Academic literature on the topic 'Woad (Dye)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Woad (Dye)"
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Cardon, Dominique, Zvi C. Koren, and Hisako Sumi. "Woaded Blue: A Colorful Approach to the Dialectic between Written Historical Sources, Experimental Archaeology, Chromatographic Analyses, and Biochemical Research." Heritage 6, no. 1 (2023): 681–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010037.
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Research into the sustainability of natural, potentially renewable, resources is one of the major issues of our time. It naturally includes the quest for sustainable sources of colorants for textiles, cosmetics, and food. In industrialized countries, natural dyeing with plants and a few species of coccid insects was practiced on a large scale for centuries before synthetic colorants were developed. Therefore, historical documents on the growing of dye plants and dyeing processes offer a relevant basis from which to start reconsidering the potential of natural colorants in our time. However, written sources need to be completed by experimental archaeologists to allow a scientific understanding of the biochemical reactions at work in the historical processes described. The results of such interdisciplinary research can then inspire contemporary programs to revive the production of natural dyes. The long history of dyeing blue with woad, Isatis tinctoria L., is revisited here as an illustration of the fruitful complementarity of sources and approaches. This article presents a step-by-step re-assessment of the production chain of woad as described in historical texts, from the growing of the plant to its use as a source of indigo in the woad and indigo vats. The experimental reconstitution of the processing of woad leaves into couched woad allowed us to follow the evolution of the composition and proportions of indigoid colorants in the leaves by HPLC analyses. Additionally, HPLC analyses allowed a comparison of the respective indigoid contents of couched woad and sukumo, the form of indigo dye resulting from another couching process, traditionally used in Japan for dyers’ knotweed, Persicaria tinctoria (Ait.) H. Gross. The reconstitution of the 18th century woad and indigo vat process allowed investigations into the bacterial flora associated with the use of couched woad in vat liquors, which were found to contain different indigo-reducing bacteria, including two distinct strains of a new indigo-reducing species.
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Karapanagiotis, Ioannis, Omar Abdel-Kareem, Paraskevi Kamaterou, and Dimitrios Mantzouris. "Identification of Dyes in Coptic Textiles from the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University." Heritage 4, no. 4 (2021): 3147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040176.
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High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode-Array-Detector (HPLC-DAD) is used to investigate samples which were extracted from ancient Egyptian textiles (4th–5th c. AD) of the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Madder is identified in several samples. According to semi-quantitative results, which are obtained from HPLC peak areas measured at 254 nm, madder that is rich in purpurin and poor in alizarin is identified in samples which were treated (i) only with madder and (ii) with madder and either indigo/woad (Indigofera species and other/Isatis tinctoria L.) or weld (Reseda luteola L.). The madder dye used in these samples could have been originated from Rubia peregrina L. However, the possible use of Rubia tinctorum L. (or other plants of the Rubiaceae family) by the Egyptian dyers cannot be ruled out, particularly if methods were developed by the ancient dyers to affect and control the relative composition of madder dye. The HPLC peak area ratio of alizarin versus purpurin is very high (>2.2) for samples which were treated with madder (probably originated from R. tinctorum) and a tannin source. Finally, in some samples, only indigoid dyes (indigo/woad) are identified.
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Onal, Adem, Meryem Bakrac, and Ferda Eser. "Preparation of Harmless Play Dough with Some Vegetable Dyes." Volume 4,Issue 2,2018 4, no. 2 (2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jnpr.066.18040205.
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Preparation of harmless play dough process with vegetable dyes were investigated using various plant extracts (pomegranate flower, onionskin, purple basil, spinach, walnut leaves, red beet, red cabbage, turmeric, Turkish coffee, woad and red pepper) and powders of some plants (woad and Turkish coffee) as direct dye. Play doughs were obtained with plant extract. For this purpose, processed wheat flour with powders of plants by using kneading method with combination of various adjuvants were used. Decay times at room and cold ambient temperatures were determined. Texture and glutomatic system analysis were done for the investigation of the elasticity and elongation features. Prepared play doughs were used as a practical in order to understand whether they show any allergen status during and after play in kindergarten and nursery. The play dough obtained from unheated method was conquered to the other methods based on their properties of both color and longevity.
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Hartl, Anna, Art Néss Proaño Gaibor, Maarten R. van Bommel, and Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer. "Searching for blue: Experiments with woad fermentation vats and an explanation of the colours through dye analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2 (June 2015): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.12.001.
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Milanović, Vesna, Andrea Osimani, Manuela Taccari, et al. "Insight into the bacterial diversity of fermentation woad dye vats as revealed by PCR-DGGE and pyrosequencing." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 44, no. 7 (2017): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-017-1921-4.
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Rocha, Luís, Carlos Carvalho, Sandra Martins, Fernando Braga, and Valdemar Carnide. "Morpho-agronomic characterization and variation of indigo precursors in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) accessions." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 2 (2011): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000499.
