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Journal articles on the topic 'Women and journalism – Zambia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Scott, Nancy A., Jeanette L. Kaiser, Taryn Vian, Rachael Bonawitz, Rachel M. Fong, Thandiwe Ngoma, Godfrey Biemba, et al. "Impact of maternity waiting homes on facility delivery among remote households in Zambia: protocol for a quasiexperimental, mixed-methods study." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e022224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022224.

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IntroductionMaternity waiting homes (MWHs) aim to improve access to facility delivery in rural areas. However, there is limited rigorous evidence of their effectiveness. Using formative research, we developed an MWH intervention model with three components: infrastructure, management and linkage to services. This protocol describes a study to measure the impact of the MWH model on facility delivery among women living farthest (≥10 km) from their designated health facility in rural Zambia. This study will generate key new evidence to inform decision-making for MWH policy in Zambia and globally.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a mixed-methods quasiexperimental impact evaluation of the MWH model using a controlled before-and-after design in 40 health facility clusters. Clusters were assigned to the intervention or control group using two methods: 20 clusters were randomly assigned using a matched-pair design; the other 20 were assigned without randomisation due to local political constraints. Overall, 20 study clusters receive the MWH model intervention while 20 control clusters continue to implement the ‘standard of care’ for waiting mothers. We recruit a repeated cross section of 2400 randomly sampled recently delivered women at baseline (2016) and endline (2018); all participants are administered a household survey and a 10% subsample also participates in an in-depth interview. We will calculate descriptive statistics and adjusted ORs; qualitative data will be analysed using content analysis. The primary outcome is the probability of delivery at a health facility; secondary outcomes include utilisation of MWHs and maternal and neonatal health outcomes.Ethics and disseminationEthical approvals were obtained from the Boston University Institutional Review Board (IRB), University of Michigan IRB (deidentified data only) and the ERES Converge IRB in Zambia. Written informed consent is obtained prior to data collection. Results will be disseminated to key stakeholders in Zambia, then through open-access journals, websites and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT02620436; Pre-results.

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2

Hujanen, Jaana. "Learning global journalism: A course on journalism on developing countries in Africa and the Finnish freelance journalism market." Žurnalistikos Tyrimai 2 (January 1, 2009): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/zt/jr.2009.2.71.

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A group of Finnish journalism students travelled to Zambia, Africa in November 2007. The field trip was a culmination for a course in journalism on developing countries. The starting points reflected the practices and models of the research-based approach to learning. The role of the students was twofold: they were students as well as journalists. The aims were, to deepen the students’ understanding of current issues in developing countries, their visibility and treatment in the media and of actors in development cooperation and to produce journalism on developing countries for the domestic media. In this article, first, the students’ views on what they consider as good journalism on developing countries, based on the observations they made during their trip, is analysed. Secondly, the students’ experiences on what they learned about journalism practices on developing countries during their writing processes are analysed, and also their observations on the ideals and practices of freelance journalism when selling their own stories. The data analysed includes participant-observation from the field trip in Zambia and qualitative research interviews conducted with the students after the trip. The article highlights the importance of students’ own role in directing their field work, involving goal setting, questioning and self-evaluation of the knowledge gained. It also sheds light on how research and experience-based learning in a developing country and an unfamiliar culture can contribute to a comprehensive way of learning. In this case alternative ideas how issues about developing countries could be evaluated and represented in western local and national media.

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3

Tijani-Adenle, Ganiyat. "Women and Journalism." Gender & Development 22, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2014.920996.

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4

Clifford, Sadie. "Women and journalism." Feminist Review 88, no. 1 (April 2008): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400392.

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5

Chapman, Jane. "Women and Journalism." European Journal of Communication 29, no. 6 (November 27, 2014): 745–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323114545850.

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6

Matar, Dina. "Women and journalism." Journal of Media Practice 15, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2014.960767.

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7

Schmidt, Hans C. "Women, Sports, and Journalism." Communication & Sport 1, no. 3 (April 9, 2013): 246–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479513485734.

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8

Day, Elizabeth. "Why Women Love Journalism." British Journalism Review 15, no. 2 (June 2004): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956474804046010.

