey provides insights into opinions on what could be recommended, what could be allowed if surgeons and their patients agree on the potential negative outcome, and which sports should definitely not be allowed after hip and knee megaprostheses.
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Torkelson, Eva, Kristoffer Holm, and Martin Bäckström. "Workplace Incivility in a Swedish Context." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i2.4963.
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The present study investigated workplace incivility in a Swedish context. The first aim was to assess how common the phenomenon is and the second was to study which groups (gender, age, ethnicity, and power position) are most targeted by workplace incivility and are more prone to act in an uncivil way. Additionally, the relationships between experienced and witnessed incivility and wellbeing as well as instigated incivility were investigated. An online survey was administered by SIFO (the national public opinion poll agency). The collected data consist of a stratified sample whose composition is identical to the working population in Sweden (N = 3001). The results show that almost three quarters of the respondents had been the target of coworker incivility and 52% of supervisor incivility at least one to two times in the past year. Of the respondents, 75% had witnessed coworkers and 58% witnessed a supervisor treating others in an uncivil way. Furthermore, 66% had instigated uncivil acts toward others. The results also show that female and younger employees are slightly more targeted by incivility from coworkers and younger employees and supervisors are slightly more prone to instigate incivility. Moreover, it was found that that experienced incivility was the strongest predictor of low well-being and that witnessed incivility was the strongest predictor of instigated incivility.
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Torkelson, Eva, Kristoffer Holm, and Martin Bäckström. "Workplace Incivility in a Swedish Context." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i2.4969.
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The present study investigated workplace incivility in a Swedish context. The first aim was to assess how common the phenomenon is and the second was to study which groups (gender, age, ethnicity, and power position) are most targeted by workplace incivility and are more prone to act in an uncivil way. Additionally, the relationships between experienced and witnessed incivility and wellbeing as well as instigated incivility were investigated. An online survey was administered by SIFO (the national public opinion poll agency). The collected data consist of a stratified sample whose composition is identical to the working population in Sweden (N = 3001). The results show that almost three quarters of the respondents had been the target of coworker incivility and 52% of supervisor incivility at least one to two times in the past year. Of the respondents, 75% had witnessed coworkers and 58% witnessed a supervisor treating others in an uncivil way. Furthermore, 66% had instigated uncivil acts toward others. The results also show that female and younger employees are slightly more targeted by incivility from coworkers and younger employees and supervisors are slightly more prone to instigate incivility. Moreover, it was found that that experienced incivility was the strongest predictor of low well-being and that witnessed incivility was the strongest predictor of instigated incivility.
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Kim, Hakwoon, Hyoik Lee, and Jong Eun Lee. "Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation and Audit Quality." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, no. 3 (May 4, 2015): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i3.9245.
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Recently, regulators and policy makers who witnessed the global financial crisis during 20072009 began considering a variety of ways to enhance auditor independence and financial reporting quality, ultimately aiming at investor protection. Since the enactment of the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002 (SOX), the Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation (MAFR) requirement has once again received significant attention from regulators and policy makers around the world, including the European Union (EU) and the U.S. Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). In this paper, we investigate whether MAFR enhances audit quality in Korea. We find that under MAFR, newly rotated auditors are more likely to issue first-time going-concern audit opinions to financially distressed firms during their initial (first-year) financial statement audit compared with under the Voluntary Audit Firm Change (VAFC). Moreover, firms audited by mandatorily rotated new auditors have less discretionary accruals and higher accrual quality than those audited by voluntarily switched new auditors during the initial audit engagement. These results of earnings quality are more pronounced for firms that received a first-time going-concern audit opinion during the initial financial statement audit under MAFR. Taken together, the findings suggest that MAFR produces better audit quality than the VAFC. Further, our study provides implications for regulators and policy makers of countries considering the adoption of MAFR.
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Drabiak, Katherine, Carole Wegner, Valita Fredland, and Paul R. Helft. "Ethics, Law, and Commercial Surrogacy: A Call for Uniformity." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 2 (2007): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00139.x.
