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1
Sobal, Jeffery, and Leonard F. Marquart. "Vitamin/Mineral Supplement Use among Athletes: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 4 (December 1994): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.4.320.
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Vitamin/mineral supplements are often used by athletes as ergogenic aids to improve performance. This paper reviews studies of the prevalence, patterns, and explanations for vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes. Fifty-one studies provided quantitative prevalence data on 10,274 male and female athletes at several levels of athletic participation in over 15 sports. The overall mean prevalence of athletes’ supplement use was 46%. Most studies reported that over half of the athletes used supplements (range 6% to 100%), and the larger investigations found lower prevalence levels. Elite athletes used supplements more than college or high school athletes. Women used supplements more often than men. Varying patterns existed by sport. Athletes appear to use supplements more than the general population, and some take high doses that may lead to nutritional problems. Sport nutritionists should include a vitamin/mineral supplement history as part of their dietary assessment so they can educate athletes about vitamin/mineral supplements and athletic performance.
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Oseguera, Leticia, Dan Merson, C. Keith Harrison, and Sue Rankin. "Beyond the Black/White Binary: A Multi-Institutional Study of Campus Climate and the Academic Success of College Athletes of Different Racial Backgrounds." Sociology of Sport Journal 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0175.
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This work contributes to an understanding of college athletes’ experiences with campus climate and its relationship to perceptions of their academic success. This work extends race work to include Latina/o and Asian and Pacific Islander college athlete populations across multiple divisions and sports as the literature is scarce on college athletes of color beyond the Black/White binary and high profile sports. The current paper fills a gap in the literature by applying the Student-Athlete Climate Conceptual Frame and quantitative research on college athletes of color, women college athletes and perceptions of campus climate and academic success. Our findings highlight a relationship between positive perceptions of campus climate and academic success. Participation in academic student organizations is also related to academic success.
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Derbyshire, Emma. "Hyponatraemia in Female Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 17, no. 1 (April 2008): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.17.1.80.
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Purpose of the PaperPrevious research has evaluated the prevalence and aetiology of hyponatraemia in athletes, particularly for ultra endurance events. However, few papers have focused specifically on the incidence and effects of hyponatraemia in female athletes. The aim of this paper was to review and collate previous research that has investigated hyponatraemia in female athletes and explain how excessive retention of free fluid may influence female performance and health status.Design/Methodology/ApproachThe most up-to-date and pertinent studies within the literature have been included and summated in this review.FindingsThe findings from this overview indicate that women participating in endurance events are particularly susceptible to developing hyponatraemia. It is important that women do not have depleted sodium concentrations prior to an athletic event, hypotonic fluid should not been consumed in excess and carbohydrate solutions (4-8g carbohydrate per 100ml fluid) should be consumed when women participate in intense exercise, lasting for longer than 1 hour. It is fundamentally important that up-to-date rehydration guidelines are imparted to active females and the dangers of over-ingesting fluid need to be emphasized within this vulnerable population.OriginalityThis paper gives a concise, up-to-date overview on how hyponatraemia can affect female athletic performance and health status.
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O'Sullivan, Lucy, and Miho J. Tanaka. "Sex-based Differences in Hamstring Injury Risk Factors." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v1i1.8.
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Hamstring injuries (HSI) are common in a number of different sports and can confer a significant burden to both male and female athletes. Though research on HSIs in the female athlete population is lacking, current literature suggests male athletes are between two to four times more likely than female athletes to sustain an HSI. Despite this discrepancy, the role of intrinsic sex differences in HSI risk factors has not been previously explored. This review aims to summarize these sex-based differences in HSI risk factors and their influence on the lower rate of HSIs seen in female athletes as compared to male athletes. Women exhibit increased hamstring flexibility and decreased hamstring musculotendinous stiffness as compared to men; women are also shown to be more resistant to skeletal muscle fatigue. Sex differences in the hamstring to quadriceps ratio and certain lower limb morphologies may also contribute to the sex discrepancy in HSI rates. This remains an area for future research in order to understand the multifaceted nature of HSI injury risk factors and optimize HSI rehabilitation and prevention programs for both male and female athletes.
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Zhang, Shou Zhong. "Analysis of Specific Cognitive Ability Characteristics of Chinese Women Curling Athletes." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 2736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.2736.
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To provide cognitive psychological evidences in material selection, training and competition for athletes in Chinese women curling, methods include document literature, expert interview, experimental measurement and mathematical statics are employed. Athletes in National women curling team and provincial curling team of Heilongjiang are the main object of this study. In terms of cognitive ability, systematic research of women curling athletes’ psychological feature are conducted. Research results show that, women curling athletes at different level have very significant differences in index of attention concentration and significant differences in time perception, depth perception and movement memory; athletes of different training time have very significant differences in index of wrist stability, and female curling athletes are tend to be inferior to their male counterparts in attention focusing.
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Deckey, David G., Kelly L. Scott, Nathaniel B. Hinckley, Justin L. Makovicka, Jeffrey D. Hassebrock, Sailesh V. Tummala, Austin Pena, Walker Asprey, and Anikar Chhabra. "Hand and Wrist Injuries in Men’s and Women’s National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 232596712095307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120953070.
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Background: Hand and wrist injuries (HWIs) are common in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball players and can negatively affect performance. There is limited literature available on this topic. Purpose: To open a discussion on prevention strategies and encourage future research on HWIs in basketball athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: HWIs sustained by male and female NCAA basketball players during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years and reported to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) database were utilized to characterize the epidemiology thereof. Rates and distributions of HWIs were identified within the context of mechanism of injury, injury recurrence, and time lost from sport. Results: Over the 5-year period, 81 HWIs in women and 171 HWIs in men were identified through the NCAA-ISP database. These were used to estimate 3515 HWIs nationally in women’s basketball athletes and 7574 HWIs nationally in men’s basketball athletes. The rate of HWIs in women was 4.20 per 10,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and in men was 7.76 per 10,000 AEs, making men 1.85 times more likely to sustain HWIs compared with women. In men, HWIs were 3.31 times more likely to occur in competition compared with practice, while in women, HWIs were 2.40 times more likely to occur in competition than in practice. Based on position, guards, both men and women, were the most likely to suffer HWIs. Conclusion: HWIs were common in collegiate basketball players. Most injuries were new, and the majority of players were restricted from participation for less than 24 hours. Men were more likely to be injured compared with women, and injuries were most common in the setting of competition for both sexes. The majority of injuries was considered minor and did not extensively limit participation; however, prevention and detection remain important for optimal performance.
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Castaldelli-Maia, João Mauricio, João Guilherme de Mello e. Gallinaro, Rodrigo Scialfa Falcão, Vincent Gouttebarge, Mary E. Hitchcock, Brian Hainline, Claudia L. Reardon, and Todd Stull. "Mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a systematic review on cultural influencers and barriers to athletes seeking treatment." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 11 (May 15, 2019): 707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100710.
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ObjectiveTo summarise the literature on the barriers to athletes seeking mental health treatment and cultural influencers of mental health in elite athletes.DesignSystematic reviewData sourcesPubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, SportDiscus (Ebsco), and PsycINFO (ProQuest) up to November 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesQualitative and quantitative original studies of elite athletes (those who competed at the professional, Olympic, or collegiate/university levels), published in any language.ResultsStigma, low mental health literacy, negative past experiences with mental health treatment-seeking, busy schedules, and hypermasculinity are barriers to elite athletes seeking mental health treatment. Cultural influencers of mental health in elite athletes include: (1) the lack of acceptance of women as athletes; (2) lower acceptability of mental health symptoms and disorders among non-white athletes; (3) non-disclosure of religious beliefs; and (4) higher dependence on economic benefits. Coaches have an important role in supporting elite athletes in obtaining treatment for mental illness. Brief anti-stigma interventions in elite athletes decrease stigma and improve literary about mental health.ConclusionThere is a need for various actors to provide more effective strategies to overcome the stigma that surrounds mental illness, increase mental health literacy in the athlete/coach community, and address athlete-specific barriers to seeking treatment for mental illness. In this systematic review, we identified strategies that, if implemented, can overcome the cultural factors that may otherwise limit athletes seeking treatment. Coaches are critical for promoting a culture within elite athletes’ environments that encourages athletes to seek treatment.
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Norman, Leanne. "The Coaching Needs of High Performance Female Athletes within the Coach-Athlete Dyad." International Sport Coaching Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2013-0037.
