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Journal articles on the topic 'Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Layer, Paul W., Alfred Kröner, Michael McWilliams, and Norbert Clauer. "Regional magnetic overprinting of Witwatersrand Supergroup Sediments, South Africa." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, B3 (1988): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib03p02191.

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2

Humbert, F., A. Hofmann, M. de Kock, A. Agangi, Y.-M. Chou, and P. W. Mambane. "A geochemical study of the Crown Formation and Bird Member lavas of the Mesoarchaean Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0022.

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Abstract The ca. 2.97 to 2.80 Ga Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa, represents the oldest intracontinental sedimentary basin of the Kaapvaal craton. Two volcanic units occur in this supergroup: the widespread Crown Formation lavas in the marine shale-dominated West Rand Group and the more geographically restricted Bird Member lavas, intercalated with fluvial to fluvio-deltaic sandstone and conglomerate of the Central Rand Group. These units remain poorly studied as they are rarely exposed and generally deeply weathered when cropping out. We report whole-rock major and trace elements, Hf and Nd-isotope whole-rock analyses of the lavas from core samples drilled in the south of the Witwatersrand basin and underground samples from the Evander Goldfield in the northeast. In the studied areas, both the Crown Formation and Bird Member are composed of two units of lava separated by sandstone. Whereas all the Crown Formation samples show a similar geochemical composition, the upper and lower volcanic units of the Bird Member present clear differences. However, the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element concentrations of all Crown Formation and Bird Member samples show variously enriched patterns and marked negative Nb and Ta anomalies relative to Th and La. Despite the convergent geodynamic setting of the Witwatersrand Supergroup suggested by the literature, the Crown Formation and Bird Member are probably not related to subduction-related magmatism but more to decompression melting. Overall, the combined trace element and Sm-Nd isotopic data indicate melts from slightly to moderately depleted sources that were variably contaminated with crustal material. Greater contamination, followed by differentiation in different magma chambers, can explain the difference between the two signatures of the Bird Member. Finally, despite previous proposals for stratigraphically correlating the Witwatersrand Supergroup to the Mozaan Group of the Pongola Supergroup, their volcanic units are overall geochemically distinct.

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3

Wronkiewicz, David J., and Kent C. Condie. "Geochemistry of Archean shales from the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: Source-area weathering and provenance." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, no. 9 (September 1987): 2401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90293-6.

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4

Gibson, R. L. "40Ar/39Ar constraints on the age of metamorphism in the Witwatersrand Supergroup, Vredefort dome (South Africa)." South African Journal of Geology 103, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2000): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1030175.

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5

Gibson, R. L., W. U. Reimold, and T. Wallmach. "Origin of pseudotachylite in the lower Witwatersrand Supergroup, Vredefort Dome (South Africa): constraints from metamorphic studies." Tectonophysics 283, no. 1-4 (December 1997): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00072-3.

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6

Diamond, R. E., M. A. Dippenaar, and S. Adams. "South African Hydrostratigraphy: A conceptual framework." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0027.

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Abstract South African geology, geomorphology and climate are distinctly variable, resulting in a complex hydrological cycle superimposed on equally complex ground conditions. With fractured and karstic systems dominating the hydrogeology, thick vadose zones comprising soil and rock and at highly variable moisture conditions contribute to complex hydrostratigraphic systems comprising various confining and hydraulically connected units. This paper proposed standard terminology for basic concepts pertaining to the description of ground and water in the subsurface to eventually propose a hydrostratigraphic classification based on abiotic factors fairly constant over short periods of time (geology, geomorphology and climate), as well as those temporally highly variable (climate) and those introduced by human involvement (society). Ten major hydrostratigraphic units are eventually described, namely the Cape Fold Belt, Kalahari Desert, Witwatersrand Supergroup, Malmani Subgroup, Cenozoic Coastal Deposits, Saldanian Basement, Karoo Main Basin, Namaqua-Natal Metamorphics, Waterberg Group, and Archaean Granitoids.

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7

de Wit, Maarten J., Richard A. Armstrong, Sandra L. Kamo, and Anthony J. Erlank. "Gold-bearing sediments in the Pietersburg greenstone belt; age equivalents of the Witwatersrand Supergroup sediments, South Africa." Economic Geology 88, no. 5 (August 1, 1993): 1242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.5.1242.

