Relevant bibliographies by topics / Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)"

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Layer, Paul W., Alfred Kröner, Michael McWilliams, and Norbert Clauer. "Regional magnetic overprinting of Witwatersrand Supergroup Sediments, South Africa." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, B3 (1988): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib03p02191.

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Humbert, F., A. Hofmann, M. de Kock, A. Agangi, Y.-M. Chou, and P. W. Mambane. "A geochemical study of the Crown Formation and Bird Member lavas of the Mesoarchaean Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0022.

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Abstract The ca. 2.97 to 2.80 Ga Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa, represents the oldest intracontinental sedimentary basin of the Kaapvaal craton. Two volcanic units occur in this supergroup: the widespread Crown Formation lavas in the marine shale-dominated West Rand Group and the more geographically restricted Bird Member lavas, intercalated with fluvial to fluvio-deltaic sandstone and conglomerate of the Central Rand Group. These units remain poorly studied as they are rarely exposed and generally deeply weathered when cropping out. We report whole-rock major and trace elements, Hf and Nd-isotope whole-rock analyses of the lavas from core samples drilled in the south of the Witwatersrand basin and underground samples from the Evander Goldfield in the northeast. In the studied areas, both the Crown Formation and Bird Member are composed of two units of lava separated by sandstone. Whereas all the Crown Formation samples show a similar geochemical composition, the upper and lower volcanic units of the Bird Member present clear differences. However, the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element concentrations of all Crown Formation and Bird Member samples show variously enriched patterns and marked negative Nb and Ta anomalies relative to Th and La. Despite the convergent geodynamic setting of the Witwatersrand Supergroup suggested by the literature, the Crown Formation and Bird Member are probably not related to subduction-related magmatism but more to decompression melting. Overall, the combined trace element and Sm-Nd isotopic data indicate melts from slightly to moderately depleted sources that were variably contaminated with crustal material. Greater contamination, followed by differentiation in different magma chambers, can explain the difference between the two signatures of the Bird Member. Finally, despite previous proposals for stratigraphically correlating the Witwatersrand Supergroup to the Mozaan Group of the Pongola Supergroup, their volcanic units are overall geochemically distinct.
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Wronkiewicz, David J., and Kent C. Condie. "Geochemistry of Archean shales from the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: Source-area weathering and provenance." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, no. 9 (September 1987): 2401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90293-6.

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Gibson, R. L. "40Ar/39Ar constraints on the age of metamorphism in the Witwatersrand Supergroup, Vredefort dome (South Africa)." South African Journal of Geology 103, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2000): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1030175.

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Gibson, R. L., W. U. Reimold, and T. Wallmach. "Origin of pseudotachylite in the lower Witwatersrand Supergroup, Vredefort Dome (South Africa): constraints from metamorphic studies." Tectonophysics 283, no. 1-4 (December 1997): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00072-3.

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Diamond, R. E., M. A. Dippenaar, and S. Adams. "South African Hydrostratigraphy: A conceptual framework." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0027.

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Abstract South African geology, geomorphology and climate are distinctly variable, resulting in a complex hydrological cycle superimposed on equally complex ground conditions. With fractured and karstic systems dominating the hydrogeology, thick vadose zones comprising soil and rock and at highly variable moisture conditions contribute to complex hydrostratigraphic systems comprising various confining and hydraulically connected units. This paper proposed standard terminology for basic concepts pertaining to the description of ground and water in the subsurface to eventually propose a hydrostratigraphic classification based on abiotic factors fairly constant over short periods of time (geology, geomorphology and climate), as well as those temporally highly variable (climate) and those introduced by human involvement (society). Ten major hydrostratigraphic units are eventually described, namely the Cape Fold Belt, Kalahari Desert, Witwatersrand Supergroup, Malmani Subgroup, Cenozoic Coastal Deposits, Saldanian Basement, Karoo Main Basin, Namaqua-Natal Metamorphics, Waterberg Group, and Archaean Granitoids.
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de Wit, Maarten J., Richard A. Armstrong, Sandra L. Kamo, and Anthony J. Erlank. "Gold-bearing sediments in the Pietersburg greenstone belt; age equivalents of the Witwatersrand Supergroup sediments, South Africa." Economic Geology 88, no. 5 (August 1, 1993): 1242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.5.1242.

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England, Gavin L., Birger Rasmussen, Neal J. McNaughton, Ian R. Fletcher, David I. Groves, and Bryan Krapez. "SHRIMP U-Pb ages of diagenetic and hydrothermal xenotime from the Archaean Witwatersrand Supergroup of South Africa." Terra Nova 13, no. 5 (February 11, 2002): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00363.x.

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Buck, S. G., and W. E. L. Minter. "Placer formation by fluvial degradation of an alluvial fan sequence: the Proterozoic Carbon Leader placer, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Journal of the Geological Society 142, no. 5 (September 1985): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.5.0757.

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Fuchs, Sebastian, Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Simon E. Jackson, and Wojciech J. Przybylowicz. "Metal distribution in pyrobitumen of the Carbon Leader Reef, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: Evidence for liquid hydrocarbon ore fluids." Chemical Geology 426 (May 2016): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.02.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)"

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Bartman, R. D. (Reynard Dirk). "Geology of the Palaeoproterozoic Daspoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup), South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/42447.