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9

Mossell. "Our Women in Journalism." Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 23, no. 1 (2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/fourthgenre.23.1.0205.

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10

McNair, Brian. "Book Review: Women and Journalism." Media, Culture & Society 28, no. 1 (January 2006): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016344370602800112.

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Begum, Shahnaj. "Women in Journalism in Bangladesh." Media Asia 32, no. 1 (January 2005): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2005.11726764.

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12

Robinson, Gertrude J. "Book Review: Women and Journalism." Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 6, no. 3 (August 2005): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884905054067.

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13

ROBIN L. CADWALLADER. "Ida M. Tarbell’s “Women in Journalism”." Legacy 27, no. 2 (2010): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5250/legacy.27.2.0412.

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14

Mitchell, Catherine C. "Scholarship on Women Working in Journalism." American Journalism 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.1990.10731228.

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15

Harrison, Elizabeth. "Men, Women and Work in Rural Zambia." European Journal of Development Research 12, no. 2 (December 2000): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810008426765.

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16

Beasley, Maurine H. "Women and Journalism in World War II." American Journalism 12, no. 3 (July 1995): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.1995.10731746.

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17

Lachover, Einat, and Dafna Lemish. "Women in Israeli journalism: forwards and backwards." Israel Affairs 24, no. 3 (April 4, 2018): 500–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2018.1454016.

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18

Karagoz, Zubeyde. "An ethnography of Gazete Sujin: Women-centred journalism of Kurdish women." Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/iscc_00013_7.

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In this commentary the news practices of Kurdish women media has been examined in terms of gender and human rights-based journalism. The work emphasizes the significance of an ethnographic method on studying a minority media since it discusses that the method broadens perspectives in order to understand different dynamics of news making process. This study is mainly based on the author’s MA dissertation which focused on a Kurdish women news portal, Gazete Sujin, in 2017.

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19

Ytre-Arne, Brita. "Changing Magazine Journalism." Nordicom Review 34, s1 (March 13, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0105.

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AbstractThis article analyses developments in Norwegian magazine journalism in the last decade, focusing on the broad and varied spectrum of magazines targeting women. The analysis is based on multiple methods and data sources, aiming to connect the production and reception of magazine journalism to the texts of magazines. This article will identify and discuss five key trends: fragmentation, digitalization, Nordic inspiration, redefinition of the political and beautification. The trends are discussed in light of public sphere theory and selected orientations in Nordic journalism research.

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20

Greenwald, Marilyn. "Book Review: Women and Journalism, by Suzanne Franks." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 91, no. 3 (August 18, 2014): 609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699014541786g.

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21

Everbach, Tracy, and Craig Flournoy. "Women Leave Journalism for Better Pay, Work Conditions." Newspaper Research Journal 28, no. 3 (June 2007): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953290702800305.

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22

Taylor, Anne. "The Palgrave international handbook of women and journalism." Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 35, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2014.963937.

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23

Gomes, Mayra Rodrigues. "Disputes between Discourses: Journalism and Violence Against Women." Brazilian Journalism Research 14, no. 3 (December 28, 2018): 882–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v14n3.2018.1033.

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In this paper we will present partial results from a study on how journalistic production treats violence against women. It questions the discourses circulating around this subject for each outbreak of violence. We intend to grasp the role of journalism in a culture that claims to defend women yet also criminalizes the victims of abuse. This investigative perspective draws on theoretical and methodological approaches of discourse such as those from works by Dominique Maingueneau, Patrick Charaudeau and Eni Orlandi, among others. We found that Journalistic production fails to clarify facts used in reports on violence against women, thereby upholding old prejudices.No presente artigo, trazemos parte dos resultados de pesquisa sobre o tratamento dado, pela produção jornalística, à violência contra as mulheres. A pesquisa dirige interrogações aos discursos que circulam sobre o assunto a cada eclosão de brutalidade. Pretende apreender o papel do jornalismo em uma cultura onde é possível sair em defesa do respeito às mulheres e, ao mesmo tempo, criminalizar a vítima pelos abusos sofridos. Essa perspectiva de investigação demanda referenciais teóricos e metodológicos sobre discursos, como, entre outros, os de Dominique Maingueneau, Patrick Charaudeau e Eni Orlandi Constatou-se que a produção jornalística é pouco cuidadosa quanto à depuração dos fatos relatados em matérias sobre os casos de abuso das mulheres, assim corroborando antigos preconceitos.En el presente artículo, presentamos parte de los resultados de investigación sobre el tratamiento dado, por la producción periodística, a la violencia contra las mujeres. Ella dirige interrogantes a los discursos que circulan sobre el asunto a cada eclosión de brutalidad. Se pretende aprehender el papel del periodismo en una cultura donde es posible salir en defensa del respeto a las mujeres y al mismo tiempo criminalizar a la víctima por los abusos sufridos. Tal perspectiva de investigación demanda los referenciales teóricos y metodológicos escogidos, a saber, los de los discursos por la óptica de Dominique Maingueneau, Patrick Charaudeau y Eni Orlandi. Como conclusión central, se constató que la producción periodística es poco cuidadosa en cuanto a la depuración de los hechos relatados en materias sobre casos de abusos de mujeres, de forma a respaldar viejos preconceptos.