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8

England, Gavin L., Birger Rasmussen, Neal J. McNaughton, Ian R. Fletcher, David I. Groves, and Bryan Krapez. "SHRIMP U-Pb ages of diagenetic and hydrothermal xenotime from the Archaean Witwatersrand Supergroup of South Africa." Terra Nova 13, no. 5 (February 11, 2002): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00363.x.

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9

Buck, S. G., and W. E. L. Minter. "Placer formation by fluvial degradation of an alluvial fan sequence: the Proterozoic Carbon Leader placer, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Journal of the Geological Society 142, no. 5 (September 1985): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.5.0757.

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10

Fuchs, Sebastian, Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Simon E. Jackson, and Wojciech J. Przybylowicz. "Metal distribution in pyrobitumen of the Carbon Leader Reef, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: Evidence for liquid hydrocarbon ore fluids." Chemical Geology 426 (May 2016): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.02.001.

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11

Smith, A. J. B., N. J. Beukes, and J. Gutzmer. "The Composition and Depositional Environments of Mesoarchean Iron Formations of the West Rand Group of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Economic Geology 108, no. 1 (December 18, 2012): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.1.111.

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12

Guy, B. M., S. Ono, J. Gutzmer, A. J. Kaufman, Y. Lin, M. L. Fogel, and N. J. Beukes. "A multiple sulfur and organic carbon isotope record from non-conglomeratic sedimentary rocks of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Precambrian Research 216-219 (October 2012): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.06.018.

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13

Fuchs, S., D. Schumann, A. E. Williams-Jones, and H. Vali. "The growth and concentration of uranium and titanium minerals in hydrocarbons of the Carbon Leader Reef, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Chemical Geology 393-394 (January 2015): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.11.018.

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14

Large, R. R., S. Meffre, R. Burnett, B. Guy, S. Bull, S. Gilbert, K. Goemann, and L. Danyushevsky. "Evidence for an Intrabasinal Source and Multiple Concentration Processes in the Formation of the Carbon Leader Reef, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Economic Geology 108, no. 6 (August 13, 2013): 1215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.6.1215.

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15

Fuchs, Sebastian H. J., Dirk Schumann, Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Andrew J. Murray, Martin Couillard, Ken Lagarec, Michael W. Phaneuf, and Hojatollah Vali. "Gold and uranium concentration by interaction of immiscible fluids (hydrothermal and hydrocarbon) in the Carbon Leader Reef, Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Precambrian Research 293 (May 2017): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.007.

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16

GUY, B. M., N. J. BEUKES, and J. GUTZMER. "PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON THE TEXTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PYRITE FROM NON-CONGLOMERATIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF THE MESOARCHEAN WITWATERSRAND SUPERGROUP, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 113, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 195–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.113.2.195.

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17

Jackson, M. C. "A review of the late Archean volcano-sedimentary Dominion Group and implications for the tectonic setting of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 15, no. 2 (August 1992): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(92)90067-m.

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18

Noffke, Nora, Nic Beukes, Jens Gutzmer, and Robert Hazen. "Spatial and temporal distribution of microbially induced sedimentary structures: A case study from siliciclastic storm deposits of the 2.9Ga Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa." Precambrian Research 146, no. 1-2 (April 2006): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.003.

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19

Karpeta, W. P. "Sedimentology and gravel bar morphology in an Archaean braided river sequence: the Witpan Conglomerate Member (Witwatersrand Supergroup) in the Welkom Goldfield, South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 75, no. 1 (1993): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.075.01.21.

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20

Killick, A. M., A. M. Thwaites, G. J. B. Germs, and A. E. Schoch. "Pseudotachylite associated with a bedding-parallel fault zone between the Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Supergroups, South Africa." Geologische Rundschau 77, no. 1 (February 1988): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01848694.

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21

Kasting, James F., and Shuhei Ono. "Palaeoclimates: the first two billion years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1470 (May 5, 2006): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1839.

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Earth's climate during the Archaean remains highly uncertain, as the relevant geologic evidence is sparse and occasionally contradictory. Oxygen isotopes in cherts suggest that between 3.5 and 3.2 Gyr ago (Ga) the Archaean climate was hot (55–85 °C); however, the fact that these cherts have experienced only a modest amount of weathering suggests that the climate was temperate, as today. The presence of diamictites in the Pongola Supergroup and the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa suggests that by 2.9 Ga the climate was glacial. The Late Archaean was relatively warm; then glaciation (possibly of global extent) reappeared in the Early Palaeoproterozoic, around 2.3–2.4 Ga. Fitting these climatic constraints with a model requires high concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 or CH 4 , or both. Solar luminosity was 20–25% lower than today, so elevated greenhouse gas concentrations were needed just to keep the mean surface temperature above freezing. A rise in O 2 at approximately 2.4 Ga, and a concomitant decrease in CH 4 , provides a natural explanation for the Palaeoproterozoic glaciations. The Mid-Archaean glaciations may have been caused by a drawdown in H 2 and CH 4 caused by the origin of bacterial sulphate reduction. More work is needed to test this latter hypothesis.

