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Rassenfoss, Sarah E. "Managing women's role conflict : the effects of social change, attitude, and status /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859495579.
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Galvani, Sarah. "Women's perspectives : the role of alcohol in violence against women." Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8305.
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The primary objective of this research was to understand what role women thought alcohol played in their partners' violence to them, from the perspective of women who experienced violence from men partners. It aimed to: 1) question whether women blamed alcohol for their partners' violence, as anecdotal claims suggest, 2) establish whether the women made allowances for their partners' violence because of their partners' drinking, 3) determine the extent to which the women believed alcohol played a key role in such violence, 4) explore any differences in the women's beliefs about alcohol's role in violence when it was directed at others, and when it was directed at them, 5) develop theory, grounded in the women's views, that offers an explanation for alcohol's role in the violence they experienced. In order to meet these aims, in-depth, semi-structured, interviews were conducted with 20 women who suffered violence or abuse from their partners. Due to the subject of this research and the absence of women's views in research on this subject, a grounded theory approach was used, located within a feminist research framework. In addition, the women completed a supplementary checklist relating to their alcohol use and their violent and abusive experiences. The key findings include the women's beliefs that: 1) alcohol has an impact on behaviour, often seen in extremes of behaviour, 2) alcohol's role in violence depends on many factors, 3) alcohol is not responsible for their partners' violence and, 4) they would not forgive their partners more easily if they were violent after drinking. The quantitative data demonstrated a significant increase in physical violence after their partners had been drinking. The main conclusion of this study is that while the women accept that alcohol has disinhibiting effects, they do not blame alcohol for their partners' violence and abuse. They hold their partners responsible for their behaviour regardless of the alcohol consumed.
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Tariqi, Nadia. "The Role of Iranian Men in Women's Anti-Compulsory Hijab Movement." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98032.
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Abstract After the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, there were several changes in the status of women's rights. Some of these new changes disregarded the freedom of the people, regardless of gender, like freedom of expression, writing, religion, etc. But in some cases, they were only against the women's individual rights and freedoms. One of the obvious restrictions forced on the women is the obligatory Hijab. Compulsory Hijab has been recognized in Iranian law since 1983, and Iran is now the only country in the world where Hijab is compulsory for all women in all public places. The compulsory Hijab violates the women’s rights to choose what to wear. Although this restriction was imposed both by the rule of law and by the traditional part of the society, many women have opposed and fought it over the years. The remarkable point is that in the last few years, the women's struggle against forced Hijab has become more and more effective and more women are involved in this social movement. Iran traditionally used to be a man dominated country and still some degree of patriarchy exists in the society, especially in the religious parts. With this, it is important to position the Iranian men role in the Iranian women anti-compulsory Hijab movement framework and indicates that whether the men take a neutral, deterrent, or supportive position in this movement. To do so, first the relevant scientific theories, the social movement theory and the new social movement theory, are applied to characterize the Iranian women anti-compulsory Hijab movement. Then a set of semi-structured interviews with six men and seven women are arranged to extract the related data to explore better the men role in the considered movement. Then the considered theories are utilized to analyse the interview’s findings and connect them to the topic of the thesis. Finally, based on the data analysis, the related conclusions are drawn. The most important extracted conclusion is that it seems the Iranian men mainly took a progressive step and change their position from being deterrent to the neutral one with respect to the considered movement.
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Robinson, Natalie G. "Young Women's Sun-Protective Attitudes and Behaviours: The Role of Social Influence Factors." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16042/.
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Sun protective attitudes and intentions were investigated in 2 experiments and 1 field study. Participants in the first experiment were female Caucasian university students between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 102). A 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated message frame and the normative context and measured the level of identification with the ingroup (university students) to examine intentions to engage in sun protective behaviour within the next fortnight and within the next month. To manipulate levels of ingroup normative support, participants studied bar graphs and testimonial statements showing ostensible information on the percentage of recreational sportswomen engaging in sun-protective behaviours in comparison to non-sporting women. To manipulate the message frame, messages were presented in either a gain or loss frame format. Regression analyses revealed significant effects for prior attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight and also in the next month. Contrary to expectations, no interactive effects involving norms were found in the prediction of intentions. The lack of significant results were attributed to the unsuitability of the sample population (university students) in relation to sun-protective behaviours. To test third person perceptions, two measures of perceptions of influence were assessed. The first measure assessed perceptions of how much the target groups would be affected by the sun-protective advertisement and the second assessed perceptions of how much target groups would engage in regular sun-protective behaviour after reading the sun-protective advertisement. Results of the repeated measures mixed ANOVAS revealed reversed third person perceptions between self and other when participants were exposed to a supportive ingroup norms and a Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours vi classic third person effect when participants were exposed to a non-supportive ingroup norm. Similar patterns of results were found for perceptions between ingroup and outgroup members. It was concluded from study one that the manipulations due to ingroup norms may not have been effective for a sample of participants whose personal relevance for sun-protective behaviour was not strong. In study 2, sun protective attitudes, intentions and behaviour at a 2-week follow-up were investigated in an experimental study using a population more likely to engage in decision-making in relation to the target behaviour; Caucasian sportswomen between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 101). The 2 x 2 experimental design manipulated the normative context and image norms and measured the level of identification with ingroup (young recreational sportswomen). Ingroup norms were manipulated in a similar manner to study 1. Image norms were manipulated through the inclusion of a colour photograph featuring a sportswoman whose skin tone had been manipulated via a computer imaging program (Photoshop 6.0) to appear either pale or tanned. Regression analyses revealed a significant 2-way interaction for ingroup norm x identification on intentions. When decomposed, the interaction showed that participants who identified strongly with their ingroup had stronger intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight when exposed to a supportive ingroup norm. The findings lend support to the impact of social influence on intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviours. A trend was also revealed for the 2-way interaction for group norms x image norms on attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour in the next fortnight. The trend suggested that participants exposed to a pale image norm had more positive attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviour when exposed to a supportive group norm in comparison to those exposed to a non-supportive group norm. Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours vii Thus, study 2 provided support for the interactive effects of ingroup norms and identification on intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviours suggesting that group norms, conceptualised from a SIT/SCT perspective, may be important in the sun-protective decision-making process. Study 2 also provided some support for the interactive effects of ingroup norm and image norms on attitudes towards engaging in sun-protective behaviours, highlighting the importance of investigating the effects of social influence factors in young sportswomen's sun-protective decision making processes. In study 3, participants were Caucasian women between the ages of 17 and 35 years (N = 123) who were visitors to beaches on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. A model based on the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) was developed incorporating additional normative factors (i.e., image norms, group norms and personal norms). The revised TPB model was then compared to two models previously tested in the context of health behaviours. The first comparative model was based on Jackson and Aiken's (2000) psychosocial model of sunprotection and, the second model was based on Gibbons, Gerrard, Blanton and Russell's (1998) prototype/willingness model. The models were examined using the EQS structural equation modelling program which revealed that the TPB-based model provided the most parsimonious fit to the data. The results support the inclusion of different sources of social influence (i.e., group norms and personal norms) in a TPB-based predictive model for sun-protective intentions and behaviours. Results revealed it is important to consider the impact of group norms, from a SIT/SCT perspective, on young women's sun-protective decision-making processes. Results also showed that it is important to consider the impact of young women's personal norms (i.e., internal moral rules and expectations about their own Sun-protective attitudes and behaviours viii behaviour) in the sun-protective decision-making process. Overall, the findings of the program of research suggested that it was specific referent norms that were important in the sun-protective decision-making process rather than more broad and general societal norms. Overall, the program of studies established the important role of social influence factors in young women's sun-protective decision making processes. The program of studies highlighted important theoretical and practical contributions that can aid in the development and implementation of more effective sun-protection messages to motivate young women to engage in sun-protective behaviours. The current program of research adds to the field of research by providing a comparison of the impact of various sources of social influence on attitudes and intentions to engage in sun-protective behaviour. The current research also empirically elucidates the core dimensions, mechanisms and relationships underlying the formation of sunprotective attitudes, intentions and behaviours.
