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Vaillant, Julia, Estelle Koussoubé, Danielle Roth, Rachael Pierotti, Mazeda Hossain, and Kathryn L. Falb. "Engaging men to transform inequitable gender attitudes and prevent intimate partner violence: a cluster randomised controlled trial in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 5 (May 2020): e002223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002223.
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IntroductionThe study objective was to understand the effectiveness of Engaging Men through Accountable Practice (EMAP), a group-based discussion series which sought to transform gender relations in communities, on intimate partner violence (IPV), gender inequitable attitudes and related outcomes.MethodsA two-armed, matched-pair, cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Adult men (n=1387) and their female partners (n=1220) participated in the study. The primary outcomes of the study were female report of past year physical and/or sexual IPV and men’s intention to commit violence. Secondary outcomes included men’s gender attitudes, women’s economic and emotional IPV, women’s perception of negative male behaviours and perceived quality of the relationship.ResultsMen in EMAP reported significant reductions in intention to commit violence (β=−0.76; SE=0.23; p<0.01), decreased agreement with any reason that justifies wife beating (OR=0.59; SE=0.08; p<0.01) and increased agreement with the ability of a woman to refuse sex for all reasons (OR=1.47; SE=0.24; p<0.05), compared with men in the control group. We found no statistically significant differences in women’s experiences of IPV between treatment and control group at follow-up (physical or sexual IPV: adjusted OR=0.95; SE=0.14; p=0.71). However, female partners of men in EMAP reported significant improvements to the quality of relationship (β=0.28; p<0.05) and significant reductions in negative male behaviour (β=−0.32; p<0.01).ConclusionInterventions engaging men have the potential to change gender attitudes and behaviours in conflict-affected areas. However, while EMAP led to changes in gender attitudes and behaviours related to perpetration of IPV, the study showed no overall reduction of women’s experience of IPV. Further research is needed to understand how working with men may lead to long-term and meaningful changes in IPV and related gender equitable attitudes and behaviours in conflict areas.Trial registration numberNCT02765139.
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Roberts, Nicola, Catherine Donovan, and Matthew Durey. "Agency, resistance and the non-‘ideal’ victim: how women deal with sexual violence." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868019x15633766459801.
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Many undergraduate students in the UK fall into age groups particularly at risk from interpersonal violence. Recent evidence suggests that a range of interpersonal violence is part of the university experience for a significant number of students. In this article, we report on the findings of an online survey of male and female students administered at a university in the north of England in 2016 exploring experiences of interpersonal violence during their time as a student. Focusing on the qualitative responses, 75 respondents, mostly women, wrote about their experiences of sexual violence. In presenting women’s accounts, we challenge the construction of the ‘ideal victim’ who is viewed as weak, passive and without agency or culpability (Christie, 1986). Women adopt a range of strategies to actively resist men’s sexual violence. In doing so, they challenge and problematise perpetrators’ behaviours particularly tropes that communicate and forefront the heterosexual dating model of courtship. These findings raise implications for women’s strategies of resistance to be viewed as examples of social change where victim-blaming is challenged, perpetrator-blaming is promoted and femininity/victims are reconstructed as agentic. Universities must educate students about sexual violence, dating and intimacy, as well as provide support for victims of sexual violence.
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Mize, Trenton D., and Bianca Manago. "Precarious Sexuality: How Men and Women Are Differentially Categorized for Similar Sexual Behavior." American Sociological Review 83, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418759544.
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Are men and women categorized differently for similar sexual behavior? Building on theories of gender, sexuality, and status, we introduce the concept of precarious sexuality to suggest that men’s—but not women’s—heterosexuality is an especially privileged identity that is easily lost. We test our hypotheses in a series of survey experiments describing a person who has a sexual experience conflicting with their sexual history. We find that a single same-sex sexual encounter leads an observer to question a heterosexual man’s sexual orientation to a greater extent than that of a heterosexual woman in a similar situation. We also find that a different-sex sexual encounter is more likely to change others’ perceptions of a lesbian woman’s sexual orientation—compared to perceptions of a gay man’s sexual orientation. In two conceptual replications, we vary the level of intimacy of the sexual encounter and find consistent evidence for our idea of precarious sexuality for heterosexual men. We close with a general discussion of how status beliefs influence categorization processes and with suggestions for extending our theoretical propositions to other categories beyond those of sexual orientation.
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Reberte, Luciana Magnoni, José Henrique Cogo de Andrade, Luiza Akiko Komura Hoga, Trudy Rudge, and Juliana Reale Caçapava Rodolpho. "Men’s Perceptions and Attitudes Toward the Partner With Premenstrual Syndrome." American Journal of Men's Health 8, no. 2 (July 23, 2013): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988313497050.
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This study focused on the young adult men’s perceptions and behavior toward their women partners who they acknowledged as experiencing the effects of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). A qualitative study was conducted, framed by social constructivism, where individual interviews with 20 young Brazilian men aged 21 to 29 years were analyzed thematically. Four descriptive categories to express the men’s experiences: (a) men’s observations on partner’s behavior changes, (b) early in the relationship: apprehension and confusion, (c) knowledge about PMS led men to better understanding about changes, and (d) need for support from a health care provider and medication. The men’s perceptions and behavior toward their partners were strongly influenced by biomedical conceptions of PMS. Participants believed that their partners’ emotions and behaviors were determined by PMS during some days of the month, consequently PMS had affected the couple’s relationship. Another consequence of such medicalization was that women’s complaints about PMS were rendered invisible except when viewed as a serious medical problem requiring cure, rather than a part of women’s cyclical patterns. It is the case that the systematic description of men’s perceptions about their partner’s PMS provides an approach to this topic in educational and health care activities, with the potential to improve gender relations.
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Giesbrecht, Crystal J. "A Phenomenological Inquiry Into Men’s Desistance From Intimate Partner Violence." Partner Abuse 9, no. 4 (October 2018): 398–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.9.4.398.
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This research sought a deeper understanding of the experiences of men who have perpetrated intimate partner violence and subsequently participated in treatment and desisted from perpetrating violence in their intimate relationships. Phenomenological methods were used to conduct in-depth, qualitative interviews with men who had perpetrated intimate partner violence and participated in violence treatment programs to determine what assists individuals to desist from perpetration of intimate partner violence. Few participants who begin intimate partner violence programs successfully complete treatment, making it difficult to learn what helps men to successfully end their use of violence in their intimate relationships. This work adds to the small body of qualitative literature, which examines the ways by which men change their violent behavior and the motivating factors that assist with those changes. Results detail men’s experiences before entering programming, experiences while attending treatment programming, and experiences after attending treatment. Understanding how to help men to end their violent behavior not only increases women’s safety but also improves men’s lives. Future directions for treatment interventions are discussed.
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Ральникова, Ирина Александровна. "ADAPTABILITY DYNAMICS OF MEN AND WOMEN WHO EXPERIENCE LIFE-CHANGING EVENTS IN THE PROCESS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRECTION." Pedagogical Review, no. 2(36) (April 14, 2021): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6127-2021-2-170-180.
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Исследована проблема адаптивности личности к изменившимся условиям жизни вследствие переломных событий. Измерены такие показатели адаптивности, как «поведенческая регуляция», «коммуникативные способности», «моральная нормативность». Индикаторами адаптивности выступили «сопротивляемость стрессу», «депрессивные состояния», «тревога», «копинги». В качестве способа активизации адаптивности реализована программа психологической коррекции. В исследовании приняли участие две группы респондентов. Одна группа – в долгосрочной программе психологической коррекции, представители другой предпочли справляться с последствиями переломных жизненных событий без профессиональной психологической помощи. Психодиагностические процедуры осуществлялись в обеих группах в два этапа. На первом этапе в каждой группе была проведена диагностика адаптивности и индикаторов адаптивности. Второй этап психодиагностических замеров осуществлялся после того, как участники психокоррекционной программы завершили свою работу. Динамика адаптивности фиксировалась посредством сопоставления результатов замеров первого и второго этапа друг с другом в каждой из групп. Установлено, что в результате психокоррекционной работы происходит формирование новых адаптивных моделей функционирования человека, столкнувшегося с переломным событием. Снижается уровень тревоги и тяжесть депрессивных состояний, растет личностный адаптационный потенциал и сопротивляемость стрессу, активируются конструктивные способы совладающего поведения. Выявлен психологический феномен разнополюсной взаимосвязи адаптивности мужчин и женщин, переживающих последствия переломных событий, с их нервно-психической устойчивостью, депрессивными тенденциями и тревогой. В процессе психокоррекционной работы формируется установка на активное преодоление переломных событий и совладание с их негативными последствиями, активизируются стратегии проактивного копинга, направленные на активное целеполагание, привлечение социальных ресурсов для получения поддержки и разрешения сложившихся проблемных жизненных ситуаций. The problem of the individual’s adaptability to the changed life conditions as a result of the life-changing events is considered in the article. The measures of adaptability are the following: “behavioral regulation”, “communicative skills”, “moral normativity”. The indicators of adaptability are “resistance to stress”, “depression”, “anxiety”, “copings”. As a way to activate adaptability the programme of psychological correction is actualized. Two groups of respondents took part in the study. Representatives of one group participated in a long-term psychological correction programme. Representatives of another group preferred to cope with the consequences of life-changing events without professional psychological help. Psychodiagnostic procedures was put into practice in both groups in two stages. At the first stage each group was diagnosed on adaptability and indicators of adaptability. The second stage of psychodiagnostic measurements was in each group after the respondents of psychocorrection programme completed their work. The dynamics of adaptability was recorded by comparing the results of the first and second stage measurements in each group. It is established that as a result of psychocorrection new adaptive models of person’s functioning who faced a life-changing event are formed. The level of anxiety and severity of depressive states decreases, the personal adaptive potential and resistence to stress increases, constructive ways of coping behaviour are activated. The psychological phenomenon of the multipolar connection between men’s and women’s adaptability experiencing the consequences of life-changing events with their neuropsychiatric stability, depressive tendencies and anxiety is found. In the process of psychocorrection work, an attitude is formed to actively overcome critical events and cope with their negative consequences, proactive coping strategies are activated, aimed at active goal-setting, attracting social resources to receive support and resolve existing problematic life situations.