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24

Ross, Karen. "Women at Work: journalism as en-gendered practice." Journalism Studies 2, no. 4 (January 2001): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616700120086404.

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Okenwa, Leah, and Stephen Lawoko. "Social Indicators and Physical Abuse of Women by Intimate Partners: A Study of Women in Zambia." Violence and Victims 25, no. 2 (April 2010): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.2.278.

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Intimate partner physical abuse (IPPA) of women is a societal problem with sinister implications on health. IPPA has been integrally linked to social status though the direction of association remains elusive, not the least in sub-Saharan Africa. This article investigated the association between IPPA and social status of women in Zambia. Data comprising 3,969 currently partnered women were retrieved from the 2001 Zambian Demographic and Health Survey and analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression. IPPA augmented with low education, income-generating activity, access to information, autonomy over household health issues, and having tolerant attitudes toward IPPA. Tolerant attitude toward IPPA and illiteracy were independent risk factors for IPPA. Educational interventions are recommended to prevent IPPA in Zambia.

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26

Cameron, Elisabeth L. "Women=Masks: Initiation Arts in North-Western Province, Zambia." African Arts 31, no. 2 (1998): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337519.

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27

Hoover, Deborah A. "Revealing the Mbusa as Art Women Artists in Zambia." African Arts 33, no. 3 (2000): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337688.

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28

Ngoma, Catherine Mubita, and Ruth T. Mbukwa. "Use of health institutions by pregnant women in Zambia." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2, no. 1 (January 2008): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2008.2.1.28095.

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29

Kusanthan, Thankian, Sidney Mwaba, and J. Menon. "Factors Affecting Domestic Violence among Married Women in Zambia." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2016/20140.

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30

Fylkesnes, K., R. Mubanga Musonda, Nkandu P. Luo, and Roland Msiska. "HIV infection among antenatal women in Zambia, 1990–1993." AIDS 10, no. 5 (May 1996): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199605000-00022.

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31

Goward, Pru. "Gender and journalism." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i1.842.

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The media is an important cultural gatekeeper, but not a disinterested one. Inevitably journalists, their interests, backgrounds, intellectual capacity and prejudices shape what they consider we need to know. Even unconsciously they filter what they want us to know about ourselves, each other and the world. This makes the media a major vehicle, although curiously not the only vehicle, for the shaping of public opinion and in particular for the management of our responses to change. The media is also one of four so-called pillars of democracy, ensuring electors are able to make informed choices as well as engage in public policy debate. Accordingly an effective media represents a diversity ogf opinion and a range of interests which include the rights and interests and real lives of women as well as the contribution they make to the life of the nation. That's why gender counts in journalism. It is part of diversity.

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32

Kangwa, Jonathan. "Indigenous African Women’s Contribution to Christianity in NE Zambia – Case Study: Helen Nyirenda Kaunda." Feminist Theology 26, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735017711871.