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22

Guy, B. M., S. Ono, J. Gutzmer, Y. Lin, and N. J. Beukes. "Sulfur sources of sedimentary “buckshot” pyrite in the Auriferous Conglomerates of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Supergroups, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa." Mineralium Deposita 49, no. 6 (April 9, 2014): 751–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0518-3.

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23

Gumsley, Ashley, Joaen Stamsnijder, Emilie Larsson, Ulf Söderlund, Tomas Naeraa, Michiel de Kock, Anna Sałacińska, Aleksandra Gawęda, Fabien Humbert, and Richard Ernst. "Neoarchean large igneous provinces on the Kaapvaal Craton in southern Africa re-define the formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup and its temporal equivalents." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 9-10 (January 2, 2020): 1829–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35237.1.

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Abstract U-Pb geochronology on baddeleyite is a powerful technique that can be applied effectively to chronostratigraphy. In southern Africa, the Kaapvaal Craton hosts a well-preserved Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic geological record, including the Neoarchean Ventersdorp Supergroup. It overlies the Witwatersrand Supergroup and its world-class gold deposits. The Ventersdorp Supergroup comprises the Klipriviersberg Group, Platberg Group, and Pniel Group. However, the exact timing of formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup is controversial. Here we present 2789 ± 4 Ma and 2787 ± 2 Ma U-Pb isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) baddeleyite ages and geochemistry on mafic sills intruding the Witwatersrand Supergroup, and we interpret these sills as feeders to the overlying Klipriviersberg Group flood basalts. This constrains the age of the Witwatersrand Supergroup and gold mineralization to at least ca. 2.79 Ga. We also report 2729 ± 5 Ma and 2724 ± 7 Ma U-Pb ID-TIMS baddeleyite ages and geochemistry from a mafic sill intruding the Pongola Supergroup and on an east-northeast–trending mafic dike, respectively. These new ages distinguish two of the Ventersdorp Supergroup magmatic events: the Klipriviersberg and Platberg. The Ventersdorp Supergroup can now be shown to initiate and terminate with two large igneous provinces (LIPs), the Klipriviersberg and Allanridge, which are separated by Platberg volcanism and sedimentation. The age of the Klipriviersberg LIP is 2791–2779 Ma, and Platberg volcanism occurred at 2754–2709 Ma. The Allanridge LIP occurred between 2709–2683 Ma. Klipriviersberg, Platberg, and Allanridge magmatism may be genetically related to mantle plume(s). Higher heat flow and crustal melting resulted as a mantle plume impinged below the Kaapvaal Craton lithosphere, and this was associated with rifting and the formation of LIPs.

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24

Cairncross, Bruce. "The Witwatersrand Goldfield, South Africa." Rocks & Minerals 96, no. 4 (June 24, 2021): 296–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2021.1901207.

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25

Coward, Mike P., Richard M. Spencer, and Camille E. Spencer. "Development of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 95, no. 1 (1995): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.095.01.15.

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26

Hillman, Jeffrey C. "Black Engineers in South Africa." Industry and Higher Education 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229300700303.

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The need for South African industry to attract black engineers has necessitated its involvement in their university preparation. This article describes a pre-university course for black engineering students at the University of the Witwatersrand. A summary of its alumni's results to date is provided together with some comparative data.

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27

Zhou, Taihe, G. Neil Phillips, Guoyi Dong, and Russell E. Myers. "Pyrrhotite in the Witwatersrand gold fields, South Africa." Economic Geology 90, no. 8 (December 1, 1995): 2361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2361.

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28

Schneiderhan, E. A. "Archean seismites of the Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 108, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/108.3.345.

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29

Garson, Yvonne. "Some reflections on historical cartobibliography in South Africa." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 23, Issue 2 23, no. 2 (October 1, 2002): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2002.23.2.3.

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The article discusses aspects of carto-bibliography in South Africa. The methods employed and problems encountered in recording and indexing cartographic material relate specifically to the map collection in the John G. Gubbins Africana Library, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

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30

Jones, M. Q. W. "Heat flow in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for upper mantle structure." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.351.