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Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) was the most important source of natural blue indigo, a pigment used mainly for dyestuff until the beginning of the 20th century, when the increased use of synthetic dyes by the industry lead to a decrease in the interest of natural dyes and to the abandonment of dye crops. The aim of this study was to characterize, according to morphological and agronomical traits, 11 woad accessions from different countries and to quantify the indigo precursor content by high-performance liquid chromatograph-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Qualitative traits revealed a low variability and a great variation was observed in quantitative traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) diagrams divided the accessions into four groups, primarily according to their geographic origin. The first three components of the PCA accounted for 76.8% of the total variation. Reciprocal interactions between indigo precursors and fresh leaf weight were compared through genetic diversity, with significant differences in isatan B (0.5–5.1 g/kg), indoxyl (0.3–2.0 g/kg) and residual indigo (0.3–0.5 g/kg). This information, together with genetic data, can be used to assist local farmers to re-introduce Isatis species in the European agricultural system, not only indicating the higher indigo yielding genotypes, but also the most suitable harvest time.
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Speranza, Jasmine, Natalizia Miceli, Maria Fernanda Taviano, et al. "Isatis tinctoria L. (Woad): A Review of Its Botany, Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Biotechnological Studies." Plants 9, no. 3 (2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030298.
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Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), which is commonly known as woad, is a species with an ancient and well-documented history as an indigo dye and medicinal plant. Currently, I. tinctoria is utilized more often as medicinal remedy and also as a cosmetic ingredient. In 2011, I. tinctoria root was accepted in the official European phytotherapy by introducing its monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. The biological properties of raw material have been known from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Over recent decades, I. tinctoria has been investigated both from a phytochemical and a biological point of view. The modern in vitro and in vivo scientific studies proved anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical composition of I. tinctoria has been thoroughly investigated and the plant was proven to contain many valuable biologically active compounds, including several alkaloids, among which tryptanthrin, indirubin, indolinone, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides as well as glucosinolates, carotenoids, volatile constituents, and fatty acids. This article provides a general botanical and ethnobotanical overview that summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on the phytochemistry and biological properties of this valuable plant in order to support its therapeutic potential. Moreover, the biotechnological studies on I. tinctoria, which mainly focused on hairy root cultures for the enhanced production of flavonoids and alkaloids as well as on the establishment of shoot cultures and micropropagation protocols, were reviewed. They provide input for future research prospects.
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Gao, Guanzhen, Qian Wang, Jianwu Zhou, Huiqin Wang, Lijing Ke, and Pingfan Rao. "Isolation and Identification of a Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein from Isatidis root." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 2 (2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000214.
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Isatis indigotica Fort. (Chinese woad) has been widely used as a dye- and medicinal-plant in traditional Chinese medicine. Although I. indigotica has been cultivated in various regions across China in recent years, its innate immunity is little known. In this study, a protein with MW 37.5 kDa was purified from the extract of fresh Isatidis roots by SP-5PW cationic exchange and POROS HP2 hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein was subsequently determined as T-D-L-C-H-K-D-P-K-N-T-L-L by Edman degradation. The N-terminal sequence and PG inhibitory activity identified the purified substance as a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein. This purified Isatidis PGIP with a specific activity of 7.64×104 U/mg showed strong inhibitory activity against 160 U of Aspergillus niger polygalacturonase. Compared with PGIPs from guava and bean pods, Isatidis PGIP showed very poor pH and heat stabilities, which may represent the different need of plant innate immunity between plant underground and aboveground organs.
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Valk, Piret. "Kõik värviks: Eestis kasvanud taimedest saadud värvid tekstiilil / All for colours: dyes from plants growing in Estonia on textile." Studia Vernacula 12 (November 5, 2020): 154–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2020.12.154-197.
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The research carried out during practical work at the Department of Textile Design of the Estonian Academy of Arts focuses on the acquisition of plant and alternative synthetic textile dyes in Estonian weather conditions in the context of textile printing and dyeing. The aim is to study the effect of plant dyes on textiles, by modifying different variables. As the result of testing, the author wanted to select more intensive plants and techniques, which withstand at least a first warm washing, and which could be studied further via a more systematic experimenting and testing.
 In order to get multiple results at once, the majority of tests in fact comprise 12 tests, the results of which are presented on one page, including 12 samples of dye and the initial information about plants and procedures. A collection of dye samples comprises 132 test sheets, and presents the practical results of the research. All practical tests are documented with written descriptions compiled as an annex to the test sheets; some tests are also photographed.
 It was observed how the dyeing results depend upon different conditions, e.g. the time of collecting plants, the dyeing process, the dyed textile fibres or the acidity of the solution. In order to fix the dye in textile different methods were applied, and the impact of temperature, time, different tanning substances, water and oxygen on the tone of the dye and its intensity was studied. Most samples of dyes have been washed in water at least 50 °C warm and ironed at a minimum of 200 °C after the dyeing process.
 The author searched for possible sources of natural dyes in Estonia, taking into account the local tradition of natural dyes, and also exploring the options of introducing species not so well known as dyeing plants. The author cultivated plants for testing and collected species widespread in nature. The author discusses environmental problems connected with collecting and growing the plants, such as moving in nature and the hazard of the expansion of invasive non-native species on the local richness of species.
 The choice of plants for this research paper is based on several different principles, which typically occur when searching for a possible source of dye. Based on the courses of thought, the author divides the plants used into eight theme groups with conditional names is as follows: ‘Primeval’, ‘Exotic’, ‘Weeds’, ‘Name shows the destiny’, ‘Compost’, ‘Minor relatives’, ‘Plants with beautiful colour’ and ‘Two-in-one’. 