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This thesis examines the geology of the Daspoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup) of South Africa, with the accent on describing and interpreting its sedimentology. The Palaeoproterozoic Daspoort Formation (c. 2.1‐2.2 Ga) forms part of the Pretoria Group on the Kaapvaal craton. This sandstone‐ and quartzite‐dominated lithological formation covers an elliptical geographical area stretching from the Botswana border in the west to the Drakensberg escarpment in the east, with its northern limit in the Mokopane (Potgietersrus) area and Pretoria in the south; altered outliers are also found in the overturned units of the Vredefort dome in the Potchefstroom area. Deposition of the Daspoort Formation was in a postulated intracratonic basin which applies equally to the entire Transvaal Supergroup succession in the Transvaal depository. Various characteristics from the formation, such as sedimentary architectural elements (e.g., channel–fills etc.), maturity trends and distribution of lithofacies assemblages across the preserved basin give insight into the developing conditions during deposition and genesis of the Daspoort Formation. Subordinate evidence from basic geochemistry, ripple mark data and optical microscope petrology studies support the sedimentary setting inferred for this Palaeoproterozoic deposit. Fluvial and epeiric marine conditions prevailed during the deposition of the Daspoort clastic sediments into the intracratonic basin. This shallow epeiric sea was fed by fluvial influx, predominantly from the west when a transgressive regional systems tract led to the filling of the basin, evolving into the deeper marine Silverton Formation setting, laid down above the Daspoort. Transgression from the east (marine facies predominate) to the west (fluvial facies) is supported by cyclical trends, palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical interpretations. Accompanying poorly preserved microbial mat features contribute to the postulated shallow marine environment envisaged for the eastern part of the basin whereas ripple marks and grain size distribution support a fluvial setting for the west, with lithofacies assemblages accounting for both areas’ depositional interpretation.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
tm2014
Geology
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Polteau, Stéphane. "Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Makganyene formation, Transvaal supergroup, Northern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005616.

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The Makganyene Formation forms the base of the Postmasburg Group in the Transvaal Supergroup of the Northern Cape Province. The Makganyene Formation has diamictite as the main rock type, but siltstone, sandstone, shale, and iron-formations are also present. A glacial origin has been proposed in the past due to the presence of dropstones, faceted and striated pebbles. Typically, the Makganyene Formation contains banded iron-formations interbedded with clastic rocks (shale, siltstone, sandstone and diamictites) at the contact with the underlying iron-formations. This transitional zone is generally overlain by massive or layered diamictites which contain poorly sorted clasts (mainly chert) within a shaly matrix. Striated pebbles have been found during field work, and dropstones have been observed in diamictites and banded iron-formations during the study. The top of the Makganyene Formation contains graded cycles interbedded with diamictites and thin layers of andesitic lavas from the Ongeluk Formation. The basal contact of the Makganyene Formation with the underlying Koegas Subgroup was described as unconformable by previous workers. However field work localised in the Rooinekke area shows a broadly conformable and interbedded contact with the underlying Koegas Subgroup. As described above, banded iron-formations are interbedded with the clastic rocks of the Makganyene Formation. Moreover, boreholes from the Sishen area display the same interbedding at the base of the Makganyene Formation. This suggests that no significant time gap is present in the whole succession between the Ghaap and Postmasburg Group. The Transvaal Supergroup in the Northern Cape displays the following succession : carbonates-BIFs-diamictites/ lava-BIFs-carbonates. The Makganyene Formation is thus at the centre of a symmetrical lithologic succession. Bulk rock compositions show that the diamictites have a similar composition to banded iron-formation with regard to their major element contents. Banded iron-formations acted as a source for the diamictites with carbonates and igneous rocks representing minor components. Differences in bulk composition between the Sishen and Matsap areas emphasize that the source of the diamictite was very localised. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) has been calculated, but since the source dominant rock was iron-formation, this index cannot be usefully applied to the diamictites. ACN, A-CN-K, and A-CNK-FM diagrams confer a major importance in sorting processes due to the separation between the fine and coarse diamictites. The interbedded iron-formations display little clastic contamination indicating deposition in clear water conditions. However, dropstones are present in one borehole from the Matsap area, indicating that iron-formation took place under ice cover, or at least under icebergs. Stable isotope studies show that the iron-formations, interbedded towards the base of the Makganyene Formation, have similar values to the iron-formations of the Koegas Subgroup. As a result of the above observations, new correlations are proposed in this study, relating the different Transvaal Supergroup basins located on the Kaapvaal Craton. The Pretoria Group of the Transvaal Basin has no correlative in the Griqualand West Basin, and the Postmasburg Group of the Northern Cape Basin has no lateral equivalent in the Transvaal Basin. These changes have been made to overcome problems present in the current correlations between those two basins. The Makganyene Formation correlates with the Huronian glaciations which occurred between 2.4 and 2.2 Ga ago in North America. Another Precambrian glaciation is the worldwide and well-studied Neoproterozoic glaciation (640 Ma). At each of these glaciations, major banded iron-formation deposition took place with associated deposition of sedimentary manganese in post-glacial positions. The central position of the Makganyene Formation within the Transvaal Supergroup in the Northern Cape emphasizes this glacial climatic dependence of paleoproterozoic banded iron-formation and manganese deposition. However these two Precambrian glaciations are interpreted in paleomagnetic studies as having occurred near to the equator. The controversial theory of the Snowball Earth has been proposed which proposes that the Earth was entirely frozen from pole to pole. Results from field work, sedimentology, petrography and geochemistry were integrated in a proposed depositional model of the Makganyene Formation occurring at the symmetrical centre of the lithologic succession of the Transvaal Supergroup. At the beginning of the Makganyene glaciation, a regression occurred and glacial advance took place. The diamictites are mostly interpreted as being deposited from wet-based glaciers, probably tidewater glaciers, where significant slumping and debris flows occurred. Any transgression would cause a glacial retreat by rapid calving, re-establishing the chemical sedimentation of banded iron-formations. These sea-level variations are responsible for the interbedding of these different types of rocks (clastic and chemical). The end of the Makganyene glacial event is characterised by subaerial eruptions of andesitic lava of the Ongeluk Formation bringing ashes into the basin. Banded iron-formation and associated manganese accumulations are climate-dependant. Glacial events are responsible for the build up of metallic ions such as iron and manganese in solution in deep waters. A warmer climate would induce a transgression and precipitation of these metallic ions when Eh conditions are favourable. In the Transvaal Supergroup, the climatic variations from warm to cold, and cold to warm are expressed by the lithologic succession. The warm climates are represented by carbonates. Cold climates are represented by banded iron-formations and the peak in cold climate represented by the diamictites of the Makganyene Formation. These changes in climate are gradual, which contradict the dramatic Snowball Earth event: a rapid spread of glaciated areas over low-latitudes freezing the Earth from pole-to-pole. Therefore, to explain low-latitude glaciations at sea-level, a high obliquity of the ecliptic is most likely to have occurred. This high obliquity of the ecliptic was acquired at 4.5 Ga when a giant impactor collided into the Earth to form the Moon. Above the critical value of 54° of the obliquity of the ecliptic, normal climatic zonation reverts, and glaciations will take place preferentially at low-latitudes only when favourable conditions are gathered (relative position ofthe continents and PC02 in the atmosphere).
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Kraak, Camille. "A provisional basin analysis of the Karoo Supergroup, Springbok Flats Basin, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45921.

