Academic literature on the topic 'Women astronauts'

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Journal articles on the topic "Women astronauts"

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Jain, Varsha, Robert Ploutz-Snyder, Millennia Young, Jacqueline M. Charvat, and Virginia E. Wotring. "Potential Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Female Astronauts." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5458.2020.

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BACKGROUND: Whether the unique environment of space affects astronaut risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is not known. On Earth, it is known that use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) doubles the risk of VTE. Since some female astronauts choose to use COCs, this retrospective study examined known risk factors associated with VTE risk to determine whether the available data suggested elevated VTE risk in female astronauts.METHODS: Longitudinal health data were requested for female astronauts who flew short and long duration missions between 2000 and 2014. Pre- and postflight hematological and biochemical blood markers were available and evaluated. Astronauts’ postflight measurements were compared to clinically relevant terrestrial high risk levels to determine any trend toward increased risk for VTE following spaceflight. Secondarily, a comparison of pre- and postflight changes was made, as well as an assessment of COC impact.RESULTS: A total of 38 astronaut-flights were included in this study and no VTE events were found. Analysis of potential VTE risk factors showed no evidence suggesting elevated VTE risk in female astronauts associated with spaceflight, regardless of contraceptive use.DISCUSSION: Arguably, all astronauts encounter many physiological stressors during spaceflight missions, but women using the combined contraceptive pill add a known risk factor for VTE. The risk factors analyzed within this study showed no trend toward an increased risk of VTE for female astronauts. This study provides an evidence base supporting the safety of COC use by female astronauts and also reinforces the importance of healthy lifestyle on VTE risk reduction.Jain V, Ploutz-Snyder R, Young M, Charvat JM, Wotring VE. Potential venous thromboembolism risk in female astronauts. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(5):432–439.
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Bush, Elizabeth. "Astronauts: Women on the Final Frontier by Jim Ottaviani." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 73, no. 6 (2020): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2020.0121.

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Harm, Deborah L., Richard T. Jennings, Janice V. Meck, Michael R. Powell, Lakshmi Putcha, Clarence P. Sams, Suzanne M. Schneider, Linda C. Shackelford, Scott M. Smith, and Peggy A. Whitson. "Invited Review: Gender issues related to spaceflight: a NASA perspective." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2374.

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This minireview provides an overview of known and potential gender differences in physiological responses to spaceflight. The paper covers cardiovascular and exercise physiology, barophysiology and decompression sickness, renal stone risk, immunology, neurovestibular and sensorimotor function, nutrition, pharmacotherapeutics, and reproduction. Potential health and functional impacts associated with the various physiological changes during spaceflight are discussed, and areas needing additional research are highlighted. Historically, studies of physiological responses to microgravity have not been aimed at examining gender-specific differences in the astronaut population. Insufficient data exist in most of the discipline areas at this time to draw valid conclusions about gender-specific differences in astronauts, in part due to the small ratio of women to men. The only astronaut health issue for which a large enough data set exists to allow valid conclusions to be drawn about gender differences is orthostatic intolerance following shuttle missions, in which women have a significantly higher incidence of presyncope during stand tests than do men. The most common observation across disciplines is that individual differences in physiological responses within genders are usually as large as, or larger than, differences between genders. Individual characteristics usually outweigh gender differences per se.
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Waters, Wendy W., Michael G. Ziegler, and Janice V. Meck. "Postspaceflight orthostatic hypotension occurs mostly in women and is predicted by low vascular resistance." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2001.