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Within the research literature there is little work that has examined how coaches (and coaching) can positively influence female athletes’ continued participation and development in performance sport. One barrier that has been recently cited that prevents more women from progressing in sport is the inability of coaches to understand how to engage their female athletes. With this in mind, utilising a phenomenological approach, the current study focused on the coaching preferences of female athletes within the elite coach-athlete dyad. Through interviews with 27 current high performance female athletes, four major coaching needs were found. These were: to be supported as a person as well a performer, coaching to be a joint endeavour, the need for positive communication, and recognition of the salience of gender within the coach-athlete dyad. The findings highlight the complexities and contradictions that are inherent within such a relationship, but ultimately provide evidence that the relational expertise of coaches is at the forefront of these women’s coaching needs. The present study also demonstrates that gender is a salient influence on the coach-athlete relationship. Such findings hold practical significance through demonstrating the need for gender-responsive coaching practitioners.
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Echlin, Paul S., Elaine N. Skopelja, Rachel Worsley, Shiroy B. Dadachanji, D. Rob Lloyd-Smith, Jack A. Taunton, Lorie A. Forwell, and Andrew M. Johnson. "A prospective study of physician-observed concussion during a varsity university ice hockey season: incidence and neuropsychological changes. Part 2 of 4." Neurosurgical Focus 33, no. 6 (December 2012): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.10.focus12286.
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Object The primary objective of this study was to measure the incidence of concussion according to a relative number of athlete exposures among 25 male and 20 female varsity ice hockey players. The secondary objective was to present neuropsychological test results between preseason and postseason play and at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion. Methods Every player underwent baseline assessments using the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-2 (SCAT2), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), and MRI. Each regular season and postseason game was observed by 2 independent observers (a physician and a nonphysician observer). Players with a diagnosed concussion were removed from the game, examined in the team physician's office using the SCAT2 and ImPACT, and sent to undergo MRI. Results Eleven concussions occurred during the 55 physician-observed games (20%). The incidence of concussion, expressed as number of concussions per 1000 athlete exposures, was 10.70 for men and women combined in regular season play, 11.76 for men and women combined across both the regular season and playoff season, 7.50 for men and 14.93 for women in regular season play, and 8.47 for men across both the regular season and playoff season. One male player experienced repeat concussions. No concussions were reported during practice sessions, and 1 concussion was observed and diagnosed in an exhibition game. Neuropsychological testing suggested no statistically significant preseason/postseason differences between athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion and athletes who did not sustain a physician-diagnosed concussion on either the ImPACT or SCAT2. The athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion demonstrated few reliable changes postinjury. Conclusions Although the incidence of game-related concussions per 1000 athlete exposures in this study was half the highest rate reported in the authors' previous research, it was 3 times higher than the incidence reported by other authors within the literature concerning men's collegiate ice hockey and 5 times higher than the highest rate previously reported for woman's collegiate ice hockey. Interestingly, the present results suggest a substantively higher incidence of concussion among women (14.93) than men (7.50). The reproducible and significantly higher incidence of concussion among both men and woman ice hockey players, when compared with nonphysician-observed games, suggests a significant underestimation of sports concussion in the scientific literature.
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Weaving, Charlene. "Breaking Down the Myth and Curse of Women Athletes: Enough is Enough, Period." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 25, no. 1 (April 2017): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2016-0010.
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From a theoretical perspective, I analyze the claim that women’s athletic performances are negatively affected by their menstrual cycles. To demonstrate the perpetuation of the belief that menstruation is a mythical debilitating bodily function for women and sport participation, an overview of Elizabeth Spelman, Simone De Beauvoir, and Iris Marion Young’s philosophical framing of somatophobia and menstruation is outlined. Analysis of specific examples of elite female athletes who have addressed menstruation in connection to their sporting performance are also discussed to emphasize how menstruation is linked to the frailty myth. I offer an analysis of the scientific literature on hormonal swings of the menstrual cycle and, the effects on sport performance to show that research is equivocal. Finally, a brief examination of feminine hygiene marking campaigns takes place to further emphasize the argument how the frailty myth is closely linked to women athletes and menstruation and how change can be created.
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Kozhedub, Marina, and Eugene Vrublevsky. "BIOIMPEDANSOMETRY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT INDIVIDUALIZATIONS TRAINING PROCESS GIRLS-ATHLETES." Sports Bulletin of the Dnieper 1 (2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32540/2071-1476-2019-1-040.
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In modern women's sports, there is an obvious need for constant improvement of the training system, providing for the development of new means, methods and forms of organizing the training process of women, the use of optimal methods for monitoring the state of fitness and assessing the effectiveness of recovery of the body of athletes. At the same time, it is important to analyze the individual dynamics of individual morphological and functional characteristics of athletes during the ovarian-menstrual cycle (OMC). The aim of the study is to reveal the individual dynamics of the characteristics of the body composition of qualified athletes, specializing in sprints, in certain phases of the OMC. Material and methods. The set of methods used to solve the assigned tasks included the following: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature data; psychological and pedagogical testing, questionnaire. An instrumental technique used in the work: the study of the body composition of the athletes was carried out using the ABC-01 “Medass” bioimpedance analyzer (Russia). The following indicators were recorded: body weight, fat mass, fat free mass, active cell mass, musculoskeletal mass, body water mass, specific basis calories exchange (consumption and burning), as well as the phase angle. The study involved nine women, specializing in sprinting, and possessing the sports qualifications of candidates for master of sports and masters of sports. Research results. Regular changes in the parameters characterizing the morphofunctional characteristics of the female body in certain phases of the OMC were revealed, which can be an informative indicator for the use of various training influences, taking into account the individual dynamics of the biorhythmics of the body of a particular athlete. Conclusions. The use of bioimpedance analysis of body composition in athletics is an effective, simple, convenient, portable, inexpensive and safe means of operational and stepwise monitoring of the state of the body of athletes, which allows solving a number of problems: to assess the optimal parameters of body composition depending on sports qualifications; to control the state of the individual level of preparedness, evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures, and also observe the peculiarities of changes in their body during the ovarian-menstrual cycle. Key words: individualization, training process, athletes, bioimpedance analysis, body composition, ovarianmenstrual cycle, OMC phases.
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Weber Rawlins, Michelle L., Cailee E. Welch Bacon, Phillip Tomporowski, Jennifer L. Gay, Laura Bierema, and Julianne D. Schmidt. "A Qualitative Analysis of Concussion-Reporting Behavior in Collegiate Student-Athletes With a History of Sport-Related Concussion." Journal of Athletic Training 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0392-19.
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Context Many survey-based methods have been used to explore concussion-reporting behavior. However, because the decision to report or conceal a concussion is likely multifactorial, this may narrow the findings, as the surveys were largely designed by the researchers. Objective To explore student-athletes' perspectives regarding factors that may influence the reporting of sport-related concussion. Design Qualitative study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletics. Patients or Other Participants We conducted 17 semistructured interviews with student-athletes who had sustained 1 or more concussions while attending a large university (men = 4, women = 13, age = 20.9 ± 1.3 years). Data Collection and Analysis After data saturation and member checks, a 5-cycle analytic process was completed: topical review, literature review, data collection and summarizing using a codebook developed by a 3-person research team, linking of findings to current research, and final interpretations. Results We discovered 3 themes. Participants discussed concussion perceptions by describing their understanding of a concussion, their own injury experiences, and their perceptions of symptom severity and duration. Regarding reporting behavior, participants described an order of individuals with whom they would speak, symptoms present in order to report (eg, feeling different from normal), immediate reactions, and influential factors for mitigating short- and long-term consequences. Lastly, participants discussed the value of support systems, such as how coaches can both positively and negatively influence reporting and athletic trainer involvement. Conclusions Participants often drew from their own concussion experiences in naming common concussion signs and symptoms. Additionally, they indicated that both short- and long-term health consequences influenced and deterred their seeking care and that their support systems, including coaches and athletic trainers, played a role in their concussion experience. Research is needed to determine if using student-athletes' own words to describe a concussion and incorporating student-athletes' support systems, especially coaches and athletic trainers, is effective in increasing concussion reporting.
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Majewski-Schrage, Tricia, Todd A. Evans, and Kelli R. Snyder. "Identifying Meaningful Patient Outcomes After Lower Extremity Injury, Part 1: Patient Experiences During Recovery." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-232-18.