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In July of 2005, Indianapolis witnessed streaming headlines in the local newspaper attempting to distill the confusion surrounding the adoption of two premature infants by an adoptive parent. Thirteen articles and opinion pieces introduced the public to a murky legal and ethical transaction. Stating his overwhelming desire to have children, a New Jersey schoolteacher hired the services of a local attorney. The attorney procured a South Carolina woman for a compensated gestational surrogacy contract. Under the contract, the surrogate and the attorney would meet in Indiana to complete the execution of the contract and transfer parental rights via adoption after the birth of the twins.
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Rae, Maria. "Trial by media: Why victims and activists seek a parallel justice forum for war crimes." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 16, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659019874179.
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When the brutal Sri Lankan conflict ended, victims and activists launched global war crimes cases against the state alongside successful media campaigns. Although these justice claims never progressed to a court of law, they were heard, through the media, by the court of public opinion. This article considers to what extent a ‘trial by media’ might have the potential to provide a parallel justice forum. It questions how activists and victims view the role of the media in seeking justice. It finds they perceive the media’s key functions are to expose crimes, bear witness to crimes, name perpetrators, influence public opinion and apply pressure on legal and political institutions to respond to human rights abuses. However, victims and activists also recognise the media is limited in delivering justice. Therefore, this article argues a trial by media should be conceived of more as an accountability mechanism that has the capacity to draw attention to the shortcomings of official legal responses and processes.
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Caneda-Cabrera, M. Teresa. "Breaking Consensual Silence through Storytelling: Stories of Conscience and Social Justice in Emer Martin's The Cruelty Men." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 62 (January 25, 2021): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20205157.
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In recent years Irish society has witnessed an upheaval in public opinion before the discovery of conspiracies of silence hiding stories of institutional abuse which had remained concealed from the public domain. These narratives of secrecy have been consistently identified and stripped away by writers like Emer Martin whose novel The Cruelty Men (2018) denounces the fact that forgetting and silence are woven into the fabric of society and politics in Ireland. Drawing on the notion of consensual silence, the article explores The Cruelty Men as a text that addresses institutional abuse and challenges official discourses by rescuing the unheard voices of the victims and inscribing their untold stories into the nation’s cultural narrative. As the article will discuss, ultimately the novel calls attention to the healing power of storytelling as a way of renegotiating Ireland’s relationship with the silences of the past.
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Ohashi, Yasushi, and Naohisa Mori. "Joint Construction of ‘Facts’ in Court: A Case Study of Microscopic Communication." International Journal of Police Science & Management 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146135570200400108.
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Eyewitness testimony is generated through communication between the examiner and non-examiner (eyewitness) in interrogation rooms or public courts. In this analysis, the authors have studied the ‘fact-generating’ process microscopically, and the issue of credibility in testifying from one's experience. Specifically, they examined the Kabutoyama case, in which it took more than 20 years to render a final verdict of not guilty. They closely examined the credibility of testimony made by a key witness in the case. After analysing the testimony both qualitatively and quantitatively, they observed several characteristics in the witness-examiner exchanges and consider that non-empirical eyewitness testimony is a product of witness-examiner interactions. This paper is based on a research project carried out to report on expert opinion regarding credibility of eyewitness testimony. Part of the results of this project have already been published by Mori and Ohashi (1997).
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Colten, Craig E. "The Historian's Responsibility in Litigation Support." Public Historian 28, no. 1 (2006): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2006.28.1.111.
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Historical research and reporting in support of litigation should not strain professional ethics. Lawyers expect expert witnesses to offer sound and reasonable opinions that are supported by the evidence. Although attorneys must be advocates, good ones realize that experts should not stretch their conclusions to fit the case. Litigation can place restrictions on reporting one's findings, but the public historian must work within the constraints of the judicial system and honor its ethical boundaries. Where possible, the historian should share findings based on publicly accessible documents. Research must be done in line with the highest standards. This works to the benefit of the historian and the legal team. Although there may be two sets of ethical standards, they are not fundamentally at odds.