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About 20% of astronauts suffer postspaceflight presyncope. We studied pre- to postflight (5- to 16-day missions) cardiovascular responses to standing in 35 astronauts to determine differences between 1) men and women and 2) presyncopal and nonpresyncopal groups. The groups were presyncopal women, presyncopal men, and nonpresyncopal men based on their ability to stand for 10 min postflight. Preflight, women and presyncopal men had low vascular resistance, with the women having the lowest. Postflight, women experienced higher rates of presyncope (100 vs. 20%; P = 0.001) and greater losses of plasma volume (20 vs. 7%; P < 0.05) than men. Also, presyncopal subjects had lower standing mean arterial pressure (P ≤ 0.001) and vascular resistance ( P < 0.05), smaller increases in norepinephrine ( P ≤ 0.058) and greater increases in epinephrine ( P ≤ 0.058) than nonpresyncopal subjects. Presyncopal subjects had a strong dependence on plasma volume to maintain standing stroke volume. These findings suggest that postflight presyncope is greatest in women, and this can be ascribed to a combination of inherently low-resistance responses, a strong dependence on volume status, and relative hypoadrenergic responses. Conversely, high vascular resistance and postflight hyperadrenergic responses prevent presyncope.
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Arquilla, Katya, Sarah Leary, Andrea K. Webb, and Allie P. Anderson. "Wearable 3-Lead Electrocardiogram Placement Model for Fleet Sizing of Medical Devices." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5633.2020.

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BACKGROUND: Electrocardiography (ECG) provides valuable information on astronaut physiological and psychological health. ECG monitoring has been conducted during crewed missions since the beginning of human spaceflight and will continue during astronauts upcoming long-duration exploration missions (LDEMs) in support of automated health monitoring systems. ECG monitoring is traditionally performed in clinical environments with single-use, adhesive electrodes in a 3, 6, or 12-lead configuration placed by a trained clinician. In the space exploration environment, astronauts self-place electrodes without professional assistance. Wearable ECG systems are an attractive option for automated health monitoring, but electrode placement has not been quantified to a high enough degree to avoid artifacts within the data due to position changes. This variability presents challenges for physician-limited, autonomous health monitoring, so quantifying electrode placement is key in the development of reliable, wearable ECG monitoring systems.METHODS: We present a method of quantifying electrode placement for 3-lead, chest-mounted ECG using easy-to-measure, two-dimensional chest measurements.RESULTS: We find that male and female dimensions require different electrode positioning computations, but there is overlap in positioning between men and women. The distribution of electrodes vertical positions is wider than their horizontal positions.DISCUSSION: These results can be translated directly to ECG wearable design for the individual and for the size range and adjustability required for the astronaut fleet. Implementation of this method will improve the reliability in placement and fit of future wearables, increasing comfort and usability of these systems and subsequently augmenting autonomous health monitoring capabilities for exploration medicine.Arquilla K, Leary S, Webb AK, Anderson AP. Wearable 3-lead electrocardiogram placement model for fleet sizing of medical devices. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(11):868875.
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Elizabeth Bush. "Almost Astronauts: 13 Women Who Dared to Dream (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 62, no. 8 (2009): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.0815.

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Drago-Ferrante, Rosa, Riccardo Di Fiore, Fathi Karouia, Yashwanth Subbannayya, Saswati Das, Begum Aydogan Mathyk, Shehbeel Arif, et al. "Extraterrestrial Gynecology: Could Spaceflight Increase the Risk of Developing Cancer in Female Astronauts? An Updated Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 7465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137465.

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Outer space is an extremely hostile environment for human life, with ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays and microgravity posing the most significant hazards to the health of astronauts. Spaceflight has also been shown to have an impact on established cancer hallmarks, possibly increasing carcinogenic risk. Terrestrially, women have a higher incidence of radiation-induced cancers, largely driven by lung, thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers, and therefore, historically, they have been permitted to spend significantly less time in space than men. In the present review, we focus on the effects of microgravity and radiation on the female reproductive system, particularly gynecological cancer. The aim is to provide a summary of the research that has been carried out related to the risk of gynecological cancer, highlighting what further studies are needed to pave the way for safer exploration class missions, as well as postflight screening and management of women astronauts following long-duration spaceflight.
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Ryan, Kathy L., Jack A. Loeppky, and Donald E. Kilgore. "A forgotten moment in physiology: the Lovelace Woman in Space Program (1960–1962)." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 3 (September 2009): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00034.2009.