 Common bright colours, which tolerated washing in warm water but needed technological improvement for increased light-resistance could be mentioned, e.g. the Dyer’s woad giving the blue dye, the Northern bedstraw giving red tones, Safflower that gives pink and yellow tones. Many plants gave warm brown tones. Among technologies, the most promising proved to be Joy Boutrup’s technique for reserve printing, during which the sodium alginate printed on the cloth is transferred into unsolvable form.
 Biological tanning substances, renewable energy like solar power, and the use of a high temperature by extending the low dyeing time and bacterial fermentation dyeing might be some further steps in the development of sustainable dyeing processes. Finding low-cost production dyeing plants among weeds, the restricted use of non-native species, and of plant residue of food industry and other sectors would be a valuable and sustainable source of dye.
 Key words: dyeing with plants, natural dyes, dye plants, textile printing, printing techniques, tannins
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Valk, Piret. "Kõik värviks: Eestis kasvanud taimedest saadud värvid tekstiilil / All for colours: dyes from plants growing in Estonia on textile." Studia Vernacula 12 (November 5, 2020): 154–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2020.12.154-197.
Full textAbstract:
The research carried out during practical work at the Department of Textile Design of the Estonian Academy of Arts focuses on the acquisition of plant and alternative synthetic textile dyes in Estonian weather conditions in the context of textile printing and dyeing. The aim is to study the effect of plant dyes on textiles, by modifying different variables. As the result of testing, the author wanted to select more intensive plants and techniques, which withstand at least a first warm washing, and which could be studied further via a more systematic experimenting and testing.
 In order to get multiple results at once, the majority of tests in fact comprise 12 tests, the results of which are presented on one page, including 12 samples of dye and the initial information about plants and procedures. A collection of dye samples comprises 132 test sheets, and presents the practical results of the research. All practical tests are documented with written descriptions compiled as an annex to the test sheets; some tests are also photographed.
 It was observed how the dyeing results depend upon different conditions, e.g. the time of collecting plants, the dyeing process, the dyed textile fibres or the acidity of the solution. In order to fix the dye in textile different methods were applied, and the impact of temperature, time, different tanning substances, water and oxygen on the tone of the dye and its intensity was studied. Most samples of dyes have been washed in water at least 50 °C warm and ironed at a minimum of 200 °C after the dyeing process.
 The author searched for possible sources of natural dyes in Estonia, taking into account the local tradition of natural dyes, and also exploring the options of introducing species not so well known as dyeing plants. The author cultivated plants for testing and collected species widespread in nature. The author discusses environmental problems connected with collecting and growing the plants, such as moving in nature and the hazard of the expansion of invasive non-native species on the local richness of species.
 The choice of plants for this research paper is based on several different principles, which typically occur when searching for a possible source of dye. Based on the courses of thought, the author divides the plants used into eight theme groups with conditional names is as follows: ‘Primeval’, ‘Exotic’, ‘Weeds’, ‘Name shows the destiny’, ‘Compost’, ‘Minor relatives’, ‘Plants with beautiful colour’ and ‘Two-in-one’. 
 Common bright colours, which tolerated washing in warm water but needed technological improvement for increased light-resistance could be mentioned, e.g. the Dyer’s woad giving the blue dye, the Northern bedstraw giving red tones, Safflower that gives pink and yellow tones. Many plants gave warm brown tones. Among technologies, the most promising proved to be Joy Boutrup’s technique for reserve printing, during which the sodium alginate printed on the cloth is transferred into unsolvable form.
 Biological tanning substances, renewable energy like solar power, and the use of a high temperature by extending the low dyeing time and bacterial fermentation dyeing might be some further steps in the development of sustainable dyeing processes. Finding low-cost production dyeing plants among weeds, the restricted use of non-native species, and of plant residue of food industry and other sectors would be a valuable and sustainable source of dye.
 Key words: dyeing with plants, natural dyes, dye plants, textile printing, printing techniques, tannins
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Woad (Dye)"
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Kritis, Matt. "Natural dyes : thickening madder, weld, and woad for screenprinting of Turkish inspired textile prints." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3899.
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Palacios, Sara. "Decolourization of azo and anthraquinone dyes by mean of microorganisms growing on wood chips." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5168.
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<p>Reactive Black 5 and Procion Red MX 5B, an azo and anthraquinone dye repectively were decoulorized by mean of microorganisms growing on wood chips. The process consisted of three reactors, two anaerobic reactors and one aerobic reactor. The anaerobic process was used in order to make it possible to break the nitrogen bond of the azo group, (-N=N-) and the aerobic one to increase the possibility for the degradation of possible intermediates. After pumping wastewater through the system it was shown that mixtures or Reactive Black 5 and Procion Red MX 5B were efficiently decolourised at 50 mg/l as well as 200 mg/l of each of the dyes.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Benker, Maximilian. "Ulm in Nürnberg Simon Lainberger und die Bildschnitzer für Michael Wolgemut /." Weimar : VDG, Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/57729582.html.
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Murphy, Harriet. "The rhetoric of the spoken word in Die Wahlverwandtschaften." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385605.
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Staphorst, Luan. "Die wond sê dit aan my: die morele wêreldbeskouing van die |xam as eko-morele fenomenologie." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8180.