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This article explores the contribution of indigenous African women to the growth of Christianity in North Eastern Zambia. Using a socio-historical method, the article shows that the Presbyterian Free Church of Scotland in North Eastern Zambia evangelized mainly through literacy training and preaching. The active involvement of indigenous ministers and teacher-evangelists was indispensable in this process. The article argues that omission of the contribution of indigenous African women who were teacher-evangelists in the standard literature relating to the work of the Presbyterian Free Church of Scotland in North Eastern Zambia exposes a patriarchal bias in mission historiography. In an effort to redress this omission, the article explores and evaluates the contribution and experience of an indigenous African woman, Helen Nyirenda Kaunda. Based on relevant research the article concludes that indigenous African women were among the pioneers of mission work in North Eastern Zambia.

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33

Aldridge, Meryl. "The Paradigm Contingent Career? Women in Regional Newspaper Journalism." Sociological Research Online 6, no. 3 (November 2001): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.626.

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Current commentary on non-manual employment suggests that we are moving into an era of ‘contingent careers’ where current performance is the only valid criterion for reward and advancement. New-style jobs may be intensive and insecure, it is argued, but they are also less freighted with gender-based assumptions. Newspaper journalism, with its lack of bureaucratic organization, varied tasks, tradition of high employee mobility, and deep-seated belief in meritocracy would seem to fit well within this model. Interviews with women working in the UK regional press indicate, however, that the occupation is less egalitarian that many in the industry believe. Newspaper organisations and status hierarchies continue to be built around ‘hard news’, despite the commercial importance of other elements of content. Consequently management experience in newsgathering is a key stage in promotion, but this work as currently structured is incompatible with primary domestic responsibility for dependants. Even those without such concerns, or with limited ambitions, find the intensified work règime in today's regional press hard to sustain. Considering why these working practices have remained largely unchallenged, the paper identifies five contributing factors. The epistemological individualism characteristic of women and well as men in journalism, a culture of vocation, the construction of editorial power as charismatic rather than bureaucratic, the commonsense populist style of most regional papers and, not least, journalists’ own entrenched belief in the contingent nature of their employment combine to make the profession particularly resistant to acknowledging structural barriers to advancement.

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34

Beasley, Maurine. "Women in Journalism Education: The Formative Period, 1908–1930." Journalism History 13, no. 1 (March 1986): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00947679.1986.12066617.

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35

Kangwa, Jonathan. "The Legacy of Peggy Hiscock: European Women’s Contribution to the Growth of Christianity in Zambia." Feminist Theology 28, no. 3 (May 2020): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735020906940.

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The history of Christianity in Africa contains selected information reflecting patriarchal preoccupations. Historians have often downplayed the contributions of significant women, both European and indigenous African. The names of some significant women are given without details of their contribution to the growth of Christianity in Africa. This article considers the contributions of Peggy Hiscock to the growth of Christianity in Zambia. Hiscock was a White missionary who was sent to serve in Zambia by the Methodist Church in Britain. She was the first woman to have been ordained in the United Church of Zambia. Hiscock established the Order of Diaconal Ministry and founded a school for the training of deaconesses in the United Church of Zambia. This article argues that although the nineteenth- and twentieth-century missionary movement in Africa is associated with patriarchy and European imperialism, there were European women missionaries who resisted imperialism and patriarchy both in the Church and society.

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36

Gray, Ronald H., Robert T. Kambic, Claude A. Lanctot, Mary C. Martin, Roselind Wesley, and Richard Cremins. "Evaluation of natural family planning programmes in Liberia and Zambia." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 2 (April 1993): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020538.

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SummaryStudies to evaluate use-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natural family planning (NFP) were conducted in Liberia and Zambia. The Liberian programme provided uni-purpose NFP services to 1055 clients mainly in rural areas; the Zambian programme provided NFP services integrated with MCH to 2709 clients predominantly in urban areas. The one-year life table continuation and unplanned pregnancy rates were 78·9 and 4·3 per 100 women-years in Liberia, compared to 71·2 and 8·9 in Zambia. However, high rates of loss to follow-up mandate caution in interpretation of these results, especially in Zambia. More women progressed to autonomous NFP use in Liberia (58%) than in Zambia (35·3%). However, programme costs per couple-year protection were lower in Zambia (US$25·7) than in Liberia (US$47·1). Costs per couple-year protection were higher during learning than autonomy, and declined over time. These studies suggest that NFP programmes can achieve acceptable use-and cost-effectiveness in Africa.