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Abstract Geothermal measurements in South Africa since 1939 have resulted in a good coverage of heat flow observations. The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, in the central part of South Africa, is the best-studied tectonic domain, with nearly 150 heat flow measurements. The greatest density of heat flow sites is in the Witwatersrand Basin goldfields, where geothermal data are essential for determining refrigeration requirements of deep (up to 4 km) gold mines; the average heat flow is 51 ± 6mWm-2. The Bushveld Complex north of the Witwatersrand Basin is an extensive 2.06 Ga ultramafic-felsic intrusive complex that hosts the world’s largest reserves of platinum. The deepest platinum mines reach ~2 km and the need for thermal information for mine refrigeration engineering has led to the generation of a substantial geothermal database. Nearly 1000 thermal conductivity measurements have been made on rocks constituting the Bushveld Complex, and borehole temperature measurements have been made throughout the Complex. The temperature at maximum rock-breaking depth (~2.5 km) is 70°C, approximately 30°C higher than the temperature at equivalent depth in the Witwatersrand Basin; the thermal gradient in the Bushveld Complex is approximately double that in the Witwatersrand Basin. The main reason for this is the low thermal conductivity of rocks overlying platinum mines. The Bushveld data also resulted in 31 new estimates for the heat flux through the Earth’s crust. The overall average value for the Bushveld, 47 ± 7 mW m-2, is the same, to within statistical error, as the Witwatersrand Basin average. The heat flow for platinum mining areas (45 mW m-2) and the heat flux into the floor of the Witwatersrand Basin (43 mW m-2) are typical of Archaean cratons world-wide. The temperature structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere calculated from the Witwatersrand geothermal data is essentially the same as that derived from thermobarometric studies of Cretaceous kimberlite xenoliths. Both lines of evidence lead to an estimated heat flux of ~17 mW m-2 for the mantle below the Kaapvaal Craton. The estimated thermal thickness of the Kaapvaal lithosphere (235 km) is similar to that defined on the basis of seismic tomography and magnetotelluric studies. The lithosphere below the Bushveld Complex is not significantly hotter than that below the Witwatersrand Basin. This favours a chemical origin rather than a thermal origin for the upper mantle anomaly below the Bushveld Complex that has been identified by seismic tomography studies and magnetotelluric soundings.

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31

HISADA, Eiko. "Review of Pseudotachylites in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 110, no. 1 (2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.110.1.

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32

Burke, Kevin, W. S. F. Kidd, and T. M. Kusky. "Archean Foreland Basin tectonics in the Witwatersrand, South Africa." Tectonics 5, no. 3 (June 1986): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/tc005i003p00439.

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33

Du Preez, Gerhard, Antoinette Swart, and Hendrika Fourie. "Nematodes of the Wonderfontein Cave (Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa)." Nematology 17, no. 8 (2015): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002917.

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Although the importance of nematodes, especially in soil ecosystems, is well appreciated, very little is known about the occurrence of and ecosystem services provided by cavernicolous nematodes. This study was undertaken to determine the nematode occurrence, density and distribution in the Wonderfontein Cave (South Africa), which is subjected to the influx of water from the Wonderfontein Spruit. Of the 53 nematode genera collected from the Wonderfontein Cave during the first (April 2013) and second (September 2013) sampling intervals, 22 have never been reported from a cave environment. Results indicated that many of the nematodes found may only be temporary residents introduced from the surface environment. This study reveals the necessity of further efforts to investigate the nematode communities associated with subterranean environments, which will provide a better understanding of the functioning of the associated ecosystems.

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34

BORDY, E. M., and R. PREVEC. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE EMAKWEZINI FORMATION (KAROO SUPERGROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.307.

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35

BORDY, E. M., and P. ERIKSSON. "LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ELLIOT FORMATION (KAROO SUPERGROUP), SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 118, no. 3 (September 2015): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311.

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36

Cole, D. I., M. R. Johnson, and M. O. Day. "Lithostratigraphy of the Abrahamskraal Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (June 2016): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.415.

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37

Hicks, N., and D. J. C. Gold. "Lithostratigraphy of the Sinqeni Formation, Pongola Supergroup, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0027.

