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Journal articles on the topic 'WLTP'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Chen, Kangda, Fuquan Zhao, Xinglong Liu, Han Hao, and Zongwei Liu. "Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 3199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063199.

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As a main measure to promote the development of China’s energy–saving and new energy vehicles, the Phase V fuel consumption regulation is dramatically different from the past four phases, especially in the test procedure, moving from the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) to the worldwide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC) and corresponding test procedure (WLTP). The switch of test procedure will not only affect the effectiveness of technologies but also change the fuel consumption target of the industry. However, few studies have systematically investigated the impacts of the new WLTP on

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Liu, Xinglong, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, et al. "From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (2020): 5747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145747.

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The switching from new European driving cycle (NEDC) to worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) will affect the energy consumption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and then affect the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation and subsidy policy for PHEVs. This paper reveals the impact on energy consumption, NEV credit regulation, and subsidy policy for PHEV in the Chinese market of the switching from NEDC to WLTP based on qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. The results show that the WLTP procedure is stricter than NEDC in the determination of road lo

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3

Volkert, Georg, and Alexander Ott. "Variantenvielfalt im Spannungsfeld WLTP." ATZextra 24, S3 (2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35778-019-0028-0.

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4

Heintzel, Alexander. "WLTP Demands Better Aerodynamics." ATZ worldwide 118, no. 6 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-016-0068-7.

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5

Heintzel, Alexander. "WLTP fordert bessere Aerodynamik." ATZ - Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift 118, no. 6 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35148-016-0072-7.

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6

KOSZAŁKA, Grzegorz, Andrzej SZCZOTKA, and Andrzej SUCHECKI. "Comparison of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in WLTP and NEDC procedures." Combustion Engines 179, no. 4 (2019): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-431.

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Fuel consumption achieved in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) could be 50% lower than the fuel consumption in real driving conditions and in the case of emissions of regulated toxic compounds the differences could even be much greater. In order to bring the results achieved in official tests closer to real life figures, the European Commission introduced in 2017 the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), which replaced the NEDC. In this article the results of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions for 3 cars fitted with engines of the same displacement but with direct

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7

Serrano, Luis, Barbara Santana, Nuno Pires, and Cristina Correia. "Performance, Emissions, and Efficiency of Biodiesel versus Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Considering Different Driving Cycles Sensitivity Analysis (NEDC and WLTP)." Fuels 2, no. 4 (2021): 448–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels2040026.

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The use of biofuels in vehicles becomes more advantageous than the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly because it uses renewable sources of energy. Recently there are some concerns about biodiesel sources, and hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) appear as a possible advanced solution. To understand the effect that the implementation of the new and old European type-approval test cycles (NEDC e WLTP) has on the results of these fuels considering pollutant emissions and fuel consumption results, a EURO V vehicle was subject to these cycles and also to engine performance evaluation tests. For this

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Singh, Tanuj, Dirk Balzer, Koos Leertouwer, and Jeremy Wise. "WLTP-Vorschriften und verbesserte Rekuperationsstrategien." ATZ - Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift 120, no. 3 (2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35148-017-0207-5.

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9

Jannsen, Nils, and Manuel Kallweit. "Auswirkungen des neuen WLTP-Prüfverfahrens." Wirtschaftsdienst 98, no. 11 (2018): 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10273-018-2374-8.

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Singh, Tanuj, Dirk Balzer, Koos Leertouwer, and Jeremy Wise. "WLTP Regulations and Advanced Recuperation Strategies." ATZ worldwide 120, no. 3 (2018): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-017-0186-x.

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11

Burkert, Andreas. "WLTP heizt die CO2-Debatte an." ATZ - Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift 116, no. 7-8 (2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35148-014-0447-6.

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12

Lee, Hyeonjik, and Kihyung Lee. "Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Vehicle Parameters on Fuel Consumption under NEDC and WLTP." Energies 13, no. 16 (2020): 4245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164245.