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St. Louis, Kenneth O., and Timothy W. Flynn. "Maintenance of Improved Attitudes Toward Stuttering." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 721–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-17-0146.
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Purpose This study sought to determine the extent to which experimentally induced positive attitudes in high school students in a previous investigation were maintained 7 years later. Method Authors and assistants recruited 36 adults in their early 20s (Follow-up group) who, in high school, had witnessed either a live oral talk by a person who stutters or a professionally made video on stuttering designed for teens followed by a short talk by the same speaker. The Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering was administered before and after the interventions in high school and 7 years later such that pre–post group comparisons were made. Previously, the Follow-up group had demonstrated highly positive changes in their attitudes after the interventions. In addition, a control group of 56 former high school students from the same state, who did not participate in the interventions, were recruited and compared to the Follow-up group. Results The Follow-up group, which was found to be representative of the original high school cohort, held more positive Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering mean ratings than the Control group, although somewhat less positive than their previous postintervention ratings. Conclusions The Follow-up group maintained many of the positive changes in their beliefs and self reactions regarding stuttering that were induced 7 years earlier after witnessing personal stories and facts about stuttering.
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Yousif, Ahmad F. "Strategies for Enhancing the Understanding of Islam in the Media." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v28i1.348.
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During the last two decades, the world witnessed a meteoric rise in the role played by the media in influencing human perceptions of other people, places, and things. This tremendous influence has had both beneficial and detrimental consequences for individuals and communities across the globe. Muslims have experienced firsthand the harmful impact of the media and its ability to negatively influence public opinion. How has such a state of affairs come about? Why is Islam so misunderstood in the global media, and more importantly, how can this situation be remedied? This paper will examine some of the reasons for the media’s misunderstanding of Islam, first in the Western world and second in the Muslim world. Subsequently, it will propose various strategies for enhancing the Western and Muslim media’s understanding of Islam.
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Sheridan, Tom. "Shoring up the System: The ALP and Arbitration in the 1940s." Journal of Industrial Relations 31, no. 1 (March 1989): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568903100101.
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The years immediately after the Second World War witnessed over-full employment in the Australian economy. The workforce, backed by public opinion, sought to reap gains in employment conditions after years of restraint. High on the unions' official agenda was reform of the federal arbitration system, which dominated the wage-fixing process. In 1947 the ALP government amended the Conciliation and Arbitration Act. Although endowed with unprecedented constitutional and political authority, the Chifley government failed to meet the main expectations of its union constituents. The system remained centralized and dominated by a small bench of judges. Chifley's appointments to the bench failed to depart from the conservative norm. The Labor government's overwhelming motivation was to hold down wage costs and cushion the economy from the shock of industrial labour's newfound bargaining power.
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Yousif, Ahmad F. "Strategies for Enhancing the Understanding of Islam in the Media." American Journal of Islam and Society 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v28i1.348.
Full textAbstract:
During the last two decades, the world witnessed a meteoric rise in the role played by the media in influencing human perceptions of other people, places, and things. This tremendous influence has had both beneficial and detrimental consequences for individuals and communities across the globe. Muslims have experienced firsthand the harmful impact of the media and its ability to negatively influence public opinion. How has such a state of affairs come about? Why is Islam so misunderstood in the global media, and more importantly, how can this situation be remedied? This paper will examine some of the reasons for the media’s misunderstanding of Islam, first in the Western world and second in the Muslim world. Subsequently, it will propose various strategies for enhancing the Western and Muslim media’s understanding of Islam.
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Deveikiene, Vaiva, Gintaras Stauskis, and Inga Urbonaitė Vadoklienė. "Cultural heritage sites in Vilnius: a critique of selected interventions in landscape architecture." Landscape architecture and art 16 (December 23, 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.16.05.