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Raman, Priya. "Achieving Positive Social Identity: Women's Coping Strategies In Response To Status Inequality In Television Portrayals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194411.
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This research investigated the influence of television viewing on the social identity management or coping strategies endorsed by women. Three studies (N = 536) tested predictions formulated under the aegis of cultivation theory and social identity theory. Cultivation theory suggests that exposure to low-status mediated portrayals of female characters may lead to the internalization of low status in female heavy television viewers, possibly resulting in a negative ingroup or social identity. According to social identity theory, members of low-status groups may cope with negative social identity by adopting any of three identity management strategies: individual mobility (disassociating oneself from the ingroup), social creativity (changing the dimension of comparison with a high-status group or changing the comparison group altogether), and social competition (actively pursuing legal and/or civil means in order to obtain a higher status for the ingroup). By integrating the identity management strategies as outcome variables in a cultivation-led framework, the main predictions of this research were that television viewing would be directly related to strategies of mobility and creativity and inversely related to social competition. A model of television viewing's indirect effects on identity management via its influences on the sociostructural constructs (permeability, stability, and legitimacy) was also tested in this research. Finally, this research examined other theoretically important variables that were predicted to impact television's cultivation effects. These were (i) gender role attitudes, (ii) perceived ingroup vitality, (iii) ingroup identification, (iv) perceived ingroup efficacy, and (v) perceived realism of television programming. The findings from these three studies indicate that television viewing has both direct and indirect influences on identity management in women. Specifically, television viewing was significantly and positively related to individual mobility and significantly and inversely related to attitudes of social competition. As television viewing was not related to any of the sociostructural variables, the preliminary model testing television viewing's indirect effects on identity management was not successful. However, a revised model incorporating perceived status of women, and perceived ingroup vitality, was more successful and consistently explained the data across the three studies. In non-traditional women, television viewing and gender role attitudes interacted to predict heightened mobility and creativity scores, and dampened attitudes of social competition. Similar but weaker effects were observed for more traditional women. Perceived ingroup vitality, ingroup identification, perceived ingroup efficacy, and perceived realism of television did not moderate the relationship between television viewing and identity management. The findings from the dissertation expand and add to the growing body of work integrating media effects and intergroup communication theories. Specifically, it extends the work focusing on media's influences on low-status group members' identity cognitions.
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Stephens, Michelle R. "Helping survivors of sexual assault| The role of general and event-specific empathy." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527418.
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One in four college aged women have been raped or sexually assaulted. The InterACT Sexual Assault Prevention Program offers promise as an effective intervention for rape prevention, intervention, and response training. Several bystander interventions, including InterACT, regard empathy as a crucial component of successful rape prevention efforts.
Theoretical foundations for the link between empathy and prosocial behavior are well established; however, the link between rape-specific empathy and rape-specific prosocial behavior has received less attention until recently. Experimental evaluations confirmed InterACT is successful in increasing general and rape-specific empathy among participants.
Limited research has identified emotional and cognitive components responsible for motivating rape helping behaviors. The current study is the first to empirically identify rape-specific empathy as a significant predictor of rape-specific helping behavior. Such evidence urges rape prevention programs to include rape-specific empathy exercises in intervention designs. Implications for continued research and programming are discussed.
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Kirton, Gill. "The social construction of women's trade union participation : the role of women-only courses in MSF and TGWU." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14160.
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Women have struggled for more than a century for equality within trade unions and various forms of separate organising have played a central role in achieving incremental gendered transformation of internal structures and hierarchies. Despite huge advances, the goal of gender equality or democracy has not been fully realised in 2003; hence women's separate organising remains an important strategic vehicle through which union women are able to access the necessary power resources to continue their struggle. This thesis provides an original, in-depth exploration of the impact and influence on union women of one form of separate organising, namely women-only courses, in two large, male-dominated trade unions. It contributes to the growing body of feminist industrial relations literature concerned with women's under-representation in union structures. The thesis establishes the link between a significant, but under-researched area of union activity - union education - with the debates surrounding gender democracy, by showing the enormous impact women-only courses have on participants, their gender and union identities and their union careers. With its primary focus on a group of union women, rather than on a union structure, the study also produces important methodological insights for industrial relations research. By taking a qualitative, multi-method, case study approach within a feminist paradigm, the thesis investigates the women's routes to participation and involvement, their perceptions and experiences of women-only courses and the unfolding of their union careers over time. In so doing it engages with contemporary debates surrounding women's lesser participation in the structures and processes of union democracy, the gendered barriers to union involvement, the role and utility of women's separate organising. Importantly, it also offers insights into the myriad ways in which women use their personal agency to surmount such barriers and navigate a union career.
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Bittan, Bilha. "The role of social cultural construction in the female physical education students in Israel : physical education 'Kahalaha'." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268424.
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Chatterjee, Jharna. "Impact of instrumentality-expressiveness and sex-role attitudes on women's expectations in traditional and non-traditional training." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/21107.
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Bick, Johanna Renee. "Women's and children's neuropeptide production following physical interactions the role of biological relatedness /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 42 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597633411&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Clements, Samantha Ruth. "Feminism, citizenship and social activity : the role and importance of local women's organisations, Nottingham 1918-1969." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10474/.
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This local study of single-sex organisations in Nottingham and Nottinghamshire is an attempt to redress some of the imbalanced coverage given to this area of history thus far. A chronological study, it examines the role, importance and, to some extent, impact of a wide range of women's organisations in the local context. Some were local branches of national organisations, others were specifically concerned with local issues. The local focus allows a challenge to be made to much current thought as to the strength of a "women's movement" in the years between the suffrage movement and the emergence of a more radical form of feminism in the 1970s. The strength of feminist issues and campaigning is studied in three periods -- the inter-war period, the Second World War and its immediate aftermath, and the 1950s and 1960s. The first two periods have previously been studied on a national level but, until recently, the post-Second World war era has been written off as overwhelmingly domestic and therefore unconstructive to the achievement of any feminist aims. This study suggests that, at a local level, this is not the case and that other conclusions reached about twentieth century feminism at a national level are not always applicable to the local context. The study also goes further than attempting to track interest in equality feminism in the mid years of the century by discussing the importance of citizenship campaigns and the social dimension of membership of women's organisations. The former has been introduced into the academic arena by Caitriona Beaumont and her ideas are assessed and expanded upon. As a result the thesis makes strong claims that citizenship activity was of vital importance to the empowerment of British women in the twentieth century. The importance of a single-sex social sphere in allowing women to develop as individuals, is also recognised in each of the three periods.
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Shochat, Sharon. "Oil and women's political participation : a sub-national assessment of the role of protests and NGOs in Nigeria." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1029/.
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The resource curse literature, which links natural resource abundance with negative political and economic outcomes, is largely based on large-N cross-national studies. This thesis examines the effects of oil production on women’s political participation at the sub-national level, comparing the 36 states in the Nigerian federation, of which some are oil-producing. Shedding new light on the negative effects of oil production at the local and community level, and exploring the gender-related dimensions of the resource curse, I argue that the effect of oil varies across different forms of political activity: while oil production may have a negative impact on women’s legislative participation, it can also have a positive impact on non-formal types of political participation, specifically protest and NGO activity. I further suggest that the underlying trigger for both of these effects is oil’s impact on women’s work, which is manifested differently at national and local levels. The analysis is based on a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative tools, including original datasets on oil production and legislative participation, women’s protests, and women-led NGOs across Nigeria’s states. The combination of evidence offers a wide-ranging repertoire of the impact of oil on women. Drawing on historical evidence and women’s testimonies, this thesis suggests that oil production has negatively affected women’s labour force participation in Nigeria, while women’s work in oil-producing states has been further diminished due to environmental degradation and regional militarisation. The extremely low levels of female legislative participation in Nigeria at both the national and state levels are linked with the negative impact of oil on women’s work. Analysing a dataset of press reports and a directory of Nigerian NGOs to compare oil and non-oil producing states in the Nigerian federation, this thesis finds strong evidence for the impact of oil on women’s non-formal political participation at the local level, in oil-producing states. Thus, evidence from Nigeria suggests that oil production may have a dual effect on women’s political participation – undermining formal participation while increasing non-formal participation,a finding that adds to our understanding of the resource curse, women’s political participation, and the link between the two.