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Higher speeds, faster acceleration and longer duration need a more realistic driving cycle. As a result, a new test procedure that reflects real-world driving conditions has been applied since 2017, and the previous development environment optimized for NEDC has also changed. In this study, several factors and technologies relating to fuel consumption, such as vehicle weight, tire rolling resistance, drag of aerodynamic, stop–start, and 48 V mild hybrid system, are evaluated as per the new worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) and compared with that of the previous European

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13

Korpach, А. О., and O. A. Korpach. "WORLDWIDE HARMONIZED LIGHT VEHICLES TEST PROCEDURES (WLTP)." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 43 (2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2019-1-43-076-083.

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14

Jacob, Jan. "Testen in regulierten Umfeldern am Beispiel WLTP." MTZextra 24, S1 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41490-019-0004-z.

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15

Reichenbach, Michael. ""Für Bremsstaubmessungen nutzen wir einen modifizierten WLTP"." ATZ - Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift 124, no. 11 (2022): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35148-022-1509-9.

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16

Park, Junhong, Jongtae Lee, Jeongsoo Kim, Sunmoon Kim, and Keunhwan Ahn. "Measuring Particle Number from Light-duty Diesel Vehicles in WLTP Driving Cycle." Journal of ILASS-Korea 18, no. 3 (2013): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15435/jilasskr.2013.18.3.155.

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17

Kubendran, V., Y. Mohamed Shuaib, and J. Preetha Roselyn. "Modelling of Vehicle Dynamics and Determination of Energy Demand for Electric Vehicle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2335, no. 1 (2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2335/1/012049.

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Abstract The WLTP Class 3 driving cycle is used in this article for the design of a battery and super-capacitor for electric vehicles. The energy demand for electric vehicle is calculated using WLTP drive cycle and the total power required for electric vehicle is calculated by calculating tractive force. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) overcomes numerous shortcomings of a battery energy storage system (BESS), including reduced battery life, limited power density, etc. In a proposed system, a Li-Ion battery is coupled with a super-capacitor/Ultra-capacitor as a bidirectional converter, wh

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18

Kneba, Zbigniew, Denys Stepanenko, and Jacek Rudnicki. "Numerical methodology for evaluation the combustion and emissions characteristics on WLTP in the light duty dual-fuel diesel vehicle." Combustion Engines 189, no. 2 (2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-143334.

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The worldwide aim of reducing environmental impact from internal combustion engines bring more and more stringent emission regulations. In 2017 by EU has been adopted new harmonized test procedure called WLTP. In general terms this test was designed for determining the levels of harmful emissions and fuel consumption of traditional and hybrid cars. This procedure contains specific driving scenarios which representing real-life driving patterns. Test cycles contain vehicle velocity versus time profiles and directly in powertrain analysis on the test benches cannot be used. In order to back calc

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19

Howell, Jeff, David Forbes, and Martin Passmore. "A drag coefficient for application to the WLTP driving cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 9 (2017): 1274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017704784.

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The aerodynamic drag characteristics of a passenger car have, typically, been defined by a single parameter: the drag coefficient at a yaw angle of 0°. Although this has been acceptable in the past, it does not provide an accurate measure of the effect of aerodynamic drag on fuel consumption because the important influence of the wind has been excluded. The result of using drag coefficients at a yaw angle of 0° produces an underprediction of the aerodynamic component of fuel consumption that does not reflect the on-road conditions. An alternative measure of the aerodynamic drag should take int

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20

Reichenbach, Michael. ""We use a modified WLTP cycle for brake dust measurements"." ATZ worldwide 124, no. 11 (2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-022-1421-7.

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21

Zheng, Qingxing, Shaopeng Tian, and Qian Zhang. "Optimal Torque Split Strategy of Dual-Motor Electric Vehicle Using Adaptive Nonlinear Particle Swarm Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 21, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1204260.