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International researchers intensively explore the tradition of criticism in landscape architecture theories and practices from different angles: socio-cultural inquiry, historic prospective and retrospective, heritage perception and cognition, modern public engagement. Over the past two years, Vilnius City has witnessed a breakthrough in the public debate on urban open space, and several landscape architecture projects related to the revitalization of the cultural landscape have provoked the active public debate. Three selected cases have multi-layered evolution in which previous solutions have been deliberately or naturally denied by subsequent ones. The aim of the paper is to analyse and summarise the state of collective memory and tendencies of stakeholder’s opinions that influence the creative process in landscape architecture projects. The paper analyses the opinions of three stakeholder’s groups about the projects going to be realised: the public, the planning and design professionals and the client, with own regard to the project. The feedback material from the published articles, critical comments, record of public discussion and some other public and institutional media resources are analysed. The ecological, aesthetic and social-economic aspects of the feedback material are represented through the preselected criteria and the detailed indicators. The main conclusion of the study is the notion that early and a wide-ranging discussion with the public during the process of landscape revitalisation can harvest the best public acceptance of landscape change. In the analysed case, it showed the absolute stakeholder’s preference for the multi-layered representation and interpretation of the authentic landscape material and its mental memories that promote the continuum of landscape development as a contemporary public interaction arena. The shorter was the lifespan of the place, the more outrageous debates took place with little consent in all aspects. In case of the longer timespan of the place, there were more consensuses between the stakeholders on the analysed aspects.
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Radnitz, Scott. "Look Who's Talking! Islamic Discourse in the Chechen Wars." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 2 (May 2006): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990600720328.
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In any contemporary conflict, the war of ideas may be just as important as the war on the battlefield. Throughout history, propaganda has been used as a tool of psychological warfare. The prevalence of technology makes the mass media an ever more vital tool in spreading one's message, both to combatants and throughout the world. The case of the Chechen wars demonstrates the importance both sides placed on publicity in the course of fighting. In addition to the use of print journalism, the Chechen wars witnessed the employment of television news broadcasts, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and the Internet as a means to spread messages. Given the importance of the media, the public and private discourse by the combatants has been seen as crucial to their cause. The language of Islam carries a set of widely shared symbols, many related to war, that can be used to manipulate public opinion. This article will analyze how Islamic language was used in the two Russian invasions of Chechnya in the 1990s (1994–1996, 1999–2002). It analyzes three pairs of variables: Russian and Chechen public discourse, especially regarding the language of Islam; Chechen public and Chechen private discourse; and the discourse of both sides in the first war compared to the second war.
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Hayes, Bernadette C., and Ian McAllister. "Protestant Disillusionment with the Northern Ireland Peace Agreement." Irish Journal of Sociology 13, no. 1 (May 2004): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350401300108.
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The period since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement has witnessed a degree of electoral polarisation that dwarfs any previous period during the current Troubles in scale and intensity. This has been attributed to Protestant disillusionment with the Agreement and the political institutions it established. The results presented here using a wide range of public opinion polls support this view. Protestants are much more pessimistic of both current and future relations between the two communities than are Catholics. The increasingly negative view of Protestants, particularly in terms of future community relations, is reflected in declining support for the Agreement. Protestants who believe that relations between the two religious communities in five years time will be worse than they are now are significantly more likely to vote against the Agreement. This is the case even among previous Protestant supporters of the Agreement.
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Shimawua, Dominic. "IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL UNIONS STRIKE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques 7, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v7.i1.19.