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Magister Artium - MA<br>Despite the loss of speakers of |xam, one of the 28 Khoisan languages once spoken across Southern Africa, a part of the heritage of these speakers can be found in predominantly two archives: that of Wilhelm H. I. Bleek and Lucy Lloyd (1911) and Gideon R. von Wielligh (1919-1921). The archives form the heart of Bushman* Studies, and has long since received attention in, amongst others, anthropology, literature, and linguistics. This study presents an investigation into the ethical views of the |xam, an investigation which, with the single exception of the studies of Antjie Krog (2004-), has not been undertaken in a philosophical tradition. Through a comparative study of texts across archival boundaries, I engage critically with the ethical views of the |xam, specifically the phenomenological nature of these views. To this end, I use the hermeneutical approach in African philosophy, an approach which focuses on identifying and analysing concepts in texts. The approach to ‘reading’ |xam texts remains, however, a burning issue, and the limit to which disciplinary boundaries are appropriate, is debatable (Wessels 2010). Consequently, and as a result of the relative density of the available texts, insights from anthropology, literature, linguistics and rock art are incorporated within the comparative study. I secondly bring the ethical views which are identified through the comparative analysis into conversation with the dominant ethical framework in African philosophy, namely Ubuntu. Where Ubuntu as been ‘read’ through various lenses (Van Niekerk 2013), a phenomenological approach is absent. Further, where Ubuntu, African ethics broadly, is generally regarded as humanist, a salient ecological consciousness is present in the |xam views. A comparison between Ubuntu and the |xam views therefore deepens the discourse around African ethics in general, and further provides insights into the unique nature of the ethical views of the |xam in particular. Through this I attempt to add value both to Bushman Studies and African philosophy, whilst highlighting an important voice unique to Africa which could be added to the burning discussion around ecological decay in the time of the Anthropocene.
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Chastagner, Matthew Wayne. "Slit die rheology of HDPE and ABS based wood plastic composites." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2005/m%5Fchastagner%5F072705.pdf.
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Saha, Tchinda Jean-Bosco. "Caractérisation et valorisation des substances extractibles de cinq essences camerounaises majeures de l'industrie du bois : Ayous, Moabi, Movingui, Padouk et Tali." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0113/document.
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Au cours de ce travail, le taux d’extractibles de cinq essences camerounaises a été évalué par la technique d’extraction accélérée ASE 200 et au Soxhlet. Le taux d’extractibles varie de 4,4 à 17,7%. Le screening des extraits a révélé la présence de polyphénols, de saponines, de flavonoïdes, de stérols et de terpènes. Les phénols totaux contenus dans les extraits ont été évalués par la méthode de Folin–Ciocalteu en utilisant l’acide gallique comme standard. La teneur varie de 16,5 à 165,83 mg éq acide gallique / g d’extrait. Le dosage des tannins condensés par la méthode colorimétrique a permis de montrer que ces derniers varient de 0,15 à 23,61 g cyanidin équivalents / 100 g de matière sèche. L’identification des composés contenus dans les extraits par GC-MS a permis d’identifier de l’homopterocarpine et de la pterocarpine dans les extraits de padouk. Les extraits de tali contiennent de la catéchine, l’acide gallique et du pyrogallole. L’acide gallique, le squalène et les triterpènes sont les composés majoritairement identifiés dans les extraits de movingui. La durabilité naturelle des bois a été évaluée par la norme européenne EN 350-1, 1994. Il ressort que les pertes de masse deviennent plus importantes lorsque les éprouvettes de bois ont été extraites. La perte de masse des éprouvettes non extraites varie de 0,1 à 59% (le hêtre a été pris comme référence). Les essais d’inhibition de croissances sur les champignons de pourriture ont montré qu’à des concentrations de 250 ppm, nos extraits étaient fongistatiques et qu’à des concentrations de 500 ppm certains extrait étaient fongicides (extrait de tali). L’évaluation des propriétés antioxydante et colorante des extraits pour envisager de potentielles applications industrielles a été effectuée. Le pouvoir antioxydant des extraits a été évalué par la méthode d’inhibition du linoléate de méthyle induite par l’azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Les résultats obtenus sont satisfaisants car l’activité antioxydante varie de 10 à 86%. Le pouvoir anti-radicalaire des extraits a été évalué en utilisant le radical 2,2-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.). Les concentrations nécessaires pour consommer 50% du radical varie de 2,7 à 60,5 mg/L. La capacité des extraits aqueux et alcalins à teindre les fibres naturelles et artificielles a été évaluée. La mesure de la coloration prise par les fibres s’est faite à l’aide d’un colorimètre Datacolor D65°10. Les résultats montrent que ces extraits donnent une coloration jaune avec les extraits de movingui et une coloration rouge avec les extraits de padouk. L’utilisation des extraits pour inhiber la croissance bactérienne a montré que les extraits étaient bactériostatiques pour les concentrations testées<br>In this work, the accelerated technical ASE 200 and Soxhelet was used to evaluate the amount of extractives contained in five Cameroonian wood species. The amount of extractives ranged from 4.4 to 17.7% with respect to oven-dry matter. Phytochemical screening of the extractives revealed the presence of polyphenols, saponins, flavonoïds, sterols and terpenes. The total phenolic content of the extracts was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid as standard. The phenolic content ranged from 16.5 to 165.83 mg eq gallic acid/g of extract. The condensed