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Ohanesian, Maryna, and Tamara Martsenyuk. "Factors of Ukrainian men involving in men’s movements that support gender equality." NaUKMA Research Papers. Sociology 4 (October 8, 2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-9067.2021.4.47-59.
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In recent years, Ukraine has received more attention to the issues of masculinity, the position of men and their participation in activism in support of gender equality. In Ukraine, there are several men’s organizations and initiatives that support the ideas of gender equality: dad schools, men against violence, HeforShe Ukraine and HeforShe Congresses, profeminist schools for men, national networks of male leaders against violence, an international union of courageous dads, etc. Feminist public activists appear to talk about the benefits of gender equality. The men’s movement for gender equality in the world and in Ukraine is seen as focusing on either women’s rights or men’s rights. According to men’s movement researcher Michael Messner, institutional privileges and costs of masculinity are the aspects of the classification of male movements. As a result of the analysis of six in-depth interviews with Ukrainian activists of men’s movements, Michael Messner’s ideas were illustrated with examples from Ukrainian society. Factors involving men in men’s movements for gender equality differ depending on the type of the men’s movement. Women’s rights movements were characterized by awareness of cases of discrimination against women and a corresponding sense of solidarity and compassion. Movements for men’s rights – by awareness of cases of discrimination against men in their own experience, a sense of the need to respond to the movement for women’s rights, and the situation of men’s movements in Ukraine, i.e. factors that directly affect men. In addition, it has been found that there are common factors in involving men in women’s and men’s rights movements, such as the existence of a feminist movement, a sense of the need for change, and a desire to be involved in local or global change. Expert interviews have found that the use of personal experience is the most effective way to influence the level of men’s involvement in men’s movements for gender equality, including in Ukraine. Attention to real cases of gender discrimination against women will be perceived more sincerely and openly than statistics. Attention to real cases of gender discrimination against women will be perceived more sincerely and openly than statistics. In addition, it is important to demonstrate the experience of men who understand the benefits of gender equality for men as well. They, according to experts, will be able to serve as examples for other men to follow. Separately, experts noted the role of education in the desire to join the struggle of men for the idea of gender equality. Both non-formal education programs and formal education on equal rights and opportunities can be tools for introducing changes in men’s attitudes to discrimination.
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Lozano, Adele, Jörg Vianden, and Paige Kieler. "“No, Teach Yourself!”: College Women’s Expectations for White Men’s Awareness of Privilege and Oppression." JCSCORE 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 13–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2642-2387.2021.7.1.13-45.
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Addressing gender inequities in higher education must begin with the acknowledgement that men play a key role in creating change. The purpose of this qualitative study is to center and raise the experiences of women students, and to communicate to men who are students, faculty, and administrators what women students expect from them in terms of privilege and oppression awareness. Findings indicate that women students felt criticized, judged, and underestimated by men, and expected men to self-educate to become aware of and interrogate their own privileges. The authors provide recommendations for higher education teaching and learning, focusing on attitudes and behaviors of White men in the academy.
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Cunningham, Mick. "Influences of Women’s Employment on the Gendered Division of Household Labor Over the Life Course." Journal of Family Issues 28, no. 3 (March 2007): 422–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x06295198.
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Drawing on data from a panel study of White women spanning 31 years, the analyses examine the influence of women’s employment on the gendered division of household labor. Multiple dimensions of women’s employment are investigated, including accumulated employment histories, current employment status, current employment hours, and relative income. Results from fixed effect and change score models suggest that the husbands of women who accumulate more employment experience over the course of marriage perform a relatively larger amount of routine housework than the husbands of women with shorter employment histories. Women’s employment status at a given point in time also increases men’s relative participation in routine housework, and the influence of women’s employment status operates in part by increasing women’s support for egalitarian roles between spouses. Finally, women’s hours of employment and relative income are stronger predictors of housework allocation than is their current employment status.
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Roy, Shalini, Melissa Hidrobo, John Hoddinott, and Akhter Ahmed. "Transfers, Behavior Change Communication, and Intimate Partner Violence: Postprogram Evidence from Rural Bangladesh." Review of Economics and Statistics 101, no. 5 (December 2019): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00791.
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Transfer programs have been shown to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV), but little evidence exists on how activities linked to transfers affect IPV or what happens when programs end. We assess postprogram impacts on IPV of randomly assigning women in Bangladesh to receive cash or food, with or without nutrition behavior change communication (BCC). Six to ten months postprogram, IPV did not differ between women receiving transfers and a control group; however, women receiving transfers with BCC experienced 26% less physical violence. Evidence on mechanisms suggests sustained effects of BCC on women's “threat points,” men's social costs of violence, and household well-being.
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Shohel, Tunvir Ahamed, Sara Niner, and Samanthi Gunawardana. "How the persistence of patriarchy undermines the financial empowerment of women microfinance borrowers? Evidence from a southern sub-district of Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e0250000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250000.
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A significant body of multi-disciplinary research supports the proposition that women may experience empowerment from microfinance programs. This is based on the assumption that an increase in women’s financial contribution to the household helps to transform gender norms and relations which increases their decision-making power. However, the relationship between the strength and persistence of patriarchal gender norms within the household and women’s financial empowerment needs further exploration. This paper presents the findings of a mixed-method study comprising 331 surveys and 33 in-depth interviews with women receiving microfinance and their husbands in a southern sub-district of Bangladesh; it draws upon gender socialisation and gender performance theory to understand how patriarchal gender norms influence women’s financial empowerment in households receiving microfinance. Findings demonstrate that participation in microfinance programs has not shifted gender norms, nor financially empowered women. Women’s loans were largely controlled by men as prescribed by underlying, unchanged patriarchal gender norms. The inter-generational reproduction of patriarchal gender relations continued to reproduce a strict gendered division of labour that reinforced restrictions on women’s behaviour, mobility, and decision-making domains, and men’s dominance in household and economic decision-making.
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Balabanovic, Janet, Beverley Ayers, and Myra S. Hunter. "Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Menopausal Hot Flushes and Night Sweats: A Qualitative Analysis of Women's Experiences of Group and Self-Help CBT." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 41, no. 4 (September 4, 2012): 441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812000677.
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Background: There is a growing need for non-medical treatments for women experiencing problematic menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats (HF/NS). A recent randomized control trial (RCT) (MENOS2) provides evidence of the effectiveness of Group CBT and Self-Help CBT for HF/NS. Aims: This study examines MENOS 2 participants’ experience of the CBT treatments. Method: Twenty women who had experienced CBT for HF/NS (10 Group CBT and 10 Self-Help CBT) were interviewed at the end of the trial to explore how they experienced the treatment and its effects. The interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Women experienced both treatment formats as positive and helpful, increasing their ability to cope and their sense of control over HF/NS. Four super-ordinate themes were identified: making sense of symptom change, new ways of coping and regaining control, acknowledging and challenging the menopause taboo, and social interaction and support versus individual learning. Conclusions: These qualitative results are consistent with those of the main trial in that women found both CBT formats helpful in reducing the impact of HF/NS. However, the results also suggest possible mechanisms of change and provide useful information on women's responses to the different treatment components and formats.
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Marecek, Jeanne, and Jessica Salvatore. "Out of place? Gender relations in a college fitness center." QMiP Bulletin 1, no. 22 (2016): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsqmip.2016.1.22.36.
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We turn attention to ordinary gym users and everyday social relations in athletic facilities. Our study concerned college students in the US and their experiences in the university’s fitness center. Using a critical incident procedure, we gathered brief accounts of ‘uncomfortable’ experiences in day-to-day workout sessions. Drawing on the theories of Bruner, Ochs, Labove, and Bamberg, we analysed how these accounts drew upon and reaffirmed normative gender orders. One prominent theme was that men – especially those on sports teams – pre-empted both physical spaces and certain pieces of equipment. Another common theme concerned men’s overt scrutiny of and judgments about women’s bodies, whether in terms of physical attractiveness, athletic ability, or skill in using gym equipment. By contrast, no male participant told of such scrutiny by either women or other men. Participants seemed to regard these patterns of behavior as intractable. Rather than demanding that men change, participants described strategies such as hiding from men’s view or avoiding the gym entirely.
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Lien, Inger-Lise. "The perspectives of Gambian men on the sexuality of cut and uncut women." Sexualities 20, no. 5-6 (December 30, 2016): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460716675142.
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The aim of the study has been to investigate men’s perspective on the effect of female genital cutting (FGC) on both women and men’s sexual feelings, their sensitivity, well-being and attitudes. Do men perceive any difference between a cut and an uncut woman when it comes to sexuality? If so, how do men understand and interpret the impact of FGC? Will their personal sexual experience have an influence on their attitude to the practice? Is there a mismatch between sexual scripts and personal experience when it comes to FGC? During 2014, 50 Gambian men, Mandinka and Wolof, and eight Mandinka women were interviewed. The interviews had a qualitative and open structure, and the men were asked to compare and assess the effects that they thought FGC had on the women, and on the sexual act itself, as they experienced it. The interviews disclosed that men perceive a difference in the feelings and behaviour expressed by women who are cut and those who are uncut. Their sense of women’s feelings have an impact on their own sexual pleasure, and on their attitude to the practice.
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Ewan, Elizabeth. "Impatient Griseldas: Women and the Perpetration of Violence in Sixteenth-Century Glasgow." Florilegium 28, no. 1 (January 2011): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.28.007.
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In her 1986 overview of medieval women’s lives, Margaret Wade Labarge drew attention to women’s verbal assertiveness. Since then, there have been many innovative studies of medieval and early modern women’s ‘disorderly speech,’ studies which have greatly advanced our understanding of premodern gender relations, dynamics of household and community, and gendered expectations of behaviour. However, women made use of their fists as well as their tongues: insults could all too easily lead to blows. Until recently, less attention has been paid to women’s physical assaults on their opponents, perhaps because the ratio of women to men involved in physical violence has historically been lower than that involved in verbal violence. As Garthine Walker has pointed out, the quantification common in historical studies of crime can result in a tendency to ignore women’s experience: “What tends to happen is that women are counted, and being a minority of offenders, are subsequently discounted as unimportant.” Most studies of violence in medieval and early modern Europe have focused on men’s actions, with women appearing primarily as victims of violence rather than as perpetrators. Moreover, examinations of women and crime have tended to focus on actions which have been characterized by modern historians as particularly ‘feminine’: crimes such as infanticide, scolding, and witchcraft.