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The Nigerian University system, which is designed and packaged to be a fulcrum for national development has witnessed so much industrial unrest. Strikes of various and reasons have become a normal phenomenon in growing inconsiderate policy making relationship between the government and academia. Though it is stipulated in the constitution that strikes can be used as avenues to express public opinion which can bring positive changes, and the frequency of industrial crisis/disputes has affects the standard and products of public Universities in Nigeria despite highly improved inputs and this situation is mirrored effectively in the Nigerian economy. This paper reviews the impact of industrial unions strike on the performance of public universities in Nigeria. The study revealed that the problem of industrial relations in the Nigerian University system were found to be lack of education of some labour leaders, the rigid structure of relationships, lack of flow of communication, management and government meddling with union affairs, frequent trade disputes, under funding and inadequate teaching facilities. Political factors were also discovered as some of the causes of industrial disputes within the university system. These affect student academic performance and generally loss of productivity in economic sector of Nigeria. The study recommended that both union leaders and management representatives should from time to time embark on training to understand the workings of industrial relations.
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Howorth, Jolyon. "European defence policy and subsidiarity: The imperative of the EU level." European View 18, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685819838431.
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Since the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, defence policy, across Europe, has traditionally been the preserve of the nation state. That remains the default situation today, despite over two decades of movement towards a common EU security and defence policy. European leaders, ever since the 1980s, have insisted that the EU level is the most appropriate for this policy area, and public opinion appears to agree with them. Yet, despite many developments in the direction of a ‘European army’, and despite the launch of dozens of EU overseas missions, defence planning and procurement, as well as the deployment of forces, remain the preserve of the EU’s national governments. Since 2016 we have witnessed an intensification of the move towards the EU level. This article argues that it is still too soon to determine whether a genuine shift away from the nation-state level is now in progress.
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Fontijn, David, and David Van Reybrouck. "The luxury of abundance." Archaeological Dialogues 6, no. 1 (July 1999): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001380.
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AbstractThe last decade has witnessed a significant increase in the number of comprehensive syntheses on Irish prehistory, both in terms of academic textbooks and popular accounts. The present review essay finds that these syntheses are highly convergent in terms of theme, scope, and theoretical underpinnings. Although large-scale migrations are rejected as explanations for culture change, Ireland is still perceived as the receptacle for foreign ideas and overseas inventions, whereby imports are not just introduced but also perfected in Ireland. We argue that a similar attitude can be noted in the perception of the history of Irish prehistory. This convergence and absence of overt polemics are explained by referring to the small size of the Irish archaeological community. The increase in syntheses is accounted for by a number of empirical preconditions, the theoretical climate of opinion, the institutional expansion of the discipline, the public impact of a rapidly changing natural and political landscape and the notion of an Irish identity.
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Price, Pat. "Current and future challenges facing medico-legal experts – An expert’s view." Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management 23, no. 3 (April 27, 2018): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516043518772707.
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Recent notable changes in the legal landscape have resulted in a significant evolution of the expert witness role and created unique challenges. The number of clinical negligence cases continues to rise, with a greater public awareness of the litigation process, and additional clinical risk associated with an increased complexity of diagnoses/treatment and changes in clinical pathways. Many cases are high value and/or complex and following the Jackson reforms, urgent deadlines are more commonplace. Experts are now asked to provide a broader level of opinion and support to increasingly overworked and time pressured solicitors. To maintain high-quality opinion, experts are having to further professionalise their practices and work more closely and proactively with instructing parties while at the same time protecting their independence. Increased pressure to cut costs, the post-Jackson need for speed of response, changes in data protection laws and IT processes and loss of immunity have all led to a more resource intensive role. The challenge for experts is to develop sufficient medico-legal experience with adequate administrative support, alongside clinical work, to provide higher quality services and ultimately improved outcome for patients, doctors and Trusts. Through the opinion of an oncology expert, current and future challenges for the medico-legal expert are highlighted along with potential implications for patients, relatives, doctors and health care providers.
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Ruibyte, Laima, Evelina Viduoliene, and Birute Balseviciene. "PERCEPTION OF CRIMINALS: WHAT STEREOTYPES HOLD FUTURE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS?" SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 26, 2016): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1520.