tannins, evaluated by colorimetric method, ranged from 0.15 to 23.61 g cyanidin equivalents/100 g of dry matter. GC-MS identified the homopterocarpine and pterocarpin as major compound in extracts of padouk. Catechin, gallic acid and pyrogallole were the major compounds found in the extracts of tali. Extracts of movingui consisted mainly of diterpenes and several compounds not readily identifiable. Gallic acid, squalene and triterpenes were the predominant compounds identified in the extracts of movingui. The natural durability of wood was evaluated using the European Standard EN 350-1. Mass losses increased when the wood samples were extracted. Mass losses of non-extracted samples ranged from 0.1 to 59% (with beech taken as a reference). The effect of extractives on fungal growth showed that at 250 ppm concentrations, the extracts were fungistatic and that at 500 ppm concentrations, the extracts of tali were fungicidal.Valorization of the extractives in the food and the textile industries was attempted. In food, the antioxidant activity of the extracts by inhibition of methyl linoleate induced by AIBN was evaluated. The results obtained were satisfactory because all the extracts showed antioxidant activity which varied from 10 to 86%. Then the anti-radical capacity of our extracts was assessed by the DPPH method. The concentration necessary to consume 50% of DPPH varied from 2.7 to 60.5 mg/L. Aqueous and alkaline extracts were used to dye natural and artificial fibers. The coloration taken by the fibers was measured using a Datacolor D65°10 apparatus. These extracts gave a yellow color with extracts of movingui and a red color with extracts of padouk. The effect of extractives on bacteria growth showed that the extracts were bacteriostatic at the tests concentrations
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Mohebby, Behbood. "Biological attack of acetylated wood." Doctoral thesis, Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010518063&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Gomes, José Alexandre Fernandes Lucas. "Valorização de aglomerados de madeira pela produção e aplicação de carvões ativados." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21810.
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O aumento da consciencialização ambiental por parte das populações, para com os
problemas ambientais, tem levado a uma procura constante de novas soluções.
É possível produzir, a partir de resíduos de compósitos de madeira, MDF e PB,
carvões ativados numa forma monolítica. Estes adsorventes, com ABET entre os 639 e
1349m2g‐1, apresentam características interessantes.
A aplicação destes carvões ativados em ensaios de adsorção de corantes a partir da
fase líquida, no modo estacionário, mostra desempenhos bastante interessantes, com
capacidades bastante elevadas com máximos de 280mgg‐1 para o azul‐de‐metileno e
92mgg‐1 para o vermelho neutro.
De uma forma inovadora, testes em sistemas dinâmicos com adsorventes
selecionados, demostram uma capacidade de remoção de cerca de 30% do total de corante
introduzido no sistema.
O trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto “Dos desperdícios de compósitos
de MDF e PB aos Carvões Ativados” do CQE‐UÉ, com o apoio da Sonae Indústria; ABSTRACT: Environmental consciousness, related to the environmental problems, has been
growing among the general population, leading to the search of solutions.
Monolith activated carbons can be produced, from wood composites residues, MDF
and PB. Adsorbents with ABET ranging from 639 to 1349m2g‐1 show interesting
characteristics.
A quite interesting performance has been showed, in the application of these
activated carbons for the adsorption of dyes from the liquid phase, resulting in high
adsorption capacities reaching 280mgg‐1 for the methylene blue and 92mgg‐1 for the
neutral red.
Selected adsorbents, tested in dynamic systems, in an innovative way, showed a
capacity to remove about 30% of the dye within the system.
The work was developed within the scope of CQE‐UÉ project “Dos desperdícios de
compósitos de MDF e PB aos Carvões Ativados”, with the support of Sonae Indústria.
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Scott, Joseph E. "Column Buckling Analysis of Wood Stud Members due to Reduced Stiffness over Partial Member Length." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543325743355501.
Full textBooks on the topic "Woad (Dye)"
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Rufino, Patrice Georges. Le Pastel: Or bleu du pays de cocagne : l'épopée de la couleur de l'antiquité à nos jours. Editions D. Briand, 1990.
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Müllerott, Hansjürgen. Quellen zum Waidanbau in Thüringen, mit einem Exkurs in die Waidanbaugebiete Europas und Vorderasiens: Industriearchäologie, historische Geographie, Flurnamenkunde, Alte Geschichte, Siedlungs- und Territorialgeschichte, Archäobotanik, Botanik. Thüringer Chronik-Verlag, 1992.
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Ludwig, Günter. Jahresringe: Die Geschichte des Rohstoffes Holz. Verlag Die Wirtschaft, 1990.
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Die Holzskulptur des 13. Jahrhunderts im Herzogtum Schleswig. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, 1986.
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Berlin, Deutsches Technikmuseum, ed. Die Vasa: Die Geschichte des schwedischen Prunkschiffes. Koehler & Amelang, 2006.
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Die Geschichte des Augsburger Kabinettschranks. Historische Verein für Schwaben, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Woad (Dye)"
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von Wilmsdorff, Claudia. "Große Klasse: die kleine Karte." In Praxishandbuch Word. Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84525-2_15.
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Greis, Klaus P. "Die Arbeit mit Word-Befehlen." In Word 5.5. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-98609-2_5.
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Greis, Klaus P. "Die individuelle Einrichtung von Word." In Word 5.5. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-98609-2_6.