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Context Determining meaningful aspects of health is crucial for outcome assessment; however, limited literature exists on the aspects of health that are deemed meaningful by the athletic patient population. Objective To identify experiences and meaningful outcomes after lower extremity (LE) musculoskeletal injury among collegiate athletes. Design Qualitative study. Setting University laboratory Patients or Other Participants A purposive sample of 20 athletes (10 men, 10 women; age = 20.1 ± 1.83 years) from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution in the Midwest who had sustained an LE injury. Data Collection and Analysis Semistructured face-to-face interviews and inductive data analysis were conducted. Trustworthiness of the data was established using member checks and peer debriefing. Results Four themes emerged from the data, revealing that physical changes, psychological changes, personal and lifestyle changes, and support were the most meaningful outcomes among athletes with an LE injury. The 4 themes were associated with 21 subthemes, indicating the complexity with which LE injury affects individuals Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the importance of caring for the whole person. Athletic trainers must broaden their focus to provide the best patient care and consider the person's activities and life demands outside of athletic participation. The themes identified in this study provide a basis for selecting appropriate health markers and outcome measures.
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Prontenko, K. V., V. Ya Andreychuk, S. О. Yuriev, I. V. Romaniv, D. M. Vorobyov, M. M. Dominiuk, and M. M. Danyliuk. "The effectiveness of athletes’ training in the snatch with an arbitrary change of hands without placing the kettlebell on the platform." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 1(129) (January 27, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.1(129).20.
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The article examines the current state of athletes’ training process in the snatch with an arbitrary change of hands without placing the kettlebell on the platform for 12 minutes. The dynamics of the fulfillment of the standard of the Master of Sports of Ukraine in the snatch with an arbitrary change of hands without placing the kettlebell on the platform for 12 minutes by male and femail athletes by weight categories in 2019 was nalyzed and a comparative analysis was carried out with other disciplines of kettlebell lifting. The results of athletes (men aged 18–40 and women 18–35 years old) of the teams of regions of Ukraine of different weight categories (men: up to 63 kg, up to 68 kg, up to 73 kg, up to 78 kg, up to 85 kg, up to 95 kg, over 95 kg; women: up to 58 kg, up to 63 kg, up to 68 kg, over 68 kg) were studied. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature, documentary method (study of competition protocols), methods of mathematical statistics. It was found that the number of athletes who first met the standard of the Master of Sports of Ukraine in 2019 in the snatch with an arbitrary change of hands is 5 people (3 men, 2 women); in biathlon – 7 men; in long cycle – 4 men, in classic snatch – 1 woman. It was revealed that in biathlon much more athletes fulfill the standard of the Master of Sports of Ukraine than in the snatch with an arbitrary change of hands, which indicates the insufficient efficiency of the system of training athletes in the snatch with an arbitrary change of hands without placing the kettlebell on the platform and the need for its improvement.
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Ransdell, Lynda B., and Christine L. Wells. "Masters Women Runners." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 7, no. 2 (October 1998): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.7.2.53.
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Women’s running has made significant gains during the past century. The Feminine Sportive Federation International, an international organization for women in sport, was an early advocate for women’s running. They lobbied for the inclusion of 5 new women’s events in the 1928 Olympics, the longest of which was 800 meters. Unfortunately, some competitors in the 800 m event collapsed, providing “rationale” for excluding women from distance racing (Noakes, 1991). Later, the 800 meter event was re-introduced in the 1960 Olympics, and so the interest in “women’s distance running” was re-kindled. Women continued to call for greater challenges, and eventually in 1972, they were officially allowed to run the Boston Marathon (Noakes, 1991). Today, distances of 5,10, and 42 kilometers make up the majority of road races throughout the country. These events are not limited to top-flight women athletes racing for fame and fortune or a chance to represent America in the Olympic Games. Rather, thousands of women—of all shapes, running styles and fitness levels—enter these weekend races, most with little hope of winning a prize.Currently, women runners are recognized at the national level as “open” (any age) or “masters” (40 years of age and older) competitors. This separation is important because performance varies with age. How age affects performance depends upon a number of factors including overall health, injury status, training, and genetic endowment. Considerable individual variability exists, but at some point in middle-age, performance declines. Although equal performance is not likely from outstanding 45 year old and 25 year old competitors, each may be considered an “elite” performer when competition is separated into age groups. The separation of athletes into masters and open categories and further into age groups results in opportunities for many to receive recognition, and for competitors to set and achieve goals relative to their age. Age-group competition has attracted thousands and thousands of “new” runners and encouraged former competitors to “stay with it for a few more years.”Very little is known about women who run at the “masters” level. There is general information about how aging affects the male athlete’s performance, but little information about how aging affects women’s performances. This paper is a review of the literature on masters women runners and a description of 1) their physical and physiological characteristics, 2) their performance, 3) their performance decline with advancing age, and 4) the health related benefits of physical activity.
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Perelman, Hayley, Joanna Buscemi, Elizabeth Dougherty, and Alissa Haedt-Matt. "Body Dissatisfaction in Collegiate Athletes: Differences Between Sex, Sport Type, and Division Level." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 718–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0018.
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Body dissatisfaction is associated with marked distress and often precipitates disordered eating symptomology. Literature on body dissatisfaction in athletes appears to be mixed, perhaps because athletes vary along several key characteristics related to how they experience their bodies. This study sought to investigate group differences in body dissatisfaction between sex (men vs. women), sport type (lean-promoting vs. non-lean-promoting), and division level (Division I vs. Division III). Collegiate athletes (N = 191) completed a self-report measure of body dissatisfaction, demographics, and sport characteristics. A factorial ANOVA revealed that women reported greater body dissatisfaction compared to men regardless of division level and sport type. There was an interaction between sex and sport type such that men in lean-promoting sports reported greater body dissatisfaction than men in non-lean-promoting sports. Findings suggest that some athletes participating in lean-promoting sports may be at risk of developing significant body dissatisfaction. Research on body dissatisfaction in collegiate athletes can be used to develop clinical interventions that aim to reduce body dissatisfaction and the potential of developing disordered eating and related psychopathology.
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Tsyganenko, O. I. "The problem of the potentially danger of an aggressive autoimmune nature of immunity in women during the vaccination of sportswomen against the COVID-19 coronavirus: solutions." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(136) (May 22, 2021): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.5(135).32.
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With the beginning of the mass vaccination against the coronavirus COVID-19, the problem of the potentially of the danger of the aggressive autoimmune nature of immunity in women during the vaccination of sportswomen against the coronavirus COVID -19 arose.
Objective of the study: to determine ways to solve the problem potentially of the danger of an aggressive autoimmune nature of immunity in women when vaccinating sportswomen against the COVID -19 coronavirus. Research methods: methods of theoretical analysis of scientific literature are used: generalizations, synthesis, abstractions, formalizations. Research results and conclusions: ways were identified to solve the problem potentially of the danger of an aggressive autoimmune nature of immunity in women when vaccinating sportswomen against the COVID-19 coronavirus. The potential danger of aggressive autoimmune immunity in women can be a significant problem for vaccination of athletes against coronavirus COVID -19, especially if there is significant physical activity in their sports activities with manifestations of physical allergies. When determining the possibility of vaccination of female athletes against coronavirus COVID -19, it is recommended to conduct a special medical and allergological examination and survey of female athletes using special questionnaires and, if there are indications, send female athletes for consultation to an allergist. It was concluded that when vaccinating against the COVID-19 coronavirus, priority should be given to athletes to prevent them from developing allergic complications. If indicated, sportswomen must undergo a special allergic diagnosis.
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Breen, Derek, Michelle Norris, Robin Healy, and Ross Anderson. "Marathon Pace Control in Masters Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0730.
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Purpose: Pacing strategies are key to overall performance outcome in distance-running events. Presently, no literature has examined pacing strategies used by masters athletes of all running levels during a competitive marathon. Therefore, this study aimed to examine masters athletes’ pacing strategies, categorized by gender, age, and performance level. Methods: Data were retrieved from the 2015 TSC New York City Marathon for 31,762 masters athletes (20,019 men and 11,743 women). Seven performance-classification (PC) groupings were identified via comparison of overall completion time compared with current world records, appropriate to age and gender. Data were categorized via, age, gender, and performance level. Mean 5-km speed for the initial 40 km was calculated, and the fastest and slowest 5-km-split speeds were identified and expressed as a percentage faster or slower than mean speed. Pace range, calculated as the absolute sum of the fastest and slowest split percentages, was then analyzed. Results: Significant main effects were identified for age, gender, and performance level (P < .001), with performance level the most determining factor. Athletes in PC1 displayed the lowest pace range (14.19% ± 6.66%), and as the performance levels of athletes decreased, pace range increased linearly (PC2–PC7, 17.52% ± 9.14% to 36.42% ± 18.32%). A significant interaction effect was found for gender × performance (P < .001), with women showing a smaller pace range (−3.81%). Conclusions: High-performing masters athletes use more-controlled pacing strategies than their lower-ranked counterparts during a competitive marathon, independent of age and gender.