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The Springbok Flats (SBF) Basin is one of the smaller basins associated with the Karoo basins of the Late Carboniferous–Middle Jurassic age interval. The preserved SBF basin is a topographically flat area with very few outcrops. It has a NE-SW orientation and is approximately 205 km long and 30 km wide. This study is based on borehole log data captured by the Council for Geoscience, which has been collected from various exploration companies throughout the history of the investigation of the SBF Basin area. The purpose of this study is to identify an evolutionary history of the basin by utilising methods of basin analysis and literature search, and to establish how the basin relates to other Karoo Supergroup basins in southern Africa. The postulated genetic model of a retroarc fore-bulge rift basin was compared to the inferred depositional environments. The geophysical interpretations and structural contour maps of the various strata indicate the presence of the major Zebedelia Fault, which is part of the Thabazimbi Murchison Lineament (TML) relay system. This fault runs along the northern boundary of the basin and has caused the strata of the SBF Basin to be down-faulted by 800 to 1000 metres. The isopachs of the identified Karoo successions do not indicate thickening towards this lineament, which suggests that the faulting along this lineament post-dates the Karoo sedimentation. The Thabazimbi Murchison Lineament played a significant role during the later stages of the SBF sedimentation. Once the depocentre became more centrally located in the depository, it began to migrate towards the TML. Although the major faulting was yet to occur, the weakness in the craton was apparent. During the breakup of Gondwana, the Zebedelia Fault shifted the strata down and allowed the extrusion of the Letaba Basalt, along with the multi-intrusion of dykes throughout the strata. The onset of the deposition of the Karoo Stratigraphy in the SBF was due to uplift resulting from the mid-carboniferous assembly of Pangea. During the Lower Karoo deposition, lithospheric subsidence was facilitated by crustal-scale faults, resulting in the deposition of the glacial Dwyka and Lower Ecca sediments. Flexural subsidence was occurring in the forebulge due to the relaxing of the initial compression of the Cape Fold Belt (CFB). The later Ecca succession was characterized by large subsidence with little accompanying brittle deformation. The lower Beaufort was a deltaic basin and was terminated towards the end of the Permian period, identified by a significant loss of fauna and flora. There was a ± 3km uplift, known as the Namaqua Uplift and erosion north of the fold belt. This marked the structural inversion during deposition of the Beaufort Group and Early Molteno Formation. These uplift events resulted in uplift in the foredeep which resulted in the compression of the forebulge during the deposition of the Molteno Formation. Once these events subsided, the forebulge relaxed and underwent subsidence and extension. Elliot Formation formed during this unloading of structural relief and relaxation of basinforming stresses. The upper Elliot and Clarens formations and Letaba Basalts exhibit the transition from sinistral strain of the late Karoo Basin to the dextral tectonics of the Gondwana breakup that terminated the basin deposition. The Karoo sediments in the SBF Basin clearly represent the broad spectrum of the same set of palaeoenvironments that are recognised in the Main Karoo Basin rocks. These reflect the progressive infilling of the Karoo Basins, the changing tectonic framework as well as the migration of Gondwana from polar to tropical latitudes. However, due to the development of the SBF basin on the forebulge, the compression of the CFB had the opposite effect, where it resulted in uplift of the fore-bulge and subsidence of the foredeep. This subsequently resulted in the SBF correlated Karoo sedimentary successions being markedly thinner than those of the Main Karoo Basin, and in some cases, certain strata are completely absent. An extensional basin formed by reactivation of older structures, such as the TML, as a result of displacement on the principle shear zones. This resulted in the preservation of the SBF strata in the basin today. This study is a baseline and preliminary investigation into the SBF Basin, and may act as a canvas to which more in-depth investigations may be added. Various questions have been identified that require further understanding and are listed under recommendations. Many of the questions put forth may be answered with a thorough Quality Assurance-Quality Control (QAQC) of the database.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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Rafuza, Sipesihle. "Carbonate petrography and geochemistry of BIF of the Transvaal supergroup : evaluating the potential of iron carbonates as proxies for palaeoproterozoic ocean chemistry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018611.