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Delia, Elizabeth B. "The Psychological Meaning of Team Among Fans of Women’s Sport." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0404.
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To date, almost all team identification inquiries have focused on men’s sport, with minimal studies using women’s sport to examine the concept. Recognizing social identities are fluid and context dependent, the purpose of the current study was to understand the psychological meaning of team among individuals who identify with a women’s sport team. Using an interpretive mode of inquiry, the author conducted interviews with fans of a professional women’s basketball team. Central elements of team meaning were gender equality (contributing to social change) and pure sport (perceptions of game play and player characteristics). These aspects jointly contribute to a paradox experienced by fans, in that perceived purity may be sacrificed in realizing social change. Theoretical implications include the ability of teams to represent social movement organizations, as well as the need for individuals to shed status-irrelevant aspects of an identity to raise a low-status group.
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Boyle, Karen. "What’s in a name? Theorising the Inter-relationships of gender and violence." Feminist Theory 20, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700118754957.
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This article explores the representational practices of feminist theorising around gender and violence. Adapting Liz Kelly’s notion of the continuum of women’s experiences of sexual violence, I argue that ‘continuum thinking’ can offer important interventions which unsettle binaries, recognise grey areas in women’s experiences and avoid ‘othering’ specific communities. Continuum thinking allows us to understand connections whilst nevertheless maintaining distinctions that are important conceptually, politically and legally. However, this is dependent upon recognising the multiplicity of continuums in feminist theorising – as well as in policy contexts – and the different ways in which they operate. A discussion of contemporary theory and policy suggests that this multiplicity is not always recognised, resulting in a flattening of distinctions which can make it difficult to recognise the specifically gendered patterns of violence and experience. I conclude by considering how focusing on men’s behaviour might offer one way of unsettling the contemporary orthodoxy which equates gender-based violence and violence against women.
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Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Mojgan Shariatpanahi, Seyyedeh Mahboubeh Mirtabar, Shahnaz Barat, Fatemeh Nasiri Amiri, Mahboobe Khoozan, Khosro Rashid, Fazlollah hasanvand, and Khadijeh Ezoji. "Expectations and Participatory Performance of Husbands in Improvement of Anxiety Disorders in Pregnant Women: A Qualitative Study." Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 2023 (February 8, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8991842.
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Purpose. Husbands’ participation is important in the success of maternal health programs. This participation is emphasized in all dimensions including mental health. This study was conducted to examine the husband’s expectations and participatory performance to improve anxiety in pregnant women. Design and Methods. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted via targeted convenience sampling in two public and private maternity care centers. 30 women who were 13–38-week pregnant were diagnosed with anxiety disorder in a Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 (SCID-5), and 16 husbands experienced a semistructured in-depth qualitative interview. Data were extracted by the conventional content analysis using MAXQDA software (version 18). Findings. Husbands’ expectations and participatory performance to reduce the anxiety of pregnant women were produced in three themes of emotion, behavior, and cognition in terms of the men’s and women’s perspectives. Approximately 70% of subthemes were common among women and men which included emotion (emotional psychological support, strengthening verbal communication, receiving attention and love, and creating a field of entertainment), behavior (following up on mother and fetus’s health, participation in housekeeping, compatibility to mood changes, material and financial provision, and companionship during childbirth), and cognition (increasing the knowledge in the field of pregnancy and the ability to resolve conflict). However, the men’s and women’s themes had some differences. Practice Implications. While men emphasized adjusting communication expectations and making positive changes in lifestyle, anxious women emphasized the themes of receiving attention and love, well-posedness, companionship in childbirth, and loyalty as important factors influencing the improvement of their disease.
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Chavira-Prado, Alicia. "Work, Health, and the Family: Gender Structure and Women's Status in an Undocumented Migrant Population." Human Organization 51, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.51.1.2qq68v3p70l10848.
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Work and health conditions of an undocumented Mexican migrant population in southern Illinois influence women's status within the family. The conditions threaten the physical and economic survival of the entire family, but pose special challenges to women who are dependent upon men and subordinated within the male/female relationship, even when they assume roles that are indispensable to the family, and that contradict the culturally ideal gender hierarchy. These contradictory roles fail to change the hierarchical ideology. Gender structure is shown to be dichotomous, consisting of behavior and ideology, which are differentially affected by the surrounding conditions. Additionally, men's and women's interpretations of ideology differ, as shaped by their respective experiences within the local context. Gender structure is shown to result from the undocumented family's adaptation to its surrounding conditions.
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Zveglich, Joseph E., Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, and William M. Rodgers. "The Persistence of Gender Earnings Inequality in Taiwan, 1978–1992." ILR Review 50, no. 4 (July 1997): 594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000403.
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During the 1980s, Taiwan's industry and export mixes shifted toward higher-skill, technology-intensive products, and lower-skill, labor-intensive industries began moving abroad. Despite improvements in women's skills and educational attainment relative to men's, the mean gender earnings ratio between 1978 and 1992 remained at 65%. The authors analyze household survey data from Taiwan's Manpower Utilization Survey to examine why rapid structural change was not accompanied by a narrowing of the gender gap. The results strongly suggest that large losses experienced by women in unmeasured gender-specific factors—which could reflect the effects of labor market intermittency, growing gender differences in unobserved skills, or an increase in wage discrimination against women—offset their relative gains in education and experience. Further evidence provides no support for a widening gender gap in labor force commitment or in unobserved skills, suggesting that wage discrimination against female workers increased over time.
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Neuman, Nicklas. "Foodwork as the New Fathering?" Culture Unbound 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 527–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.v12i3.3249.
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The aim of this paper is to explore the parallels of fathering and foodwork among men in Sweden. The research question is: can foodwork be seen as “the new fathering”? The paper outlines the narrative of fathers in Sweden and gender progressiveness, and discusses gendered foodwork in Sweden up until the mid-1990s. Subsequently, statistical evidence from Statistics Sweden’s three time-use studies is presented, complemented with evidence from quantitative studies about the gendered division of housework. Here, the data demonstrates change over time in men’s and women’s total housework, foodwork and childcare. Men are doing more and women less, although the absolute changes are greater among women who still do more. Such evidence is further discussed in relation to socio-demographics, household composition and paid work, pointing to the relevance of factors such as gender-egalitarian attitudes and having children. The quantitative section is then followed by an argumentation about cultural shifts in relation to qualitative studies on men’s domestic foodwork. In the discussion it is concluded that foodwork can indeed be seen as “the new fathering”. Not as a substitution for fathering or as something exclusive for fathers, but as an addition to the repertoire of cultural understandings and social expectations of a “modern” man in Sweden. However, the most substantial change is likely to be cultural—on the level of ideals—while statistics on behaviour mostly support slow and minor changes, with the overall social relation of men and women demonstrating significant stability.
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Gauld, Natalie, Samuel Martin, Owen Sinclair, Helen Petousis-Harris, Felicity Dumble, and Cameron C. Grant. "Influences on Pregnant Women’s and Health Care Professionals’ Behaviour Regarding Maternal Vaccinations: A Qualitative Interview Study." Vaccines 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010076.
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The uptake of maternal influenza and pertussis vaccinations is often suboptimal. This study explores the factors influencing pregnant women’s and health care professionals’ (HCPs) behaviour regarding maternal vaccinations (MVs). Pregnant/recently pregnant women, midwives, pharmacists and general practice staff in Waikato, New Zealand, were interviewed. The analysis used the behaviour change wheel model. Interviews of 18 women and 35 HCPs revealed knowledge about MVs varied with knowledge deficiencies hindering the uptake, particularly for influenza vaccination. HCPs, especially midwives, were key in raising women’s awareness of MVs. Experience with vaccinating, hospital work (for midwives) and training increased HCPs’ knowledge and proactivity about MVs. A “woman’s choice” philosophy saw midwives typically encouraging women to seek information and make their own decision. Women’s decisions were generally based on knowledge, beliefs, HCPs’ emphasis and their perceived risk, with little apparent influence from friends, family, or online or promotional material. General practice’s concentration on children’s vaccination and minimal antenatal contact limited proactivity with MVs. Busyness and prioritisation appeared to affect HCPs’ proactivity. Multi-pronged interventions targeting HCPs and pregnant women and increasing MV access are needed. All HCPs seeing pregnant women should be well-informed about MVs, including how to identify and address women’s questions or concerns about MVs to optimise uptake.
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Guessous, Nouzha. "Women’s rights in Muslim societies." Philosophy & Social Criticism 38, no. 4-5 (May 2012): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453712448000.
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Major changes have taken place in Muslim societies in general during the last decades. Traditional family and social organizational structures have come into conflict with the perceptions and needs of development and modern state-building. Moreover, the international context of globalization, as well as changes in intercommunity relations through immigration, have also deeply affected social and cultural mutations by facilitating contact between different cultures and civilizations. Of the dilemmas arising from these changes, those concerning women’s and men’s roles were the most conflictive issues because of different interpretations and evaluations of historical, religious and/or cultural heritages. In the case of Morocco, for over 30 years, women’s and human rights NGOs have acted and advocated to promote women’s rights. The main disputes have concerned the distinction between what is within the requirements of Islam and what is the consequence of traditional social beliefs and practices. This ended nevertheless with the adoption by the Parliament of a new Family Law proclaimed in February 2004. This law was the result of a process of consultation and national debate, which made possible substantial progress in terms of proclaimed values of equality of rights between men and women, with the support of most national political and social leaders. Several lessons can be learned from the Moroccan experience. The crucial role of civil society, the political support of the state at its highest level, the working methodology of the Royal Advisory Commission and the final process for the adoption of the new code were from the most determinant parameters. In light of recent developments in some majority-Muslim countries, the future of women’s rights is a key issue of the so-called Arab spring. Muslim women’s challenges and struggles are not only ideological and legal battles, but they are also social and political struggles for which one of the major conditions is to prevent and prohibit the use of Islam as a political instrument. Muslim societies need to educate people properly and change their traditional representations and patterns of thought. To promote justice, equity and equality in general, as well as to protect women’s economic rights, they need appropriate economic and social policies. Then women can really promote, protect and benefit from the advances of their legal status.
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Cabrera, Ezilda María, and David Mauricio. "Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of literature." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-01-2016-0001.