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Jonvik, Kristin L., Jean Nyakayiru, Jan-Willem van Dijk, Floris C. Wardenaar, Luc J. C. van Loon, and Lex B. Verdijk. "Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 2 (April 2017): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0239.
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Although beetroot juice, as a nitrate carrier, is a popular ergogenic supplement among athletes, nitrate is consumed through the regular diet as well. We aimed to assess the habitual dietary nitrate intake and identify the main contributing food sources in a large group of highly trained athletes. Dutch highly trained athletes (226 women and 327 men) completed 2–4 web-based 24-hr dietary recalls and questionnaires within a 2- to 4-week period. The nitrate content of food products and food groups was determined systematically based on values found in regulatory reports and scientific literature. These were then used to calculate each athlete’s dietary nitrate intake from the web-based recalls. The median[IQR] habitual nitrate intake was 106[75–170] mg/d (range 19–525 mg/d). Nitrate intake correlated with energy intake (ρ = 0.28, p < .001), and strongly correlated with vegetable intake (ρ = 0.78, p < .001). In accordance, most of the dietary nitrate was consumed through vegetables, potatoes and fruit, accounting for 74% of total nitrate intake, with lettuce and spinach contributing most. When corrected for energy intake, nitrate intake was substantially higher in female vs male athletes (12.8[9.2–20.0] vs 9.4[6.2–13.8] mg/MJ; p < .001). This difference was attributed to the higher vegetable intake in female vs male athletes (150[88–236] vs 114[61–183] g/d; p < .001). In conclusion, median daily intake of dietary nitrate in highly trained athletes was 106 mg, with large interindividual variation. Dietary nitrate intake was strongly associated with the intake of vegetables. Increasing the intake of nitrate-rich vegetables in the diet might serve as an alternative strategy for nitrate supplementation.
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Mancini, Sophia L., Clark Dickin, Dorice A. Hankemeier, Lindsey Rolston, and Henry Wang. "Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female Soccer Athletes: A Review." Journal of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2767-5130/2021/1.1129.
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Soccer is becoming an increasingly popular sport amongst women. Common movements during play, such as jumping and cutting, require rapid acceleration and deceleration of multiple lower-limb joints. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which contributes to stabilization of the knee, is often injured during these events. ACL injury typically requires costly surgery, extended time away from sports, and jeopardizes long-term joint health. Due to sex-specific factors such as menstruation and anatomical disadvantages, women are more susceptible to tearing their ACL. Injury often occurs in non-contact scenarios during rapid acceleration or deceleration movements. Research has examined these movements and established several kinematic and kinetic mechanisms as well as muscle activation patterns that frequently occur at the time of injury, however results tend to vary based on population. This article summarizes recent and relevant literature of ACL injury mechanisms and highlights the lack of specific research in the high-risk female soccer athlete population. Due to inconclusive risk factors, injury prevention programs within this population have been inconsistent. ACL injury risk for female soccer athletes should be closer examined so that more specific injury risks can be established, and effective protective measures can be taken. Raised awareness of this need may capture attention in the research and medical communities and potentially stimulate the development of strategies that limit future ACL injury and thus the challenges it brings to the high-risk female soccer athlete.
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Mancini, Sophia L., Clark Dickin, Dorice A. Hankemeier, Lindsey Rolston, and Henry Wang. "Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female Soccer Athletes: A Review." Journal of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2767-5130/2021/1.1128.
Full textAbstract:
Soccer is becoming an increasingly popular sport amongst women. Common movements during play, such as jumping and cutting, require rapid acceleration and deceleration of multiple lower-limb joints. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which contributes to stabilization of the knee, is often injured during these events. ACL injury typically requires costly surgery, extended time away from sports, and jeopardizes long-term joint health. Due to sex-specific factors such as menstruation and anatomical disadvantages, women are more susceptible to tearing their ACL. Injury often occurs in non-contact scenarios during rapid acceleration or deceleration movements. Research has examined these movements and established several kinematic and kinetic mechanisms as well as muscle activation patterns that frequently occur at the time of injury, however results tend to vary based on population. This article summarizes recent and relevant literature of ACL injury mechanisms and highlights the lack of specific research in the high-risk female soccer athlete population. Due to inconclusive risk factors, injury prevention programs within this population have been inconsistent. ACL injury risk for female soccer athletes should be closer examined so that more specific injury risks can be established, and effective protective measures can be taken. Raised awareness of this need may capture attention in the research and medical communities and potentially stimulate the development of strategies that limit future ACL injury and thus the challenges it brings to the high-risk female soccer athlete.
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Sun, Guoxiao, Jingyi Zhao, Siyu Tian, Liwei Zhang, and Cunxian Jia. "Psychological Strain and Suicidal Ideation in Athletes: The Multiple Mediating Effects of Hopelessness and Depression." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 8087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218087.
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The present study aims to examine the relationship between psychological strain, suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression among Chinese athletes. Participants were 774 Chinese athletes (454 men and 320 women), with a range of ages from 12 to 35 (M = 18.47, SD = 3.39). The structural equation modeling method was used to examine the multiple mediating effects of hopelessness and depression between psychological strain and suicidal ideation. As expected, a positive correlation between psychological strain, suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression was found. Additionally, results seem to indicate that psychological strain directly and positively influenced suicidal ideation, and that hopelessness and depression played a serial mediating role in the relationship between psychological strain and suicidal ideation. To conclude, the psychological strain theory is applicable for explaining suicidal ideation in athletes. In athletes, psychological strain is sequentially associated first with a sense of hopelessness and then depression, which is in turn related to suicidal ideation. The present study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we provide a new theoretical basis and new methods for preventing mental disorder and suicidality in athletes.
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Trinh, Lily N., Symone M. Brown, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "The Influence of Psychological Factors on the Incidence and Severity of Sports-Related Concussions: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 6 (November 8, 2019): 1516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519882626.
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Background: An athlete’s preexisting psychological factors may influence the incidence and/or severity of sports-related concussions (SRCs). Purpose: To determine if emotional states, personality traits, temperament, life stressors, and explanatory styles (optimism vs pessimism) influence the incidence and severity of SRCs in athletes. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic literature search of multiple major medical reference databases was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies were included that evaluated the effect of preexisting psychological factors on the incidence and severity of SRCs in male and female athletes participating in all sports. Results: The initial search identified 1195 articles. Ten studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. Factors such as meanness, aggression, and psychoticism were associated with an increased incidence of SRCs. Baseline traits of irritability, sadness, nervousness, and depressive symptoms were associated with worse symptomatology after SRCs. In young athletes, preexisting psychiatric illnesses, family history of psychiatric illness, and significant life stressors were associated with an increased risk of developing postconcussion syndrome after SRCs. Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrated a potential relationship between an athlete’s preexisting psychological factors and the incidence and severity of SRCs. These associations are not entirely clear owing to the heterogeneity across included studies and the low-to-moderate certainty of evidence. Future studies should attempt to evaluate men and women independently, use well-validated psychological questionnaires, and limit the usage of self-reported SRCs, when possible. Furthermore, the potential efficacy of baseline psychological factor and/or symptom reports on the prevention and management of SRCs should be explored.
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Dorrel, Bryan, Terry Long, Scott Shaffer, and Gregory D. Myer. "The Functional Movement Screen as a Predictor of Injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-528-15.
