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Journal articles on the topic 'Woad (Dye)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 February 2023

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1

Cardon, Dominique, Zvi C. Koren, and Hisako Sumi. "Woaded Blue: A Colorful Approach to the Dialectic between Written Historical Sources, Experimental Archaeology, Chromatographic Analyses, and Biochemical Research." Heritage 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 681–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010037.

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Research into the sustainability of natural, potentially renewable, resources is one of the major issues of our time. It naturally includes the quest for sustainable sources of colorants for textiles, cosmetics, and food. In industrialized countries, natural dyeing with plants and a few species of coccid insects was practiced on a large scale for centuries before synthetic colorants were developed. Therefore, historical documents on the growing of dye plants and dyeing processes offer a relevant basis from which to start reconsidering the potential of natural colorants in our time. However, written sources need to be completed by experimental archaeologists to allow a scientific understanding of the biochemical reactions at work in the historical processes described. The results of such interdisciplinary research can then inspire contemporary programs to revive the production of natural dyes. The long history of dyeing blue with woad, Isatis tinctoria L., is revisited here as an illustration of the fruitful complementarity of sources and approaches. This article presents a step-by-step re-assessment of the production chain of woad as described in historical texts, from the growing of the plant to its use as a source of indigo in the woad and indigo vats. The experimental reconstitution of the processing of woad leaves into couched woad allowed us to follow the evolution of the composition and proportions of indigoid colorants in the leaves by HPLC analyses. Additionally, HPLC analyses allowed a comparison of the respective indigoid contents of couched woad and sukumo, the form of indigo dye resulting from another couching process, traditionally used in Japan for dyers’ knotweed, Persicaria tinctoria (Ait.) H. Gross. The reconstitution of the 18th century woad and indigo vat process allowed investigations into the bacterial flora associated with the use of couched woad in vat liquors, which were found to contain different indigo-reducing bacteria, including two distinct strains of a new indigo-reducing species.

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2

Karapanagiotis, Ioannis, Omar Abdel-Kareem, Paraskevi Kamaterou, and Dimitrios Mantzouris. "Identification of Dyes in Coptic Textiles from the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 3147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040176.

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High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode-Array-Detector (HPLC-DAD) is used to investigate samples which were extracted from ancient Egyptian textiles (4th–5th c. AD) of the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Madder is identified in several samples. According to semi-quantitative results, which are obtained from HPLC peak areas measured at 254 nm, madder that is rich in purpurin and poor in alizarin is identified in samples which were treated (i) only with madder and (ii) with madder and either indigo/woad (Indigofera species and other/Isatis tinctoria L.) or weld (Reseda luteola L.). The madder dye used in these samples could have been originated from Rubia peregrina L. However, the possible use of Rubia tinctorum L. (or other plants of the Rubiaceae family) by the Egyptian dyers cannot be ruled out, particularly if methods were developed by the ancient dyers to affect and control the relative composition of madder dye. The HPLC peak area ratio of alizarin versus purpurin is very high (>2.2) for samples which were treated with madder (probably originated from R. tinctorum) and a tannin source. Finally, in some samples, only indigoid dyes (indigo/woad) are identified.

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3

Onal, Adem, Meryem Bakrac, and Ferda Eser. "Preparation of Harmless Play Dough with Some Vegetable Dyes." Volume 4,Issue 2,2018 4, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jnpr.066.18040205.

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Preparation of harmless play dough process with vegetable dyes were investigated using various plant extracts (pomegranate flower, onionskin, purple basil, spinach, walnut leaves, red beet, red cabbage, turmeric, Turkish coffee, woad and red pepper) and powders of some plants (woad and Turkish coffee) as direct dye. Play doughs were obtained with plant extract. For this purpose, processed wheat flour with powders of plants by using kneading method with combination of various adjuvants were used. Decay times at room and cold ambient temperatures were determined. Texture and glutomatic system analysis were done for the investigation of the elasticity and elongation features. Prepared play doughs were used as a practical in order to understand whether they show any allergen status during and after play in kindergarten and nursery. The play dough obtained from unheated method was conquered to the other methods based on their properties of both color and longevity.

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4

Hartl, Anna, Art Néss Proaño Gaibor, Maarten R. van Bommel, and Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer. "Searching for blue: Experiments with woad fermentation vats and an explanation of the colours through dye analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2 (June 2015): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.12.001.