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Peri-Rotem, Nitzan. "The role of religion in shaping women's family and employment patterns in Britian and France." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e0cedea1-973c-4395-9916-d47416672802.
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The current study examines the influence of religious affiliation and practice on family patterns and labour market activity for women in Western Europe, focusing on Britain and France. While both countries have experienced a sharp decline in institutionalized forms of religion over the past decades, differences in family and fertility behaviour on the basis of religiosity seem to persist. Although previous studies documented a positive correlation between religion and both intended and actual family size, there is still uncertainty about the different routes through which religion affects fertility, how structural factors are involved in this relationship and whether and how this relationship has changed along with the process of religious decline. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the interrelationships between religion, educational attainment, female labour force participation, union formation and fertility levels. The data come from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), which contains 18 waves from 1991 to 2008, and the French survey of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), which was initially conducted in 2005. By following trends in fertility differences by religious affiliation and practice across birth cohorts of women, it is found that religious differences in fertility are not only persistent across birth cohorts, there is also a growing divide between non-affiliated and religiously practicing women who maintain higher fertility levels. Religious differences in family formation patterns and completed fertility are also explored, taking into account the interaction between education and religiosity. It appears that the effect of education on fertility differs by level of religiosity, as higher education is less likely to lead to childlessness or to a smaller family size among more religious women. The findings on the relationships between family and work trajectories by level of religiosity also point to a reduced conflict between paid employment and childbearing among actively religious women, although these patterns vary by religious denomination and by country.
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Torriani, Alena. "Single women's experiences of partner seeking and the role of their appearance : an IPA study." Thesis, Regent's University London, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.719804.
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The number of single people is increasing in the Western world. Despite this and a trend towards individualisation, women are still stigmatised for being single. Quantitative studies have shown that physical appearance and romantic relationships are two interconnected areas by demonstrating that single women who seek a partner are more sensitive to their appearance. This can have adverse psychological implications, such as body image concerns or low self-esteem. How physical appearance is experienced in the context of partner seeking remains however understudied. To address this gap, this study explores qualitatively how women feel about themselves and their appearance when seeking a partner. Eight women, who had been single for at least one year, were interviewed. Data gathered from the semistructured interviews were transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), chosen due to its in-depth exploration of the participants’ experiences. Four master themes were identified: I) The intrusive Other: Experiencing a sense of restriction when seeking a partner; II) Self-rejection when seeking a partner; III) Appearance as a means of control when seeking a partner; and IV) Feeling overwhelmed: The emotional intensity of seeking a partner. The results revealed that women who seek a partner experience several tensions regarding their appearance, their singleness and their social interactions. They are left excessively outer-focused, which is self-silencing and disconnecting. The implication for clinical practice is that counselling psychologists should acknowledge public and private aspects of distress when working with women who seek a partner. It is advised to stay with different tensions and to explore their underlying anxiety phenomenologically instead of either glamourising or pathologising women’s experiences of partner seeking. Limitations are discussed, including that this study does not consider the experiences of women who wish to remain single, which can be addressed in future research.
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Mabunay, Ma Luisa. "Gender relations in women's lives : a study of fishing households in a central Philippine community." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29078.
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This study argues that women's gendered experiences record distinctive features of their subordinate yet resilient positions at home and in society. It portrays the work and lives of selected women in a changing peasant fishing community in the Philippines and suggests directions by which power relations implied in their personal, local, and global lives might be more fully grasped. Despite an underlying perception of 'separate spheres' reflected in such local notions of work as pangabuhi and pangita, the women pragmatically pursue 'public' and market-related roles and activities for the immediate 'private' requirements for their households' sustenance and reproduction. Nevertheless, they are less discerning, and thus, less active in negotiating their strategic interests as women. The recommendations underscore the socially constructed character of gender divisions so demystifying the myths that sustain them. Social development projects that assist but not exacerbate the burdens of rural women are also endorsed.
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Roomi, Muhammad. "The role of social capital and human capital in the growth of women-owned enterprises in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/20680ab9-6d29-4f43-90d2-a2788490b70a/1/.
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Research investigating women-owned businesses has developed considerably over the past two decades. There are, however, few British studies that have specifically focussed on growth oriented women-owned businesses. The current study aims to fill this gap. Its purpose is to explore the effect of social capital and human capital on the growth of women-owned enterprises in the UK. The research contributes to the knowledge of women's entrepreneurship as the first to study the moderating role of human capital in building and using social capital in the UK. It develops the theoretical premise that women entrepreneurs with higher human capital gain credibility and centrality in networks, accumulating social capital based on their importance for other network members and their business stakeholders. This mixed method study involves both collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data. Statistical analysis using SPSS was applied to analyse quantitative data collected through 517 on-line completed questionnaires from three different regions. The qualitative data collected through face to face interviews with 42 women entrepreneurs were also analysed and interpreted. The findings suggest that the social capital possessed by women entrepreneurs plays an important role in the growth of enterprises. Women entrepreneurs use different sources to build and use their social capital at different stages of growth and in different industry sectors such as manufacturing or services. Women entrepreneurs with higher human capital are more likely to identify opportunities, generate ideas and show creative thinking in introducing novel products, services, location, processes or systems, which makes their growth path exponential. There are implications of this study for women entrepreneurs to build and use their social and human capital for the growth of their enterprises. And there are also implications for politicians and business organisations, who must devise policies to develop opportunities for existing or potential women entrepreneurs for building their human based capital.
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Torkelsson, Åsa. "Trading out? : a study of farming women's and men's access to resources in rural Ethiopia /." Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8339.
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Branch, Kathryn A. "Exploring the role of social support in heterosexual women's use and receipt of non-lethal intimate partner violence." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001365.
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Stevens, Tia M. "The role of social support and continuing care as predictors of women's prison-based substance abuse treatment outcomes." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1156194174.
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Stevens, Tia. "THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND CONTINUING CARE AS PREDICTORS OF WOMEN'S PRISON-BASED SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT OUTCOMES." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1156194174.
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Mark, Faith. "“Women, you know that women they are very easy to deceive … ” : understandings of women's role in witchcraft-related violence among community groups and social workers in southern Nigeria and handling of such violence." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-6323.
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This study aims to explore how social workers and community groups in southern Nigeria understand and interpret women's roles in witchcraft related violence and the implications those views have on the handling of such violence. This topic is of relevance for social work since knowledge about this problem can increase the awareness of violence and its implications when meeting clients that are exposed to it. The study was conducted with an ethnographical approach using a combination of participant observations, semi structured and un-structured forms of interviews’ and seven focus group discussions. Four of the focus groups consisted of social workers who work with empowerment and advocacy for women and girls in Edo-state. The other three were made up of locals in a suburb of Benin City. In this study, I used Clifford Geertz (1973) interpretive anthropology as a comprehensive theory in analysing the results and the theoretical concepts from Mann Huyng Hurs (2006) theory on stages of Empowerment; an existing social disturbance, Conscientizing, Mobilizing, Maximizing and creating a new order. The results of this study show that understandings and interpretations of women’s role in witchcraft-related violence by the participating social workers and community members influences their views on what is to be considered violence and who are to be considered victims. Their views also influence their containment strategies and approaches on how to handle this violence.
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Hollist, Julie. "The Ideal Mormon Woman: An Analysis of Ensign Articles and Comparison to LDS Women's Perceptions of Gender Role Expectations." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/220.