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Abstract The Mesoarchaean Sinqeni Formation forms the lowermost unit of the predominantly sedimentary Mozaan Group (Pongola Supergroup) of southern Africa. The formation comprises a dominantly arenaceous succession, which can be subdivided into four members. A laterally discontinuous gold- and uranium-bearing conglomerate package (Denny Dalton Member) is commonly developed at the base of the formation. Overlying the basal conglomerates are two significant quartz arenite packages (Dipka, and Kwaaiman Members) which are separated by a ferruginous shale package (Vlakhoek Member) that locally hosts banded-iron formation. The formation is the most extensively exposed succession of the Mozaan Group, cropping out extensively in the Hartland region, as well as in multiple inliers from Amsterdam in the Mpumalanga to Nkandla in central KwaZulu-Natal, with further exposures in Eswatini. Subeconomic gold and uranium mineralisation occur sporadically within the conglomerates of the Denny Dalton Member, and have previously been mined from multiple occurrences in the White Mfolozi, Mhlatuze and Nkandla Inliers whilst many prospecting trenches are found in the conglomerates of the Hartland and Amsterdam areas. Gold has also briefly been exploited from ferruginous shales and iron formations of the Vlakhoek Member in the Altona area. Litho-correlative equivalents of the formation comprise the Mandeva Formation (White Mfolozi Inlier), Skurwerant Formation (Amsterdam region) and Mkaya Formation (Magudu region).

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38

Siahi, M., A. Hofmann, S. Master, C. W. Mueller, and A. Gerdes. "Carbonate ooids of the Mesoarchaean Pongola Supergroup, South Africa." Geobiology 15, no. 6 (July 24, 2017): 750–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12249.

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39

Williams, V. L., K. Balkwill, and E. T. F. Witkowski. "Muthi traders on the Witwatersrand, South Africa - an urban mosaic." South African Journal of Botany 63, no. 6 (December 1997): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30789-4.

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40

Beach, Alastair, and Roric Smith. "Structural geometry and development of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 272, no. 1 (2007): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2007.272.01.27.

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41

ENGLAND, G. L., B. RASMUSSEN, B. KRAPEZ, and D. I. GROVES. "Archaean oil migration in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa." Journal of the Geological Society 159, no. 2 (March 2002): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764900-197.

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42

Robb, Laurence J., and F. Michael Meyer. "The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Geological framework and mineralization processes." Ore Geology Reviews 10, no. 2 (December 1995): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00011-9.

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43

Buick, I. S., R. Uken, R. L. Gibson, and T. Wallmach. "High-δ13C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Geology 26, no. 10 (1998): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0875:hcpcft>2.3.co;2.

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44

DIGBY, ANNE. "EARLY BLACK DOCTORS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 46, no. 3 (November 2005): 427–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853705000836.

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The article adopts the approach of a group biography in discussing the careers and ambitions of early black South African doctors selecting both those trained abroad, and the first cohorts trained within South Africa who graduated at the Universities of Cape Town and the Witwatersrand from 1945–6. It focuses on the ambiguities involved, by looking at tensions between professional altruism and entrepreneurialism in pursuing a medical career, as well as that between self-interest and selflessness in attempting to balance the requirements of a medical practice against those involved in political leadership. The paper highlights the significance of the political leadership given by black doctors in the mid-twentieth century and indicates the price paid for this in loss of medical resources under the apartheid regime. Two annexes provide original data on the medical and political contributions of individuals.

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45

Stewart, R. A., W. U. Reimold, and E. G. Charlesworth. "Tectonosedimentary model for the Central Rand Goldfield, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 107, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.107.4.603.

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Catuneanu, Octavian. "Flexural partitioning of the Late Archaean Witwatersrand foreland system, South Africa." Sedimentary Geology 141-142 (June 2001): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(01)00070-7.

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Pearton, T., and M. Viljoen. "Gold on the Kaapvaal Craton, outside the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.1.101.

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Jolley, S. J., I. H. C. Henderson, A. C. Barnicoat, and N. P. C. Fox. "Thrust-fracture network and hydrothermal gold mineralization: Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 155, no. 1 (1999): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.155.01.12.

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Mills, Douglas J. "AfriCORR 2016 African Corrosion Congress Midrand Conference Centre, Witwatersrand South Africa." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 51, no. 8 (November 16, 2016): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2016.1249189.

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Kershaw, Dave, Bruce Cairncross, Brenda Freese, and Pierre De Vries. "Secondary Minerals from the Carletonville Gold Mines: Witwatersrand Goldfield, South Africa." Rocks & Minerals 78, no. 6 (December 2003): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2003.9926753.

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