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The main reasons for why stereotypes of police officers about criminals are dangerous and affecting the legal system are: firstly, having stereotypes and misconceptions about typical criminals is damaging witness's ability to correctly identify and/or remember the offender’s features; secondly, stereotypes determine the peculiarities of interrogations; thirdly having stereotypes hinders the identification of individuals who actually commit crimes. 270 university students of Law and Police Activity program participated in the study and gave their opinion on the portrait and likely activities of a potential perpetrator. The Criminal Stereotype Questionnaire-Revised (Sparks & MacLin, 2011) was used to evaluate students’ judgment concerning the potential perpetrator’s socially desirable/undesirable personality traits, early years of family life history and childhood and adolescence activities. The results of this study revealed that future law and public security officers refer to delinquent activities during childhood and adolescence as well to adverse parental family life circumstances when predicting criminal behavior rather than personality traits. Furthermore, they have some preconceptions about gender, race and criminal behavior in advance.
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Previsic, Ivana, and Elke Winter. "Citizenship Revocation in the Mainstream Press: A Case of Re-ethnicization?" Canadian Journal of Sociology 42, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs28660.
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Under the government of Stephen Harper’s Conservative Party (2006-2015), Canada witnessed numerous alterations of its immigration and citizenship rules. Under the new Citizenship Act (2014), dual citizens who have committed high treason, terrorism or espionage could lose their Canadian citizenship. In this paper, we examine how the measure was discussed in Canada’s mainstream newspapers. We ask: who/what is seen as the target of citizenship revocation? What does this tell us about the direction that Canadian citizenship is moving towards? As promoters of civic literacy, mainstream media disseminate information about government actions and legislation, interpret policies and are highly influential in forming public opinion. Our findings show that the newspapers were more often critical than supportive of the citizenship revocation provision. However, they also interpreted the measure as only likely to affect Canadian Muslims in general and omitted discussing the involvement of non-Muslim and, in particular, white, Western-origin Canadians in terrorist acts. Thus, despite advocating for equal citizenship in principle, Canadian Muslims were nonetheless constructed as less Canadian.
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Khalidi, Rashid I. "And Now What? The Trump Administration and the Question of Jerusalem." Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no. 3 (2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.3.93.
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U.S. policy on the Middle East, in general, and on Palestine, in particular, witnessed a seismic shift in the closing days of 2017: the U.S. president announced his decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and to move the U.S. embassy there. While it came as a shock, the announcement was not a complete surprise: in fact, this essay argues, the decision is in line with a long history of bias in Israel's favor, and constitutes the abandonment of the earlier U.S. pretense of impartiality. The Jerusalem decision is part of what has been termed an “outside-in” approach to the conflict, whereby U.S. client states in the region gradually normalize relations with Israel and accept standard Israeli positions, while simultaneously pressuring the Palestinians to make further concessions to Israel. Taking into account the new international environment, and the equally deep shifts in U.S. public opinion, this commentary also explores the possible formulation of a new strategy to advance Palestinian aspirations for liberation and a just peace.
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Alam, Sarah, Rafia Taj, and Abuzar Wajidi. "Influence of Electronic Media on Public Policies and Narratives in Pakistan Post-2005." South Asian Journal of Management Sciences 15, no. 2 (2021): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21621/sajms.2021152.07.