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Greis, Klaus P. "Die Grundlagen der alltäglichen Textarbeit." In Word 5.5. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-98609-2_8.
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Greis, Klaus P. "Die Makro-Anweisungen." In Word 5.5 Makrotechnik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-13869-3_14.
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Greis, Klaus P. "Die Makro-Funktionen." In Word 5.5 Makrotechnik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-13869-3_15.
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von Wilmsdorff, Claudia. "Was ist wo? — Die Oberfläche von Word." In Praxishandbuch Word. Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84525-2_1.
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Nahrstedt, Harald. "Word-Objekte." In Die Welt der VBA-Objekte. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13891-2_3.
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Nahrstedt, Harald. "Word-Objekte." In Die Welt der VBA-Objekte. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37298-9_3.
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Greis, Klaus P. "Die Verarbeitung von Datenfeldern." In Word 5.5 Makrotechnik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-13869-3_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Woad (Dye)"
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Storodubtseva, Tamara, A. Buryakova, and A. Rabotkin. "ENERGY SAVING OF WOOD DUE TO ITS MODIFICATION." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_340-344.
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Modified wood is wood that is improved with special modifiers in order to increase its strength, durability and water-, bio-, fire- and corrosion resistance, which, unlike natural wood, makes it more resistant to various environmental factors. This wood is good to use in construction, and it will be effective for further development, as the buildings will be used longer, and less likely to be subject to repair and reconstruction, which will reduce deforestation. The most popular methods of modification are thermomechanical modification with preliminary steaming of wood, its heating, or with preliminary impregnation with mineral oils; thermochemical modification; chemical modification; radiation-chemical modification. Each type of the above modifications differs in its properties, and also have their own impact on a particular type of wood. The most common and most effective method of modification is achieved by thermomechanical processing. Since it is when the wood is heated, after the introduction of the necessary modifiers into it, the polymers begin to heat up, due to which the vessels of the wood harden, which affects its density. To avoid the destruction of wood, it is very important to monitor the temperature and prevent it from reaching high heating levels.
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Gresta, Remo, and Elder Cirilo. "Say my name! An empirical study on the pronounceability of identifier names." In Workshop de Visualização, Evolução e Manutenção de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/vem.2021.17218.
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Identifiers represent approximately 2/3 of the elements in source code, and their names directly impact code comprehension. Indeed, intention-revealing names make code easier to understand, especially in code review sessions, where developers examine each other's code for mistakes. However, we argue that names should be understandable and pronounceable to enable developers to review and discuss code effectively. Therefore, we carried out an empirical study based on 40 open-source projects to explore the naming practices of developers concerning word complexity and pronounceability. We applied the Word Complexity Measure (WCM) to discover complex names; and analyzed the phonetic similarity among names and hard-to-pronounce English words. As a result, we observed that most of the analyzed names are somewhat composed of hard-to-pronounce words. The overall word complexity score of the projects also tends to be significant. Finally, the results show that the code location impacts the word complexity: names in small scopes tend to be simpler than names declared in large scopes.
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Carreon, Héctor, and Mayra Carrillo. "Determination of the Ultrasonic Velocity on a Recent and Aged Pine Wood." In 2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74998.
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Abstract Aging in wood is the inevitable modification of physical and mechanical properties due to deterioration caused by different factors such as organisms that destroy wood, photodegradation, weathering or long-term loading. During the wood degradation process, significant mass, stiffness and strength are lost. Therefore, it is relevant to monitor the wood decomposition process to guarantee the structural requirements in buildings. This research work aims to report the influence of degradation in wood due to deterioration through the use of ultrasonic measurements. Longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were calculated using the ultrasonic emission-transmission technique for aged and unaged Mexican pine (Pinus Strobus) wood. The experimental measurements were carried out using longitudinal and shear wave ultrasonic transducers with a center frequency of 1.0 MHz and 0.5MHz respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to establish a direct correlation with the behavior of the ultrasonic wave developed in naturally aged and unaged wood. Measurements revealed higher ultrasonic velocity values for unaged wood samples in longitudinal, tangential and radial directions compared to aged wood samples, but no significant differences were found in all other wood directions.
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Romualdo, Alan da Silva, Livy Real, and Helena de Medeiros Caseli. "Measuring Brazilian Portuguese Product Titles Similarity using Embeddings." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/stil.2021.17791.
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Textual similarity deals with determining how similar two pieces of texts are, considering the lexical (surface forms) or semantic (meaning) closeness. In this paper we applied word embeddings for measuring e-commerce product title similarity in Brazilian Portuguese. We generated some domainspecific word embeddings (using Word2Vec, FastText and GloVe) and compared them with general-domain models (word embeddings and BERT models). We concluded that the cosine similarity calculated using the domain-specific word embeddings was a good approach to distinguish between similar and nonsimilar products, but the multilingual BERT pre-trained model proved to be the best one.
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Souza, Luiz Fernando Spillere de, and Alexandre Leopoldo Gonçalves. "UTILIZAÇÃO PRÁTICA DE WORD EMBEDDING APLICADA À CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE TEXTO." In Congresso Internacional de Conhecimento e Inovação (ciKi). Congresso Internacional de Conhecimento e Inovação (ciKi), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48090/ciki.v1i1.899.