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Purpose Women entrepreneurship has grown significantly all over the world, and it is widely established that entrepreneurship is important for economic growth and wealth. Despite those facts, women’s participation in entrepreneurship is lower than men’s in almost all societies. Those phenomena get the attention of scholars from diverse disciplines, all of them interested in the behaviour and profile of female entrepreneurs and their business success rates. Several isolated factors were studied, with positive and negative effects on each stage of the entrepreneur process, for women entrepreneurs, so the purpose of this research is identify, classify by their impact and organise those factors in relation to the stages of the entrepreneur process. Design/methodology/approach The literature on factors affecting female entrepreneurship produced since January 2010 until October 2015 is analysed to define entrepreneurial success, identify factors affecting success at each stage of the entrepreneurial process and propose and organise those factors at individual and environment levels. Findings Several factors affecting female entrepreneurial success at each stage of the entrepreneurship process were found and organised at the internal (individual), micro, meso and macro environment level. In the literature reviewed, the most considered factors are: at the internal level, human capital, education and experience, with effects on the opportunity identification stage of the entrepreneurial process, and at the micro environment level, access to resources with effects on the opportunity recognition, acquiring resources and entrepreneurial performance stages, both with influence on quantitative and qualitative indicators of success. Originality/value This paper proposes an integrated classification and an array for all those factors that have an influence on women’s entrepreneurship and its success, relating those to the entrepreneurship process.
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Yates, Charlotte A. B. "Organizing Women in the Spaces between Home, Work and Community." Articles 66, no. 4 (January 17, 2012): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1007635ar.
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Since women began mobilizing more than 40 years ago to transform the labour movement, unions have made significant changes to increase women’s participation, leadership and interest representation. Yet, there are limitations to this progress. Unionized women are concentrated in the public sector amongst full-time employees. Moreover, women’s interests have tended to be added onto existing union agenda; women are therefore encouraged to adjust to existing union structures and practices rather than unions undertaking transformational organizational change. Unions tend to socially construct the collective interests and identities of women workers in gender-neutral ways that end up limiting union capacities to make bigger organizing breakthroughs amongst women. The article develops an argument that women’s relationship to work is distinct from men’s. Women are more likely to experience a blurring of the boundaries between work, home and community, which leads many women workers to be less responsive to union appeals that focus strictly on the job and workplace. These ideas are explored using a case study of a province-wide organizing drive amongst child care providers by the B.C. Government Employees Union (BCGEU). The BCGEU used methods of community unionism to build a sense of collective identity and capacity for collective action amongst a diverse group of child care providers, including those who work in child care centres, in-home providers and migrant domestic workers. The union built its campaign around shared relationships of caring and love, and by rejecting the devaluation of child care as unskilled, women’s work. The article concludes with an evaluation of whether this approach to organizing women opens new possibilities for reaching out to non-union women.
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Alarcão, Violeta, Ana Virgolino, Luis Roxo, Fernando L. Machado, and Alain Giami. "Exploring Gender in Portuguese Bedrooms: Men's and Women's Narratives of Their Sexuality through a Mixed Methods Approach." Sociological Research Online 20, no. 2 (May 2015): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3619.
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The nature of intimacy and self-identity changed profoundly over the past century. The disruption between sex and procreation enabled the emergence of new forms of relationships and contributed towards the legitimacy of a sexuality focused on pleasure, as a mean of self-realization and an expression of intimacy. Despite the evidence that most individuals now approach close relations with expectations of mutual emotional support and romantic love, intimate relationships remain highly gendered, particularly in societies where traditional roles of men and women persist in the growing diversity of sexual relationships. To address this topic, an empirical research was conducted in the Greater Lisbon area using a mixed methods approach. First, a quantitative study, with 323 primary healthcare users, intended to explain how gender influences self-constructions of sexuality and intimacy. Then, a qualitative study, with a subsample of 10 heterosexual men and 15 heterosexual women, employed in-depth interviews to explore how individuals construct their etiquette of sexual behavior. Building upon Gagnon and Simon's scripting theory and Giddens’ transformations of intimacy, along with feminist criticisms concerning male dominance in hetero-relationships, we have reached an explanatory typology that focuses on Portuguese specificity in terms of the subjective experience of sexuality and intimate relationships. Sexuality and intimacy are complex and multifaceted phenomena that are affected by sexual and non-sexual factors, both in and out of the bedroom. Key findings reveal a coexistence of highly gendered sexual scripts with increasingly more egalitarian sexual roles, namely among the youngest and the most educated generations in Portuguese society.
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Qibtiyah, Alimatul. "Pedagogy of Equality in the Family, Schools, and Society: Self-Reflection as Muslim Feminist in Aisyiyah." Jurnal Perempuan 21, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v21i3.137.
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Feminist pedagogy is one of strategies to reach gender equality in education process whether in the family, school or society. Implementing feminist pedagogy not only benefits women’s lives better but also men’s as well as childrens’ lives. For me, feminist pedagogy and the struggle of gender equality is not only just as a slogan but it must be implemented on daily basis. This paper explores my experiences in implementing feminist pedagogy in family, school, and community. I argues that every single experience is worthy and recogined as a theory. This article is based on library research and a reflection from my experiences. The author has been marriage for 19 years, become a lecturer for 20 years and been involved as a woman activist for 23 years in Muhammadiyah’s woman organization, Aisyiyah. In every implementation of feminist pedagogy, I face challenges from audiences which relates to a variety of gender thought in the society. Based on testimonies from my spouse, students also audiences, it can be cocluded that the implementation of feminist pedagogy lead to the convenience in the process of transferring knowledge. It also contributes to change their perspective into Islamic progressive thought.
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Szatmári, Angelika, Zsuzsanna Fejes, and István Király. "A férfiak férfimeddőséggel kapcsolatos ismeretei és a támogatás lehetőségei: kockázati tényezők és egyéni válaszreakciók." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 31 (August 2018): 1262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31132.
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Abstract: In recent decades, the incidence of male infertility has been increasing continuously both worldwide and in Hungary and is becoming a more and more central issue. Millions of men at the reproductive age are affected by male infertility. In addition to the known organic reasons, many life-style and environmental factors can be expected to contribute to this. The biopsychosocial theoretical model of infertility allows us to interpret the lack of fertility not only from the medical point of view, but also as a psychosocial phenomenon. Men’s coping strategies, health information seeking habits, and knowledge of infertility are similar to women’s, but there are several different points in their responses given to the problem. So medical, nursing and other health professionals dealing with infertile male patients should devote special and high attention to patients’ conducting and paramedical counselling as supportive therapy. Within the framework of this – besides giving information – the individual support contributes to the elaboration of information, arising effects and experiences, furthermore to the developement of adaptive coping strategies for stress, and to the modification of direct or indirect changes in health behavior affecting reproductive health during the treatment period. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(31): 1262–1268.
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Gheorghe, Carmen Adriana, and Roxana Matefi. "Sustainability and Transparency—Necessary Conditions for the Transition from Fast to Slow Fashion: Zara Join Life Collection’s Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 11013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911013.
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Starting from the concept of sustainability in fashion, the aim of our research is to analyse to what extent the Zara Join Life collection is sustainable, environmentally friendly (as advertised), and transparent, in terms of the information provided to the consumer, in order to offer Zara’s fashion consumers a set of aspects to take into account when intending to buy responsibly, such as the composition of the product, the percentage of recyclable materials used, its origin, etc. Our practical goal is to generate a gradual change in Zara consumers’ behaviour by creating a set of basic skills to transform one from a fast, superficial consumer into a slow, conscious customer with decision-making power. We analysed the Zara Join Life collection, which is advertised on the company’s website as supporting sustainability as a continuous project. The methodology consisted of a documentation-learning stage in order to reach the stages of data collection, data processing, and information organization—the methods used for the analysis of fashion consumers’ behaviours. The analysis was conducted on 40 Zara Join Life collection garments (10 women’s clothing items, 10 men’s clothing items, and 20 garments for kids, both girls and boys) sold online on Zara’s website. The collected research data were analysed and interpreted within the case study.
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Naughton, Brienna, Michelle A. Bulterys, Jackson Mugisha, Andrew Mujugira, Jade Boyer, Connie Celum, Bryan Weiner, and Monisha Sharma. "‘If there is joy… I think it can work well’: a qualitative study investigating relationship factors impacting HIV self-testing acceptability among pregnant women and male partners in Uganda." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (February 2023): e067172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067172.
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ObjectivesSecondary distribution of HIV self-test (HIVST) kits from pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) to their male partners is shown to increase HIV couples testing and disclosure, and is being scaled up in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding couples-level barriers and facilitators influencing HIVST uptake is critical to designing strategies to optimise intervention coverage.DesignTo investigate these couples-level barriers and facilitiators, we conducted focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Transcripts were analysed thematically and the interdependence model of communal coping and health behaviour change was adapted to explore factors impacting HIVST acceptability.SettingWe recruited pregnant women attending two public ANC clinics in Kampala, Uganda, and male partners of pregnant women between April 2019 and February 2020.ParticipantsWe conducted gender-stratified focus group discussions (N=14) and in-depth interviews (N=10) with pregnant women with and without HIV attending ANC, and male partners of pregnant women (N=122 participants).InterventionWe evaluated pregnant women’s and male partners’ perceptions of HIVST secondary distribution in Uganda, leveraging the interdependence model of communal coping and health behaviour change.Primary and secondary outcome measuresKey areas of focus included HIVST interest and acceptability, perspectives on HIV status disclosure to partners and gender roles.ResultsParticipants felt that predisposing factors, including trust, communication, fear of partner and infidelity, would influence women’s decisions to deliver HIVST kits to partners, and subsequent communal coping behaviours such as couples HIV testing and disclosure. Pregnancy was described as a critical motivator for men’s HIVST uptake, while HIV status of pregnant women was influential in couples’ communal coping and health-enhancing behaviours. Generally, participants felt HIV-negative women would be more likely to deliver HIVST, while women with HIV would be more hesitant due to concerns about discovery of serodifference and relationship dissolution. Participants stressed the importance of counsellor availability throughout the process including guidance on how women should approach their partners regarding HIVST and post-test support in case of a positive test.ConclusionsHIV-negative women in relationships with positive predisposing factors may be most likely to deliver HIVST and leverage interdependent coping behaviours. Women with HIV or those in relationships with negative predisposing factors may benefit from targeted counselling and disclosure support before and after HIVST kit distribution. Results can help support policy guidelines for HIVST kit distribution.