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In order to exploit the potential of energy saving of dual-motor powertrain over single-motor powertrain, this paper proposes a time-efficient optimal torque split strategy for a front-and-rear-axle dual-motor electric powertrain. Firstly, a physical model of electric vehicle powertrain is established in Matlab/Simulink platform and further validated by real-vehicle experiments. Subsequently, a three-layer energy management strategy composed of demanded torque calculation layer, mode decision layer, and torque split layer is devised to enhance the total operating efficiency of two motors. Spec

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22

Hegde, Shailesh, Angelo Bonfitto, Renato Galluzzi, Luis M. Castellanos Molina, Nicola Amati, and Andrea Tonoli. "Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy Based on Belt Drive System Characteristic Maps for P0 Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Energies 16, no. 1 (2023): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010487.

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A P0 system is used in hybrid automobiles to improve engine economy and performance. An essential element of the P0 system for effectively transmitting power to the drive train is the belt drive system (BDS). The features of electric machine (EM) and internal combustion engines (ICE) are taken into account by standard energy management systems, such as the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). In order to maximize the effectiveness of the P0 system, this work provides a novel formulation of the ECMS, which considers the power loss map of the BDS in addition to the characteristic

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23

ONISHI, Keiji, Rahul BALE, and Makoto TSUBOKURA. "Research and development of automotive aerodynamic simulation method for WLTP certification." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2019 (2019): IS—19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2019.is-19.

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24

Gis, Wojciech, and Sławomir Taubert. "The Issues of the Air-Fuel Ratio in Exhaust Emissions Tests Carried out on a Chassis Dynamometer." Energies 14, no. 9 (2021): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092360.

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Vehicle exhaust emission tests use exhaust sampling systems that dilute the exhaust gas with ambient air. The dilution factor DF is calculated assuming that the combustion is complete, and that the engine is operated at a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFR). These assumptions are not always met. This is especially true for diesel engines. This article discusses the tests to find out what the average lambda (λ) over the ARTEMIS, WLTC and NEDC driving cycles is and how this affects the result of the emission measurements. Measurements were carried out on a chassis dynamometer equipped with a sta

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25

Grigoratos, Theodoros, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, et al. "Statistical Assessment and Temperature Study from the Interlaboratory Application of the WLTP–Brake Cycle." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (2020): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121309.

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The relative contribution of brake emissions to traffic-induced ambient Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations has increased over the last decade. Nowadays, vehicles’ brakes are recognised as an important source of non-exhaust emissions. Up to now, no standardised method for measuring brake particle emissions exists. For that reason, the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group has been working on the development of a commonly accepted method for sampling and measuring brake particle emissions. The applied braking cycle is an integral part of the overall methodology. In this article, we pres

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26

Mamakos, Athanasios, Katharina Kolbeck, Michael Arndt, Thomas Schröder, and Matthias Bernhard. "Particle Emissions and Disc Temperature Profiles from a Commercial Brake System Tested on a Dynamometer under Real-World Cycles." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030377.

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The particle emissions from a commercial brake system utilizing copper-free pads have been characterized on a brake dynamometer under two real-world driving cycles. These included a novel cycle developed from analysis of the database of the World Harmonized Test Procedure (WLTP-Brake) and a short version of the Los Angeles City Traffic cycle (3h-LACT) developed in the framework of the European LowBraSys project. Disc temperature measurements using an array of embedded thermocouples revealed a large temporal and spatial non-uniformity with the radial temperature distribution depending also on t

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27

Ciuffo, Biagio, Alessandro Maratta, Monica Tutuianu, et al. "Development of the Worldwide Harmonized Test Procedure for Light-Duty Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, no. 1 (2015): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-12.

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To assess vehicle performance on criteria compounds, carbon dioxide emissions, and fuel energy consumption, laboratory tests are generally carried out. During these tests, a vehicle is driven on a chassis dynamometer (which simulates the resistances the vehicle encounters during its motion) to follow a predefined test cycle. In addition, all conditions for running a test must strictly adhere to a predefined test procedure. The procedure is necessary to ensure that all tests are carried out in a comparable way, following the requirements set by the relevant legislation. Test results are used to

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28

Poopanya, Piyawong, Kanchana Sivalertporn, and Teeraphon Phophongviwat. "A Comparative Study on the Parameter Identification of an Equivalent Circuit Model for an Li-ion Battery Based on Different Discharge Tests." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 3 (2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030050.