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Context: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a tool used to assess the quality of human movement. Previous FMS researchers reported a difference between the comprehensive and individual FMS test scores of injured and uninjured participants. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the FMS for predicting injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes and to evaluate how an injury definition may affect the prognostic values. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University preparticipation examinations. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 257 collegiate athletes (men = 176, women = 81) between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Main Outcome Measure(s): The athletes were prospectively screened with the FMS and monitored for subsequent injury. The ability of the FMS to accurately predict musculoskeletal injuries, overall injuries, and severe injuries was determined. Results: The receiver operating characteristic curve provided the FMS cut score of ≤15 for the study sample. The areas under the curve were 0.53, 0.56, and 0.53 for musculoskeletal injury, overall injury, and severe injury, respectively. Sensitivity was 0.63 (0.62, 0.61, 0.65), whereas specificity was below 0.50 (0.49, 0.49, 0.45) for all 3 injury definitions of musculoskeletal injury, overall injury, and severe injury, respectively. Relative risk was 1.25 for musculoskeletal injuries, 1.24 for overall injuries, and 1.45 for severe injuries. Conclusions: The overall prognostic accuracy of the FMS offered a slightly better than 50/50 chance of correctly classifying those most at risk for injury. As such, the FMS did not provide discriminatory prediction of musculoskeletal injury, overall injury, or severe injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes. Using the identified optimal cut score produced inadequate validity, regardless of the injury definition. We recommend using the FMS to assess movement quality rather than as a standalone injury-prediction tool until additional research suggests otherwise. Clinicians screening for injury risk should consider multiple risk factors identified in the literature.
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Baldwin, Christopher F., and Roger Vallance. "Women Referees’ Experiences Officiating Rugby Union." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2016): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2015-0036.
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Five women rugby union referees who officiated in the New South Wales (NSW) suburban rugby union premiership were interviewed about their experiences refereeing men. After a comprehensive analysis of the interview transcripts, four themes emerged around barriers and challenges to women’s participation in officiating, these themes are: 1) Barriers experienced by women rugby union referees; 2) Success in refereeing male rugby union players; 3) Challenges of women participating in refereeing rugby union; 4) Ways to bring about change. The findings imply that there is discrimination and marginalization present in women’s sports officiating at male games which is in line with the literature in women’s sports coaching. The findings also suggest that women have to be superior and elite athletes with a history of success to be appointed to the best male rugby union matches. Support both on and off the field is crucial to the development and success of female referees.
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Esmonde, Katelyn, Cheryl Cooky, and David L. Andrews. "“That’s Not the Only Reason I’m Watching the Game”: Women’s (Hetero)Sexual Desire and Sports Fandom." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 42, no. 6 (September 3, 2018): 498–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723518797041.
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Women make up increasingly large proportions of fan bases of the most popular spectator sports in the United States and are recognized as a viable marketing segment. Despite their growing cultural and economic presence, scholars have noted the stereotypical assumptions women sports fans routinely experience, particularly with regard to the widely held assumption that women’s interest in men’s sport is primarily motivated by heterosexual attraction to male athletes. Recently, feminist scholars have begun to investigate the role of heterosexual desire in shaping the experiences of women sports fans. Building on this literature, we examine the role of heterosexuality in women’s fandom of men’s sports, bringing to our research the feminist articulations of contradiction and a both/and ethos. In doing so, we empirically interrogate popular understandings of the role that women’s heterosexual sexual desire plays in the consumption of men’s sports through an examination of the lived experiences of women fans. Drawing on qualitative semistructured interviews with 11 self-identified women sports fans, we found that the participants navigated the marginalization of women’s heterosexuality in sport fandom in four ways: by positioning the sexualization of athletes as antithetical to fandom, by challenging the exclusion of women’s heterosexuality in the fan cultures surrounding men’s sports, by discussing their own experiences of sexualizing athletes with guilt or ambivalence, and by downplaying the role that sexual attraction plays in their own fandom. We conclude that the marginalization of women sports fans’ heterosexual desire within the institutional center of sports denies important facets of their experience and thereby upholds normative understandings of gendered sexuality that underpin masculine hegemony in sport.
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Tsyganenko, O. I., Ya V. Pershehuba, N. A. Sklyarova, and L. F. Oksamytna. "Methodological approaches to chrono- ecological express - assessment of the degree of chron-adaptation of the organism of the athletes under high physical." (Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 2(130) (February 22, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.2(130).28.
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Impaired chronoadaptation in female athletes, which is more common in women than in men, including under conditions of high physical activity can adversely affect their physical and mental performance. This gives grounds to consider the need for chronoecological rapid assessment of the degree of chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical activity.
Objective of the study: identify and develop methodological approaches to rapid assessment of the degree of chronoecological chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical activity.
Research methods: used methods of theoretical analysis of scientific literature: generalization, synthesis, formalization, abstraction.
Research results and conclusions: developed methodological approaches to chronological express - assessment of the degree of chronoadaptation of the body of athletes under conditions of high physical activity. It is concluded that the study should be conducted in three stages. At the first stage the chronotype of athletes is determined, at the second - the degree of chronoadaptation to the circadian chronobiological cycle sleep - wakefulness (basic rhythmic cycle on the planet Earth day - night), at the third - determination of the intensity of chronoadaptation mechanisms.
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Afriannisyah, Entan, Lucky Herawati, and Melyana Nurul Widyawati. "Core Stability Exercise For Low Back Pain: A Literature Review." STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 9, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 1718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.525.
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Back pain is a major health problem in the world. This back pain is experienced by athletes, pregnant women of late trimester pregnancy and postpartum mothers. So far, back pain can be treated using chemical drugs which have side effects on the body. Physical activity is an alternative option to help with back pain. Core stability exercise is a non-pharmacological method that can relieve back pain symptoms in sufferers. This literature review aims to analyze the benefits of core stability exercise in patients with low back pain. The research method used by the author is a literature review using databases through Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar from 2008 to 2019 This article discusses core stability exercises in people with low back pain. The results of the literature search show that core stability exercise can reduce low back pain.
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Hannafin, Jo, and Lisa Callahan. "History of Women's Sports Medicine." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2021): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v1i1.13.
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This editorial reviews the rationale for development of Women’s Sports Medicine Programs in the United States. Current issues surrounding the lack of sex-specific analysis in the published literature are reviewed. There is an ongoing need for basic, translational, and clinical research in optimizing care of female athletes and active women of all ages. The importance of the newly established Journal of Women’s Sports Medicine in fulfilling that need is discussed.
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Ross, MacIntosh, and Kevin B. Wamsley. "“The New Woman and the Manly Art”: Women and Boxing in Nineteenth-Century Canada." Sport History Review 51, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0005.
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On July 27, 1859, “Canada” Kate Clark met two Americans, Nellie Stem and Mary Dwyer, for a pair of prize fights in Fort Erie, Canada West. Beginning their adventure in Buffalo, New York, they rowed their way across the Niagara River to the fighting grounds in the British colony. Like pugilists before them, they stripped to the waist to limit potential grappling in battle. Both the journey and pre-fight fight preparations were tried and true components of mid-nineteenth century prize fighting. Although the press, and later historians, overwhelmingly associated such performances with male combatants, women were indeed active in Canadian pugilistic circles, settling scores, testing their mettle, and displaying their fistic abilities both pre- and post-Confederation. In this article, we begin to untangle the various threads of female pugilism, situating these athletes and performers within the broader literature on both boxing and women's sport in Canada. By examining media reports of female boxers—both in sparring and prize fighting—we hope to provide a historiographic foundation for further discussions of early female pugilism, highlighting the various ways these women upheld and challenged the notion of the “new woman” in Canada.
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Baldassarre, Roberto, Marco Bonifazi, Paola Zamparo, and Maria Francesca Piacentini. "Characteristics and Challenges of Open-Water Swimming Performance: A Review." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 1275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0230.
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Context: Although the popularity of open-water swimming (OWS) events has significantly increased in the last decades, specific studies regarding performance of elite or age-group athletes in these events are scarce. Purpose: To analyze the existing literature on OWS. Methods: Relevant literature was located via computer-generated citations. During August 2016, online computer searches on PubMed and Scopus databases were conducted to locate published research. Results: The number of participants in ultraendurance swimming events has substantially increased in the last 10 y. In elite athletes there is a higher overall competitive level of women than of men. The body composition of female athletes (different percentage and distribution of fat tissue) shows several advantages (more buoyancy and less drag) in aquatic conditions that determine the small difference between males and females. The main physiological characteristics of open-water swimmers (OW swimmers) are the ability to swim at high percentage of (80–90%) for many hours. Furthermore, to sustain high velocity for many hours, endurance swimmers need a high propelling efficiency and a low energy cost. Conclusion: Open-water races may be characterized by extreme environmental conditions (water temperature, tides, currents, and waves) that have an overall impact on performance, influencing tactics and pacing. Future studies are needed to study OWS in both training and competition.