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Loury, Linda Datcher. "The Gender Earnings Gap among College-Educated Workers." ILR Review 50, no. 4 (July 1997): 580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000402.
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The gender earnings gap among full-time workers narrowed substantially in the 1980s. Previous research has established that increases in the amount of and returns to work experience and schooling among women were primarily responsible for that trend. This paper, which uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 and the High School and Beyond Senior Cohort (Class of 1980), examines to what extent college schooling characteristics other than number of years, such as grades and major field, contributed to the narrowing of the gap. Changes in the estimated effects of college grades and college major, the author finds, can account for almost all of the large decline in the gender earnings gap between 1979 and 1986 among young college-educated workers. Most of this effect apparently resulted from growth in the market price of women's skills relative to men's for a given major.
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Glassman, Lisa H., Margaret-Anne Mackintosh, Stephanie Y. Wells, Induni Wickramasinghe, Kristen H. Walter, and Leslie A. Morland. "Predictors of Quality of Life Following Cognitive Processing Therapy Among Women and Men With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Military Medicine 185, no. 5-6 (February 20, 2020): e579-e585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz474.
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Abstract Introduction The effect of evidence-based post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments on quality of life (QOL) is not well understood. In light of mixed findings on QOL after PTSD interventions, little is known about why some individuals experience functional and QOL improvements while others do not. This study examined treatment-related changes in depression, anger, and PTSD following cognitive processing therapy (CPT) as potential predictors of QOL change. Materials and Methods Data from two randomized controlled trials, one examining CPT among female civilians and veterans (women’s study NCT02362477; n = 126) and the other on CPT delivered to male veterans (men’s study NCT00879255; n = 125), were used to test study aims. Linear mixed modeling examined changes in depression, anger, and PTSD as predictors of post-treatment QOL while controlling for baseline QOL. The VA Pacific Island Health Care System’s Institutional Review Board approved all study procedures. Results Among women, reductions in depression from pre- to post-treatment had the strongest predictive value of post-treatment QOL (B = −1.15, 95% confidence interval (−1.71, −0.60), t = −4.07, P < .001). For men, reductions in trait anger from pre- to post-treatment predicted post-treatment QOL (B = −0.55, 95% confidence interval (−0.90, −0.19), t = −3.00, P = .003). Conclusions Improvements in QOL may be predicted by different symptoms for men and women following evidence-based PTSD treatment. Our findings suggest that change in depression symptoms is an important predictor of post-treatment QOL among women, while anger symptoms are more influential for men. QOL and functioning is underresearched within the context of PTSD treatment, and this study suggests that these domains should be examined within the context of gender.
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Yeboah, Isaac, Stephen Owusu Kwankye, and Faustina Frempong-Ainguah. "Predictors of underachieved and overachieved fertility among women with completed fertility in Ghana." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): e0250881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250881.
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Background A woman’s ability to achieve her preferred family size is critical in addressing issues of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. The socio-cultural context in sub-Saharan Africa presents some difficulty for the attainment of preferred fertility for many women. Few studies in sub-Saharan Africa have examined the extent to which women are unable to achieve their preferred family sizes. This study, therefore, examines the factors that are associated with the non-attainment of women’s preferred fertility by the end of their reproductive years. Data and methods The study analyzed pooled cross-sectional data with a sub-sample of 1,888 currently married women aged 45–49 years from five rounds of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 1993 to 2014. Test of associations and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to examine the predictors of underachieved and overachieved fertility relative to achieved fertility. Results The results indicate that 44 per cent of the women recorded overachieved fertility while about 36 per cent underachieved their fertility. Partner wants more, experiencing child loss and married more than once were significantly associated with overachieved fertility. Nonetheless, increased years of a woman’s education and delaying her at first birth were negatively associated with overachieved fertility. On the other hand, underachieved fertility was significantly associated with having a partner with fewer fertility preference, being of the Islamic faith and ever use of modern contraception. Conclusion Partner’s fertility preference, child loss experience, marrying more than once and ever use of modern contraception were important predictors of a woman’s inability to achieve her fertility preference. Policies to regulate men’s fertility behaviour, delaying age at first birth, use of modern contraception, encouraging longer years of education, and reducing infant and child mortality are important strategies to achieve fertility preference in Ghana.
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Andrew Chauke, Thulani. "Understanding Gender-Based Violence Prevention among Young Women : Youth Workers Perspective?" African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n1a8.
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This study focused on the expertise of youth workers in preventing violent acts with special focus on young women. A qualitative research approach was employed in this study. Ten youth workers were purposefully sampled to participate in this study. An unstructured interview schedule was also used to gather data. An exploratory research design was used to explore the experience of the participants. Data were analysed using thematic coding. Violence against young women in South Africa is a widespread problem that affect young women’s capabilities. South Africa is also facing a high prevalence of gang rape and young women are the most affected group. The findings reflect that youth workers prevent violence against young women by offering young people, both male and female, the following interventions: building youth self-esteem, health education and empowerment, soft skills programmes and building youth resilience. The study recommends that the Department of Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities establish a funding directorate that will focus on funding youth workers led non-profit organisations (NPOs) that have holistic youth programmes that mainly address violence against young women and social behaviour change programmes among young men.
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Kifleyesus, Abbebe. "Women Who Migrate, Men Who Wait: Eritrean Labor Migration to the Arab Near East." Northeast African Studies 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 95–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41960560.
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Abstract Over the last five decades, Eritrea has experienced a massive outflow of labor migrants to the Arab Near East. Although this labor migration has grown steadily since the 1950s, there has been a profound change in the magnitude and dynamism of the migration since the early 1970s. The reason is that Eritrea has suffered from severe economic problems resulting from its three-decade-long war of liberation with Ethiopia. By contrast, the Arab Near East, the oil-producing countries in particular, have enjoyed a significant increase in their wealth as a result of a sharp rise in energy prices following the world energy crises in 1973 and 1979. With the accumulation of wealth, these countries engaged in large-scale restructuring and development programs that created chronic labor shortages. This great contrast in the wealth and size of the labor force resulted in a pronounced difference in the rewards for employment between Eritrea and the Arab Near East. This difference has attracted a large number of Eritrean labor migrants to countries like Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States, and the United Arab Emirates. This article examines the labor market patterns and the cultural effects on economic behavior, and investigates to what extent earnings and remittances and therefore the income of women migrants are impacted by cultured variables. It also reveals that women are likely to take up domestic work when they migrate to various destinations in die Arab Near East, that such women were unemployed prior to their migration, and that the earnings of women, are, on average, lower than those of men, but that women send more money back home than do men These higher rates of remittances by women are not simply expressions of income and expenditure but are rather attributable to higher savings abilities embedded in cultural values. In sum, die article looks at the dynamics of household labor in the context of migration; discusses paid household work as a structural continuation of unpaid household work across thepubUc sphere; demonstrates how Eritrean women travel through the household worker/housewife boundary in their home country and become family breadwinners, men’s supporters, sources of funding for state projects, and urban property owners by engaging in household work; and underscores women’s agency by articulating their paid household work through the negotiation of the monetary and emotional value of their labor in the Arab Near East.
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Christie-de Jong, Floor, Marie Kotzur, Rana Amiri, Jonathan Ling, John D. Mooney, and Kathryn A. Robb. "Qualitative evaluation of a codesigned faith-based intervention for Muslim women in Scotland to encourage uptake of breast, colorectal and cervical cancer screening." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e058739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058739.
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ObjectivesThis pilot study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a codesigned, culturally tailored, faith-based online intervention to increase uptake of breast, colorectal and cervical screening in Scottish Muslim women. The intervention was codesigned with Scottish Muslim women (n=10) and underpinned by the reframe, reprioritise and reform model and the behaviour change wheel.SettingThe study was conducted online, using Zoom, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.ParticipantsParticipants (n=18) taking part in the intervention and subsequently in its evaluation, were Muslim women residing in Scotland, recruited through purposive and snowball sampling from a mosque and community organisations. Participants were aged between 25 years and 54 years and of Asian and Arab ethnicity.DesignThe study’s codesigned intervention included (1) a peer-led discussion of barriers to screening, (2) a health education session led by a healthcare provider, (3) videos of Muslim women’s experiences of cancer or screening, and (4) a religious perspective on cancer screening delivered by a female religious scholar (alimah). The intervention was delivered twice online in March 2021, followed 1 week later by two focus groups, consisting of the same participants, respectively, to discuss participants’ experiences of the intervention. Focus group transcripts were analysed thematically.ResultsParticipants accepted the content and delivery of the intervention and were positive about their experience of the intervention. Participants reported their knowledge of screening had increased and shared positive views towards cancer screening. They valued the multidimensional delivery of the intervention, appreciated the faith-based perspective, and in particular liked the personal stories and input from a healthcare provider.ConclusionParticipatory and community-centred approaches can play an important role in tackling health inequalities in cancer and its screening. Despite limitations, the intervention showed potential and was positively received by participants. Feasibility testing is needed to investigate effectiveness on a larger scale in a full trial.
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Bick, Debra, Cath Taylor, Vanita Bhavnani, Andy Healey, Paul Seed, Sarah Roberts, Magdalena Zasada, et al. "Lifestyle information and access to a commercial weight management group to promote maternal postnatal weight management and positive lifestyle behaviour: the SWAN feasibility RCT." Public Health Research 8, no. 9 (July 2020): 1–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr08090.