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In 1959, Brigadier General Donald Flickinger and Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace II suggested that it would be more practical from an engineering standpoint to send women rather than men into space due to their lower body weights and oxygen requirements. When the Air Force decided not to pursue this project, Dr. Lovelace assumed leadership of the Woman in Space Program and began medical and physiological testing of a series of accomplished women aviators at the Lovelace Medical Clinic in Albuquerque, NM, in 1960. The tests that these women underwent were identical to those used to test the original Mercury astronauts, with the addition of gynecological examinations. Thirteen of the nineteen women tested passed these strenuous physiological exams (for comparison, 18 of 32 men tested passed); a subset of these pilots was further tested on a series of psychological exams that were similar to or, in some instances, more demanding than those given to male Mercury candidates. Despite these promising results, further testing was halted, and the Woman in Space Program was disbanded in 1962. Although the Woman in Space Program received a great deal of publicity at the time, the story of these women was somewhat lost until they were reunited at the 1999 launch of the shuttle Columbia, commanded by Colonel Eileen Collins.
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Hughson, Richard L., Andrew D. Robertson, Philippe Arbeille, J. Kevin Shoemaker, James W. E. Rush, Katelyn S. Fraser, and Danielle K. Greaves. "Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from 6-mo spaceflight in male and female astronauts." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 310, no. 5 (March 1, 2016): H628—H638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00802.2015.

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Removal of the normal head-to-foot gravity vector and chronic weightlessness during spaceflight might induce cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations related to changes in arterial pressure and reduction in physical activity. We tested hypotheses that stiffness of arteries located above the heart would be increased postflight, and that blood biomarkers inflight would be consistent with changes in vascular function. Possible sex differences in responses were explored in four male and four female astronauts who lived on the International Space Station for 6 mo. Carotid artery distensibility coefficient ( P = 0.005) and β-stiffness index ( P = 0.006) reflected 17–30% increases in arterial stiffness when measured within 38 h of return to Earth compared with preflight. Spaceflight-by-sex interaction effects were found with greater changes in β-stiffness index in women ( P = 0.017), but greater changes in pulse wave transit time in men ( P = 0.006). Several blood biomarkers were changed from preflight to inflight, including an increase in an index of insulin resistance ( P < 0.001) with a spaceflight-by-sex term suggesting greater change in men ( P = 0.034). Spaceflight-by-sex interactions for renin ( P = 0.016) and aldosterone ( P = 0.010) indicated greater increases in women than men. Six-month spaceflight caused increased arterial stiffness. Altered hydrostatic arterial pressure gradients as well as changes in insulin resistance and other biomarkers might have contributed to alterations in arterial properties, including sex differences between male and female astronauts.
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Peters, Carole C. "Gifted Females: Teachers, Nurses and Astronauts A Unit on Gender Issues PEAC: Primary Extension and Challenge." Gifted Education International 9, no. 3 (January 1994): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142949400900303.

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Realising the potential of both males and females should be an important objective of every nation. Analysis of the status of women in the workforce provides support for the argument that many women are functioning as underachievers, a loss not only to themselves as they fail to realise their full potential, but also to society which is deprived of their full contribution. In this paper the special challenges for gifted girls are highlighted in a gender issues unit offered to students attending a Primary Extension and Challenge program. A single-sex setting for gifted girls is explored and evaluated. The realization of potential through the breaking with tradition and keeping options and choices open is an important issue for the girls.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women astronauts"

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Chang, Man Wai. "'Astronaut' wives : their experiences in Brisbane /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18069.pdf.