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5

Milanović, Vesna, Andrea Osimani, Manuela Taccari, Cristiana Garofalo, Alessandro Butta, Francesca Clementi, and Lucia Aquilanti. "Insight into the bacterial diversity of fermentation woad dye vats as revealed by PCR-DGGE and pyrosequencing." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 44, no. 7 (February 28, 2017): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-017-1921-4.

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6

Rocha, Luís, Carlos Carvalho, Sandra Martins, Fernando Braga, and Valdemar Carnide. "Morpho-agronomic characterization and variation of indigo precursors in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) accessions." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 2 (March 16, 2011): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000499.

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Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) was the most important source of natural blue indigo, a pigment used mainly for dyestuff until the beginning of the 20th century, when the increased use of synthetic dyes by the industry lead to a decrease in the interest of natural dyes and to the abandonment of dye crops. The aim of this study was to characterize, according to morphological and agronomical traits, 11 woad accessions from different countries and to quantify the indigo precursor content by high-performance liquid chromatograph-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Qualitative traits revealed a low variability and a great variation was observed in quantitative traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) diagrams divided the accessions into four groups, primarily according to their geographic origin. The first three components of the PCA accounted for 76.8% of the total variation. Reciprocal interactions between indigo precursors and fresh leaf weight were compared through genetic diversity, with significant differences in isatan B (0.5–5.1 g/kg), indoxyl (0.3–2.0 g/kg) and residual indigo (0.3–0.5 g/kg). This information, together with genetic data, can be used to assist local farmers to re-introduce Isatis species in the European agricultural system, not only indicating the higher indigo yielding genotypes, but also the most suitable harvest time.

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7

Speranza, Jasmine, Natalizia Miceli, Maria Fernanda Taviano, Salvatore Ragusa, Inga Kwiecień, Agnieszka Szopa, and Halina Ekiert. "Isatis tinctoria L. (Woad): A Review of Its Botany, Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Biotechnological Studies." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030298.

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Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae), which is commonly known as woad, is a species with an ancient and well-documented history as an indigo dye and medicinal plant. Currently, I. tinctoria is utilized more often as medicinal remedy and also as a cosmetic ingredient. In 2011, I. tinctoria root was accepted in the official European phytotherapy by introducing its monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. The biological properties of raw material have been known from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Over recent decades, I. tinctoria has been investigated both from a phytochemical and a biological point of view. The modern in vitro and in vivo scientific studies proved anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical composition of I. tinctoria has been thoroughly investigated and the plant was proven to contain many valuable biologically active compounds, including several alkaloids, among which tryptanthrin, indirubin, indolinone, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides as well as glucosinolates, carotenoids, volatile constituents, and fatty acids. This article provides a general botanical and ethnobotanical overview that summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on the phytochemistry and biological properties of this valuable plant in order to support its therapeutic potential. Moreover, the biotechnological studies on I. tinctoria, which mainly focused on hairy root cultures for the enhanced production of flavonoids and alkaloids as well as on the establishment of shoot cultures and micropropagation protocols, were reviewed. They provide input for future research prospects.

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8

Gao, Guanzhen, Qian Wang, Jianwu Zhou, Huiqin Wang, Lijing Ke, and Pingfan Rao. "Isolation and Identification of a Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein from Isatidis root." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 2 (February 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000214.

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Isatis indigotica Fort. (Chinese woad) has been widely used as a dye- and medicinal-plant in traditional Chinese medicine. Although I. indigotica has been cultivated in various regions across China in recent years, its innate immunity is little known. In this study, a protein with MW 37.5 kDa was purified from the extract of fresh Isatidis roots by SP-5PW cationic exchange and POROS HP2 hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein was subsequently determined as T-D-L-C-H-K-D-P-K-N-T-L-L by Edman degradation. The N-terminal sequence and PG inhibitory activity identified the purified substance as a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein. This purified Isatidis PGIP with a specific activity of 7.64×104 U/mg showed strong inhibitory activity against 160 U of Aspergillus niger polygalacturonase. Compared with PGIPs from guava and bean pods, Isatidis PGIP showed very poor pH and heat stabilities, which may represent the different need of plant innate immunity between plant underground and aboveground organs.

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9

Valk, Piret. "Kõik värviks: Eestis kasvanud taimedest saadud värvid tekstiilil / All for colours: dyes from plants growing in Estonia on textile." Studia Vernacula 12 (November 5, 2020): 154–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2020.12.154-197.