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An effective model of battery performance is important for battery management systems to control the state of battery and cell balancing. The second-order equivalent circuit model of a lithium-ion battery is studied in the present paper. The identification methods that include the multiple linear regression (MLR), exponential curve fitting (ECF) and Simulink design optimization tool (SDOT), were used to determine the model parameters. The aim of this paper is to compare the validity of the three proposed algorithms, which vary in complexity. The open circuit voltage was measured based on the p

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29

Hesse, David, Christopher Hamatschek, Klaus Augsburg, Thomas Weigelt, Alexander Prahst, and Sebastian Gramstat. "Testing of Alternative Disc Brakes and Friction Materials Regarding Brake Wear Particle Emissions and Temperature Behavior." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040436.

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In this study, different disc brakes and friction materials are evaluated with respect to particle emission output and characteristic features are derived. The measurements take place on an inertia dynamometer using a constant volume sampling system. Brake wear particle emission factors of different disc concepts in different sizes are determined and compared, using a grey cast iron disc, a tungsten carbide-coated disc and a carbon ceramic disc. The brakes were tested over a section (trip #10) novel test cycle developed from the database of the worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Pro

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30

Pavlovic, Jelica, Konstantinos Anagnostopoulos, Michael Clairotte, et al. "Dealing with the Gap between Type-Approval and In-Use Light Duty Vehicles Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions: Present Situation and Future Perspective." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 2 (2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118756894.

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There is increasing evidence suggesting that real-world fuel consumption and CO2 improvements in the last decade have been much less than those measured during type-approval tests. Scientific studies have found that the offset between officially reported values and real-world vehicle CO2 emissions in Europe has constantly increased over the last years. The difference between officially reported and actual CO2 emissions of vehicles has three main implications: (i) it undermines the effectiveness of CO2 regulations in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Europe; (ii) it distorts competition betw

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31

Galvagno, Antonio, Umberto Previti, Fabio Famoso, and Sebastian Brusca. "An Innovative Methodology to Take into Account Traffic Information on WLTP Cycle for Hybrid Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061548.

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The most efficient energy management strategies for hybrid vehicles are the “Optimization-Based Strategies”. These strategies require a preliminary knowledge of the driving cycle, which is not easy to predict. This paper aims to combine Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) low section short trips with real traffic levels for vehicle energy and fuel consumption prediction. Future research can focus on implementing a new strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) energy optimization, taking into account WLTC and Google Maps traffic levels. First of all, eight characteristic

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Micari, Salvatore, Salvatore Foti, Antonio Testa, et al. "Effect of WLTP CLASS 3B Driving Cycle on Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 18 (2022): 6703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186703.

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Capacity loss over time is a critical issue for lithium-ion batteries powering battery electric vehicles (BEVs) because it affects vehicle range and performance. Driving cycles have a major impact on the ageing of these devices because they are subjected to high stresses in certain uses that cause degradation phenomena directly related to vehicle use. Calendar capacity also impacts the battery pack for most of its lifetime with a capacity degradation. The manuscript describes experimental tests on a lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles with up to 10% capacity loss in the WLTP CLASS 3B dri

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Blanco-Rodriguez, D., G. Vagnoni, and B. Holderbaum. "EU6 C-Segment Diesel vehicles, a challenging segment to meet RDE and WLTP requirements." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 11 (2016): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.08.094.

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34

Kim, Kangjin, Wonyong Chung, Myungsoo Kim, Charyung Kim, Cha-Lee Myung, and Simsoo Park. "Inspection of PN, CO2, and Regulated Gaseous Emissions Characteristics from a GDI Vehicle under Various Real-World Vehicle Test Modes." Energies 13, no. 10 (2020): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102581.

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Although the chassis dynamometer type approval test considers real-world conditions, there are a few limitations to the experimental test environment that may affect gaseous or particulate emissions such as road conditions, traffic, decreasing tire pressure, or fluctuating ambient temperature. Furthermore, the real driving emission (RDE) test takes a long time, and it is too long to repeat under different experimental conditions. The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) test modes that reflect the driving pattern of Korea are not certification test modes, but can be used to eval

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35

Menes, Maciej, and Piotr Wiśniowski. "The Profitability of Disposing of Vehicles Fulfilling the Older Euro Standards in Terms of CO2 Emission." Journal of KONES 26, no. 1 (2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0011.