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The research article investigates the role of the news media and specifically electronic media since 2005, which has emerged as a strong force in Pakistan in the past decade and, under certain circumstances, shapes public policymaking in Pakistan. Media across the world is seen as a tool to shape public narratives and influence policymakers in crafting policies that adhere to the interest and welfare of the general public. Electronic media has emerged as a powerful medium of communication in Pakistan, even though its political decision-making role has mainly been ignored. The independence of electronic media in Pakistan is highly debatable; the emergence of private news channels has a relatively short span of age. Before the emergence of a broad spectrum of electronic media channels, a single state-owned news channel existed, and information flow was highly controlled. The influx of news channels made the news media landscape in Pakistan highly vibrant from 2005 onwards. During the Musharraf regime in Pakistan, the mushroom growth of electronic channels was witnessed, which made media the fourth pillar of the state. During the same rule, electronic media in Pakistan started influencing public policies and narratives and saw sanctions imposed by the same ruler. In Pakistan, electronic media played a more significant role in influencing public opinion, policies, and views that compel policymakers to draft policies accordingly. The public was made aware of their rights as citizens and reacted to government policies and current political happenings. Interestingly not just in Pakistan, but the international academia as well has not paid much attention to the media's influence on public policymaking. There is limited scholarly literature available as not much focus has been given to how media influences policymaking. This research article using a Foucauldian lens on "power-knowledge" will specifically examine how certain media groups in Pakistan have impacted policymaking and have played a significant role in major political happenings, which have directly impacted Pakistan's public policies.
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Sušanj Protić, Tea. "O urbanizmu Osora nakon 1450. godine." Ars Adriatica, no. 5 (January 1, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.931.
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he renovation of Adriatic towns under Venetian rule included all major urban settlements on the islands in the Quarnero Gulf. The size of Osor, the Roman centre of the Cres-Lošinj group of islands, radically decreased during this period. The scholarship holds that the town of Cres started to grow in the second half of the fifteenth century while Osor fell into disrepair. Apart from the new Renaissance Cathedral, other late Gothic and Renaissance buildings in Osor have never been thoroughly studied, partly because their state of preservation is modest and party because of the deep-seated opinion that the fifteenth century was only an epilogue to Osor’s great past. As a consequence, no basic analysis of local architecture has ever been done and the urban layout of historic Osor is not very well known. The causes of Osor’s demise, on the other hand, are well known. The population was decimated by illness and the town itself was destroyed by wars in the fourteenth century. Furthermore, maritime navigation changed from coastal to that accustomed to the open sea and Osor lost the strategic importance it held when it came to sailing along the Adriatic. The relocation of the local Count to Cres, frequently underlined as one of the key moments in the history of Osor’s decline and dated to 1450, does not seem to be as fateful as the reduced number of its inhabitants and the loss of naval and trading significance. The relocation created a dual government of sorts and a bimunicipal county was established. The historical importance of Osor as a traditional seat of power was paramount to Venice and the town maintained the prestige it had acquired during the Roman period as a town which controlled a large territory. In the mid-fifteenth century Osor was a building site: architectural structures were maintained, repaired and built anew. In the fourteenth century, a Gothic church of St Gaudentius was constructed on the main street and in the first half of the fifteenth century the Town Hall was built on the site of the ancient Roman curia. Until now, it was held that the reason for the construction of the new cathedral was the bisection of Osor which occurred in the mid-fifteenth century when the new fortification walls – with a reduced catchment area –were erected and so excluded the old cathedral from the perimeter. However, the decision to reduce the circumference of the new walls was made only in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, that is, after the foundations for the new cathedral had been laid. This means that the plans drawn up in the second half of the fifteenth century covered a larger area than previouslt thought and that they were done during the pontificate of Bishop Antun Palčić who was originally from Pag and who witnessed first-hand the building of the new town of Pag. A decree of 1581 records the construction of the town walls at Cres and Osor. The new fortification walls of Cres were being built throughout the sixteenth century and so it is likely that the transversal wall at Osor was constructed at the same time as the new walls at Cres, during the sixteenth century. The building of the new wall was not an ambitious feat of fortification construction but a simple encircling of the remodelled town centre. The new wall was just a consequence of urban reorganization and its direction was determined by the