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The research carried out during practical work at the Department of Textile Design of the Estonian Academy of Arts focuses on the acquisition of plant and alternative synthetic textile dyes in Estonian weather conditions in the context of textile printing and dyeing. The aim is to study the effect of plant dyes on textiles, by modifying different variables. As the result of testing, the author wanted to select more intensive plants and techniques, which withstand at least a first warm washing, and which could be studied further via a more systematic experimenting and testing. In order to get multiple results at once, the majority of tests in fact comprise 12 tests, the results of which are presented on one page, including 12 samples of dye and the initial information about plants and procedures. A collection of dye samples comprises 132 test sheets, and presents the practical results of the research. All practical tests are documented with written descriptions compiled as an annex to the test sheets; some tests are also photographed. It was observed how the dyeing results depend upon different conditions, e.g. the time of collecting plants, the dyeing process, the dyed textile fibres or the acidity of the solution. In order to fix the dye in textile different methods were applied, and the impact of temperature, time, different tanning substances, water and oxygen on the tone of the dye and its intensity was studied. Most samples of dyes have been washed in water at least 50 °C warm and ironed at a minimum of 200 °C after the dyeing process. The author searched for possible sources of natural dyes in Estonia, taking into account the local tradition of natural dyes, and also exploring the options of introducing species not so well known as dyeing plants. The author cultivated plants for testing and collected species widespread in nature. The author discusses environmental problems connected with collecting and growing the plants, such as moving in nature and the hazard of the expansion of invasive non-native species on the local richness of species. The choice of plants for this research paper is based on several different principles, which typically occur when searching for a possible source of dye. Based on the courses of thought, the author divides the plants used into eight theme groups with conditional names is as follows: ‘Primeval’, ‘Exotic’, ‘Weeds’, ‘Name shows the destiny’, ‘Compost’, ‘Minor relatives’, ‘Plants with beautiful colour’ and ‘Two-in-one’. Common bright colours, which tolerated washing in warm water but needed technological improvement for increased light-resistance could be mentioned, e.g. the Dyer’s woad giving the blue dye, the Northern bedstraw giving red tones, Safflower that gives pink and yellow tones. Many plants gave warm brown tones. Among technologies, the most promising proved to be Joy Boutrup’s technique for reserve printing, during which the sodium alginate printed on the cloth is transferred into unsolvable form. Biological tanning substances, renewable energy like solar power, and the use of a high temperature by extending the low dyeing time and bacterial fermentation dyeing might be some further steps in the development of sustainable dyeing processes. Finding low-cost production dyeing plants among weeds, the restricted use of non-native species, and of plant residue of food industry and other sectors would be a valuable and sustainable source of dye. Key words: dyeing with plants, natural dyes, dye plants, textile printing, printing techniques, tannins

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10

Valk, Piret. "Kõik värviks: Eestis kasvanud taimedest saadud värvid tekstiilil / All for colours: dyes from plants growing in Estonia on textile." Studia Vernacula 12 (November 5, 2020): 154–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2020.12.154-197.

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The research carried out during practical work at the Department of Textile Design of the Estonian Academy of Arts focuses on the acquisition of plant and alternative synthetic textile dyes in Estonian weather conditions in the context of textile printing and dyeing. The aim is to study the effect of plant dyes on textiles, by modifying different variables. As the result of testing, the author wanted to select more intensive plants and techniques, which withstand at least a first warm washing, and which could be studied further via a more systematic experimenting and testing. In order to get multiple results at once, the majority of tests in fact comprise 12 tests, the results of which are presented on one page, including 12 samples of dye and the initial information about plants and procedures. A collection of dye samples comprises 132 test sheets, and presents the practical results of the research. All practical tests are documented with written descriptions compiled as an annex to the test sheets; some tests are also photographed. It was observed how the dyeing results depend upon different conditions, e.g. the time of collecting plants, the dyeing process, the dyed textile fibres or the acidity of the solution. In order to fix the dye in textile different methods were applied, and the impact of temperature, time, different tanning substances, water and oxygen on the tone of the dye and its intensity was studied. Most samples of dyes have been washed in water at least 50 °C warm and ironed at a minimum of 200 °C after the dyeing process. The author searched for possible sources of natural dyes in Estonia, taking into account the local tradition of natural dyes, and also exploring the options of introducing species not so well known as dyeing plants. The author cultivated plants for testing and collected species widespread in nature. The author discusses environmental problems connected with collecting and growing the plants, such as moving in nature and the hazard of the expansion of invasive non-native species on the local richness of species. The choice of plants for this research paper is based on several different principles, which typically occur when searching for a possible source of dye. Based on the courses of thought, the author divides the plants used into eight theme groups with conditional names is as follows: ‘Primeval’, ‘Exotic’, ‘Weeds’, ‘Name shows the destiny’, ‘Compost’, ‘Minor relatives’, ‘Plants with beautiful colour’ and ‘Two-in-one’. Common bright colours, which tolerated washing in warm water but needed technological improvement for increased light-resistance could be mentioned, e.g. the Dyer’s woad giving the blue dye, the Northern bedstraw giving red tones, Safflower that gives pink and yellow tones. Many plants gave warm brown tones. Among technologies, the most promising proved to be Joy Boutrup’s technique for reserve printing, during which the sodium alginate printed on the cloth is transferred into unsolvable form. Biological tanning substances, renewable energy like solar power, and the use of a high temperature by extending the low dyeing time and bacterial fermentation dyeing might be some further steps in the development of sustainable dyeing processes. Finding low-cost production dyeing plants among weeds, the restricted use of non-native species, and of plant residue of food industry and other sectors would be a valuable and sustainable source of dye. Key words: dyeing with plants, natural dyes, dye plants, textile printing, printing techniques, tannins