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Wicks, Sunny S. "Mechanical enhancement of woven composites with radially aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) : investigation of Mode I fracture toughness." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59697.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-74).
Composites have seen an increasing role in aerospace structures that demand lightweight, strong, and stiff materials. Composites are attractive structural materials with outstanding mechanical and physical properties, as well as directional fabrication control and tailorability, though these advantages come with increased complexity and challenging failure modes. Matrix-rich regions at ply interfaces especially are susceptible to damage and matrix cracking, leading to delamination and a reduction of mechanical properties. Several manufacturing solutions such as stitching, z-pinning, and braiding have been developed by the aerospace industry to provide through-thickness reinforcement and improve interlaminar properties, though these improvements come with concomitant reductions in important in-plane properties. This thesis describes the design, manufacturing, and testing of woven composites with aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) integrated into the bulk composite, focusing here particularly on interlaminar reinforcement at ply interfaces. Implementing aligned CNTs takes advantage of their scale and superior specific stiffness and strength, with in-plane properties maintained while interlaminar properties are enhanced by the CNTs bridging across matrix-rich interfaces. Significant improvement in Mode I fracture toughness is observed experimentally with over 60% increase in both initiation and steady-state Mode I fracture toughnesses (steady-state toughness improves from 2.1 to 3.7 kJ/m² ). This enhancement is attributed to CNT crackbridging and pullout, in agreement with a first-order model, confirming the viability of CNTs to improve composite interlaminar properties. Future work to follow this thesis will focus on development of a vacuum-assisted infusion manufacturing process implementation of the 'fuzzy'-fiber reinforced nano-engineered composite architecture with alternate fiber and polymer systems, and exploring multifunctional applications of these materials.
by Sunny S. Wicks.
S.M.
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Tanaka, Kimi Izumi. "Decision style of young women in Hong Kong astronaut and immigrant families." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10474.

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While Hong Kong immigrant families consist of both parents living with children, Hong Kong astronaut families consist of one or both parents living in Hong Kong, with the eldest child participating in decision making and care of siblings in the country of immigration. The purpose of this study was to see if decision style (role, influence, and sources of assistance) is affected by type of decision (personal and family), family type (astronaut and immigrant), and ethnic identity (Canadian, Hong Kong Chinese, and Mixed identity). Decision style was coded into one of five pre-established categories (Unilateral-Dependent, Shared-Protective, Autonomous-Protective, Autonomous-Independent, and Mixed) adapted from Carlson and Grossbart's (1988) parental style model. Underlying themes unique to all participants and astronauts were also identified. Ten young women (4 astronauts and 6 immigrants) chose to participate in this study. Descriptive information was obtained via a screening document, and semi-structured interviews were transcribed and audio taped. A second reader was trained to ensure that the decision styles of the young women were appropriately coded. Cohen's kappa was calculated at 0.95. The independent variable that had the strongest pattern with decision style was type of decision, followed by family type. Ethnic identity did not have a pattern with decision style. Type of decision revealed that the participants had more independence in their personal decisions than their family decisions, with the exception of "Responsibilities Over Siblings" decisions. Family type revealed that astronaut parents were more likely to have shared the role and influence with their eldest daughters, while immigrant young women were more likely to have decided "Responsibilities Over Siblings" decisions on their own. Key underlying themes across all participants included: satisfaction with personal and family decisions, and quicker adaptation to Canada and the English language, which lead to their increased participation in personal and family decisions post-migration. Key underlying astronaut themes were related to parental absence (increased young astronauts' participation in minor family decisions) and presence (reduced young astronauts' participation in family decisions), and the expectation by family members for young astronauts to provide female household tasks.
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Waters, Johanna L. "Flexible families? : the experiences of astronaut and satellite households among recent Chinese immigrants to Vancouver, British Columbia." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11011.