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This study was conducted to identify what principles leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were teaching women about their gender roles and expectations from 2000 through 2007, and to investigate whether age, marital status, or media exposure correlated with women's perceptions of levels of importance of those concepts to both their leaders and to themselves personally. This study used deductive and inductive framing analyses to examine visiting teaching messages and General Conference Relief Society talks published in the Ensign, the official magazine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The study built on those results to create a survey conducted with LDS women living in Cache Valley, Utah, in 2008. Survey results provided insight into levels of importance LDS women living in Cache Valley assigned to doctrinal and cultural concepts surrounding the "ideal Mormon woman." The doctrine reflected an overwhelming emphasis on both inner spiritual characteristics and religiously motivated actions. Lack of correlation between exposure to either visiting teaching messages or General Conference talks and what the women said Church leaders thought was important indicated some disconnect between what was being taught and what the LDS women reported. Although leaders' priorities were revealed by the frequency with which they taught individual components of the doctrine, the women did not recognize those priorities. Instead, they perceived that nearly everything was very important or important to their leaders. The women also indicated that although religiously motivated actions were very important, inner spiritual characteristics were even more important to them personally. Although the women reported inner spiritual characteristics as more important, they were also taking on responsibilities for those behaviors that may be more visible and easily compared to others. Exposure to General Conference talks correlated highly with how important survey items were to the women personally, which may indicate a channel of communication that is working for Church leaders. Statistically significant correlations in women's perceptions about what their leaders think and what they think personally were also found according to age and marital status, but there are not consistent trends that can be easily summarized.
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Hughes-Jones, Megan. "Women's recovery in the eating disorders : exploring the role of perceived mutuality in close relationships and social support satisfaction." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7145.
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Despite significant research attesting to the importance of interpersonal relationships and social support to recovery from an eating disorder, little is known about the relational qualities associated with support satisfaction. Furthermore, the extent to which interpersonal relationships and support satisfaction are associated with recovery, specifically, eating disorder symptom severity and readiness to make changes, remains unanswered in the literature.
Relational/Cultural Theory (RCT) emphasizes the importance of relationships to women’s well-being and mental health. RCT posits that chronic disconnection in one’s relationships may result in mental distress, including the development of an eating disorder. Consistent with this perspective on the etiology of an eating disorder, RCT suggests that recovery from an eating disorder may occur within the context of mutual relationships.
The current study employed RCT as a framework to explore associations among perceived mutuality in a close relationship, social support satisfaction, eating disorder and psychiatric symptomatology, and readiness for change in a clinical sample (N = 31) of adult women (> 18 years) struggling with an eating disorder. The study analyzed cross-sectional data collected from the St. Paul’s Hospital Eating Disorders Program, in Vancouver, BC, Canada. As per RCT, it was hypothesized that perceived mutuality in a close relationship and social support satisfaction would be significantly related, and that these two psychosocial variables would be associated with lower eating disorder symptoms and higher readiness for change. Correlational analyses were employed to address the study’s research question. Results did not support any of the predicted relationships. Due to the unexpected primary findings, several exploratory post-hoc analyses were conducted. These follow-up analyses extended the study’s investigation of perceived mutuality, social support satisfaction, and eating disorder and psychiatric symptomatology. Results suggest that certain elements of mutuality in a close relationship may be particularly important to support satisfaction. Furthermore, results offered some support for a relationship between perceived mutuality and attitudinal dimensions characteristic of the eating disorders. Overall, however, study findings were inconsistent with hypotheses based on RCT, and thus, question its application as a model within which to understand recovery from an eating disorder for adult women in a clinical context.
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Dixey, R. "An exploratory analysis of young women's experience of photo sharing on social media and its role in body image." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/20105/.
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Feminists have long maintained that women’s bodies are socially constructed as objects to be looked at, often through a male gaze of desire. In turn, it is theorised that women internalise this perspective, viewing themselves as objects, rather than evaluating their worth according to their personal traits. Research has demonstrated that this can have a range of negative consequences for women. The advent of mass media provided ample space to perpetuate this objectification of women, in advertising, television, magazines and music videos. The subsequent development of social networking sites (SNSs) has created a space in which women’s bodies are displayed and depicted even more routinely than before. Adding a new dynamic to traditional media platforms, SNSs also provide a platform from which girls and women are able to turn the camera on themselves, sharing photos to both peers and unknown viewers. Literature demonstrates that this process can result in negative experiences. At the same time championing the female body through SNSs might be experienced as empowering. The aim of this research was to gain an insight into the ways in which young women construct their experience of both viewing and sharing photos on SNSs, and its potential role in body image. Nine young women were recruited as participants to take part in this study, aged between 18 and 20 years old. They all took part in individual, semi-structured interviews, which were later transcribed and analysed according to the process of thematic analysis. I positioned myself within a feminist, constructionist epistemological paradigm. Three themes were generated from the analysed data: objectifying other women, which explores the way in which participants were caught in a cycle of objectifying other women through their own use of SNSs; creating the online self, which explores the variations in how and why participants constructed versions of themselves to post online; the question of feminism, which considers the feminist – or lack thereof – discourses around posting certain types of photos on SNSs. The ways in which the young women in this study constructed their experiences of online photo sharing were rich, complex and varied. Several highlighted inherent negative consequences, from low self-esteem to a desire to restrict food intake because of the oft perpetuated thin ideal on SNSs. Others formulated positive experiences, in which SNSs act as a vehicle for their empowerment and autonomy, challenging patriarchal norms. In terms of cultural competency, it's important that counselling psychologists have an awareness of the role of SNS in the lives of most young women today, and the ways in which this relates to their view of themselves and their bodies.
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Thorgren, Andrea, and Niavarani Mona Ghasemi. "When darkness falls: Women's safety in refugee camps : A systematic literature review on the role of energy solutions for women." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45637.
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Since the end of the 1990s, the number of forcibly displaced people has increased from 33 million to 80 million at the end of 2019. The living conditions within the refugee camps have progressed beyond emergency assistance, with the main objective being to provide short-term protection in refugee camps designed for short-term stays. However, the average time spent in a refugee camp is 20 years, and refugees often lack food security and power supply to meet basic needs such as cooking or lighting. Refugee settlements are stressful and unstable environments, especially for women and girls, who are vulnerable to various sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) forms. A systematic literature review of eight peer-reviewed articles and seven semi-structured interviews are used in this study to assess the effectiveness of humanitarian energy initiatives in reducing SGBV against women in refugee camps. In this thesis, a feminist lens is used to shed more light and unlock place-based challenges to sustainable energy solutions. Our study's findings indicate that establishing a link between sexual and gender-based violence and energy is difficult, and we cannot rule out the possibility of an existing link. We assert, however, that the most effective approach to reducing SGBV among refugee women is not through energy interventions but through a combination of mixed long-term solutions that address the root causes of violence.
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Amato, Sarah. "Non-formal education, voluntary agencies and the role of the women's movement in educational development in India." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66255.
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Muhanna, Aitemad. "Gender relations and women's agency during the second intifada in Gaza." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678677.
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Ghayournejadian, Fatemeh. "The role of dress in women's transition from Iranians to Iranian-Americans: a socio-psychological analysis." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13696.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design
Kim Hiller Connell
Acculturation can be a difficult process for many immigrants, and because there is a large number of Iranian immigrants living in the United States (over one million), the focus of this study is to understand how women cope with moving from a country with conservative standards to a more liberal country and the role dress plays in their acculturation process. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to: 1) explore Iranian dress standards and the effect these standards have on Iranian-American women’s lives; 2) gain understanding of the role of dress in women’s transition from Iranians to Iranian-Americans; 3) apply Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs motivational model to the women's acculturation process; and 4) compare two distinct generations of women—women born before the 1979 Islamic Revolution and women born after the Revolution. This study utilized a qualitative approach and collected data through semi-structured interviews with 11 women. The women did not express any traumatic psychological effects caused by the conservative dress standards in Iran. The main impact of the dress standards was the physical discomfort caused by wearing the hijab in hot weather. Dress played a significant role in the women's transitions process. More freedom in dress in the United States has allowed the women to express themselves much more than when they lived in Iran, leading to higher self-esteem and confidence levels. The women expressed a desire to sustain their Iranian heritage, and both generations shared similar perceptions of American dress standards prior to immigrating to the United States. Differences included higher consumption levels by the younger generation and their higher knowledge about the fashion industry and trends. The findings can be useful for Iranian women as they transition to an Iranian-American lifestyle. Additionally, it can also be beneficial to women from other countries who share similar experiences. Furthermore, the results may assist in aiding different organizations which help Iranian women integrate into the U.S. culture. Finally, retailers with target markets similar to the women of this study can use the findings to better understand the habits, needs, motives, and overall consumer behaviors of their clientele.