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11

Wong, Li Wen, Calvin Bok Sun Goh, and Joash Ban Lee Tan. "A Systemic Review for Ethnopharmacological Studies on Isatis indigotica Fortune: Bioactive Compounds and their Therapeutic Insights." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 50, no. 01 (January 2022): 161–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x22500069.

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Isatis indigotica Fortune is a biennial Chinese woad of the Cruciferae family. It is primarily cultivated in China, where it was a staple in indigo dye manufacture till the end of the 17th century. Today, I. indigotica is used primarily as a therapeutic herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The medicinal use of the plant is separated into its leaves (Da-Qing-Ye) and roots (Ban-Lan-Gen), whereas its aerial components can be processed into a dried bluish-spruce powder (Qing-Dai), following dehydration for long-term preservation. Over the past several decades, I. indigotica has been generally utilized for its heat-clearing effects and bodily detoxification in TCM, attributed to the presence of several classes of bioactive compounds, including organic acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, as well as lignans, anthraquinones, glucosides, glucosinolates, sphingolipids, tetrapyrroles, and polysaccharides. This paper aims to delineate I. indigotica from its closely-related species (Isatis tinctoria and Isatis glauca) while highlighting the ethnomedicinal uses of I. indigotica from the perspectives of modern and traditional medicine. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, PMC, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was done for articles on all aspects of the plant, emphasizing those analyzing the bioactivity of constituents of the plant. The various key bioactive compounds of I. indigotica that have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-allergic properties, along with the protective effects against neuronal injury and bone fracture, will be discussed. Collectively, the review hopes to draw attention to the therapeutic potential of I. indigotica not only as a TCM, but also as a potential source of bioactive compounds for disease management and treatment.

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12

IM, Ik-Gyun, and Gyu-Seong HAN. "Selection of Dye Markers for Monitoring Reticulitermes speratus and Identification of Colonies by Heterogeneous Dye-Marking." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2021): 514–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2021.49.5.514.

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13

Langmann, Reinhard. "Automatisierungssysteme mit Web-Technologien." atp magazin 56, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17560/atp.v56i10.2222.

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Das Thema dieses Beitrags ist eine neue Architektur für Automatisierungssysteme auf Basis von Web-Technologien. Die Architektur wird in Anlehnung an den aus dem IT-Bereich bekannten Ansatz einer weborientierten Architektur (WOA) als weborientiertes Automatisierungssystem (WOAS) bezeichnet. Mit der WOAS-Architektur werden die Prinzipien und Methoden aus der standardisierten Welt der Internettechnologien systematisch in die Industrieautomation übertragen. Ein WOAS besteht aus einem WOAS-Kern und einer konfigurierbaren Anzahl weborientierter Automatisierungsdienste, die die erforderlichen Automatisierungsfunktionen realisieren.

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14

Masinter, Michael R. "Avoid the word ‘reasonable’ in accommodations policy." Disability Compliance for Higher Education 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dhe.30106.

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15

Hong, Nam-Euy, Kyung-Rok Won, Su-Young Jung, Kwang-Soo Lee, and Hee-Seop Byeon. "Wood Properties of Quercus acuta due to Thinning Intensity." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 43, no. 6 (November 25, 2015): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2015.43.6.721.