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This thesis examines the recent emergence of Astronaut and Satellite family forms in Vancouver, British Columbia. Evident in several cities around the Pacific Rim, these transnational arrangements, among economic-class immigrants from Hong Kong and Taiwan, involve one or both adult members of the nuclear family returning to the country of origin to pursue a professional career or business. In the Astronaut arrangement, it is usual for the woman to remain in Vancouver - taking charge of all domestic and childcare tasks. In the Satellite situation, children are left without parental guidance for most of the year. Dominant media and academic representations point to two contrasting interpretations of these phenomena. Recently, academics have emphasised the financial vulnerability of these assumed 'wealthy' immigrants. Migrants from Hong Kong and Taiwan are understood to be "reluctant exiles," and the Astronaut situation reflects a failure to find work in the new country. A second, more common portrayal conceives of these migrants as part of a larger, "hypermobile" cosmopolitan elite, who utilise migration as a strategy of economic and cultural accumulation. Particular forms of capital are achievable at particular global sites; the Astronaut and Satellite arrangements epitomise the placement of different family members in different locations to this end. Through in-depth interviews with members of 42 such fragmented families residing in Vancouver, I established the generally strategic nature of these circumstances. Overwhelmingly, migration had been sought primarily for the education of the children, and the transnational arrangement was planned before migration. I was interested also in how the lone spouse and the Satellite children experienced their situation. A different body of academic literature has emphasised the way in which migration negatively impacts the female of the family, and also how the Chinese family remains significantly patriarchal after migration. For the female participants, practical and emotional difficulties were encountered during the first year of settlement - exacerbated by the loss of both the spouse and old support networks in the new setting of Vancouver. Women undertook all domestic tasks and commonly experienced feelings of boredom, loneliness and fear. After a year, however, many women reported a sense of freedom, clearly linked to the absence of the husband and their own agency in the creation of new support networks and stable surroundings. The Satellite children presented an ambivalent picture of freedom and aloneness. In the command of their daily lives and in the subversion of parental control and expectations (for example, regarding their strategic acquisition of 'cultural capital') they demonstrated significant independence. Yet they had little control over their placement in Vancouver. The negative implications of this family arrangement for the emotional well-being of the children were clearly apparent, and school staff in particular stressed the need to regard Satellite status as a social problem. The empirical data challenge many assumptions concerning the flexible Chinese family in the contemporary era of transnationalism and globalisation.
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Books on the topic "Women astronauts"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. and National Air and Space Museum., eds. Women astronauts. Burlington, Ont: Apogee Books, 2002.

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Briggs, Carole S. Women in space. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 1998.

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Auger, Tanya. Three American women astronauts. Cambridge [Mass.]: Educators Pub. Service, 2003.

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Fox, Mary Virginia. Women astronauts: Aboard the shuttle. New York: J. Messner, 1987.

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Briggs, Carole S. Women in space: Reaching the last frontier. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1988.

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Gueldenpfennig, Sonia. Women in space who changed the world. New York: Rosen Central, 2012.

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Dorothy, Cochrane, and National Air and Space Museum., eds. Women and flight: Portraits of contemporary women pilots. [Washington, D.C.]: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 1997.

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Hooper, Gordon R. The Soviet cosmonaut team: A comprehensive guide to the men and women of the Soviet mannedspace programme. Lowestoft: GRH Publications, 1990.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. Donne nello spazio. Milano: Mursia, 2015.

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Hooper, Gordon R. The Soviet cosmonaut team: A comprehensive guide to the men and women of the Soviet manned space programme. Lowestoft: GRH Publications, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Women astronauts"

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Military Women Astronauts." In To The Stars, 429–503. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19860-1_6.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Margaret Rhea Seddon: The First Wedding Among NASA Astronauts." In Women Spacefarers, 54–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_8.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Marsha Ivins: Aspiring Astronaut at 19." In Women Spacefarers, 100–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_14.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Chiaki Mukai: The First Japanese Astronaut." In Women Spacefarers, 174–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_26.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Naoko Yamazaki: Astronaut for 4088 Days." In Women Spacefarers, 351–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_55.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper: From Diver to Astronaut." In Women Spacefarers, 283–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_44.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Claudie Haigneré: The First European Space Agency Female Astronaut." In Women Spacefarers, 211–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_32.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Wendy Lawrence: The First Woman Astronaut of the US Navy." In Women Spacefarers, 192–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_29.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Lisa Nowak: The First Woman Astronaut Ever Dismissed from NASA." In Women Spacefarers, 279–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_43.

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Cavallaro, Umberto. "Tracy Dyson: The Lead Vocalist for the All-Astronaut Band Max Q." In Women Spacefarers, 307–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34048-7_48.

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Conference papers on the topic "Women astronauts"

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Ortega, A. M., T. A. Bateman, E. W. Livingston, R. C. Paietta, S. M. Gonzalez, L. S. Stodieck, and V. L. Ferguson. "Spaceflight Related Changes in Structure and Strength of Mouse Trabecular and Cortical Bone From the STS-118 Space Shuttle Mission." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14785.