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Priest, Sarah. "The role of bridging and linking social capital in the development of the Northern Ireland women's movement after the 1998 Peace Agreement." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687339.
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This thesis uses a feminist social capital approach to explore how the women’s movement has sought to position itself in a post-Good Friday/Belfast Agreement Northern Ireland in order to influence policy. Scholars have charted the development of a coherent women’s movement during the Troubles; this thesis frames this development and their ability to establish bridging ties in a conflict and post-conflict State using a social capital analysis. It builds on existing scholarship about the development and structure of the Women’s Coalition to argue that this was an attempt to replicate bridging ties at the level of elected politics in order to gender democracy and advance equality. Following the NIWC’s electoral failure, this study identifies and evaluates the women’s movement’s strategic re-direction to effect greater gender equality through policy influence, based upon the development of strong bridging social capital founded upon cross-movement coalitions in the context of a gender neutral State narrative and understanding of equality primarily framed in sectarian terms. The thesis argues that the women’s movement works to establish linking social capital as a means of accessing policy-makers and asserting influence at the Northern Ireland, Westminster, European and UN levels to advance their agenda. This analysis is augmented by the role of leadership agency in ‘activating’ bridging and linking ties; a core group of leaders are at the heart of elaborating and advancing the movement’s strategic engagement with policy-making through a flexible, networked structure. This thesis demonstrates the value in applying a feminist social capital approach to an analysis of women’s movement efforts to work collectively to influence and gender policy-making. The role of movement leaders is crucial in converting social capital into strategic action for social change, but can create fragility by rendering the movement highly dependent on key individuals and hindering its ability to sustain policy-making influence.
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Oramas, Laura A. "The Influence of Parental Aggression and Cultural Gender Role Beliefs on Hispanic College Women's Experiences with Psychological Aggression." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2210.
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Psychological aggression is present in as many as 89-97% of college women’s intimate relationships (Cercone, Beach, & Arias, 2005; Riggs & O’Leary, 1996). Victimization has been linked to negative physical and mental health consequences including depression, anxiety, and chronic pain (Coker, Smith, Bethea, King, & McKeown, 2000; Derrick, Testa, & Leonard, 2014; Pico-Alfonso et al., 2006). Psychological aggression also serves as a risk factor for future or continued physical intimate partner violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014), which can result in bruises, broken bones, or in extreme cases, even death. Parental modeling of appropriate relationship behaviors may be an important factor in young adult women’s learning how to behave in their own intimate relationships. Studies have produced mixed results when assessing the role of engendered cultural influences on this phenomenon, with many reporting that women holding traditional gender role beliefs are at an increased risk for experiencing relationship aggression (Brownridge, 2002; CDC, 2014; Eaton & Matamala, 2014; Fitzpatrick, Salgado, Suvak, King, & King, 2004). The current dissertation seeks to investigate the roles of traditional, culturally informed gender role beliefs in the intergenerational modeling of psychological aggression in Hispanic college women’s intimate relationships. A total of 687 students from a large Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) in the southeastern United States participated in this study. The results of Study 1 showed that parental use of psychological aggression and participants’ beliefs consistent with caballerismo influenced Hispanic college women’s victimization in their intimate relationships. The results of Study 2 indicated that parental use of psychological aggression, participants’ beliefs consistent with marianismo, and participants’ beliefs sanctioning their own use of psychological aggression toward their boyfriends significantly influenced Hispanic college women’s perpetration of this type of aggression in their intimate relationships. The findings from this dissertation are important as few studies have examined intimate partner violence or conflict strategies in Hispanic college populations, despite the fact that they constitute the largest group of ethnic minority women on campuses today (Fry, 2011). Further, they contribute to our ability to effectively critique traditional gender beliefs used to examine Hispanic women’s behavioral and psychological outcomes.
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Martin, Chloe M. "The Impact of Social Environment on Fear of Recurrence in African-American Breast Cancer Survivors| The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence." Thesis, Howard University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10928122.
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Background: Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment are traumatic experiences that leave an enduring sense of fear and worry about recurrence for most survivors. African-American breast cancer survivors experience moderate levels of fear of recurrence- a cancer-related maladaptive psychological outcome that involves worrying about cancer returning. Based on the social-cognitive processing theory, breast cancer survivors experience psychological distress when they have attempted to process the trauma of cancer within an environment that is not supportive. A previous study has found that breast cancer survivors with poor social environments (low social support and high social constraints) experience greater psychological distress and that emotional intelligence serves as a moderator in that relationship. No study to date has examined the impact of social environment on fear of recurrence and the usefulness of emotional intelligence as a moderator in African-American breast cancer survivors.
Purpose: This study sought to examine the relationships between social environment (social support and social constraints) and fear of recurrence and to examine emotional intelligence as a moderator in the relationships between the social environment and fear of recurrence in African-American breast cancer survivors.
Method: A community sample of 64 African-American breast cancer survivors completed a questionnaire assessing demographic and clinical variables, social support, social constraints, emotional intelligence, and fear of recurrence. The relationships between the social environmental variables (social support and social constraints) and fear of recurrence were examined using Pearson's r Partial Correlations. Using the PROCESS Macro for SPSS, moderation analyses were conducted to test emotional intelligence as a moderator in the relationships between the social environmental variables and fear of recurrence dimensions.
Results: Fear of recurrence was experienced by 60.9% of the sample. Contrary to expectations, increased social support was positively associated with increased fears of recurrence in the form of Role Worries, Health Worries, Womanhood Worries, and Death Worries (p<.05) indicating that participants with more social support tended to experience more fears of recurrence. As expected, increased social constraint was positively associated with increased fear of recurrence on all five dimensions ( p<.05) indicating that participants with more social constraints experienced more fears of recurrence. Also, emotional intelligence moderated the relationship between social support and death-related fears of recurrence, indicating that the positive relationship between social support and death related fears of recurrence no longer occurred at high levels of emotional intelligence.
Conclusion: The present study generated results that highlight the need to further explore the relationship between social environment, fear of recurrence, and emotional intelligence in African-American breast cancer survivors.
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Barker, Morgan. "Coercive and Deceptive Predictors of Sexual Risk: The Moderating Role of Self-esteem." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/494.
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Risky sexual practices can lead to concerning public health issues, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy. Coercive or deceptive behaviors by one’s partner to engage in risky practices may be one factor contributing to sexual risk. This study examined experiences of sexual risk coercion and deception, including partner sexual infidelity, coerced condom nonuse, and fear of negative partner reaction to condom request, as predictors of engagement in sexual risk behaviors, including condom use, safer sex communication, and lifetime number of sexual partners. Self-esteem was examined as a moderator. College students (N = 216) were recruited through the ETSU Sona System to complete self-report surveys via the REDCap survey platform. Using SPSS, linear regression analyses and PROCESS moderation analyses were performed. In analyses of covariance, gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation made no significant contributions to the models. Partner sexual infidelity significantly predicted lifetime number of sexual partners (F(1, 210) = 11.042, p = .001, β = 3.088, SE = .929), R2 = .050. Self-esteem was found to be a significant moderator of this relationship (F(1, 197) = 8.759, p = .0035). Fear of negative partner reaction to condom request significantly predicted lifetime number of sexual partners (F(1, 213) = 4.930, p = .027, β = 2.609, SE = 1.175), R2 = .023. Future research should continue to examine the psychosocial determinants of sexual behaviors, as increased understanding will inform more effective sexual risk intervention to reduce HIV, other STIs, and unplanned pregnancy among college populations.
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Tijani, Ishaq. "Male domination, female revolt : race, class, and gender in Kuwaiti women's fiction /." Leiden : Brill, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9789004167797.
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Amarin, Nancy Lillian, and Norina Reis. "A correlation analysis of parental expectations, mentoring, and gender socialization on women's self-efficacy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2389.