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16

Kalashnikova, Marina, and Denis Burnham. "Novel Word Learning, Reading Difficulties, and Phonological Processing Skills." Dyslexia 22, no. 2 (May 2016): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1525.

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17

KIM, Gwang-Chul, and Jun-Ho KIM. "Changes in Mechanical Properties of Wood Due to 1 Year Outdoor Exposure." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (January 2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2020.48.1.12.

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18

Abu-Hamour, Bashir. "Using Arabic Word Identification Fluency to Monitor First-grade Reading Progress." Dyslexia 20, no. 2 (December 27, 2013): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1472.

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19

Cilibrasi, Luca, Vesna Stojanovik, and Patricia Riddell. "Word Position and Stress Effects in Consonant Cluster Perception and Production." Dyslexia 21, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1488.

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20

Kalashnikova, Marina, Usha Goswami, and Denis Burnham. "Novel word learning deficits in infants at family risk for dyslexia." Dyslexia 26, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1649.

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21

Landerl, Karin. "Word recognition deficits in German: more evidence from a representative sample." Dyslexia 7, no. 4 (October 2001): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.199.

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22

Lee, Dong-Kyu, Dong-Hoe Cho, Jin-Hui Lee, and Hun Yong Shin. "Fabrication of nontoxic natural dye from sappan wood." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 25, no. 2 (March 2008): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-008-0058-6.

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23

Sumazin, P., G. Chen, N. Hata, A. D. Smith, T. Zhang, and M. Q. Zhang. "DWE: Discriminating Word Enumerator." Bioinformatics 21, no. 1 (August 27, 2004): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bth471.

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24

Geerdink, Nina. "Els Stronks. Negotiating Differences. Word, Image and Religion in the Dutch Republic." De Zeventiende Eeuw. Cultuur in de Nederlanden in interdisciplinair perspectief 28, no. 1 (August 14, 2012): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/dze.8124.

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25

Schaars, Moniek M. H., Eliane Segers, and Ludo Verhoeven. "Word Decoding Development during Phonics Instruction in Children at Risk for Dyslexia." Dyslexia 23, no. 2 (May 2017): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1556.

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26

Lee, Lay Wah, and Kevin Wheldall. "Acquisition of Malay word recognition skills: lessons from low-progress early readers." Dyslexia 17, no. 1 (November 10, 2010): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.421.

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27

Preller, A. C. N. "Die fenomenologiese oriëntasie in die psigoterapie." South African Journal of Psychology 16, no. 4 (December 1986): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638601600406.

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Die taak om die fenomenologiese benadering tot die psigoterapie te beskryf is buitengewoon moeilik. Die rede hiervoor is geleë in die feit dat die fenomenologie geen teoretiese struktuur of spesifieke psigoterapeutiese tegniek aanbied nie. Sy doel is liewer daarop toegespits om die wetenskapshouding van die wetenskaplike ten opsigte van sy werksgebied te beïnvloed. In 'n poging om tot klaarheid te kom is hier gebruik gemaak van die kontrastering van twee uiteenlopende gesigspunte aangaande die mens. In die een geval is daar gekyk na 'n suiwer natuurwetenskaplike oriëntasie. Dié standpunt is as positivisties en reduksionisties aangetoon. Ten einde aan te toon dat 'n sodanige benadering onaanvaarbaar vir 'n holistiese menswetenskap is, is 'n alledaagse, maar warm menslike situasie as teenstellende illustrasie gebruik. Hierdie twee uiteenlopende benaderingswyses tot die mens word, met verskeie grade daartussen, ook in die sielkunde as vak aangetref. Aan die een uiterste vind ons 'n ontmoeting tussen sielkundige en proefpersoon waar die persoonlike kontak tot 'n minimum beperk word. Dit kan die statistiese benadering genoem word. Die ander uiterste word verteenwoordig deur wat die eksistensiële ontmoeting genoem kan word. Dit is die ontmoeting wat in die fenomenologies-georiënteerde psigoterapie nagestreef word. Die voorwaardes vir die daarstelling van die milieu waarin 'n sodanige ontmoeting kan gedy, word beskryf.

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28

Petzer, J. H. "Die grondteks van die Afrikaanse Nuwe Testament." Literator 6, no. 3 (May 9, 1985): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v6i3.924.