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Text classification aims to extract knowledge from unstructured text patterns. The concept of word incorporation is a representation technique that allows words with similar meanings to have a similar representation, in order to incorporate reasoning characteristics about their use and meaning. The aim of this article is to analyze the work already published on the use of embedded words applied to the classification of texts, to propose a practical application that demonstrates its effectiveness. This study contributes to proving the effectiveness of the use of word incorporation applied to text classification, having reached an accuracy rate of around 73%.
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Tarita, Anatolie, and Valeriu Brasoveanu. "Bioacumularea metalelor grele în lemnul speciilor de arbori din ecosistemul forestier „Padurea Hânceşti”." In Impactul antropic asupra calitatii mediului. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975330800.11.
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The total content of heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the wood of different species of trees in the forest ecosystem "Forest Hânceşti" was determined. The contents of HM in different wood species (strong/soft) trees were different. Bioaccumulation Factor (BCF) of HM for different tree species differ greatly from species to species and ecosystem. Analyzed wood tree species have been bioaccumulated HM in the following order: Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>Pb>Cr>Co>As. Mobility Factor (MF), evaluated in order to estimate accumulation of HM in the wood of the trees studied from atmospheric air through the leaf material, with the exception of Pb is >1, indicating polluted air as a major source of impairment of studded forestry species.
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Snegireva, Svetlana, and Anna Kurnikova. "CHANGE IN THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF PRESSED BIRCH WOOD DURING LOCAL CRUSHING." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_329-333.
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At present, due to the reduction of business wood stocks, the problem of using fast-growing soft hardwoods as industrial raw materials is of particular relevance. This wood has a number of disadvantages – low density, low strength indicators, which limit the scope of its application. It is possible to improve the quality of soft hardwood wood by pressing it (compacting). Compaction of wood has a great influence on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. The wide application of pressed wood is possible in the production of railway sleepers. Pressing wood significantly increases the performance properties of the sleeper beam. One of the advantages of wooden railway sleepers is their high damping properties. The presence of damping properties in wooden sleepers ensures high speed performance and a long service life of the rolling stock. In this connection, research that ensures the rational use of wood raw materials is relevant. The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of the change in the strength limit of pressed birch wood (Betula pendula) during local crumpling.
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Rebello Januário, Leonardo, Gustavo Henrique Müller, Alex Luciano Roesler Rese, Rudimar Luís Scaranto Dazzi, and Thiago Felski Pereira. "Máquina de Turing Analógica para Ensino de Linguagens Formais e Autômatos." In Computer on the Beach. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v12.p531-533.
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The article describes the development of a practical device for teachingin the area of Computer Theory. In the study, an adaptationof the Turing Machine is presented, using hardware and softwareintegration to interpret Formal Languages. Simulating an Automaton,sensors and motors are used to move the device head to the leftand right and to read and write the input tape. The developmentof the mechanism is described in two parts, the first includes thehardware that consists of the construction and adaptation of theTuring Machine, the second the implementation of the software andcommunication part between both. The developed device, allowsthe interpretation of a binary alphabet (0, 1), where an input word isaccepted, and as an output result, such device rejected or acceptedthe word.
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Abdullina, D., K. Valeev, and R. Safin. "ENERGY RESOURCE-SAVING PLANT FOR EXTRACTION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_175-179.
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As know, all wood material is recycled only half, and the rest of it remains unused. In practice, wood waste is most often plowed or burned, at a time when such wood is a valuable natural raw material that can compensate for the needs of a number of sectors of the economy. In this regard, the problem of recycling waste from the woodworking industry is very relevant today. Wood waste contains a large amount of substances capable of exhibiting biological activity. In particular, such biologically active substances include betulin, which is found in birch bark, which, due to its many advantages, has found wide application in medical, perfumery, cosmetic, food and other industries. For the rational use of wood and wood materials, it is necessary to develop new technologies and equipment for processing wood into products that are in demand for mankind. The paper provides an overview of the processing of birch bark. The relevance and prospects of birch species as a raw material for the chemical industry have been established. An installation for obtaining biologically active substances from wood waste is presented.
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Gundupalli Paulraj, Sathish, Subrata Hait, and Atul Thakur. "Automated Municipal Solid Waste Sorting for Recycling Using a Mobile Manipulator." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59842.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW), generated at an unprecedented rate due to rapid urbanization and industrialization contains useful recyclable materials like metals, plastic, wood, etc. Recycling of useful materials from MSW in the developing countries is severely constrained by limited door-to-door collection and poor means of segregation. Recovery of recyclables is usually performed by waste pickers, which is highly risky and hazardous for their health. This paper reports the development of a robotic mobile manipulation system for automated sorting of useful recyclables from MSW. The developed robot is equipped with a thermal imaging camera, proximity sensor and a 5-DOF robotic arm. This paper presents an approach for sorting based on automated identification from thermographic images. The developed algorithm extracts keypoint features from the thermographic image and feeds into clustering model to map them into a bag-of-word vectors. Finally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used for identifying the recyclable material. We used the developed algorithm to detect three categories of recyclables namely, aluminum can, plastic bottle and tetra pack from given thermographic images. We obtained classification rate of 94.3% in the tests. In future, we plan to extend the developed approach for classifying a wider range of recyclable objects as well as to incorporate motion planning algorithms to handle cluttered environments.