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The subject of BIF genesis, particularly their environmental conditions and ocean chemistry at the time of deposition and their evolution through time, has been a subject of much contentiousness, generating a wealth of proposed genetic models and constant refinements thereof over the years. The prevailing paradigm within the various schools of thought, is the widespread and generally agreed upon depositional and diagenetic model(s) which advocate for BIF deposition under anoxic marine conditions. According to the prevailing models, the primary depositional environment would have involved a seawater column whereby soluble Fe²⁺ expelled by hydrothermal activity mixed with free O₂ from the shallow photic zone produced by eukaryotes, forming a high valence iron oxy-hydroxide precursor such as FeOOH or Fe(OH)₃. An alternative biological mechanism producing similar ferric precursors would have been in the form of photo-ferrotrophy, whereby oxidation of ferrous iron to the ferric form took place in the absence of biological O₂ production. Irrespective of the exact mode of primary iron precipitation (which remains contentious to date), the precipitated ferric oxy-hydroxide precursor would have reacted with co-precipitated organic matter, thus acting as a suitable electron acceptor for organic carbon remineralisation through Dissimilatory Iron Reduction (DIR), as also observed in many modern anoxic diagenetic environments. DIR-dominated diagenetic models imply a predominantly diagenetic influence in BIF mineralogy and genesis, and use as key evidence the low δ¹³C values relative to the seawater bicarbonate value of ~0 ‰, which is also thought to have been the dissolved bicarbonate isotope composition in the early Precambrian oceans. The carbon for diagenetic carbonate formation would thus have been sourced through a combination of two end-member sources: pore-fluid bicarbonate at ~0 ‰ and particulate organic carbon at circa -28 ‰, resulting in the intermediate δ¹³C values observed in BIFs today. This study targets 65 drillcore samples of the upper Kuruman and Griquatown BIF from the lower Transvaal Supergroup in the Hotazel area, Northern Cape, South Africa, and sets out to explore key aspects in BIF carbonate petrography and geochemistry that are pertinent to current debates surrounding their interpretation with regard to primary versus diagenetic processes. The focus here rests on applications of carbonate (mainly siderite and ankerite) petrography, mineral chemistry, bulk and mineral-specific carbon isotopes and speciation analyses, with a view to obtaining valuable new insights into BIF carbonates as potential records of ocean chemistry for their bulk carbonate-carbon isotope signature. Evaluation of the present results is done in light of pre-existing, widely accepted diagenetic models against a proposed water-column model for the origin of the carbonate species in BIF. The latter utilises a combination of geochemical attributes of the studied carbonates, including the conspicuous Mn enrichment and stratigraphic variability in Mn/Fe ratio of the Griquatown BIF recorded solely in the carbonate fraction of the rocks. Additionally, the carbon isotope signatures of the Griquatown BIF samples are brought into the discussion and provide insights into the potential causes and mechanisms that may have controlled these signatures in a diagenetic versus primary sedimentary environment. Ultimately, implications of the combined observations, findings and arguments presented in this thesis are presented and discussed with particular respect to the redox evolution and carbon cycle of the ocean system prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE). A crucial conclusion reached is that, by contrast to previously-proposed models, diagenesis cannot singularly be the major contributing factor in BIF genesis at least with respect to the carbonate fraction in BIF, as it does not readily explain the carbon isotope and mineral-chemical signatures of carbonates in the Griquatown and uppermost Kuruman BIFs. It is proposed instead that these signatures may well record water-column processes of carbon, manganese and iron cycling, and that carbonate formation in the water column and its subsequent transfer to the precursor BIF sediment constitutes a faithful record of such processes. Corollary to that interpretation is the suggestion that the evidently increasing Mn abundance in the carbonate fraction of the Griquatown BIF up-section would point to a chemically evolving depositional basin with time, from being mainly ferruginous as expressed by Mn-poor BIFs in the lower stratigraphic sections (i.e. Kuruman BF) to more manganiferous as recorded in the upper Griquatown BIF, culminating in the deposition of the abnormally enriched in Mn Hotazel BIF at the stratigraphic top of the Transvaal Supergroup. The Paleoproterozoic ocean must therefore have been characterised by long-term active cycling of organic carbon in the water column in the form of an ancient biological pump, albeit with Fe(III) and subsequently Mn(III,IV) oxy-hydroxides being the key electron acceptors within the water column. The highly reproducible stratigraphic isotope profiles for bulk δ¹³C from similar sections further afield over distances up to 20 km, further corroborate unabatedly that bulk carbonate carbon isotope signatures record water column carbon cycling processes rather than widely-proposed anaerobic diagenetic processes.
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Vongo, Mthuthuzeli Rubin. "A case study of the goals of the business communication course at Technikon Witwatersrand." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003949.