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Voordat daar met die vertaling van 'n dokument begin kan word, is dit noodsaaklik om die teks, die presiese bewoording van die dokument, vas te stel. Die vasstelling van die teks is soveel te meer belangrik wanneer die dokument wat vertaal word, 'n ou dokument is, wat voor die uitvinding van die boekdrukkuns geskryf is en waarvan die oorspronklike dokument reeds verlore is. So 'n dokument is van geslag tot geslag deur middel van handkopieë oorgelewer en in hierdie kopieproses het daar talle foute in die manuskripte van die betrokke dokument ingesluip. Aangesien die oorspronklike verlore is, moet alle beskikbare manuskripte van so 'n dokument versamel word, en met mekaar vergelyk word. Op die plekke waar hierdie manuskripte van mekaar verskil, moet dan bepaal word watter manuskrip waarskynlik die lesing van die oorspronklike dokument bevat. Nadat daar op hierdie wyse bepaal is wat die presiese bewoording van die oorspronklike dokument was, kan daar eers met die vertaling van die betrokke dokument begin word. Hierdie probleem staar alle vertalers van klassieke dokumente, maar ook vertalers van die Nuwe (en Ou) Testament in die gesig.

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29

Kao, Chien-Hui, Hsiao-Lan Sharon Wang, and Chien-Chung Chen. "Spatial configuration processing in visual word form perception and reading abilities in Chinese." Dyslexia 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1596.

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30

Guron, Louise Miller, and Ingvar Lundberg. "Error patterns in word reading among primary school children: A cross-orthographic study." Dyslexia 10, no. 1 (January 21, 2004): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.260.

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31

Smythe, Ian, John Everatt, Nasser Al-Menaye, Xianyou He, Simone Capellini, Eva Gyarmathy, and Linda S. Siegel. "Predictors of word-level literacy amongst Grade 3 children in five diverse languages." Dyslexia 14, no. 3 (August 11, 2008): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.369.

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Wang, Li-Chih, and Hsien-Ming Yang. "Diverse Inhibition and Working Memory of Word Recognition for Dyslexic and Typically Developing Children." Dyslexia 21, no. 2 (December 23, 2014): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1490.

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Spencer, Ken. "Differential effects of orthographic transparency on dyslexia: word reading difficulty for common English words." Dyslexia 7, no. 4 (October 2001): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.207.

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Schiff, Rachel, and Michal Raveh. "Deficient morphological processing in adults with developmental dyslexia: another barrier to efficient word recognition?" Dyslexia 13, no. 2 (2007): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.322.

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Du, Haijuan, Ju Cheng, Minghuan Wang, Mengchao Tian, Xiaoming Yang, and Qing Wang. "Red dye extracted sappan wood waste derived activated carbons characterization and dye adsorption properties." Diamond and Related Materials 102 (February 2020): 107646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107646.

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Tolinggi, Siti Nur Rahmatia. "Substitution of Synthetic Dye with Secang Wood Solution in Ku’uTraditional Cakes." Jurnal Agercolere 2, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37195/jac.v2i2.115.

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Ku’u cake is a traditional food made from glutinous rice flour filled with green beans, has a chewy texture and has a pink pigment. The Ku cake is shaped like a turtle shell. The research objectives were to determine the addition of secang wood solution that can be used as a natural dye, to determine the anthocyanin levels, antioxidant activity, and to determine the level of acceptance of the panelists from traditional ku dumplings with natural dye of secang wood. The design in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments (P0: synthetic dye (control), P1: 2% secang wood synthetic dye, P2: 4% secang wood synthetic dye and P3: secang wood synthetic dye 6%) . The results showed the effect of making the cake using synthetic dyes with secang wood solution had a significant effect on anthocyanin levels, antioxidant levels and color levels. The values of anthocyanin levels at P0, P1, P2, and P3 were: 2.51, 3.27, 3.79 and 4.45, the antioxidant levels were (P0: 2.15 P1: 3,38 P2: 4,27 and P3: 6,49) and the color content, P0: 30,54 P1: 43,98 P2: 33,06 and P3: 32,43. For organoleptic test results on color, taste, aroma and texture, the recommended treatment is P1.

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Borokhov, Olga, and Stephen Rothenburger. "Rapid Dye Decolorization Method for Screening Potential Wood Preservatives." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 5457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.12.5457-5459.2000.

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ABSTRACT We developed a new screening method for potential wood preservatives based on decolorization of the dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R by extracellular oxidative agents produced by wood decay fungi. Oxidative biodegradation of lignin yielded decolorized zones around and under fungal cultures on a dyed agar medium. Inhibitory effects were detected by direct observation and measurement of the decolorized zones.