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Douglas, Kitrina, and David Carless. "Performance, Discovery, and Relational Narratives among Women Professional Tournament Golfers." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 15, no. 2 (October 2006): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.15.2.14.
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The dominant narrative within the literature on elite sport is characterised by a total focus on performance. Scholars in other areas have noted how although alternatives to the dominant narrative exist they are often silenced and fail to reach the public domain. Drawing on interviews with seven women professional tournament golfers, we explored the narratives women use to make sense of their experiences in elite sport. We present three narratives which illustrate the existence of alternatives to the dominant performance narrative among Europe’s most outstanding women golfers. Two alternatives are identified: a discovery narrative and a relational narrative. These findings suggest that diverse routes to success are possible in women’s professional sport. We discuss the educational and social implications of the alternative narratives in an effort to encourage discussion and debate among athletes, administrators, coaches, sports psychologists, and educators.
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Kanemasu, Yoko, and Gyozo Molnar. "‘Representing’ the voices of Fijian women rugby players: Working with power differentials in transformative research." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218818991.
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The politics of research practice has been discussed extensively in ethnographic and methodological literature, and increasingly in sport research literature. In this article we intend to contribute to the growing body of transformative research in the sociology of sport with reflections on our experience as dominant group researchers in a post-colonial, sub-cultural sporting environment; women’s rugby union in Fiji. We first examine the dilemmas and uncertainties engendered by our gendered/sexual positionalities and how we have sought to negotiate them. We also place our research in the context of Pacific islanders’ continuous effort for knowledge decolonisation and examine the ways in which our research replicates colonial silencing of local voices, however inadvertently. Finally, we explore the broader transformative potentials researchers may contribute to by situating their work as a collective and dialogic project within and beyond academic exercises, between researchers, athletes and others.
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Sabiston, Catherine M., Meghan H. McDonough, and Peter R. E. Crocker. "Psychosocial Experiences of Breast Cancer Survivors Involved in a Dragon Boat Program: Exploring Links to Positive Psychological Growth." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 29, no. 4 (August 2007): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.419.
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This study explored psychosocial experiences of breast cancer survivors involved in dragon boat programs. Twenty women (Mage = 58.69, SD = 6.85) were interviewed for 45-60 min about their experiences as members of survivor dragon boat teams. Interviews were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory methods. The dragon boat program facilitated social support from women with common challenges and a shared understanding of survivorship. It also provided opportunities to (re)gain a sense of personal control, develop new identities as athletes, and overcome physical challenges. Together these elements contributed to positive psychological growth and linked to the literature on posttraumatic growth. Future physical activity interventions targeting breast cancer survivors may benefit from developing strategies that share key characteristics of dragon boating.
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Wheaton, Belinda, and Holly Thorpe. "Action Sports, the Olympic Games, and the Opportunities and Challenges for Gender Equity: The Cases of Surfing and Skateboarding." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 42, no. 5 (June 19, 2018): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723518781230.
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Commentators have suggested that action sports have provided space for more progressive gendered power relations than many more traditional, institutionalized sex-segregated sports. However, as action sports become institutionalized via Olympic inclusion, what are the potential opportunities and challenges for girls and women as both athletes and industry leaders? Drawing on interviews with male and female leaders in surfing and skateboarding industries, media and cultures, and an analysis of niche media, we assess the opportunities for women as the sports prepare for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. The two case studies reveal the different struggles and strategies of women in these two sporting cultures, as well as the roles played by men in supporting cultural change. This article contributes to the critical literature assessing the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) claims to provide opportunities for diverse groups of women and, more widely, the challenges in establishing effective policies to “empower” girls and women in and through sport.
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Fitzgerald, Maureen P., Mary Ann D. Sagaria, and Barbara Nelson. "Career Patterns of Athletic Directors: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom." Journal of Sport Management 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.8.1.14.
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This study used a sociological career trajectory model to examine the career patterns of 200 male and female NCAA Division I, II, and III athletic directors. A normative career pattern derived from the literature on athletic directors was posited to compare the histories of incumbent NCAA athletic directors (ADs). The actual career experiences of ADs challenged the norm of the posited five-position sequence that begins with collegiate athlete; progresses through high school coach, collegiate coach, and associate or assistant director; and culminates with athletic director. Competing as a collegiate athlete and coaching at the college level were the two most frequent experiences underpinning the AD position. Differences from the posited norms were most likely to be associated with directors of NCAA Division II and III institutions and with women.
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G. Silva, Maria-Raquel, and Maria Luisa Bellotto. "Nutritional Requirements for Maternal and Newborn Health." Current Women s Health Reviews 11, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340481101150914201357.
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During pregnancy, dietary energy and nutrient requirements are increased to support metabolism changes of the mother, as blood volume and red cells expansion, and the delivery of energy and nutrients to the fetus. This review aims to: i) identify and discuss maternal physiological changes during pregnancy related to nutrition; ii) clarify about the most recently nutritional recommendations for pregnant women, including special groups of pregnant women, who do not usually practice a healthy diet, those who are in high-risk categories and pregnant athletes; iii) and clarify the importance of breastfeeding, specifically for the newborn, and infant formulae, as an alternative feeding. A literature review was undertaken by electronic databases PubMed, b-on, Scielo, Medline, Web of Science and Science Direct. The most recent original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used to search information from pregnancy, newborn baby, postpartum and nutritional status. The intake of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy and lean meats can be preventive for an appropriate maternal weight and infant weight. Supplements should only be used when there is a deficiency. Special groups of pregnant women who do not usually practice a healthy diet, those who are in high-risk categories and pregnant athletes should daily take a multivitamin andmineral preparation containing a variety of nutrients beginning in the second trimester. A healthy diet and an appropriate body weight are mandatory for maternal health and fetal outcomes. Breast milk is a unique source of energy and nutrients for the infant.
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Blanchard, Erica R., Christopher J. Hadley, Eric D. Wicks, William Emper, and Steven B. Cohen. "Return to Play After Isolated Meniscal Repairs in Athletes: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 232596712096209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120962093.
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Background: Meniscal tears are a common knee injury. Isolated meniscal tears are less common; however, unaddressed tears can be troublesome, particularly for athletes. There is currently a lack of data in the literature on athletes returning to play after isolated meniscal repair. Purpose: To evaluate the return to play rate and time to return to play for athletes with isolated meniscal injuries. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane electronic databases was conducted to identify studies that reported the time and the rate of return to play in athletes after repair of isolated meniscal tears. Studies were excluded if there was a concomitant anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, if there was a meniscectomy instead of a meniscal repair, or if the study was a systematic review. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed by 2 examiners. Results: Overall, 21 studies were included in this review. There were 355 athletes (358 knees) with a mean age of 22.5 years (range, 9-68 years). A sex breakdown was noted in 16 of the 21 (76.2%) studies with 224 men and 71 women. The specific repair technique was described in 259 (72.3%) knees. Of the total knees, 109 (30.4%) had an open repair, 128 (35.8%) had an inside-out arthroscopic technique repair, and 22 (6.1%) had an all-inside arthroscopic technique repair. Complications were addressed in 11 studies, with 13 out of 155 (8.4%) patients across the 11 articles having a postoperative complication. Of the total 355 patients, 295 (83.1%) returned to play, and 17 of these 21 (81.0%) articles reported the time it took for athletes to return to play, with a mean return of 8.7 months. Conclusion: The study results indicate that return to play rates after isolated meniscal repair are high, with an overall return to play rate of 83.1% and a mean return to play time of 8.7 months. However, the limited number of studies, particularly ones with larger patient numbers, highlights the need for further investigation regarding isolated meniscal repair in athletes.
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Mazerolle, Stephanie M., Sarah L. Myers, Stacy E. Walker, and Jessica Kirby. "Maintaining Professional Commitment as a Newly Credentialed Athletic Trainer in the Secondary School Setting." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-72-17.