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37

Silveirinha, Maria João. "As mulheres e a afirmação histórica da profissão jornalística: contributos para uma não-ossificação da História do jornalismo." Comunicação e Sociedade 21 (June 29, 2012): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.21(2012).707.

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The place and role that women played in the history of journalism is still, amongst us, quite invisible and unquestioned. In the spirit of not only documenting, but theorizing history, the text aims to consider the intersection of the early stages of journalism as a profession with the entrance of the first women in the profession, and revisits the national and international press in the nineteenth century and the turn to the twentieth century, recalling the papers and female journalists of the time. As with almost all industrial activities, women were strongly sidelined in the early stage of industrialization of journalism in the terms under which it was defined. Learning about the experiences that make up the affirmation of journalism as a profession not only in Portugal but also in countries such as France, England or the United States establishes knowledge of a bodily and gendered experience. Assigning gender to the news, as it was originally defined, extends the range of problems we study and allows a deeper understanding not only of what may or may not be journalism, but also of a set of transnational problems and issues shared by women in their historical relations with the profession.

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38

Stringer, Elizabeth. "Declining HIV prevalence among young pregnant women in Lusaka, Zambia." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.045260.

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39

Thankian, Kusathan, Sidney O. C. Mwaba, and Anitha J. Menon. "Domestic Violence and Sexual Health among Young Women in Zambia." African Research Review 9, no. 4 (October 27, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v9i4.1.

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40

Mumba, Elizabeth. "Training for Women in Zambia: a Review of Selected Research." Studies in the Education of Adults 20, no. 2 (October 1988): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02660830.1988.11730512.

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41

Chisembele, Maureen, Violeta J. Rodriguez, Megan R. Brown, Deborah L. Jones, and Maria L. Alcaide. "Intravaginal practices among young HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417721438.

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Intravaginal practices (IVP) are linked to bacterial vaginosis (BV), obstetric/gynecological complications, and HIV. Late adolescent and young adult (LAYA) women in Zambia have high rates of HIV. Adult and mature (AM) HIV-infected women in Zambia engage in IVP for hygiene, health, and sexuality reasons; however, to our knowledge, IVP use among LAYA women has not been examined. This study compares IVP use between LAYA and AM women to identify age-specific factors to target when developing IVP reduction interventions for LAYA women. LAYA (≤25 years; n = 24) and AM (>25 years; n=124) HIV-infected women completed self-administered demographic, HIV history, sexual risk factor, and IVP measures. LAYA and AM women were then compared. Number of sexual partners, sexual activity, or condom use did not differ between groups. Rates of IVP in the prior month with different products were similar, though LAYA women used soap more frequently (96% versus 74.2%, p = 0.034). LAYA women were more likely to use products for hygiene reasons (soap 83% versus 43%; cloth, paper, or wipes 50% versus 17%, p < 0.05); and AM women to use products to please sexual partners (cloth 20% versus 56%, p = 0.074). Interventions tailored to LAYA women may be needed to reduce IVP and subsequent BV as LAYA women may have different reasons for engaging in IVP, in comparison with AM women. Reduced IVP among LAYA women may decrease the risk for HIV transmission to sexual partners and newborns and is urgently needed in settings with high prevalence of IVP, BV, and HIV infections, such as Zambia.

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42

Munro-Kramer, Michelle L., Nancy Scott, Carol J. Boyd, Philip T. Veliz, Sarah M. Murray, Gertrude Musonda, and Jody R. Lori. "Postpartum physical intimate partner violence among women in rural Zambia." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 143, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12654.

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43

Ngoma, Catherine, Janetta Roos, and Seta Siziya. "Exploring Sexual Behaviour of Women in Zambia: A Qualitative Study." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2016/20387.

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44

Banda, Yolan, Victoria Chapman, Robert L. Goldenberg, Jeffrey S. A. Stringer, Jennifer F. Culhane, Moses Sinkala, Sten H. Vermund, and Benjamin H. Chi. "Use of Traditional Medicine among Pregnant Women in Lusaka, Zambia." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 2007): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.6225.

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45

Spring, Anita, and Art Hansen. "The underside of development: Agricultural development and women in Zambia." Agriculture and Human Values 2, no. 1 (December 1985): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01534995.