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At Technikon Witwatersrand, Business Communication is offered as a service subject, which is compulsory for a variety of diplomas and the majority of students are obligated to do the course. Its broad intention is to assist students in developing their proficiency in English, enabling them to cope with studying at Technikon and preparing them for the workplace. Despite the fact that the course is designed to assist them, many students question why they have to do the course and whether it is simply a repetition of high school work. The study attempts to examine the implicit and explicit goals of Business Communication, to explore the process through which the goals have been developed and changed over the years (i.e. how the goals have been constructed), and to elicit and compare the perspectives of the different stakeholder groups as to the goals. Both a qualitative and a quantitative approach are used in the research design. Interviews with four fulltime lecturers were conducted and a self-designed questionnaire was administered to students. These were the main means of data collection. The data reveals that the goals of Business Communication are implied rather than explicit. Despite this, students and lecturers see the course as important. Recommendations are made to help the Department of Business Communication to reflect on their practice with particular emphasis given to material development and the application of OBE principles.
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Bowen, Teral Barbara. "The geochemical stratigraphy of the volcanic rocks of the Witwatersrand triad in the Klerksdorp area, Transvaal." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004932.

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This study lias initiated with the aim of identifying the existence of any geochemical criteria which may be used to distinguish between the various volcanic formations within the Witwatersrand triad. The Witwatersrand triad comprises three sequences: the Dominion Group at the base, the Witwatersrand Supergroup in the middle, and the Ventersdorp Supergroup at the top. It is underlain by Archaean basement rocks, and covered by rocks of the Transvaal sequence. The Dominion Group consists of the sedimentary Rhenosterspruit quartzite Formation at the base, overlain by a bimodal component of the Syferfontein Porphyry succession of lavas. Basaltic lavas are the major component of the Rhenosterhoek Formation, while the overlying Formation consists primarily of dacitic porphyries. Intercalations of one lava type within the other are common, however, so each formation is not the exclusive domain of only one lava type. The Witwatersrand Supergroup, a predominantly argillaceous and arenaceous sequence, contains two narrow volcanic horizons, one of wbich, the Jeppestown Amygdaloid (now Crown Formation), consisting of tholeiitic andesites, occurs in the study area. The overlying Ventersdorp Supergroup has, at its base, the basaltic Klipriviersberg Group, of which four out of six formations are present in the study area, namely, the Alberton, Orkney, Loraine and Edenville Formations. This group is succeeded unconformably by the PIatberg Group, consisting of the sedimentary Kameel doorns Formation, followed by the (informal) Goedgenoeg, Makwassie Quartz Porphyry and Rietgat Formations. The Goedgenoeg and Rietgat Formations are basaltic, whil e the Mawassie rocks range from basaltic to dacitic, the majority being tholeiitic andesites and andesites . The Pniel sequence at the top of the Ventersdorp Supergroup consists of the sedimentary Bothaville Formation, and the Allarridge Formation, the lavas of which are basaltic with some andesitic tendencies. A well-defined geochemical stratigraphy was found to exist. From the eleven volcanic formations examined, nine distinct geochemical units emerged, as the Loraine and Edenville Formations were found to have the same geochemical characteristics, as did the Goedgenoeg and Rietgat Formations. Despite having undergone law-grade greenschist facies metamorphism, very clear variation patterns with height are displayed by the immobile elements Ti, P, Kb, Zr and Y, and the light rare earth elements La, Ce and Nd. In contrast, much scatter was observed in the variation patterns of Na, K, Mn, Ba and Rb. Three techniques were employed to effect discrimination between formations - orthosonal discrimination, interelement and ratio vs ratio plots, and discriminant analysis. Confidence limits placed on normal probability plots served to isolate outlier samples for further examination by the various discrimination techniques. A successful test of the efficacy of the discrimination techniques was afforded when fourteen samples from an unknown succession were positively identified as representative of the Klipriviersberg Group
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Bordy, Emese M. "Sedimentology of the Karoo Supergroup in the Tuli Basin (Limpompo River area, South Africa)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005612.