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Rapid bone loss during spaceflight is a well-established and continuing medical issue for astronauts. It has been reported that astronauts have displayed bone loss at rates of up to 2.7%/month in weight-bearing bones, or about 6 times that of post-menopausal women [1]. Rodent models have provided a means to further our understanding of the effects of microgravity on bone quality, both from studies in which rodents have flown aboard space missions and those in which weightlessness is simulated on earth through musculoskeletal unloading [2]. Such studies have the potential to not only further our understanding of the cause of decreased bone integrity in space, but also provide an accelerated model for the study of osteo-degenerative diseases affecting the general public, leading to improved treatment methods for both spaceflight and age or illness related osteoporosis.
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Lawson, Ben, and Jeffrey Bolkhovsky. "Attention Military/Commercial Simulation Developers, Users, & Trainers: Visually-induced or Motion-induced Sickness is not Necessarily More Severe for Women." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003571.

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Extended reality (XR), head-mounted displays (HMD), simulators, and advanced vehicle/teleoperation display-control systems show promise for augmenting job skills training or aiding mission decision-making among aviators, astronauts, ship handlers, emergency responders, etc. Unfortunately, such systems require unnatural sensorimotor integration which often induces motion-sickness and/or visually-induced motion sickness (VIMS). NATO and other groups are studying who is most vulnerable, which will inform system design and training protocols. A common assertion is that most studies find women far more susceptible to motion sickness/VIMS, and a recent article called one type of virtual reality (VR) “sexist in its effects.” We reviewed how many studies support the notion that women are more susceptible. We amassed the largest known sample of relevant literature involving direct empirical or survey studies of potential sex difference among studies of motion sickness or VIMS. To date, 76 relevant studies have been identified, among which only 37 (48.7%) are consistent with the assertion that women are more susceptible than men. Such findings require researchers, developers, and trainers to refrain from concluding a sex difference exists presently, especially since many studies are not tightly controlled. Premature judgments could harm military/workforce readiness, career prospects of women, and dissemination of useful technologies.
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Arias Casals, Helena, Mariona Badenas Agustí, Carla Conejo González, Laia Ribas Cabezas, Ariadna Farrés Basiana, Núria Jar, Neus Sabaté Vizcarra, Cesca Cufí Prat, and Anna Bach Valls. "Hypatia I: a multi-generational and multi-disciplinary crew of female analog astronauts dedicated to space research, scientific outreach, and promotion of female role models in space careers." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.059.

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The low representation of women (~33%) in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) careers is extremely concerning and cultivates male-dominant cultures across a variety of academic and professional disciplines. In Spain, only 39% of national projects are led by women, thus evidencing the so-called “leaking pipeline”, that is, the tendency of women and other underrepresented groups to eventually abandon STEM-related fields. This social disequilibrium is particularly strong in the international space sector, where women represent less than ~20% of the workforce. The Hypatia I mission —a multi-generational and multi-disciplinary crew of 9 female scientists— seeks to help address this problem. In April 2023, the Hypatia I crew will participate in a two-week Martian analog mission at the Mars Desert Research Station (Utah, United States) with the goal of (i) performing high-quality space-related research in a simulation environment, (ii) conducting outreach and science communication activities, and most importantly, (iii) promoting female role models in STEM-related fields and inspiring future generations of scientists, particularly young girls interested in space careers
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Garg, Vanshika, Vaishnavi Singh, and Lav Soni. "Preparing for Space: How Virtual Reality is Revolutionizing Astronaut Training." In 2024 IEEE International Conference for Women in Innovation, Technology & Entrepreneurship (ICWITE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icwite59797.2024.10503238.

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Davidson, Rosemary, Annika E. Rollock, Matthew Marcus, Elaine Petro, Alexandra N. Straub, and Emily R. Kusulas. "Founding of the AIAA Women of Aeronautics and Astronautics." In AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0889.

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Palermo, Giuseppe N., Renato Barboni, and Manuel de Benedetti. "Finite Element Modelling of Triaxial Woven Fabric ..." In 56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-05-c2.p.21.

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