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This study investigated social influences believed to have an impact on the development of women's self-efficacy. The independent variables examined included parental expectations, gender role socialization, and mentoring. A questionnaire with both ordinal and nominal questions was administered to 196 female undergraduates attending California State University, San Bernardino and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. The sample was predominantly Caucasian (35,2 percent) and Hispanic (33.7 percent), with a median age of 20. Participants answered 57 questions, consisting of demographic questions, measures of self-efficacy and three independent variables. Pearson r analysis found positive significant correlations between self-efficacy and all three variables. The implications for social work and recommendations for social work policy, practice, and research are discussed.
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Utley, Jo Ann. "Sex Role Orientation and Self-Esteem of Female Varsity Athletes, Recreational Athletes and Nonathletes." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1829.
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The relationship between athletic participation, sex role orientation and self-esteem has received little attention from researchers and the relationship of these variables among females has not received as much attention as it has among males. It has been theorized that participation in sports, particularly team sports, may effect an increase in self-esteem due to increased positive body image and tend to “masculinize” women and/or attract females who possess or value more masculine traits and behaviors.
To address these issues, a comparison of sex role orientation and level of self-esteem was made with female varsity athletes, recreational athletes and nonathletes at Western Kentucky University. The instruments utilized in the study were the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and an activity instrument on which the women indicated activities in which they had participated since and including the ninth grade. The activity instrument also asked for certain demographic information. The three groups of women were matched according to age, socioeconomic status and marital status.
Significant differences were found between the three groups on sex role orientation. There was a much larger proportion of varsity athletes classified as androgynous when compared to the recreational athletes and nonathletes. In addition, a larger proportion of nonathletes was classified as feminine, and fewer were classified as masculine when compared to the varsity and recreational athletes. Indicated was a trend for an increasing number of females to be classified as androgynous and masculine as athletic participation increased.
No significant differences were found between the groups with regard to level of self-esteem. Possible explanations for the finding are explored.
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Larson, Alyssa Snow. "Addressing Mormon Female Communities: Working towards a Woman's Capacity." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4865.
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This thesis project explores the discourse in Mormon culture addressing Mormon female communities. The discussion is sociological rather than theological and examines the functional characteristics of discourse found in the tradition regarding women. It sets out to review a paradox in the discourse addressing Mormon women that has been documented over time. I examine how this paradox in Mormon discourse establishes and limits women's roles; to do so, I use personal examples and the experience provided by thirteen women whom I interviewed.The thesis is divided into three main discussions: Community, Discursive Action and Cooperation. My methodology involves a theoretical discussion of discourse and community and observes how discourse helps to create and shape identities with respect to that community. I then use the theoretical discussion to illuminate poignant moments of social texture through collected interviews. My method of ethnography involved tape-recorded interviews with thirteen women. The thesis reviews the women's discourse as representative samples that demonstrate how the paradox has created resistance and sometimes confusion in their own lives. I then make suggestions for addressing particular discursive practices with an eye toward fostering respect and appreciation for and among Mormon women.
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Rozo-Marsh, Roxanne. "Comandantas and Caracoles: The Role of Women in the Life and Legacy of the Zapatista Movement." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1235.
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This thesis delves into the role of women in the Zapatista movement and how that role has changed over time in the private, public and political spheres. It also draws parallels between the struggle for female liberation within Zapatismo and the struggles of working-class, women of color movements in the United States. Chapters are focused on topics including women's involvement in the San Andrés Accords, the Women's Revolutionary Law, the Other Campaign and Marichuy's electoral campaign as well as personal observations from time spent in Oventik, a Zapatista caracol. As complement to the text, the thesis includes a visual zine.
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COSTA, Ana Paula Guedes do Nascimento. "Representação feminina nos espaços de poder: relações de gênero no parlamento paraibano." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1234.
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CNPq
A determinação de papéis sociais diferenciados e rígidos nos quais as mulheres foram subjugadas à esfera privada do lar, do cuidado, da reprodução e abnegação, e os homens foram privilegiados com a ocupação do espaço público, do conhecimento, das discussões e, consequentemente da política, acabou por muito tempo impedindo a presença delas nesse meio. Hoje, ainda que de maneira lenta e gradual, esta realidade vem sendo modificada e as mulheres têm reivindicado sua presença nos espaços do poder. No entanto, é fato também, que o número delas nesse meio é extremamente baixo: na Câmara Federal, elas são apenas cerca de 10% da representação. Desse modo, a Assembleia Legislativa da Paraíba que é estruturada em 36 cadeiras, tem hoje uma representação feminina composta por apenas três nomes: Camila Toscano, Daniella Ribeiro e Estela Bezerra. Assim, é nosso objetivo nessa dissertação, entender como essas mulheres se inseriram na política, quais as vias de acesso por elas utilizadas: os nomes de família (grupos oligárquicos) ou a participação em movimentos sociais, e desse modo, analisar a construção de seus mandatos e de suas proposituras, considerando se elas têm como base sua condição de gênero ou não. A maneira pela qual essas parlamentares entendem e vivenciam o ambiente da política e como compreendem o papel da mulher nesse meio, foram fundamentais para a construção dos argumentos aqui expostos. A categoria de gênero e a compreensão da delimitação de papéis sociais distintos para homens e para mulheres, foram basilares nesse processo. A análise de suas agendas políticas, o acompanhamento de sessões parlamentares que contaram com sua presença, bem como a realização de entrevistas com as três deputadas e o percurso feito pelas mulheres ao longo da história social e política do país, encerram os meios utilizados para estruturar tais argumentações.
The determination of differentiated and rigid social roles in which women were subjugated to the private sphere of the home, care, reproduction and self-denial, and men were privileged with the occupation of public space, knowledge, discussions and consequently, politics, ended up, for a long time, preventing their presence in this environment. Nowadays, although slowly and gradually, this reality has been modified and women have claimed their presence in power positions. However, it is also a fact that their numbers are extremely low: in the Federal Chamber, they are only about 10% of representation. Thus, the Legislative Assembly of Paraíba, which is structured in 36 seats, now has a female representation composed of only 3 names, Camila Toscano, Daniella Ribeiro and Estela Bezerra. Therefore, it was our goal, through this research, to understand how these women were inserted in politics, what access routes they used: family names (oligarchic groups) or participation in social movements, and thereby, to analyze the construction of their political mandates and their candidacy, considering whether these are based on their gender condition or not. The way in which these parliamentarians understand and experience the political surroundings and how they understand the role of women in this environment were fundamental to the construction of the arguments presented here. The gender category and the understanding of the delimitation of distinct social roles for men and for women were fundamental in this process. The analysis of their political appointments, the follow-up of their parliamentary sessions, as well as interviews with the three women deputies, the course taken by women throughout the social and political history of the country, contain the means used to structure such arguments.
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Hayes, Liane. "Choices for childbirth : the role of psychological and social factors in the nature and extent of women's decisions for labour and delivery and their influence on post-natal outcomes." Thesis, University of Chester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/600470.
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Research into birth plans has considered women’s experiences of their usefulness as an aid to communicating preferences for childbirth. It has also evaluated implications for post-natal well-being based on the realisation of expressed preferences in labour and delivery. The current study aimed to identify the psychosocial profile of birth planners and to explore the outcomes for these women as compared with non-planners post-natally. It also compared the psychological constructs measured in the sample with a non-pregnant population to see differences between pregnant, post-natal and non-pregnant women on these dimensions. A sample of 140 women who had not been pregnant in the past year completed a questionnaire measuring: Age, occupational group; ethnic group; general health status, health knowledge, attitudes towards doctors and medicines; locus of control; coping style; perceived social support; and beliefs about pain control. A questionnaire was also given to 120 women in four antenatal clinics across a primary care trust in the North West of England. This questionnaire produced data on all of the variables in the comparison questionnaire, plus: Parity; antenatal education; birth plan use; medical conditions; information seeking; and childbirth self-efficacy. Women also described in text their preferences for birth. At least four weeks after delivery these women completed a further questionnaire consisting of the seven measures used in both the previous two questionnaires, plus: experience of birth; usefulness of birth plan; and post-natal depression. They also described in text their experience of birth. Results showed that birth planners were younger and had lower levels of internal health control than non-birth planners. Birth planners tended to use problem focussed coping styles, perceived less support from their significant other and perceived doctors as more powerful in pain control than non-birth planners. More positive psychological post-natal outcomes were experienced by women who valued their birth plans if they had one but overall birth planners experienced more negative psychological post-natal outcomes than non-birth planners. The non-pregnant sample was comparable in demographic terms to the pregnant sample but differed in most subscales across all measures to the pregnant sample pre-natally and to a lesser extent post-natally. The factors implicated in birth planning and psychological post-natal outcomes are discussed both in terms of the literature and possible implications for the training and practice of midwives.