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The sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup in the Tuli Basin (South Africa) consist of various terrigenous clastic and chemical deposits (parabreccias, conglo-breccias, conglomerates, sandstones, fine-grained sediments, calcretes and silc~etes). Four stratigraphic units were identified: the Basal, Middle and· Upper Units, and the CI~rens Formation. The palaeo-environmental reconstructions of the four stratigraphic units are based on evidence provided by primary sedimentary structures, palaeo-flow measurements, clast size/shape analysis, petrographic studies, palaeontological findings, borehole data and stratigraphic relations. The facies associations of the Basal Unit are interpreted as colluvial fan and low sinuosity, braid~d river channel with coal-bearing overbank and thaw-lake deposits. The interpreted depositional environment implies a cold climate, non-glacial subarctic fluvio-Iacustrine system. The current indicators of the palaeo-river system suggest flow direction from ENE to WSW. The lithologies of the Basal Unit are very similar to the deposits of the fluvial interval in the Vryheid Formation (Ecca Group) of the main Karoo Basin. There is no indubitable evidence for glacial activity (e.g. striated pavements or clasts, varvites, etc.), therefore the presence of unequivocal Dwyka Group correlatives in the Tuli Basin remains uncertain. The sedimentary structures and palaeo-current analysis indicate that the beds of the Middle Unit were deposited by an ancient river system flowing in a north-northwesterly direction. A lack of good quality exposures did not allow the reconstruction of the fluvial style, but the available data indicate a high-energy, perhaps braided fluvial system. The lack of bio- and chronostr~~igraphic control hampers precise correlation and enables only the lithocorrelation of the Middle Unit with other braided river systems either in the Beaufort Group or in the Molteno Formation of the main Karoo Basin. The depositional environment of the Upper Unit is interpreted as a low-sinuosity, ephemeral stream system with calcretes and silcretes in the dinosaur-inhabited overbank area. During the deposition of the unit, the climate was semi-arid with sparse precipitation resulting -iFlhighmagnitude, low-frequency devastating flash floods. The sediments were built out from a distant northwesterly source to the southeast. The unambiguous correspondence between the Upper Unit and the Elliot Formation (main Karoo Basin) is provided by lithological similarities and prosauropod dinosaurs remains. The palaeo-geographic picture of the Clarens Fonnation indicates a westerly windsdominated erg environment with migrating transverse dune types. The ephemeral stream deposits, fossil wood and trace fossils are only present in the lower part of the Formation, indicating that the wet-desert conditions were progressively replaced by dry-desert conditions. Based on lithological and palaeontological evidence, the Formation correlates with the Clarens Formation in the main Karoo Basin. At this stage, it remains difficult to establish the exact cause of the regional palaeo-slope changes during the deposition of the Karoo Supergroup in the Tuli Basin. It is probable that foreland system tectonics, which affected the lower part of the Supergroup (Basal Unit and Middle Unit?), were replaced by incipient continental extension and rift related tectonic movements in the Middle and Upper Units, and Clarens Formation.
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8

Tatham, Gayle Kirsten. "The University of the Witwatersrand History Workshop and radical South African historical scholarship in the 1970's and 1980's." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22561.

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The thesis examines the History Workshop at the University of the University of the Witwatersrand in the context of radical South African historical scholarship. Not only is the History Workshop shown to mirror developments in radical scholarship but it is seen to guide and stimulate particular directions of research. The history of the Workshop is traced and its academic as well as popularising activities are examined. The Marxist social history approach, which was encouraged by the Workshop, is considered with reference to the social and political environment in which it emerged, and the international and local historiographical context. The issues, themes and concepts reflective of that approach are unpacked and some thought is given to their impact on Marxist categories of analysis. The History Workshop is seen to reflect and to have some influence on the direction pursued in labour and urban as well as rural history. In labour history, it pursued concerns of the social history of labour. Labour history was to take two different paths in the 1980's due partially to the influence of the Workshop group. Urban history grew rapidly as a field in the 1980's. The triennial Workshops reflected that development while the Workshop group particularly encouraged social history concerns within that field. The development of Marxist social history is seen in the change from an economistic approach in some of the papers presented at the first History Workshops to a broader social history emphasis in many of the later papers. The themes and issues arising out of urban Marxist social history are considered, as is their impact on the understanding of South Africa's urban history in general. The Workshop reflected and encouraged social history themes in rural history studies, which was another expanding field of research in the 1980's. These themes incorporated Africanist insight as well as an emphasis on oral history and local history. The Marxist social history studies, which were presented at the triennial Workshops, produced new insights into the rural history of South Africa which challenged earlier theories. The History Workshop with its materialist social history approach acted as a forum and as such, a catalyst for a radical scholarship in South Africa. The triennial workshops reflected what was happening in the terrain of Marxist social history. These Workshops, which attracted a large gathering of local, as well as foreign academics, legitimised that research and gave the Marxist social history scholars a certain standing within the local academic community. Although the study of South Africa's past may have similar directions in the late 1970's and 1980's without the presence of the Workshop, that presence gave a coherence and an added impetus to those routes of Marxist social history.
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Olivier, Wernich Corné. "The geology of the Witteberg group, Cape supergroup, with specific focus on the Perdepoort member as a potential silica source." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1386.