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Context: Professional commitment, or one's affinity and loyalty to a career, has become a topic of interest in athletic training. The expanding research on the topic, however, has omitted newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs). For an impressionable group of practitioners, transitioning to clinical practice can be stressful.Objective: To explore the professional commitment of newly credentialed ATs in the secondary school setting.Setting: Secondary school.Design: Qualitative study.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 31 newly credentialed ATs (6 men, 25 women; mean age = 24 ± 3 years) participated. Of these, 17 ATs (4 men, 13 women; mean age = 25 ± 4 years) were employed full time in the secondary school setting, and 14 ATs (2 men, 12 women; mean age = 23.0 ± 2.0 years) were graduate assistant students in the secondary school setting.Data Collection and Analysis: All participants completed semistructured interviews, which focused on their experiences in the secondary school setting and transitioning into the role and setting. Transcripts were analyzed using the phenomenologic approach. Creditability was established by peer review, member checks, and researcher triangulation.Results: Four main findings related to the professional commitment of newly credentialed ATs in the secondary school setting were identified. Work-life balance, professional relationships formed with the student-athletes, enjoyment gained from working in the secondary school setting, and professional responsibility emerged as factors facilitating commitment.Conclusions: Affective commitment is a primary facilitator of professional commitment. Newly credentialed ATs who enjoy their jobs and have time to engage in nonwork roles are able to maintain a positive professional commitment. Our findings align with the previous literature and help strengthen our understanding that rejuvenation and passion are important to professional commitment.
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Aalberg, Karoline, Knut Stavem, Frode Norheim, Michael Bjørn Russell, and Aleksander Chaibi. "Effect of oral and transdermal oestrogen therapy on bone mineral density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 3 (July 2021): e001112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001112.
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BackgroundFemale athletes might develop reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and amenorrhoea due to low energy intake.ObjectiveTo systematically review the literature of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of oestrogen oral contraceptives (OCP), conjugated oestrogens (CE) and transdermal estradiol (TE) on BMD in premenopausal women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA) due to weight loss, vigorous exercise and/or stress.MethodsA comprehensive literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Ovid and CINAHL from inception to 1 October 2020.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors independently extracted data. When possible, the data were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis.Main outcomesDifference in BMD (g/cm2) at the lumbar spine.ResultsNine RCTs comprising 770 participants met the inclusion criteria; five studies applied OCP, two CE and two TE. Four RCTs (two OCP, two TE) found an increased BMD in premenopausal women with FHA, and five (three OCP, two CE) found a decreased BMD compared with controls. A meta-analysis showed no difference in BMD between the treatment and control groups, (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.30, 95% CI −0.12 to 0.73). A secondary analysis for change scores from baseline to first assessment point, showed a similar overall result (SMD 0.17, 95% CI −0.16 to 0.51). No serious adverse events were reported.ConclusionThe literature suggests that TE might increase lumbar BMD in premenopausal women with FHA, but pooled results revealed no effect of the intervention. The findings do not support oestrogen therapy to improve BMD in these patient groups.
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Vemer, M. Elizabeth. "Developing Women as Financial Donors and Philanthropists: A Way to Enhance Intercollegiate Athletics Opportunities." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 5, no. 1 (April 1996): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.5.1.27.
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This article is a review of literature pertaining to women’s philanthropy. The purpose is to provide a basis for research related to reasons women donate to athletics and sports. An analysis of women donors as portrayed in the non-profit and political sector philanthropic literature is provided. Inferences for sport fundraising are explored in terms of private donor giving to intercollegiate athletics, especially that which may enhance women’s sporting opportunities. Emphasis is placed on the role of women as financial donors and philanthropists during the 1990s. Projections are made relative to the potential for and nature of female philanthropy in the future.
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Bell, Travis R., and Roxane Coche. "High Power Kick." Communication & Sport 6, no. 6 (October 15, 2017): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517734853.
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The 2015 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Women’s World Cup final, won by the United States women’s national team (USWNT), was the most-watched soccer match (men or women) in U.S. history. This quantitative content analysis examined 491 American newspaper front pages published on July 6, 2015, the day after the USWNT win. Results discuss newspapers that placed the story on their front pages (81%) and those that didn’t (19%). The significant coverage of the victory indicates a small step toward improvement of a stereotypical (lack of) media representation for female athletes. However, newspapers that omitted USWNT coverage are remnants of what scholarly literature pointed toward for years: Media put more emphasis on men’s sports, regardless of level of play, than they do on women’s sports.
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Hottenrott, Laura, Sascha Ketelhut, Christoph Schneider, Thimo Wiewelhove, and Alexander Ferrauti. "Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Recovery From High-Intensity and Endurance Exercise: A Brief Review." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0604.
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Postexercise recovery is a fundamental component for continuous performance enhancement. Due to physiological and morphological changes in aging and alterations in performance capacity, athletes of different ages may recover at different rates from physical exercise. Differences in body composition, physiological function, and exercise performance between men and women may also have a direct influence on restoration processes. Purpose: This brief review examines current research to indicate possible differences in recovery processes between male and female athletes of different age groups. The paper focuses on postexercise recovery following sprint and endurance tests and tries to identify determinants that modulate possible differences in recovery between male and female subjects of different age groups. Results: The literature analysis indicates age- and sex-dependent differences in short- and long-term recovery. Short-term recovery differs among children, adults, and masters. Children have shorter lactate half-life and a faster cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to adults. Additionally, children and masters require shorter recovery periods during interval bouts than trained adults. Trained women show a slower cardiac and respiratory recovery compared to trained men. Long-term recovery is strongly determined by the extent of muscle damage. Trained adults tend to have more extensive muscle damage compared to masters and children. Conclusion: The influence of age and sex on the recovery process varies among the different functional systems and depends on the time of the recovery processes. Irrespective of age and sex, the performance capacity of the individual determines the recovery process after high-intensity and endurance exercise.
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Dimitriou, Dimitris, Zhongzheng Wang, Diyang Zou, Naeder Helmy, and Tsung-Yuan Tsai. "Do Sex-Specific Differences Exist in ACL Attachment Location? An MRI-Based 3-Dimensional Topographic Analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 232596712096447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120964477.
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Background: Female sex is an independent risk factor for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, as the incidence of an ACL rupture is 4- to 6-fold higher in female athletes compared with their male counterparts. The ACL attachment location as a potential risk factor for the increased ACL rupture rate in women has never been reported in the literature. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of the present study was to investigate the 3-dimensional topographic anatomy of the ACL bundle attachment in female and male patients, with and without an ACL rupture, and identify potential sex-related differences. We hypothesized that the ACL attachment location would be significantly different between men and women, in both the intact- and ruptured-ACL states. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance images of the knee from 90 patients (55 men, 35 women) with a ruptured ACL and 90 matched controls (55 men, 35 women), who suffered a noncontact knee injury without ACL rupture, were used to create 3-dimensional models of the femur and tibia. The ACL bundles’ origin and insertion were outlined on each model, and their location was measured using an anatomical coordinate system. A 2-way analysis of variance was used to compare the ACL attachment location between male and female patients, with and without an ACL rupture. Results: No significant differences were found between female and male participants regarding ACL attachment location (femoral origin and tibial insertion). Patients with a ruptured ACL demonstrated a significantly different ACL origin compared with the participants with an intact ACL by an average difference of 8.9% more posterior ( P < .05) and 4.0% more proximal ( P < .05) in men and 13.0% more posterior ( P < .05) and 5.5% more proximal ( P < .05) to the flexion-extension axis of the knee in women. Conclusion: The ACL attachment location should not be considered a risk factor for the increased ACL rupture rates in female compared with male athletes. However, a more posterior and proximal location of the femoral ACL origin might be a predisposing factor to an ACL rupture regardless of sex.
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Garbisu-Hualde, Arkaitz, and Jordan Santos-Concejero. "What are the Limiting Factors During an Ultra‐Marathon? A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature." Journal of Human Kinetics 72, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0102.
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AbstractThis review aimed to analyse factors that limited performance in ultra-marathons and mountain ultra-marathons. A literature search in one database (PubMed) was conducted in February 2019. Quality of information of the articles was evaluated using the Oxford´s level of evidence and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The search strategy yielded 111 total citations from which 23 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty one of the 23 included studies had a level of evidence 2b (individual cohort study), while the 2 remaining studies had a level of evidence of 5 (expert opinion). Also, the mean score in the PEDro scale was 3.65 ± 1.61, with values ranging from 0 to 7. Participants were characterised as experienced or well-trained athletes in all of the studies. The total number of participants was 1002 (893 men, 86 women and 23 unknown). The findings of this review suggest that fatigue in ultra-endurance events is a multifactorial phenomenon that includes physiological, neuromuscular, biomechanical and cognitive factors. Improved exercise performance during ultra-endurance events seems to be related to higher VO2max values and maximal aerobic speed (especially during submaximal efforts sustained over a long time), lower oxygen cost of transport and greater running experience.