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Abrams, Widdicombe Aimee Samantha. "The Impact of State-Provided Paid Family Leave on Wages: Examining the Role of Gender." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/883.
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The U.S. is the only OECD country that does not offer any form of federal paid parental leave. Only three states—California, New Jersey and Rhode Island—have state-provided paid leave policies; implemented in 2004, 2009 and 2014, respectively. Through descriptive statistics and difference-in-difference-in-difference regression analyses of the wages of women and men of childbearing age (19-45 years) in those three states, we assess whether the paid leave programs have effected wages, and whether these effects vary depending on gender. Our results show that wages of women of childbearing age saw negligible net effects post-policy in policy states, although statistically insignificant. On the other hand, the wages of men of childbearing age saw improvements post-policy implementation in policy states, compared to wages in non-policy states. Although the policies do not necessarily widen the gender wage gap, they do not work to help close it, due to flaws in the policies. To be more effective in reducing gender wage gaps, these policies need to increase the amount of paid support, and implement job protection rights in order to decrease the opportunity costs of men taking leave. If more men are able to take paid leave, then potentially parts of the gender wage gap that are due to employers viewing women as less attached to the workforce can decrease. Through this research we came to important conclusions that highlight the ways in which support of working parents in the US is lacking, and offered recommendations to create more equitable and effective policies.
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Dini, Samira. "Women's Empowerment a Determinant for Contraceptive use among women in Ethiopia : A secondary analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey from 2016." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-421621.
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Ethiopia has one of the largest populations in the world, an estimate of 114 million inhabitants. With more than 40% of the population below the age of 15 the country has to make further progress in meeting its family planning needs. The fertility rate has slowly declined, but the population continues to grow. Efforts to reduce gender disparities and empower women have fallen short in many parts of the world. Evidence suggesting a link between women’s empowerment, health outcomes and health care service utilization. A secondary analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was conducted. The aim of this study was to determine the association between women’s empowerment, sociodemographic and reproductive factors and contraceptive use among married women and women living with partner aged 15-49 in Ethiopia. Logistic regression, bivariate, and descriptive analysis was conducted. Decision-making role in regard to husband’s money was a strong predictor for contraceptive use. Women who alone or jointly made decision were more likely to use contraceptives. The state of wealth of women was a significant determinant for contraceptive use. Those with lower education were more likely to use contraceptives compared to those with higher education. Women who did not intend to have more children were more likely to use contraceptives. This study showed that contraceptive use is associated with women’s economic decision-making age, and several sociodemographic and reproductive factors. Improving women’s empowerment, through decision making power can improve contraceptive use and therefore achieve better maternal health.
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Hansson, Alice. "“Our Bodies Are Territories Of Battle” - Experiences of Power and Resistance and the Role of The Body in The Struggle for Legalization of Abortion in Argentina." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21976.
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The denial of the access to abortion has been addressed as a human rights issue. This thesis is based on a MFS- study with the aim to investigate women’s experiences of power and resistance in the movement for legalization of abortion in Argentina. The material for this thesis has been gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews with Argentinian women advocating for the right to abortion. Embodiment theory, Butler’s performative theory on assembly and theories on resistance are used in order to elicit the body’s role in the experiences of power and resistance. It is concluded that the body is not only seen as an object of submission but also understood as a tool for resistance. Power is understood as exercised over women’s bodies. However, when developing collective consciousness on patriarchal norms and structures, women gain power and are able to decide over their own bodies.
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Tabaac, Ariella R. "Gender and sexual health: Applying gender role theory to men and women’s intention to engage in sexual health information seeking behaviors." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4119.
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The purpose of the present study is to examine the pathways between gender and behavioral intention to engage in sexual HISB through application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). It was found that feminine and masculine gender role stress differentially influence perceived behavioral control and behavioral attitudes, and that intention to engage in HISB was higher among women than men. Attitudes and PBC significantly predicted behavioral intention in this model. Further, women in the sample were more likely to search for sexual health information, with online sources being the most frequently reported resource. Additionally, past HISB was a significant predictor of sexual health literacy, eHealth literacy, and sexual health knowledge. These findings indicate that gender role stress may play a role in the maintenance of attitudes and perceived behavioral control about sexual health information seeking behaviors, and that HISB in general is higher among women.
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Jangara, Juliana. "“Beautiful powerful you” : an analysis of the subject positions offered to women readers of Destiny magazine." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013395.
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Women's magazines are popular cultural forms which offer readers representations intended to advise women on how to work towards and achieve idealised femininities. They perform such a function within the wider socio-historical context of gender relations. In a country such as South Africa, where patriarchal gender relations have historically been structured to favour men over women and masculinity over femininity, the representation of femininity in contemporary women's magazines may serve to reinforce or challenge these existent unequal gender relations. Informed by a feminist poststructuralist understanding of the gendered positioning of subjects through discourse, this study is a textual analysis that investigates the subject positions or possible identities offered to readers of Destiny, a South African business and lifestyle women's magazine. Black women, who make up the majority of Destiny's readership, have historically been excluded from the formal economy. In light of such a background, Destiny offers black women readers, through its representations of well-known business women, possible identities to take up within the white male dominated field of business practice. The magazine also offers 'lifestyle content', which suggests to readers possible ways of being in other areas of social life. Through a method of critical discourse analysis, this study critically analyses the subject positions offered to readers of Destiny, in order to determine to what extent the magazine's representations of business women endorse or confront unequal gender relations. The findings of this study are that Destiny offers women complex subject positions which simultaneously challenge and reassert patriarchy. While offering readers positions from which to challenge race based gender discrimination – a legacy of the apartheid past – the texts analysed tend to neglect non-racially motivated gender prejudice. It is concluded that although not comprehensively challenging unequal gender relations, the magazine whittles away some tenets of patriarchy.
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Dawson, Pangela H. "BEHIND THE MIRRORS: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN COSMETOLOGISTS AND SALONS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ADVOCACY AND EDUCATION." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epe_etds/17.
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African American beauty salons across the country have historically served as settings for social interaction, political activism, and community organizing in the African American community. These settings often offer opportunities for intimacy between cosmetologists and their clients. Research findings suggest that the unique bonds between women in salons can be a viable option when providing health intervention and education to large numbers of women. Data indicates that salon campaigns and promotions which focused on health issues such as stroke and diabetes education, breast and cervical cancer awareness, healthy living, and smoking cessation, have been efficacious in changing unhealthy habits or increasing knowledge. There are a plethora of social and health issues that could also benefit from this culturally sensitive platform. In particular, abused African American women face multiple barriers when accessing services offered by legal, medical, and social services. These barriers can impact the help seeking behaviors of victims/survivors. Developing strategic interventions that address the ways in which these women seek help as well as increasing access to services is essential.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how African American cosmetologists and salons might be used in domestic violence advocacy and education. Theories framing this research included intersectionality and the social ecological framework (SEF). The interrelatedness of intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and societal factors within each framework was used to understand how women experience violence and how the social phenomena in African American salons might provide alternative means of intervention to reach and empower marginalized, abused women. Eleven licensed, African American cosmetologists in three separate salons were recruited. Their perceptions (thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and opinions) about domestic violence advocacy and experiences with clients were collected and analyzed. In-depth interviews with each cosmetologists recreated their daily encounters in the salon and provided information about their relationships with clients. These findings were triangulated by salon observations and survey instrumentation. Common patterns and themes from this data were identified and coded. The findings were reported using rich, descriptive narratives provided by the cosmetologists.