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Background Increasing numbers of UK women have overweight or obese body mass index scores when they become pregnant, or gain excessive weight in pregnancy, increasing their risk of adverse outcomes. Failure to manage postnatal weight is linked to smoking, non-healthy dietary choices, lack of regular exercise and poorer longer-term health. Women living in areas of higher social deprivation are more likely to experience weight management problems postnatally. Objectives The objectives were to assess the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lifestyle information and access to a commercial weight management group focusing on self-monitoring, goal-setting and motivation to achieve dietary change commencing 8–16 weeks postnatally to achieve and maintain weight management and positive lifestyle behaviour. Design The design was a randomised two-arm feasibility trial with a nested mixed-methods process evaluation. Setting The setting was a single centre in an inner city setting in the south of England. Participants Participants were women with body mass index scores of > 25 kg/m2 at antenatal ‘booking’ and women with normal body mass index scores (18.0–24.9 kg/m2) at antenatal booking who developed excessive gestational weight gain as assessed at 36 weeks’ gestation. Main outcome measures Recruitment, retention, acceptability of trial processes and identification of relevant economic data were the feasibility objectives. The proposed primary outcome was difference between groups in weight at 12 months postnatally, expressed as percentage weight change and weight loss from antenatal booking. Other proposed outcomes included assessment of diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, body image, maternal esteem, mental health, infant feeding and NHS costs. Results Most objectives were achieved. A total of 193 women were recruited, 98 allocated to the intervention arm and 95 to the control arm. High follow-up rates (> 80%) were achieved to 12 months. There was an 8.8% difference in weight loss at 12 months between women allocated to the intervention arm and women allocated to the control arm (13.0% vs. 4.2%, respectively; p = 0.062); 47% of women in the intervention arm attended at least one weight management session, with low risk of contamination between arms. The greatest benefit was among women who attended ≥ 10 sessions. Barriers to attending sessions included capability, opportunity and motivation issues. Data collection tools were appropriate to support economic evaluation in a definitive trial, and economic modelling is feasible to quantify resource impacts and outcomes not directly measurable within a trial. Limitations The trial recruited from only one site. It was not possible to recruit women with normal body mass index scores who developed excessive pregnancy weight gain. Conclusions It was feasible to recruit and retain women with overweight or obese body mass index scores at antenatal booking to a trial comparing postnatal weight management plus standard care with standard care only and collect relevant data to assess outcomes. Approaches to recruit women with normal body mass index scores who gain excessive gestational weight need to be considered. Commercial weight management groups could support women’s weight management as assessed at 12 months postnatally, with probable greater benefit from attending ≥ 10 sessions. Process evaluation findings highlighted the importance of providing more information about the intervention on trial allocation, extended duration of time to commence sessions following birth and extended number of sessions offered to enhance uptake and retention. Results support the conduct of a future randomised controlled trial. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN39186148. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 9. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Charles Lwanga Tengan, Iddrisu Salifu, Henry Yaw Acheampong, and Abdul-Aziz Seidu. "Partner alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence against women in sexual unions in sub-Saharan Africa." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 22, 2022): e0278196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278196.
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Introduction Intimate partner violence is increasingly gaining attention as the leading form of violence against women globally, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Given that substance abuse, especially alcohol consumption has long been associated with aggressive behaviour, emotional abuse, and sexual misconduct, it is surprising that studies on the potential association between partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence are scarce. The current study seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the association between partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Cross-sectional survey data of 89,229 women aged 15 to 49 in sexual unions from 21 sub-Saharan African countries were pooled from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Percentages with their corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were used to present the results of the prevalence of partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between partner’s alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence. The regression analysis results were presented using adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% CI. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results The pooled prevalence of partner alcohol consumption was 36.3% [36.0–36.6]. The highest prevalence of partner alcohol consumption was found in Burundi (67.1%) with Mali (3.9%) recording the lowest prevalence. Similarly, the overall prevalence of physical violence, emotional violence, and sexual violence among the women were 19.7% [19.2–20.2], 25.0% [24.5–25.5], and 9.7% [9.3–10.1], respectively. In the pooled data, women whose partners consumed alcohol were more likely to experience physical violence [aOR = 2.37, 95% CI = 2.24–2.50], emotional violence [aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.86–2.07], and sexual violence [aOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.89–2.18] compared to those whose partners did not consume alcohol. In all the 21 countries, women whose partners consumed alcohol had higher odds for physical and emotional violence. The odds of sexual violence was higher among women whose partners consumed alcohol compared to their counterparts whose partners did not in 20 countries, except Namibia. Conclusions We found that partner’s alcohol consumption increases women’s likelihood of experiencing physical, emotional, and sexual violence in sub-Saharan Africa. There is the need to implement behavioural change interventions targeted at male partners to reduce alcohol consumption. The findings call for the need to effectively create and organize support networks in addressing intimate partner violence among married and cohabiting women.
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Wilson, Virginia. "Female Public Library Patrons Value the Library for Services, Programs, and Technology." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8dp58.
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A Review of:
Fidishun, Dolores. “Women and the Public Library: Using Technology, Using the Library.” Library Trends 56.2 (2007): 328-43.
Objective – This study attempts to give insight into why and how women use the public library and information technology, and how they learned to use the technology.
Design – Qualitative survey.
Setting – The research took place at the Chester County Library in Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.
Subjects – One hundred and eighty-four female library patrons 18 years and older.
Methods – An anonymous qualitative survey was handed out to all patrons at the Chester
County Library 18 years of age and older who came into the library on four separate days and times. Times were chosen to obtain a good representation of library patrons, and
included daytime, evening, and weekend hours. The survey consisted of questions about library use, information sought, information seeking behaviour, technology used, and how the respondents learned to use the technology. The surveys were collated and spreadsheets were created that reported answers to yes/no and other data questions. Word documents facilitated the listing of more qualitative answers. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis to find themes and patterns that emerged to create grounded theory. In thematic content analysis, “the coding scheme is based on categories designed to capture the dominant themes in a text (Franzosi 184). There is no universal coding scheme, and this method requires extensive pre-testing of the scheme (Franzosi 184). Grounded theory “uses a prescribed set of procedures for analyzing data and constructing a theoretical model” from the data (Leedy and Ormrod 154).
Main Results – The survey asked questions about library use, reasons for library use, using technology, finding information, and learning to use online resources. A total of 465 surveys were distributed and 329 were returned. From the surveys returned, 184 were from female patrons, 127 from male patrons, and 18 did not report gender. The data for this article are primarily taken from the 184 female respondents who reported ages between 18 and 79 years. Seventy-one percent of these reported having a bachelor’s degree or higher. The study uses some contrasting data from the men’s responses where appropriate. In terms of library use, out of the 184 respondents, 42% came to the library monthly, while 36% visited the library weekly. Sixty-two percent of respondents knew they could email the library and 72% knew that they could call the library with questions. As for reasons for library use, the most prominent response was to borrow books rather than buying them. The second most common reason for using the library related to children’s books and programming for children. Other common reasons for library use included research activities, using public computers, reading, use of services such as photocopying and tax forms, and to volunteer or tutor. The library was also used as a place of solitude, where women could find a place and time for themselves. The author compared the men’s results to the women’s responses, and found that coming to the library for books was lower on the list, and very few men mentioned children’s library services. Men came to the library more often than women to study or read.
In terms of using technology, the female respondents were fairly tech-savvy. Seventy-four percent of respondents felt comfortable using computers. Only 5% replied that using computers meant more work for them. Eighty-two percent said they used a computer on a regular basis, and 98% reported that they had used the Internet. Out of those who use the Internet, 91% used it at home, 64% used it at work, and 34% used it at the public library. Ninety-eight percent of women who used the Internet used a search engine such as Google or Yahoo to find information. Topics frequently mentioned were medical and travel information, information for their children, and shopping. Men, by contrast, listed shopping and finding medical information as their second reason for using the internet. General research topics were most frequently cited by men.
Seven survey questions focused on finding information. The Internet was the number one choice for finding health information, sports scores, the date of Thanksgiving, and the phone number of their state Senator. The library was the first place to find a good book. Results indicated that although women use libraries to find information, they use the Internet more, as libraries were at least third on the list of places women looked for most of the topics inquired about.
When asked about their computer use, 71% of respondents said they used a computer to gain information for work, 74% said they used it for hobbies, and 81% used it to access medical information on the Internet. Sixty-five percent of respondents used email and chat to keep in touch with family and friends. 30% of the women asked felt that books were more valuable than using a computer. Forty-six percent reported that being able to ask a librarian for help was an appreciated service. The use of library technology figured in the survey. Seventy-two percent of respondents reported that they were comfortable using the online catalogue and 53% said they used the library’s webpage. Only 19% said they used the library’s databases. The comments section of the survey included evidence that the women either did not know these electronic resources existed, or they did not understand what databases are for. However, 47% said they had access to online databases from other sources, for example, higher education institutions, public schools, businesses.
Those who did use online databases were asked how they learned to use them. Sixteen percent were self-taught. Only a few had formal training, including 3% who were taught by a public library staff member. Sixty percent of respondents indicated they would like formal training: 23% preferred individual training, while 77% preferred training in a class setting.
The survey attempted to discern the value of participants’ library experience by using positive and negative critical incidents. The participants responded to questions about their best and worst experiences using the library. Best experiences included those involving books; children’s literature, programs, and family projects; library technology; access to non-print materials; the library as a place for solitude; other library services; and library staff. The negative experiences included library issues such as having to return books on time, getting an overdue notice or fine on an item already returned, and desired books being out of the library, noise in the library. The number of positive experiences reported was higher than the number of negative experiences.
Conclusions – Although definitive conclusions are difficult to make using qualitative analysis, Fidishun summarizes her findings by reporting that her study of women public library patrons found that technology features prominently in women’s lives, and that they regularly use the Internet to find information. However, many women were not aware of the databases available at the public library. Books were an important part of the library experience for these women, as were traditional library services, such as asking a librarian for help. Women often are the ones who bring children to the library and seek information for them. And the women surveyed valued the library as place.