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Abstract The automotive market is developing very dynamically. In recent years, we can observe activities of automotive concerns in the production of new models of electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles, and conventional cars are supplied with increasingly economical and low-emission engines. There are also increasingly stringent standards related to exhaust emissions from the exhaust system. From September 1, 2018, passenger cars have to comply with the Euro 6d-Temp emission standard and be homologated according to the WLTP test procedure including the WLTC driving cycle and emission measurem

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36

Marotta, Alessandro, Jelica Pavlovic, Biagio Ciuffo, Simone Serra, and Georgios Fontaras. "Gaseous Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles: Moving from NEDC to the New WLTP Test Procedure." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 14 (2015): 8315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01364.

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37

Yazar, Ozan, Serdar Coskun, Fengqi Zhang, and Lin Li. "A comparative study of energy management systems under connected driving: Cooperative car-following case." Complex Engineering Systems 2 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ces.2022.06.

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In this work, we propose connected energy management systems for a cooperative hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) platoon. To this end, cooperative driving scenarios are established under different car-following behavior models using connected and automated vehicles technology, leading to a cooperative cruise control system (CACC) that explores the energy-saving potentials of HEVs. As a real-time energy management control, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is utilized, wherein global energy-saving is achieved to promote environment-friendly mobility. The HEVs cooperatively comm

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Kerviel, Arthur, Apostolos Pesyridis, Ahmed Mohammed, and David Chalet. "An Evaluation of Turbocharging and Supercharging Options for High-Efficiency Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (2018): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122474.

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Mass-produced, off-the-shelf automotive air compressors cannot be directly used for boosting a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) application in the same way that they are used in internal combustion engines, since the requirements are different. These include a high pressure ratio, a low mass flow rate, a high efficiency requirement, and a compact size. From the established fuel cell types, the most promising for application in passenger cars or light commercial vehicle applications is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), operating at around 80 °C. In this case, an electric-assisted turbochar

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A, JAWORSKI, JAREMCIO M, LEJDA K, MĄDZIEL M, and WOŚ P. "CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED DRIVING CYCLES USED FOR EXHAUST EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT FROM PASSENGER CAR ENGINES." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 50 (2021): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-3-50-067-080.

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The manufacturing process for new passenger vehicles is based not only on their design and manufacture, but also on validation and testing, especially in the area of exhaust emissions. The car manufacturer is obliged to approve the type of each new model in accordance with the regulations. The regulation associated with the relevant directive includes a number of requirements, including the emissions of pollutants in the exhaust gas, which are imposed on newly manufactured vehicles. Along with the development of the automotive industry, more and more attention has been paid to the pollution th

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Bielaczyc, Piotr, and Joseph Woodburn. "Current directions in LD powertrain technology in response to stringent exhaust emissions and fuel efficiency requirements." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (2016): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-341.

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The major global automotive markets have all set limits for exhaust emissions from new road vehicles, which have become increasingly stringent over the past few decades. There is also considerable pressure to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions – around 80% of all new passenger cars sold globally are subject to some kind of energy efficiency regulation. Such legal requirements necessitate extensive R&D and testing and the entire field is undergoing a period of rapid change. Despite a recent trend towards harmonisation, at present significant regional differences exist, which vary fro

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SOKOLNICKA, Barbara, Paweł FUĆ, Natalia SZYMLET, Maciej SIEDLECKI, and Rafał GRZESZCZYK. "Harmful exhaust components and particles mass and number emission during the actual drive of a passenger car in accordance with the RDE procedure." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (2019): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-334.