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Vasileva, Elena, Yuanyuan Li, Ilya Sychugov, Mounir Mensi, Lars Berglund, and Sergei Popov. "Lasing from Organic Dye Molecules Embedded in Transparent Wood." Advanced Optical Materials 5, no. 10 (March 29, 2017): 1700057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.201700057.

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Kruger, Dreyer. "Fenomenologie en die grondslae van die psigologie." South African Journal of Psychology 16, no. 4 (December 1986): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638601600402.

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Die standpunt word gehuldig dat die sielkunde, na 'n onafhanklike bestaan van meer as 100 jaar, as wetenskaplike projek misluk het. Dit word toegeskryf daaraan dat die sielkunde nie, in dialoog met sy menslike ‘materiaal’, 'n eie metodiek ontwikkel het nie maar voorrang verleen het aan die reedsontwikkelde natuurwetenskaplike metodiek waardeur die basiese aannames van die natuurwetenskap ook sonder voldoende besinning oorgeneem is. Die onderhawige bydrae pleit vir nuwe antropologiese en teoretiese grondslae gebaseer op eksistensieël-fenomenologiese denke eerder as op Cartesiaanse dualisme, idealisme, en logiese positivisme. Die nuwe grondslae moet steeds in kritiese dialoog met en gebruikmaking van ons primêre belewing van die wêreld opgebou word. Hoe die benadering bevrugtend kan inwerk op verskillende velde van die sielkunde, van waarneming tot psigopatologie en van bedryfs tot kritiese psigologie, word kortliks geïllustreer.

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Veldsman, T. H. "Die voorveronderstellings gehuldig binne die bedryfsielkunde. 'n Vakfilosofiese beskouing." South African Journal of Psychology 16, no. 3 (September 1986): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638601600303.

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Die doel van die artikel is tweeledig, eerstens, om die betekenisse (of voorveronderstellings) wat binne die bedryfsielkunde aan sy grondbegrippe, te wete ‘wetenskap’, ‘mens’, ‘arbeid’, en ‘psigiese’ geheg word, aan te dui, en tweedens, om die verwysingsraamwerke gehuldig binne die bedryfsielkunde op grond van die betekenisse geheg aan sy grondbegrippe, te bespreek. Daar word getoon dat die twee geskiedkundige strominge wat gewoonlik binne die bedryfsielkunde onderskei word, betekenisvol verskil met betrekking tot die voorveronderstellings wat gehuldig word ten opsigte van die bedryfsielkunde se grondbegrippe. Die twee verwysingsraamwerke verskil dus ook betekenisvol. Die verskil kan verklaar word in terme van 'n kontinue of diskontinue groei in die vak. Laasgenoemde verklaring skyn meer aanvaarbaar te wees. Die artikel is 'n uittreksel uit 'n doktorale studie getiteld ‘Die Bedryfsielkunde — 'n vakfilosofiese beskouing’ deur die skrywer. Finansiële bystand is deur die RGN verleen.

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Xia, Guangda, Sichen Xiao, Junjie Su, Hui Zhou, Yu Liu, and Xiaodong Zhu. "A dual-functional catalyst: wood-templated BiVO₄–CdS for wood dye wastewater." RSC Advances 13, no. 3 (2023): 1823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06735h.

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Yeung, Pui-sze, Connie Suk-han Ho, David Wai-ock Chan, and Kevin Kien-hoa Chung. "What are the Early Indicators of Persistent Word Reading Difficulties among Chinese Readers in Elementary Grades?" Dyslexia 20, no. 2 (January 9, 2014): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1471.

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Russell, Ginny, Denise Ryder, Brahm Norwich, and Tamsin Ford. "Behavioural Difficulties That Co-occur With Specific Word Reading Difficulties: A UK Population- Based Cohort Study." Dyslexia 21, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1496.

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Vos, C. J. A. "'n Uitsig vanuit die kosmiese werk van die rûah op die Pneumatologie?" Verbum et Ecclesia 6, no. 1 (August 2, 1985): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v6i1.930.

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Die vraagstelling na die Pneumatologie vanuit die perspektief van die kosmiese werk van die ruah kan met 'n vraagteken, 'n ontkenning of 'n uitroepteken beantwoord word. 'n Teologies verantwoordbare keuse kan egter slegs in die lig van die betekenisspreiding en die woordhegting van die term rûah begrond word. Dit is die oogmerk van die onderhawige artikel om aan dié onderneming uitvoering te gee.