Reports on the topic "Woad (Dye)"
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Wood-Vasey, William Michael. Wood-Vasey DOE #SC0011834 Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1376684.
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Grot, Richard A., Samuel Silberstein, and Kunimichi Ishiguro. Validation of models for predicting formaldehyde concentrations in residences due to pressed wood products :. National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3255.
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NARYKOVA, N. A., S. V. KHATAGOVA, and Yu R. PEREPELITSYNA. PEJORATIVE WORDS IN GERMAN MASS-MEDIA IN NOMINATIONS OF POLITICIANS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-57-68.
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One of the main functions of mass media is influence on public opinion. So emotionally-painted lexical means are widely used in mass media in relation to leading politicians who are the centre of political arena. They are exposed to the frequent criticism, a negative estimation. The present article is devoted to the consideration of pejorative lexicon which is applied in nominations for heads of states. An empirical material of research were electronic newspapers and editions: Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel, taz, Die Welt, Gegenblende. As the basic methods of research are the following: the componental analysis, the lexico-semantic analysis, the stylistic analysis. The result of research revealed, that in German mass media there is a significant amount of persons names pejorative colouring. They express censure, disrespect, sneer, hatred, antipathy, condemnation, mistrust and so on. There main word-formations for persons nominations are composition, a derivation with using of suffixes and subsuffixes, attributive word-combinations, metaphorically-metonymical way. The materials of the research work can be used in the course of learning German language, at the practical training in oral speech, and also in the course of lexicology, general and aspect lexicography.
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Cobeen, Kelly, Vahid Mahdavifar, Tara Hutchinson, et al. Large-Component Seismic Testing for Existing and Retrofitted Single-Family Wood-Frame Dwellings (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/hxyx5257.
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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. Quantifying the difference of seismic performance of un-retrofitted and retrofitted single-family wood-frame houses has become increasingly important in California due to the high seismicity of the state. Inadequate lateral bracing of cripple walls and inadequate sill bolting are the primary reasons for damage to residential homes, even in the event of moderate earthquakes. Physical testing tasks were conducted by Working Group 4 (WG4), with testing carried out at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of California Berkeley (UCB). The primary objectives of the testing were as follows: (1) development of descriptions of load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in development of numerical modeling; and (2) collection of descriptions of damage at varying levels of peak transient drift for use by Working Group 6 in development of fragility functions. Both UCSD and UCB testing included companion specimens tested with and without retrofit. This report documents the portions of the WG4 testing conducted at UCB: two large-component cripple wall tests (Tests AL-1 and AL-2), one test of cripple wall load-path connections (Test B-1), and two tests of dwelling superstructure construction (Tests C-1 and C-2). Included in this report are details of specimen design and construction, instrumentation, loading protocols, test data, testing observations, discussion, and conclusions.
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Rabovitser, J., B. Bryan, S. Wohadlo, et al. Development of METHANE de-NOX Reburn Process for Wood Waste and Biomass Fired Stoker Boilers - Final Report - METHANE de-NOX Reburn Technology Manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926266.
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Stasiuk, L. D., and W. W. Nassichuk. Thermal history and petrology of wood and other organic inclusions in kimberlite pipes at Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/202804.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.
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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch, and Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.
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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.
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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.
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Casper, Gary, Stfani Madau, and Thomas Parr. Acoustic amphibian monitoring, 2019 data summary: Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295507.
Full textAbstract:
Amphibians are a Vital Sign indicator for monitoring long-term ecosystem health in seven national park units that comprise the Great Lakes Network. We present here the results for 2019 amphibian monitoring at Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS). Appendices contain tabular summaries for six years of cumulative results. The National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network established 10 permanent acoustic amphibian monitoring sites at MISS in 2015. Acoustic samples are collected by placing automated recorders with omnidirectional stereo microphones at each of the 10 sampling sites. Temperature loggers co-located with the recorders also collect air temperature during the sampling period. Eight of the nine species of frog and toad known to occur at MISS were found in 2019. The most well distributed species were Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog, Green Frog, and Northern Leopard Frog. Rarer are Blanchard’s Cricket Frog, Cope’s Gray Treefrog, Wood Frog, and Boreal Chorus Frog. American Bullfrog has not yet been detected on GLKN monitored sites but has been recently confirmed nearby (Pigs Eye Lake). Two of the ten sites—MISS02, MISS04—were not sampled in 2019 due to flooding, and occupancy of early calling species at MISS06 was determined inconclusive due to a late sampling start. MISS07 was also deployed late and results may contain some false absences due to late sampling. We expanded analyses and reporting in 2018 to address calling phenology and to provide a second metric for tracking changes in abundance (as opposed to occupancy) across years. Occupancy analyses track whether or not a site was occupied by a species. Abundance is tracked by assessing how the maximum call intensity changes on sites across years, and by how many automated detections are reported from sites across years. Using two independent survey methods, manual and automated, with large sample sizes continues to return reliable results, providing a confident record of site occupancy for most species. There were some data collection issues in 2019, with two ARS units not deployed and two others with late start dates. This did reduce our ability to assess some sites and species. Summaries of 2019 data are shown in Appendices A, B and C, and cumulative data collection result summaries are provided in Appendix E. Since temperature logs show that the threshold of ≥40°F was already exceeded by 1 April in 2019, we recommend a 15 March start date for future data collection.