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The article presents toxic exhaust components emission measurement results as well as solid particles mass and number. The test involved a direct gasoline injection engine, in which special attention should be paid to the particulates number emission. Small diameters of nanoparticles make them particularly dangerous to human health. Nowadays, vehicle engines are constantly improved and modernized as a result of the need to meet existing exhaust gas emission standards. One of the few ways to determine the actual content of toxic and harmful compounds in the exhaust gases is the RDE (Real Drivin

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Dimaratos, A., D. Tsokolis, G. Fontaras, S. Tsiakmakis, B. Ciuffo, and Z. Samaras. "Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Various Technologies on Light-duty Vehicle CO2 Emissions over NEDC and WLTP." Transportation Research Procedia 14 (2016): 3169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.257.

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43

Park, Jongsung, Byungsoo Joo, Hyungjo Seo, et al. "Analysis of wear induced particle emissions from brake pads during the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP)." Wear 466-467 (February 2021): 203539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203539.

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44

Demuynck, Joachim, Dirk Bosteels, Michel De Paepe, Cécile Favre, John May, and Sebastian Verhelst. "Recommendations for the new WLTP cycle based on an analysis of vehicle emission measurements on NEDC and CADC." Energy Policy 49 (October 2012): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.081.

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Tucki, Karol, Remigiusz Mruk, Olga Orynycz, Andrzej Wasiak, Katarzyna Botwińska, and Arkadiusz Gola. "Simulation of the Operation of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Various Biofuels and Its Contribution to Technology Management." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (2019): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102799.

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Economic progress, development of transport, production of new cars, production of more and more energy, and the combustion of fossil fuels are causing huge changes that are currently occurring in the environment. Ecological problems of the contemporary economy combined with perspectives of resources exhaustion, as well as the need to follow sustainable rules of living, require the search for new fuels. Fuels which can assure their availability and good environmental performance are needed for maintaining sustainable transportation. Knowledge about the behavior of various fuels is necessary fo

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Fontaras, Georgios, Biagio Ciuffo, Nikiforos Zacharof, et al. "The difference between reported and real-world CO 2 emissions: How much improvement can be expected by WLTP introduction?" Transportation Research Procedia 25 (2017): 3933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.333.

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47

Massaguer, E., A. Massaguer, T. Pujol, M. Comamala, L. Montoro, and J. R. Gonzalez. "Fuel economy analysis under a WLTP cycle on a mid-size vehicle equipped with a thermoelectric energy recovery system." Energy 179 (July 2019): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.004.

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48

Pavlovic, Jelica, Alessandro Marotta, and Biagio Ciuffo. "CO2 emissions and energy demands of vehicles tested under the NEDC and the new WLTP type approval test procedures." Applied Energy 177 (September 2016): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.110.

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49

BIELACZYC, Piotr, and Joseph WOODBURN. "Trends in automotive emissions legislation: impact on LD engine development, fuels, lubricants, and test methods – a global view, with a focus on WLTP and RDE regulations – Summary of the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES)." Combustion Engines 174, no. 3 (2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-306.

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Abstract:

Among the drivers influencing vehicular powertrain development, the field of vehicular exhaust emissions is experiencing wide-ranging and rapid changes. New emissions regulations such as Euro 6d and new test methods (RDE and WLTP) are the main challenges for the automotive industry caused by political, socioeconomic and technical factors. Air quality is very high on the political agenda and pressure remains to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector. In addition to limits becoming increasingly stringent, the list of parameters subject to legal limits are slowly

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50

Breban, Stefan, Marius Dranca, Mihai Chirca, Alexandru-Madalin Pacuraru, Petre-Dorel Teodosescu, and Claudiu-Alexandru Oprea. "Experimental Tests on a Spoke-Type Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machine for Light Electric Vehicle Application." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (2022): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063019.

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Abstract:

In an attempt to limit the effects of global warming, virtually all car manufacturers have introduced in the last years Hybrid or full Electric Vehicles. The current study shows the experimental testing of a spoke-type PMSM that was developed based on the requirements of the L6e European light vehicle class. A test bench was developed for this purpose, using a DC machine fed by a bidirectional DC Power Supply that allowed the testing of the PMSM prototype both in motor and generator/brake regimes. The Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) was implemented on the control

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