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Alsubhi, Maha, Lydia Aston, Julie Ayre, Saadia Aziz, Nicole Beddard, Hollie Birkinshaw, Charlotte Boichat, et al. "Oral presentationsSystematic review of the factors associated with health behaviours related to obesity among refugee childrenPreliminary development of quality of life scales for children and adults with Niemann-Pick Type CThe diversity of diabetes-related self-monitoring and problem-solving practices across health literacy levels: An interview studyResilience as a predictor of burnout, depression and hope among medical studentsThe lived experience of parents with children who have had retinoblastomaPerceptions of older adults and GPs towards the management of musculoskeletal pain in primary careA qualitative study of stress and wellbeing in national health service (NHS) employeesThe effectiveness of sedentary behaviour reduction workplace interventions on cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic reviewIs delivering a mindfulness course to people with cancer feasible, acceptable and of any benefit?Exploring the views and perspectives of analgesic medication for pain in people with dementia.Exploring the implementation of anaesthesia practices in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Nepal and Bangladesh using a behavioural frameworkWhen health eating becomes unhealthy: Understanding orthorexia nervosa‘People sometimes think I’m like some old war veteran rabbiting on’: Narratives of those working on the HIV frontline.New year, new mii: A systematic review on the influence of digital avatars on health-related outcomesMy own personal hell: Approaching and exceeding thresholds of too much alcoholAcceptability of a healthy eating contract and goal setting intervention for people living in low socioeconomic areas‘I’m a person not a disorder.’ A phenomenological analysis exploring how employees with bipolar stay well at workDoubling up: Enhancing pluralistic research through the use of multimodal data. Contested phenomena and multiple perspectives.Racial and ethnic disparities in cortisol reactivity and the moderating role of discriminationExploring the staff perspective of the physical environment in a dementia specific care unit.‘Are computer-based treatment programmes effective at reducing symptoms of dual diagnosis within adults?’: A systematic reviewAre interventions delivered by healthcare professionals effective for weight management? A systematic review of systematic reviewsAn emotional journey – parents’ experiences of their child’s transfer to intensive careExamining potential biopsychosocial and health behaviour predictors of gestational weight gain: The Grown in Wales cohortA qualitative analysis of people’s health-based visions for their best possible future selvesEvaluating the impact of woodland activities on personal wellbeingImplementation of a healthy lifestyle intervention in Manchester primary schools: A qualitative studyUnderstanding health care workers’ experiences of an Ebola outbreak and attitudes to infection prevention control in Sierra LeoneExploring women’s weight-related health behaviours during pregnancy: A qualitative longitudinal studyDoes the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme intervention have fidelity to the programme specification? A document analysisThe lived experience of men diagnosed with melanoma: A qualitative exploration using photo-elicitationEnhancing the wellbeing of caregivers of people with spinal cord injury with internet-delivered mindfulness: A feasibility studyDevelopment of a brief tailored digital intervention to facilitate help-seeking in patients with Parkinson’s: A feasibility studyIs demanding work fatiguing or energising? Three real-time studies of health care professionals.A look into the relationship of compensatory health beliefs, procrastination and body mass indexPatients’ experiences and perceptions of behaviour change advice delivered during routine GP consultations: A national surveyDigital remote pain reporting and administration perspectives in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritisPain beliefs are associated with levels of reported pain in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritisChanging safety behaviour on a global scale: A case study of L’Oréal’s ApproachDesigning a breastfeeding intervention for women with a BMI>30kg/m2 using a collaborative approachUnderstanding symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome using scientific insights fromN-of-1 studiesNew MRC-NIHR guidance: Reducing bias due to measurement reactivity in studies of interventions to improve healthIntention to perform strength training exercise among Chinese elderly: The application of the Health Belief ModelExploring an individual experience of living with scoliosis in adults over 30: A photovoice study.Stigma and physical wellbeing: The mediating role of social support and self-esteem in young adults with chronic conditions.‘People don’t know how severe some of them can be’: An exploration of beliefs and attitudes in adolescents with food allergyChallenges and reflections; evaluating an intervention to facilitate shared decision-making in breast reconstruction (PEGASUS).Dementia and cognitive impairment in the older prison population: Designing theory and evidence based training for prison staffCapability, opportunity and motivation to prevent oral health problems through behaviour change talk in dental practiceRealising ‘teachable opportunities’ to promote lifestyle behaviours in routine postnatal consultationsUse of a biofeedback breathing app to augment poststress physiological recoveryBarriers and facilitators to delivering exercise to men with prostate cancer: Application of the theoretical domains frameworkDevelopment of an evidence-based intervention to address eating psychopathology in athletes: An intervention mapping approachDeliberating and reflecting upon what we know and how we know it in evidence-based healthcareMothers of teenage girls: Knowledge and understanding about human papillomavirus and cervical cancerBarriers and facilitors to primary care nursing professionals having ‘cancer early diagnosis-related discussions’ with patientsLack of referrals to pulmonary rehabilitation: Should we pay closer attention to healthcare professionals’ illness perceptions?Participants’ Experience of a Type 2 Diabetes Management Programme designed for British-South Asians: A Qualitative EvaluationA qualitative exploration of the experience of positive body image in breast cancer survivors‘It felt like unfinished business, it feels like that’s finished now’: Experiences around contralateral prophylactic mastectomyContralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy and the consultation: A snapshot of UK healthcare professionals’ views and experiencesHealth professionals perceptions of supporting exercise in men with prostate cancer: Applying the Theoretical Domains FrameworkWhat are the perceptions of patients and healthcare professionals about blood transfusion? An interview studySocial prescribing as ‘social cure’: Health benefits of social connectedness to practitioners and users of a social prescribing pathwaySupporting young people who have been parentally bereaved: Can physical activity help and what services are available?" Health Psychology Update 28, no. 3 (2019): 10–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpu.2019.28.3.10.
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McCleery, Julie, Irina Tereschenko, Longxi Li, and Nicholas Copeland. "Gender Differences in Coaching Behaviors Supportive of Positive Youth Sports Experience." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 2023, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2022-0024.
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In the youth sports domain, few coaches are women, masculine ideologies permeate the culture, and coaching practices do not always align with behaviors supportive of positive youth sports experience. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in men’s and women’s coaching behaviors associated with creating positive youth sports experience, including behaviors that create a safe and fun participation environment, a mastery motivational climate, and autonomy-supportive coaching. A total of 219 youth and high school coaches across different sports in one county in a western state responded to the survey—29% of them women. Along with the overall dearth of women in coaching, we found differences between men and women in the types of coaching positions they hold and the behaviors they bring to their coaching. Female coaches were more likely to be paid, primarily part-time, and they were also less likely to have children. Using a multivariate analysis of variance, significant mean vectors were found between female and male coaches in the four coaching behaviors measured. Women’s ratings were significantly higher on individual measures for autonomy and safety. As the coaching field comes to better understand the approaches that lead to positive youth sports experience, these findings raise important questions about why women and mothers are not a larger proportion of the coaching landscape and how that might change.
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Haynes, Emily, Judith Green, Ruth Garside, Michael P. Kelly, and Cornelia Guell. "Gender and active travel: a qualitative data synthesis informed by machine learning." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 16, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0904-4.
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Abstract Background Innovative approaches are required to move beyond individual approaches to behaviour change and develop more appropriate insights for the complex challenge of increasing population levels of activity. Recent research has drawn on social practice theory to describe the recursive and relational character of active living but to date most evidence is limited to small-scale qualitative research studies. To ‘upscale’ insights from individual contexts, we pooled data from five qualitative studies and used machine learning software to explore gendered patterns in the context of active travel. Methods We drew on 280 transcripts from five research projects conducted in the UK, including studies of a range of populations, travel modes and settings, to conduct unsupervised ‘topic modelling analysis’. Text analytics software, Leximancer, was used in the first phase of the analysis to produce inter-topic distance maps to illustrate inter-related ‘concepts’. The outputs from this first phase guided a second researcher-led interpretive analysis of text excerpts to infer meaning from the computer-generated outputs. Results Guided by social practice theory, we identified ‘interrelated’ and ‘relating’ practices across the pooled datasets. For this study we particularly focused on respondents’ commutes, travelling to and from work, and on differentiated experiences by gender. Women largely described their commute as multifunctional journeys that included the school run or shopping, whereas men described relatively linear journeys from A to B but highlighted ‘relating’ practices resulting from or due to their choice of commute mode or journey such as showering or relaxing. Secondly, we identify a difference in discourses about practices across the included datasets. Women spoke more about ‘subjective’, internal feelings of safety (‘I feel unsafe’), whereas men spoke more about external conditions (‘it is a dangerous road’). Conclusion This rare application of machine learning to qualitative social science research has helped to identify potentially important differences in co-occurrence of practices and discourses about practice between men’s and women’s accounts of travel across diverse contexts. These findings can inform future research and policy decisions for promoting travel-related social practices associated with increased physical activity that are appropriate across genders.
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Myeni, Samukelisiwe, and Gideon J. Wentink. "A gendered approach to drought-coping mechanisms: A case of the Lubombo region, Eswatini." Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/td.v17i1.744.
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During periods of drought, coping mechanisms employed by society differ based on gender, and are related to socio-cultural implications. This study is premised on the gendered approach to drought-coping mechanisms by focusing on the manner in which communities undergoing drought adapt to the adversities experienced and thus employ gender-sensitive coping mechanisms. Socio-cultural implications emphasise and dictate the different gendered behaviour patterns within society. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate gender-differentiated coping mechanisms of withstanding drought used by communities in the Lubombo region of Eswatini. The exploration of this phenomenon utilised a mixed-methods approach to collecting data. This universal approach involved adopting both qualitative and quantitative techniques of gathering information to help in an in-depth analysis of the situation in the Lubombo region. Under the umbrella of mixed methodology, an exploratory sequential approach was used to collect data. The purpose was to allow findings from a qualitative phase to be developed and tested for wider application and validation using a quantitative approach. The collection tools used under the qualitative enquiry included semi-structured interviews, face-to-face interviews and a focus group. The information gathered was subsequently presented in a thematic manner to draw attention on the dynamics within coping mechanisms. Two sampling techniques were used: initial stratified random sampling (representing the population being sampled) followed by purposive sampling to specify population characteristics and thus locating individuals who match the characteristics. There were 179 respondents in the study, of which 83 respondents were part of the focus group discussions and the remaining 80 respondents engaged in self-completion survey questions. The gender spectrum of the respondents was uneven during the focus groups with 39 females and 44 males. However, during the self-completion survey questions, an even number of 40 males and 40 females participated. The gender gap observed displayed women as burdened with developing various coping mechanisms, whereas men solely adapted through seeking employment. Women’s coping mechanisms included crop production, water management, foreign aid, sale of livestock and household functional change. In contrast, men’s coping mechanisms involved migration and seeking employment. The disparities between men and women were observed as founded in cultural beliefs and practices as women tool a domestic role whilst men were tasked to be providers. This perspective directly impacts on the lines of vulnerabilities during drought, declaring women as the target population for social aid such as food packages from foreign aid and strong social capital. Through this study, culture and vulnerability were identified as risk factors contributing to the impact of drought forcing men and women to build and engage in mechanisms to alleviate the adversities experienced. The major recommendation of this study is that drought-prone communities need to build gender-sensitive and gender-neutral coping mechanisms to withstand the adversities of drought.