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Kruger, Karen. "Experiences of gender role assignment by women in transitional marriages." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5103.
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Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)BACKGROUND: Global female workforce participation has increased rapidly over the past few decades, and the majority of marriages are now dual-earning. Marriages were therefore expected to shift from traditional to egalitarian, where household tasks are shared equally between spouses. However, decades later, the majority of marriages are still found to be in a transitional phase, where women are employed outside of the home, but maintain responsibility for the majority of domestic tasks and childcare. The transitional marriage holds a number of complications for spouses, as gender roles are no longer clearly defined and more difficult to negotiate. Married women are under particular strain as they now have to balance both the work and family roles. OBJECT: The aim of the present study is to gain a better understanding of how women in transitional marriages experience and make meaning of the roles that they fulfil. Minimal research has been devoted to this issue, and the literature largely focuses on marriages at the traditional or egalitarian ends of the gender role spectrum. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight women in transitional marriages, with children living at home. The data were examined using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that the majority of participants worked out of economic necessity as opposed to choice, and that half of the participants earned more than their spouses. Most participants still harboured traditional gender beliefs even though their external circumstances had changed. This discrepancy seemed to cause significant internal and marital conflict, yet the attainment of more egalitarian beliefs seemed difficult to attain owing to feelings of guilt and a perceived threat of identity loss. Consequently, the majority of participants had difficulty relinquishing control over several household tasks. Furthermore, demanding work hours, the lack of family-friendly policies at work, and cultural factors also played a role in the maintenance of traditional beliefs by participants CONCLUSIONS: Much research still needs to be conducted to gain a more thorough understanding of changing gender roles in society, as well as to inform new workforce legislation that could enhance the lives of families. Lastly, as most studies focus on the experiences of women regarding the division of labour (probably because of the significant adaptations that have occurred in women’s roles), it becomes necessary to gain an understanding of the experiences of men as well, particularly if research is going to be utilised for the benefit of the whole family. As became evident, unequal division of tasks is often maintained by women for several reasons, and is no longer necessarily the result of oppression by men, as much of the literature suggests.
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Haipinge, Rauha. "Woman vulnerability to HIV/AIDS : an investigation into women's conceptions and experiences in negotiating sex and safe sex in Okalongo constituency, Omusati Region, Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004337.
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This study emerged from the high prevalence rate of HIV and AIDS infection among women in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has no exception to Namibia. Women have been vulnerable to HIV and AIDS let alone on sex related issues since the epidemic emerged, but not research has been done specifically to Okalongo women. The way in which women vulnerable to HIV and AIDS infection were explored by examined social and cultural identities that affect women’s sexual relations in negotiating sex and safe sex. Qualitative study on a sample of fifteen women was conducted in Okalongo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptions and experiences of women in negotiating sex and safe sex with their husband and partners. Feminist theory guided the methodology and analysis of data. I assumed that gender roles andsexuality are socially constructed, shaped by religion, social, political, and economic influences and modified throughout life. Feminist theory assisted in documentary the ways in which the female’s gender and sexuality in Okalongo is shaped by cultural influences and by institutions that disadvantage female and other oppressed groups by silencing their voices. The feminist further guided the discussion of the contradicting messages about women’s sexuality and their experiences, as women complied, conformed and even colluded with their oppression. To address the issue under study, the primary analysis of data from the focus group discussion and individual interview were utilised. The following themes were the heart of analysis: Women Positionality, Normalisation and Compliance, Women Agency and Male Dominance Power, Women Perceptions of Risk, Sex Education in and out of school among Women.In this study the data suggested that women in Okalongo are more vulnerable to their lack of assertiveness, as they have difficult in developing an authoritative voice, they tend to be humble about their achievements and knowledge and to only assertively when concerned about others. The findings supported the literature that women’s vulnerability is strongly influenced and tied by broader forces present in the society. Women’s vulnerability is real and needs to be tackled for any progress to occur in the fight against AIDS. Until factors that constraints and enabling women agency to negotiate sex and safe sex acknowledged and addressed, women will continue to succumb to the HIV pandemic.
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Kelley, Shakina. "Sexual Satisfaction in Relationships." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2020/schedule/9.
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Sexual satisfaction is a major component of human behavior. Individuals in relationships have specific demands for sexual satisfaction. Relationships and societal trends may impact the standards for sexual performance. The effects of performance can result in negative transitions in relationships. Therefore, Individuals may also consider outside variables in addition to relationship status, length of relationships, sexual orientation, gender-role, and religiousness. This poster presentation will be based on a literature review. The review reveals positive effects of religiousness on sexual satisfaction for those married more than ten years. In comparison with social behaviors, gender-roles are not influenced by traditional or non-traditional beliefs. When social norms and sexual orientation are paired in correlation with satisfaction in relationships, gay men and lesbians rate higher than heterosexuals in the area of sexual satisfaction. When long-term and short-term relationships are measured based on sexual satisfaction, results indicate long-term relationships are successful due to active communication and no sexual dysfunctions.
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Mukherjee, Soumyadeep. "Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depression in the United States: the Role of Women’s Socioeconomic Status at the State Level." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2631.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to examine patterns of antenatal stressful life events (SLEs) experienced by women in the United States (U.S.) and their association with postpartum depression (PPD). It further explored the role of women's state-level socio-economic status (SES) on PPD; the racial/ethnic dispartites in SLE-PPD relationship; and the role of provider communication on perinatal depression.
Data from 2009–11 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) and SES indicators published by the Institute of Women’s Policy Research (IWPR) were used. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify unobserved class membership based on antenatal SLEs. Multilevel generalized linear mixed models examined whether state-level SES moderated the antenatal SLE-PPD relationship. Of 116,595 respondents to the PRAMS 2009-11, the sample size for our analyses ranged from 78% to 99%.
The majority (64%) of participants were in low-stress class. The illness/death related-stress class (13%) had a high prevalence of severe illness (77%) and death (63%) of a family member or someone very close to them, while those in the multiple-stress (22%) class endorsed most other SLEs. Eleven percent had PPD; women who experienced all types of stressors, had the highest odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.36, 5.51) of PPD. The odds of PPD decreased with increasing state-level social/economic autonomy index (aOR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.88), with significant cross-level interaction between stressors and state-level SES. Among non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites, husband/partner not wanting the pregnancy (aOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.90) and drug/drinking problems of someone close (aOR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.55) were respectively associated with PPD. Provider communication was protective.
That 1 out of every 5 and 1 out of every 8 women were in the high- and emotional-stress classes suggests that SLEs are common among pregnant women. Our results suggest that screening for antenatal SLEs might help identify women at risk for PPD. The finding that the odds of PPD decrease with increasing social/economic autonomy, could have policy implications and motivate efforts to improve these indices. This study also indicates the benefits of antenatal health care provider communication on perinatal depression.
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Vershovsky, Viktoria. "The counter stereotypical gender dilemma : A qualitative study about women and their experience of the counter stereotypical gender dilemma when deciding salary claims in salary negotiations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-169150.
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This study focuses on the mechanisms of women behaviour in salary negotiation, inparticular the counter-stereotypical gender dilemma, a concept this study develops. The dilemma is based on a conflict between the woman role (with characteristics such assubmissiveness, friendliness and communality) and the negotiator role (with conflicting male characteristics such as being strong, being dominant, being assertive and being rational) and is defined as the dilemma of whether to act in accordance to the gender stereotypical role or counter the stereotypical gender role in salary negotiations. The purpose of this study is thus to deepen the understanding of women behaviour in wage negotiations and in the long run contribute to pay equality between men and women. The research question is: how do women experience the counter-stereotypical gender dilemma when deciding salary claims in salary negotiations? 12 women working in white collar – female dominated professions were interviewed. The findings showed that women experienced salary negotiations as in conflict with their sense of self, this sense of self included many characteristics of the stereotypical woman role. This conflict caused women to lower their salary claims as they found high salary claims to be in conflict with who they are. The participating woman also expected backlash for going outside the woman role and claim high salary, this also caused women to lower their salary claims. However the findings also showed that women developed strategies to deal with this dilemma and contexts that mitigated the dilemma where identified.