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Selected outcrops of the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous, Witteberg Group, Cape Supergroup were mineralogically and structurally analyzed. The study area is located approximately 30km northwest of Kirkwood and 10km south of Darlington Dam, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Strata predominantly consist of arenaceous Witpoort Formation, which includes the Perdepoort, and Rooirand Members. The Perdepoort Member is a thinly bedded quartzite also known as the "white streak". The Rooirand Member quartzite is a highly iron stained red-brown quartzite. The dark-grey, pyritic rich shales of the Kweekvlei Formation overlie the Witpoort Formation in the southern half of the study site. These shales are highly deformed and display closely spaced thrust faults and close folds. The study area encapsulates a range of folding from tight to open folds. Faulting consists of low angle north verging thrust fault, south verging back thrusts, south and north dipping normal faults, and strike-slip faults. Closely spaced, fore-land verging thrusts faults predominate over hinterland verging back thrusts. Normal faulting post-dates thrust faulting and utilized weaknesses in axial planar cleavage and in certain instances existing thrust fault planes. Strike-slip faulting post-dates thrusting and has in places reactivated pre-existing thrust fault planes. Macro scale folding includes overturned synclines and large anticlines which have been eroded, exposing older strata. Fold axes plunge at low to moderate angles west-southwest. This correlates with tension gashes which indicate north westward directed forces. Eastward directed forces are confirmed by the presence of tension gashes and strike-slip movement. The local geology displays north westward directed compression followed by strike-slip movement. Normal faulting post-dates all other structures and is associated with the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana. The Perdepoort Member was sampled along strike, at different outcrop latitudes. Seven samples were selected for scanning electron microscope analysis. Samples are composed almost entirely of quartz; accessories include, biotite, muscovite, sericite, baryte, and apatite. Epigenetic hematite is present along cracks within certain samples Epigenetic hematite occur along cracks with oxides and phosphates in the form of rutile, apatite and monazite present in a number of samples. When compared to other silica extraction operations the Perdepoort Member appears viable for explotation. However, for the solar cell industry the purity of this horizon is clearly far below that required for industy.
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Warke, Matthew. "Stratigraphic and geochemical framework of the Palaeoproterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen, Transvaal Supergroup (South Africa)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/stratigraphic-and-geochemical-framework-of-the-palaeoproterozoic-rise-in-atmospheric-oxygen-transvaal-supergroup-south-africa(b0aa0021-946c-4f01-bf4e-297611aa2ec1).html.

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The Transvaal Supergroup (South Africa) records evidence of trace oxygen production in late Neoarchaean strata, approximately 200 million years before the 'Great Oxidation Event' (GOE) which is recorded within the Palaeoproterozoic Duitschland Formation (Transvaal Supergroup) between ~2.42 and 2.32 Ga. It is hypothesized that there was a secular rise in oxygen concentrations between the late Neoarchaean and the GOE which may be recorded within the 'mid-Transvaal' Supergroup (Tongwane Formation, Duitschland Formation, Koegas Subgroup). This project has integrated field sedimentology, petrography and geochemistry to build new or revised depositional and diagenetic frameworks for each of these successions and has assessed palaeoredox conditions using carbon isotopes and rare earth element and yttrium (REY) patterns and anomalies. Despite a complex paragenetic history, including medium-grade contact metamorphism, the Tongwane Formation preserves primary (or near-primary), carbon isotope (delta13Ccarb = ~0 ± 2 ‰VPDB) and REY patterns that are consistent with Palaeoproterozoic seawater. No anomalously positive delta13Ccarb values or cerium (CeSN) anomalies are preserved, suggesting limited build-up of free O2. The lower Duitschland Formation preserves previously undocumented lithofacies variations and an angular mid-Duitschland unconformity (which is contemporaneous with the GOE). A new depositional model is proposed; facies assemblages and geometries are consistent with deposition of a wave-influenced Gilbert fan delta deposited in an isolated depocentre created by localised extensional fault subsidence. Lower Duitschland Formation limestones and dolomites show depleted delta13Ccarb and delta18Ocarb values and marine REY patterns which lack CeSN anomalies. Negative delta13Ccarb values suggest incorporation of 12C from organic matter during early diagenesis. There is no evidence of significant free oxygen production. The Koegas Subgroup is unconformably overlain by glacial strata of the Postmasburg Subgroup; the two successions are not intercalated and therefore not synchronous. Marine REY signals with positive Ce anomalies are recorded in delta13Ccarb depleted, stromatolitic dolomite exposed on the farms Taaibosfontein and Sandridge. Small magnitude positive anomalies are likely calculation artefacts, though anomalies >30 % may reflect redox stratification. Neoarchaean cuspate stromatolites of the Gamohaan Formation record trace element distributions - imaged using synchrotron-based XRF techniques - that map to primary microbial structures are not attributable to syndepositional or diagenetic mineralisation processes. Thus they may prove to be indicators of specific microorganisms and metabolic processes, e.g. photosynthetically relevant metals (e.g. Mn, Cu, Ni) mapped in biogenic structures may serve as a 'fingerprint' of cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis. Overall, no evidence is seen for a secular rise in oxygen in the mid-Transvaal. However, depositional frameworks and diagenetic processes have been determined and the retention of marine signals established within the Tongwane, Duitschland and Koegas successions. Therefore the findings of this project constitute a robust framework for future palaeoredox studies of the mid-Transvaal Supergroup.
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Books on the topic "Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)"

1

Cairncross, B. A reference section for part of the West Rand Group, Witwatersrand Supergroup, Klerksdorp Goldfield, South Africa. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1989.