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46

OlaOlorun, Funmilola M., and John Casterline. "Empowering women through expanded contraceptive access in Nigeria and Zambia." Lancet Global Health 9, no. 10 (October 2021): e1349-e1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00388-0.

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47

Ngoma, Flora. "Role of Women Empowerment Clubs in Poverty Reduction in Zambia." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss4.1013.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of women empowerment clubs in poverty reduction in Zambia. The study targeted some women empowerment groups in different parts of the country. The objectives of this study were as follows; to find out if women’s clubs contribute to poverty reduction among women, to examine the challenges that women’s club experiences and to determine measures that could be put in place to overcome the challenges. The research design of the study was a survey design which used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A sample of 50 women was selected from 10 women empowerment clubs in various parts of Zambia which include Lusaka, Chinsali and Senanga. The data was collected using questionnaires. The findings of the study revealed that women have been empowered by the clubs. They have acquired skills and knowledge that some of them have used to start small businesses. These small businesses help the women to earn an income that helps them to run their households and send children to school. The study therefore recommended that the government and other stakeholders must help in financing the women empowerment clubs and a local and international market should be created to allow women to sell whatever the make and produce in their empowerment group or clubs.

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BANKOLE, AKINRINOLA, ANN E. BIDDLECOM, KUMBUTSO DZEKEDZEKE, JOSHUA O. AKINYEMI, OLUTOSIN AWOLUDE, and ISAAC F. ADEWOLE. "DOES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AND MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION AFFECT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HIV STATUS AND FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE? NEW EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA AND ZAMBIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 5 (December 16, 2013): 580–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000655.

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SummaryThe increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and drug regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) has probably changed the context of childbearing for people living with HIV. Using data from 2009–2010 community-based surveys in Nigeria and Zambia, this study explores whether women's knowledge about ART and PMTCT influences the relationship between HIV status and fertility preferences and contraceptive behaviour. The findings show that women living with HIV are more likely to want more children in Nigeria and to want to limit childbearing in Zambia compared with HIV-negative women. While there is no significant difference in contraceptive use by women's HIV status in the two countries, women who did not know their HIV status are less likely to use contraceptives relative to women who are HIV-negative. Knowledge about ART reduces the childbearing desires of HIV-positive women in Nigeria and knowledge about PMTCT increases desire for more children among HIV-positive women in Zambia, as well as contraceptive use among women who do not know their HIV status. The findings indicate that knowledge about HIV prevention and treatment services changes how living with HIV affects childbearing desires and, at least in Zambia, pregnancy prevention, and highlight the importance of access to accurate knowledge about ART and PMTCT services to assist women and men to make informed childbearing decisions. Knowledge about ART and PMTCT should be promoted not only through HIV treatment and maternal and newborn care facilities but also through family planning centres and the mass media.

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Egan, Linda. "Entrevistas con periodistas mujeres sobre la prensa mexicana." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 9, no. 2 (1993): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1051880.

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This article begins with an overview of the current state of women's participation in Mexican journalism, and it provides selections from interviews with eight well-known Mexican women journalists. The women interviewed comment candidly on their experiences in the world of Mexican journalism, on the condition of the profession, on the problems women face in that field, and on the ways they have worked to change news coverage.

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McGregor, Judy. "The pervasive power of man-made news." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i1.843.

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Since the first woman was appointed as editor of a major newspaper in New Zealand in the mid 1980s, what has been the progress of women to top editorships? And what is the status of women at governance, management and staff journalist levels? These questions examine gender equality issues and are important given the power and ubiquity of the news media in modern society. The article analyses participation of women in the news media against the so-called ‘feminisation’ of pre-entry journalism training. The findings show that little progress has been made at editorship level, while there is more progress for senior women just below editorship level. Further, there is a difference in the status of women in governance of public service versus privately-owned broadcasting. The article is critical of the data available to monitor participation by gender and ethnicity in New Zealand journalism over time. Strategies to help break down the pervasive power of ‘man-made news’ are proposed. These include female shareholder activism at the governance level of media companies, and a greater commitment by the New Zealand Journalism Training Organisation to regular monitoring of women’s newsroom participation. Without it the status of women in New Zealand journalism remains invisible.

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