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Knoop-van Campen, Carolien A. N., Eliane Segers, and Ludo Verhoeven. "How phonological awareness mediates the relation between working memory and word reading efficiency in children with dyslexia." Dyslexia 24, no. 2 (March 25, 2018): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dys.1583.

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Cheglakov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich. "The nuances of wood dye in the process of creating the original wooden sculptures." Архитектура и дизайн, no. 2 (February 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2020.2.35882.

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This article discusses the ways to improve the decorative qualities of wood that are known to mankind since the ancient times, as well as the techniques of working with wood that have improved over time. The author underlines the importance of the proper choice of finishing materials, which is intended for not only preserving the cultural sites, but also making a certain aesthetic perception. The choice of materials is substantiated by the nature of wood, as well as the, the conceptual idea of the artist. The article explores the key methods of finishing woodworking in the process of creating the original wooden sculptures. The author lists the main types of wood finishing, as well as some of the original techniques. It is noted that there are various technologies of wood dye. A description is given to the treatment of wooden surface with wax in its traditional and modern form; as well as to some original techniques such as the woodworking affected by bark beetle and glazing. It is stated that the proper glazing gives wood strength and resistance, protecting from various influences and significantly extending its durability. Particular attention is turned to the method of gilding and implementation of this ancient technique in modern wooden sculpture. Recommendations are given for the proper selection of applicators to maintain wood dye.

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Wang, Wei Hong, Zheng Ming Zhang, Qing Wen Wang, and Yong Zhi Cui. "Application of Organic and Inorganic Dye to Wood Plastic Composite." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 2293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.2293.

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Authors discussed the effect of organic and inorganic dyes on the properties of wood fiber/HDPE (WF/HDPE) composite. Iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, iron blue, everbright fast red, permanent yellow, and phthalocyanine were used. Test results indicated that organic dyes provided brighter color and higher flexible properties to WF/HDPE composite than inorganic dyes. However, when exposed to UV weathering, WF/HDPE composites with inorganic dyes were more durability than those with organic dyes.

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Mekala, K., and R. Radha. "A Review on Sappan Wood-A Therapeutic Dye Yielding Tree." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7, no. 4 (2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-4385.2015.00035.7.

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TANAKA, Soichi, Hideaki SUGINO, Masako SEKI, Tsunehisa MIKI, Kenji UMEMURA, and Kozo KANAYAMA. "Influence on Wood Color of Relative Humidity in Conditioning Process of Dye-Aqueous Solution Impregnated Wood." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 67, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.67.767.

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Herbst, Ingrid, and Roelf B. I. Beukes. "Die verryking van die swart kind se visueel-perseptuele vermoë." South African Journal of Psychology 16, no. 3 (September 1986): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638601600304.

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Swart kinders ondervind dikwels skolastiese probleme omdat hulle visueel-perseptuele vermoë met skooltoetrede van die norm wat deur die westerse tipe onderwysstelsel vereis word, verskil. Hoewel dié probleme gedeeltelik bekamp word deur 'n voorbereidingsprogram van die Departement Onderwys en Opleiding, moet bykomende hulpverlening op 'n vroeër stadium oorweeg word. Ten einde 'n realistiese prakties en ekonomies uitvoerbare wyse van hulpverlening te vind, is die invloed van geselekteerde spele en spelervaring op die visueel-perseptuele vermoë van jong swart kinders ondersoek. Met behulp van die Frostig toets is 160 skoolbeginners visueel-perseptueel evalueer. Uit dié kinders is twee groepe van 40 kinders elk saamgestel. Slegs die eksperimentele groep is oor 'n tydperk van ses maande, vir twee middae per week aan Westerse tipe spele blootgestel, waarna beide groepe weer met dieselfde toets geëvalueer is. Ontleding van die gegewens het getoon dat die eksperimentele groep, bo en behalwe die verwagte, normale ontwikkeling, oor die algemeen 'n betekenisvolle verbetering teenoor die kontrolegroep getoon het. Hierdie verskil kan veral aan hul ontwikkeling ten opsigte van visueel-motoriese koördinasie en figuur-agtergrond onderskeiding toegeskryf word. Voorskoolse westerse spelervaring kan dus as 'n praktiese en ekonomies uitvoerbare oplossing vir die huidige probleme aanbeveel word.

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