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Tyler, N. 2200Ma-Old "trace fossils" from the Transvaal Supergroup in the Transvaal. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1986.

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Rudolf, Saager, Köppel V. H, and University of the Witwatersrand. Economic Geology Research Unit., eds. Uranium distribution and redistributiom in a suite of fresh and weathered pre-Witwatersrand and Witwatersrand conglomerates from South Africa. [Johannesburg: Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, 1985.

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Coetzee, Cyril. T'kama-Adamastor: Inventions of Africa in a South African painting. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 2000.

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Robb, L. J. The nature of the Archaean basement in the hinterland of the Witwatersrand Basin. Johannesburg: Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, 1986.

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Robb, L. J. The nature of the Archaean basement in the hinterland of the Witwatersrand Basin. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1986.

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Cammack, Diana Rose. The Rand at war, 1899-1902: The Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer War. London: J. Currey, 1990.

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Pretorius, Desmond A. The sources of Witwatersrand gold and uranium: A continued difference of opinion. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1989.

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Pretorius, Desmond A. The sources of Witwatersrand gold and uranium: A continued difference of opinion. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 1989.

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South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing (3rd 1990 University of the Witwatersrand). COMSIG 90: Proceedings, Friday, 29 June 1990, the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. [Piscataway, NJ: Additional copies available from IEEE Service Center, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)"

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Hofmann, Axel. "Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1709. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1609.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1609-3.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1609-4.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2550. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1609.

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Buric, George C. "Astronomy at the University of the Witwatersrand." In New Extragalactic Perspectives in the New South Africa, 578–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0335-7_89.

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Walsh, Maud M., and Frances Westall. "Archean Biofilms Preserved in the Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa." In Fossil and Recent Biofilms, 307–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0193-8_20.

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Durrheim, R. J., L. O. Nicolaysen, and B. Corner. "A deep seismic reflection profile across the Archean-Proterozoic Witwatersrand basin, South Africa." In Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, 213–24. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd022p0213.

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Myers, R. E., I. G. Stanistreet, and T. S. McCarthy. "Two-stage basement fault-block deformation in the development of the Witwatersrand goldfields, South Africa." In Proceedings of the International Conferences on Basement Tectonics, 689–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1614-5_49.

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Fröbisch, Jörg. "Synapsid Diversity and the Rock Record in the Permian-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." In Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, 305–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_18.

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Winde, Frank, and Abraham Barend de Villiers. "Uranium contamination of streams by tailings deposits — case studies in the Witwatersrand gold mining area (South Africa)." In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment, 803–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55668-5_94.

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Conference papers on the topic "Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)"

1

Dowdy, T., L. C. Kah, W. Altermann, and J. H. Alexander. "EXPLORATION OF POTENTIAL SEISMITES: ARCHEAN NAUGA FORMATION, TRANSVAAL SUPERGROUP, SOUTH AFRICA." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345256.

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Bakatula-Nsimba, Elisée, Hlanganani Tutu, and Ewa Cukrowska. "Characterization of Cyanide in Gold Mine Tailings of the Witwatersrand, South Africa." In Third International Seminar on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/852_64.

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Onstott, T. C., D. P. Moser, Li-Hung Lin, J. Hall, K. Takai, D. L. Balkwill, J. K. Fredrickson, et al. "Microbiology and Biogeochemistry of Deep Hydrogeologic Environments of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." In 7th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.143.11.1.

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Mutshafa, N., M. Manzi, M. Westgate, I. James, R. Durrheim, and P. Staley. "Reprocessing of legacy seismic data for gold exploration: case study from Witwatersrand goldfields, South Africa." In NSG2021 27th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202120255.

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Manzi, M., F. Moinet, M. Denis, and R. J. Durrheim. "New Insight Brought by the New Broadband 3D Seismic Data from the Witwatersrand Goldfields, South Africa." In EAGE/DGG Workshop on Deep Mineral Exploration. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201600029.

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Rossouw, Anna, David Furniss, Harold Annegarn, Isabel Weiersbye, Umba Ndolo, and Mark Cooper. "Evaluation of a 20–40 year old gold mine tailings rehabilitation project on the Witwatersrand, South Africa." In Fourth International Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/908_7.

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Chevrel, Stephane, L. Croukamp, Anne Bourguignon, and F. Cottard. "A Remote-Sensing and GIS-Based Integrated Approach for Risk-Based Prioritization of Gold Tailings Facilities — Witwatersrand, South Africa." In Third International Seminar on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/852_59.

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Thovhogi*, Tshifhiwa, Sean Johnson, and Xavier Schalkwyk. "Assessment of the Coal Bed Methane Resource Potential Within Coal-bearing Strata of the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211000.

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Sutton, Malcolm, and Isabel Weiersbye. "Land-Use After Mine Closure — Risk Assessment of Gold and Uranium Mine Residue Deposits on the Eastern Witwatersrand, South Africa." In Third International Seminar on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/852_33.

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Dye, Peter, C. Jarmain, B. Oageng, J. Xaba, and Isabel Weiersbye. "The Potential of Woodlands and Reed-Beds for Control of Acid Mine Drainage in the Witwatersrand Gold Fields, South Africa." In Third International Seminar on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/852_44.

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