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Versele, Vickà, F. Marijn Stok, Dirk Aerenhouts, Benedicte Deforche, Annick Bogaerts, Roland Devlieger, Peter Clarys, and Tom Deliens. "Determinants of changes in women’s and men’s eating behavior across the transition to parenthood: a focus group study." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 18, no. 1 (July 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01137-4.
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Abstract Background During the pregnancy and postpartum period, both women and men experience physiological and psychological changes, which may negatively impact their eating behavior. A clear understanding of determinants of changes in eating behavior during this period is needed to facilitate the development of targeted family-based interventions countering unfavorable dietary changes during this critical life period. Methods Thirteen focus group discussions targeting determinants of changes in eating behavior during pregnancy and postpartum were conducted, involving a total of 74 expecting and first-time parents. A semi-structured question guide was used to facilitate the discussions. An inductive thematic approach was used to derive main and sub-categories of determinants from the data. The Determinants of Nutrition and Eating (DONE)-framework was employed to systematically organize and label the categories and determinants. Results Two frameworks were developed; one for the pregnancy and one for the postpartum period, comprising determinants of changes in eating behavior in both women and men. Three main levels of determinants were identified: (1) the individual level, including psychological (e.g., ‘health consciousness’), situational (e.g., ‘effort and convenience’) and biological (e.g., ‘discomfort’); (2) the interpersonal level (e.g., ‘social influence’) and (3) the environmental level, including micro- and meso/macro (e.g., ‘home/environment food availability’). Determinants acting as barriers (e.g., ‘time constraints’) or facilitators (e.g., ‘being a role model’) were identified. Many determinants were mentioned during both (e.g., ‘food knowledge’) or just one investigated period (e.g., ‘physiological changes’ during pregnancy, ‘influence of the baby’ postpartum). Finally, some were described by both parents (e.g., ‘self-regulation’), whereas others were mentioned by women (e.g., ‘(perceived) food safety’) or men (e.g., ‘other priorities’) only. Conclusion The developed frameworks set the foundation for the development of future family-based interventions and may be used already by healthcare providers to provide dietary guidance and support for women and men transitioning into parenthood. A focus on the interplay of individual factors at the biological and psychological level together with situational difficulties during pregnancy is recommended. Postpartum, focus should go to support first-time parents to obtain balance of both maintaining one’s own health and taking care of the baby, on improving self-regulation skills, and on coping with related situational constraints.
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Lee, Hyanghee. "Stability and Change in Men’s Intimate Partner Violence and Substance Use in Early Adulthood." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, August 18, 2022, 088626052211080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08862605221108088.
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Despite substantial evidence of the role of substance use in intimate partner violence (IPV), little is known about the impact of substance use on stability and change in the experience of IPV as both a perpetrator and a victim. Using an ethnically diverse sample of 232 men in early adulthood (mean age = 29.1, SD = 0.91), this study defined typologies of IPV based on men’s reports of both perpetration and victimization; examined the potential impact of substance use, including alcohol and marijuana use, on IPV typologies over two measurement occasions; and quantified stability and change in these typologies over time. Patterns of IPV were characterized by three classes at each time point: no IPV, psychological aggression, and physical aggression. Men’s regular marijuana use was associated with physical aggression contemporaneously and prospectively. Partner’s problem alcohol use was associated with psychological aggression contemporaneously, suggesting that women’s problem alcohol use could be a risk factor for their own and their partner’s IPV perpetration. IPV appeared to remain somewhat stable over time with 67% of men remaining in the same IPV class. Among those who did transition from one typology to another, it was most often to a less severe IPV typology. Regular marijuana users were more likely to be in the physical aggression typology rather than the no IPV typology, with a higher probability of transitioning to a more severe IPV typology than nonusers. The present study has implications for prevention and intervention efforts by its ability to identify men who are at greatest risk for continued or increased violence and underscores that men’s marijuana use may exacerbate IPV.
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Storm, Palle. "I en annan situation?" Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift 25, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/svt.2018.25.3-4.2365.
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In a different situation? Experiences of being a man, born outside Europe working in nursing homesThe normative picture of a care worker as a white middle-aged woman is under transition; today more Swedish-born men and more immigrant women and men work in residential care. However, there is scarce knowledge regarding migrant men’s experience of care work, an occupation dominated by women where the requested characteristics challenge stereotypical assumptions about immigrant masculinities. In order to reduce this knowledge gap this study aims to explore the experiences of being a non-white man working in nursing homes. The study is based on qualitative interviews, and the data is analysed from a theoretical perspective that considers the body as a situation where lived experiences shape the individual’s scope of discretion. The findings focus on five themes: the way into the work, the questioned body, collegial relationships, relations with female and male residents, and the non-white body as vulnerable. The analysis indicates that both gender and skin colour are fundamental to understand the men’s situation, but these categories had different meaning depending on the situation. When the men helped female residents, they had to balance between respecting the women’s bodily integrity and convincing them to accept help. When they helped male residents, gender was considered as shared experience, which meant that they could understand the men differently than women workers. However, as several of the women rejected men as care workers, the men’s situation became conditional since too many men generated organizational dilemmas. The men also faced racism from residents, but although this evoke feelings of anger, they argued that racist comments were an integral part of their work, and therefore difficult to change. Another challenge was to defend their occupation to migrant men outside their work place who considered care work unsuitable for men in their situation.
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Bach, Anna Sofie. "Between Necessity and Delight - Negotiating Involved Fatherhood among Career Couples in Denmark." Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 1 (April 23, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v24i1.28513.
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Fathering practices are changing. Many fathers are no longer simply providers but are also active caregivers. While women’s entry into the labour market spurred a need for men to engage with the ‘second shift’, research has showed that men’s engagement with childcare does not necessarily imply an equal division of labour. By examining the construction of father’s identity in a context where traditional scripts for ‘doing family’ cannot (easily) be applied, this article discusses how necessity affects practices of involved fathering and the sharing of responsibilities. Based on qualitative interviews with 22 Danish men who are in relationships with so-called career women, the article argues that among this group of men, who in many ways appear as frontrunners of egalitarian family practices, fathers’ involvement is not only negotiated as a an emotional investment but also from a need to ‘make it work’. These fathers’ close relationships with their children and their parental independency is as much the result of the career orientation of the mothers as an expression of their having embraced the (Nordic) ideal of gender-neutral, symmetrical parenthood. Finally, in showing how intensive involvement and care-giving change men’s experience of fatherhood, the article contributes to the ongoing academic enquiry into what it means to be an involved father.
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Hsu, Chen-Hao. "Work and fertility in Taiwan: how do women’s and men’s career sequences associate with fertility outcomes?" Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795921x16379265590317.
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There has been much debate over the micro-level relationship between employment situations and fertility in Europe and Northern America. However, related research in East Asia is scant, although countries in this region have some of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Moreover, most studies analyse the employment–fertility relationship from a static perspective and only for women, which underemphasises life course dynamics and gender heterogeneity of employment careers and their fertility implications. Drawing on retrospective data from the 2017 Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), this study explores women’s and men’s career trajectories between ages 18 and 40 in Taiwan using sequence cluster analyses. It also examines how career variations associate with different timing and quantum of birth. Empirical results show that economically inactive women experience faster motherhood transitions and have more children by age 40 than women with stable full-time careers. For men, having an unstable career associates with slower fatherhood transitions and a lower number of children. For both genders, self-employed people are the earliest in parenthood transitions and have the highest number of children by midlife. Our findings demonstrate sharp gender contrasts in employment careers and their diversified fertility implications in low-fertility Taiwan.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Using sequence analysis, this study illustrates the gendered career pathways in Taiwan and their associations to various fertility timing and quantum.</li><br /><li>For women, having a stable employment career in full-time positions relates to a delayed motherhood transition and lower fertility.</li><br /><li>For men, having an unstable career associates with a later fatherhood transition, postponed parity progressions and lower fertility.</li><br /><li>For both genders, self-employed Taiwanese are the earliest in parenthood transitions and have the highest number of children by midlife.</li></ul>
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Olsson, Josefin, and Johanna Lauri. "Det befriande ansvarets paradox. En studie av jämställdhetsinitiativet #killmiddag." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 41, no. 3 (June 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v41i3.2578.
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Men’s responsibility is currently in focus in much of public debate on gender equality in Sweden and a number of initiatives display an ambition to include men in what has traditionally been regarded a women’s issue. One of these initiatives is called #killmiddag (#guytalk), a call out to men to get together and have intimate conversations in order to free themselves from destructive norms of masculinity. The empirical material consists of conversational guides and instructions for #killmiddag and select newspaper articles published between 2016 and 2018. Using a poststructuralist approach, and theories on therapeutic discourse, this article scrutinizes this initiative with the aim to explore what possibilities and restraints the initiative may give rise to in regards to feminist political change. The analysis explores contemporary ideals about intimacy and focuses on how problems and solutions are articulated discursively, and how a category like “gender equality” is filled with meaning. Furthermore, problems with using personal experience as a source of objective knowledge are highlighted, and the article shows that the use of emotions and intimacy, with their built-in epistemological fragility, may not be suitable when striving for political change.
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Ruane, Deirdre. "Weavers & Warriors? Gender and Online Identity in 1997 and 2007 V1.0." Transforming Cultures eJournal 2, no. 2 (January 21, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/tfc.v2i2.637.
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In 1997 the Internet was seen by many as a tool for radical reinterpretation of physicality and gender. Cybertheorists predicted we would leave our bodies behind and interact online as disembodied minds, and that the technology would reshape the way we saw ourselves. However, physicality has proved to be an inextricable part of all our interactions. Changing Internet technology has allowed Net users to find a myriad ways to perform and express their gender online.
In this paper I consider attitudes to gender on the Net in 1997, when the main concerns were the imbalance between men and women online and whether it was possible or desirable to bring the body into online interactions. In much of the discourse surrounding gender online, a simple binary was assumed to exist. I go on to consider the extent to which those attitudes have changed today. Through my own experience of setting up a women’s community on Livejournal, and my observations of a men’s community set up in response, I conclude that though traditional attitudes to gender have largely translated to the Net and the binary is still the default view, some shifts have occurred. For example, between 1997 and today there seems to have been a fundamental change in perceptions of women’s attitudes to adversarial debate, and an increase in awareness of genders beyond the binary.
In addition, experience and preliminary investigation lead me toward a hypothesis that today’s female-identified Net users are engaged in more conscious and active exploration and performance of their gender online than male-identified users are.