pre-existing defence buildings which were utilised and incorporated in the new addition. In the late fifteenth century, the main town square was fully developed and surrounded by the most important public and religious buildings. The Town Hall stood on the south-east corner and the new cathedral was built on the square’s south side. The Episcopal Palace extended along the entire west flank of the square. The Palace’s long and narrow east wing, facing the square, connected the two main wings of the complex. Despite its modest role as nothing more than a link, the east front was the widest part of the Palace and closed the square’s west side, respecting the new, small-scale urban layout of Osor. The north-east corner of the complex is decorated with an engaged colonette topped by a leaf capital. Its counterpart can be found on a building at the opposite side of the square, which was subsequently heavily rebuilt. These corresponding engaged colonettes indicate that the architects wanted to create a meaningful urban space. The north side of the square no longer exists in its original shape. In the mid-fifteenth century, this area was occupied by religious buildings traces of which can be seen in the present-day modest houses. These traces are mostly elements of Gothic decoration and so it can be concluded that this side of the square featured Gothic structures. The analysis of the architecture on the main square demonstrates that it there were consecutive building phases and that the Cathedral was the last building to be built. There was no unifying stylistic concept; the buildings on the square were either Gothic or Renaissance. This does not reduce the importance of this feat of public building because the Episcopal Palace and Osor Cathedral were built at the same time, by the same master builders, for the same patron, the difference being that the former in the Gothic and the latter in the Renaissance style. This, in my opinion, means that the value of the main square at Osor should not be assessed through stylistic unity but by considering the harmonious spatial relationships between its structures, the attention given to their design, their role as public buildings and the balance achieved by adapting the newly built structures to the pre-existing ones. It is well known that the late fifteenth century was the time when traditional Gothic decoration was used alongside new Renaissance forms and so the stylistic inconsistency apparent in Osor’s main square was done in the spirit of time. The remodelling of the town centre lasted for the whole century and the town was also well maintained in the period that followed. Archival records tell us that a grain store was built in the late fifteenth century but nothing is known about its location or appearance. Despite the efforts and large-scale building campaigns of public and religious architecture, the migration of able-bodied people looking for work continued and Osor was gradually transformed into an occasional dwelling place of the nobility and the clergy – a town of the Church and aristocracy. Today, Osor is a town with low-density architecture. The legacy of medieval town building can be seen only in the row of houses that face the main street. They are huddled together and arranged around communal courtyards, which is a characteristic of local medieval town planning on the island of Cres. The most prominent residential building is the palazzetto of the Draža family, an old noble family of Osor. The location of the Draža house and its spatial relationship with the surrounding, more modest houses, implies that it embodied the medieval concept of densely built town blocks dominated by a single aristocratic building. Other aristocratic houses at Osor are more isolated and surrounded by green spaces. These large green areas were once occupied by Roman and medieval houses and insulae. Following the late middle ages, the decaying architectural structures were not repaired but used to create gardens: their perimeter walls were neatly re-arranged and became the dividing walls between different gardens while the spaces they contained were filled with a layer of soil, as archaeological test pits have shown. Apart from large gardens and courtyards, the residential character of Osor as an aristocratic resort is attested by the Latin inscriptions on the building façades but also by the written records about noble families which possessed estates in both Cres and Osor during the period that followed the formation of the bimunicipal county in the fifteenth century. All these events created a set of specific characteristics in Osor during the late fifteenth and the sixteenth century. Its importance as the seat of a commune and a bishop was reflected in the main town square which was planned in the spirit of the Renaissance and according to the redesign of towns under the Venetian rule. The medieval legacy is still evident in the buildings on the main street which are densely huddled around communal courtyards and which centre around dominant aristocratic houses. In contract to them, large gardens and the aforementioned historic circumstances indicate that Osor was a residential resort of the local nobility. From the fifteenth century onward, the most frequently recorded features of Osor were its decay and mala aria (bad air). Nevertheless, as late as 1771, Alberto Fortis described it as the only town on the island of Cres to have kept the legacy of its noble past. In addition to the aforementioned Gothic and Renaissance elements of architectural decoration, many more were rebuilt into later houses. They are as frequent as the Roman and early medieval spolia and were reused in the same manner. Their existence witnesses that Osor had had another important historic phase in its long life.