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Rodriguez Bauza, Daniel Enrique, and Patricia Silveyra. "Asthma, atopy, and exercise: Sex differences in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction." Experimental Biology and Medicine 246, no. 12 (April 1, 2021): 1400–1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211003858.
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease affecting approximately 7.7% of the US population. Sex differences in the prevalence, incidence, and severity of asthma have been widely described throughout the lifespan, showing higher rates in boys than girls before puberty, but a reversed pattern in adults. Asthma is often associated with atopy, i.e. the tendency to develop allergic diseases, and can be worsened by environmental stimuli and/or exercise. While not exclusive to patients with asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. Currently, there is limited research on sex differences in EIB and its relationship with atopy and asthma in men and women. In this minireview, we summarize the available literature on this topic. Overall, the collective knowledge supports the notion that physiological changes triggered during exercise affect males and females differently, suggesting an interaction among sex, exercise, sex hormones, and atopic status in the course of EIB pathophysiology. Understanding these differences is important to provide personalized management plans to men and women who exercise regularly and suffer from underlying asthma and/or atopy.
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Ziegler, Heide. "Leni Riefenstahl und Susan Sontag: Gibt es im Sport eine faschistische Ästhetik?" Anglia 131, no. 1 (April 2013): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anglia-2013-0005.
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Abstract Susan Sontag, in a famous essay called “Fascinating Fascism”, first published in 1974, argues that Leni Riefenstahl, who by that time had made a conspicuous come-back as a photographer in the U.S., had always and would always adhere to fascist aesthetics. This essay seeks to demonstrate that as early as 1936, when Riefenstahl began to work on her film Olympia (1938), she had already discarded fascist aesthetics and replaced it by a yearning for what Dreyfus and Kelly, in their important 2011 study, All Things Shining, would call the secular transcendence attaching to sports events that involve top athletes. Since Riefenstahl wanted, and actually managed, to capture such moments of secular transcendence during the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin through her technical perfection as a film director, she had already implicitly begun to enter on a career which - if we allow for David Foster Wallace’s belief that top athletes fascinate Americans by appealing to their twin obsessions with competitive superiority and hard data - would eventually resemble a typically American career, whereas Sontag’s philosophical attitude remained firmly rooted in European thought until her death in 2004. The careers of these two famous women therefore call for a reconsideration of what we tend to regard as the primary importance of the immediate historico-cultural context of a person’s life.
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Krisztina, Kovács, Berki Tamás, Ágoston Réka, Smohai Máté, Harsányi Szabolcs Gergő, Szemes Ágnes, and Gyömbér Noémi. "A sportolói kiégés kérdőív hazai adaptációja." Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle 75, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0016.2020.00023.
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Háttér és célkitűzések:Jelen tanulmány célja a Sportolói Kiégés Kérdőív (ABQ, Raedeke és Smith, 2001) magyar változatának pszichometriai vizsgálata, a mérőeszköz reliabilitásának és validitásának ellenőrzése. Módszer: A kérdőív érvényességét és megbízhatóságát egy 1317 fős kényelmi mintán ellenőriztük. A fent említett kérdőív mellett felvételre került a Sportkörnyezet Kérdőív (SCQ-H; Deci, 2001; Kovács, Gyömbér, F. Földi és Lénárt, megjelenés alatt), a Sportmotiváció-2 Kérdőív (SMS-2; Smohai és mtsai, 2019) és a Majdnem Tökéletes Skála rövid változata (SAPS; Reinhardt, Tóth és Rice, 2019).Eredmények:A megerősítő faktoranalízis az eredeti faktorstruktúrát alátámasztó eredményeket mutatott, három elkülönülő faktort kaptunk (Kimerültség; Leértékelés; Teljesítmény csökkenése). A kérdőív skáláinak belső megbízhatósága megfelelőnek bizonyult (Cronbach α: 0,76–0,86). Az időbeli stabilitás vizsgálata során pozitív erős kapcsolatot találtunk a teszt-reteszt között [Kimerültség – r(121) = 0,92, p < 0,001; Leértékelés – r(123) = 0,90, p < 0,001; Teljesítmény csökkenése – r(123) = 0,60, p < 0,001]. A konvergens validitás vizsgálata során a korábbi kutatásokkal megegyező, gyenge-közepes korrelációkat kaptunk (r = –0,20–0,52) a sportolói kiégés három skálája és a sportmotiváció típusai, az észlelt edzői autonómiatámogatás mértéke és a perfekcionizmus formái között.Következtetések:A kérdőív magyarra fordított változata pszichometriailag megfelelő mérőeszköznek tekinthető, kiváltképp serdülők körében alkalmazva.Background and aims:The goal of this study is to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Hungarian version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ, Raedeke and Smith, 2001) and examinate the reliability and validity of this questionnaire.Methods:1317 athletes were involved in this study (mean age = 20,45; SD = 4,39; men = 649; women = 669). Beside the above mentioned questionnaire (ABQ-H), the Sport Climate Questionnaire (SCQ-H; Deci, 2001; Kovács, Gyömbér, F. Földi, & Lénárt, in press), the Sport Motivation Scale -2 (SMS-2; Smohai et al, 2019) and the Short Almost Perfect Scale (Reinhardt, Tóth and Rice, 2019) were applied for the validation.Results:The confi rmatory factor analysis showed consistency with the original structure. We found three, separated factors: reduced sense of accomplishment; emotional and physical exhaustion and devaluation. Internal consistency of the subscales (Cronbach-α: 0,76 – 0,86) proved to be adequate. Correlation coeffi cient for test-retest reliability was ranging from 0,60 to 0,92 (Exhaustion – r(121) = 0,92, p < 0.001; Devaluation – r(123) = 0,90, p < 0,001; Reduced sense of accomplishment - r(123) = 0,60, p < 0,001). Examination of convergent validity revealed small relationships (r = -0,20 – 0,52) – as it was found in the literature too – among the three scales of athletic burnout, the types of sportmotivation, the level of the perceived autonomy support from coach and the forms of perfectionism.Discussion:The Hungarian version of the ABQ seems to be a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure, among adolescent athletes particularly.
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Thompson, Joshua W., Ricci Plastow, Babar Kayani, Peter Moriarty, Ajay Asokan, and Fares S. Haddad. "Surgical Repair of Distal Biceps Femoris Avulsion Injuries in Professional Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712199964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121999643.
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Background: Understanding the optimal management of distal biceps femoris avulsion injuries is critical for restoring preinjury function, restoring hamstring muscle strength, increasing range of motion, and minimizing risk of complications and recurrence. Due to the rarity of these injuries, prognosis and outcomes within the literature are limited to case reports and small case series. Purpose: To assess the effect of surgical repair for acute distal avulsion injuries of the biceps femoris tendon on (1) return to preinjury level of sporting function and (2) time to return to preinjury level of sporting function, patient satisfaction, and complications. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This prospective single-surgeon study included 22 elite athletes (18 men [82%], 4 women [18%]; mean age, 26 years; age range, 17-35 years; mean body mass index, 25.3 ± 4.1 kg/m2) undergoing primary suture anchor repair of avulsion injuries of the distal biceps femoris confirmed on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Predefined outcomes relating to time for return to sporting activity, patient satisfaction, complications, and injury recurrence were recorded at regular intervals after surgery. Minimum follow-up time was 12 months (range, 12.0-26.0 months) from the date of surgery. Results: The mean time from injury to surgical intervention was 12 days (range, 2-28 days). All study patients returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity, predominately professional soccer or rugby. Mean time from surgical intervention to return to full sporting activity was 16.7 ± 8.7 weeks. At 1- and 2-year follow-up, all study patients were still participating at their preinjury level of sporting activity. There was no incidence of primary injury recurrence, and no patients required further operation to the biceps origin. Conclusion: Surgical repair of acute avulsion injuries of the distal biceps femoris facilitated early return to preinjury level of function with low risk of recurrence, low complication rate, and high patient satisfaction in elite athletes. Suture anchor repair of these injuries should be considered a reliable treatment option in athletes with high functional demands to permit an early return to sport with restoration of hamstring strength.
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Deusch, Hagen, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, José Ramón Alvero-Cruz, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052705.
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(1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed the most variable pacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper duration of a race and training programs for their athletes.