Journal articles on the topic 'Women Attaining Employment'

This article examines how paid domestic workers in India fight to reproduce themselves by attaining recognition for their employment relationship and struggling to advance their labor rights. We find a striking convergence toward female-dominated unions that articulate the recipient of domestic services as “employers,” their employment relationship as an exploitative one in terms of time and dignity, and the household as a place of work and profit. To ensure a focus on women members and leaders, domestic workers’ have developed different union types including politically-affiliated and independent unions, as well as unions affiliated to NGOs, faith-based institutions, and cooperatives. Domestic workers’ direct, one-to-one employment relationship has led organizations to empower workers to confront employers’ daily control of workers’ associations (even outside the workplace), citizenship rights, worth, and dignity. However, because domestic workers’ employment relationship is still not recognized by Indian law, domestic workers avoid confronting employers and instead target the state when demanding material concessions to de-commodify their labor. These findings offer important insights into the limits and potential of domestic workers’ struggles.

In this paper, we compare first generation entrepreneurs with entrepreneurs whose parents were self-employed. To test the hypotheses, we use PSED II data on nascent entrepreneurs to explore the effects of parental self-employment (PSE) on various start-up activities associated with planning and organization, and on funding structure. Overall, results show a difference in patterns of behavior between first generation entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs whose parents were self-employed, supporting the notion of intergenerational learning. Specifically, results indicate a positive relationship between PSE and early deployment of startup activities and a positive relationship between PSE and attaining informal external funding. Post hoc analyses for gender differences show that (a) the relationship between PSE and startup activities exists primarily for men and (b) gender differences exist in the effects of PSE on funding structure: for women, PSE is positively associated with the use of personal savings, whereas for men, PSE is positively associated with use of external informal funding. The results of our findings and their implications are discussed.

Background:Although engaging in the recommended amount of physical activity provides disease-prevention benefits, few studies have examined the proportion and correlates of meeting the Japanese physical activity recommendation. This study investigated the prevalence and demographic correlates of attaining the recommended value on the Exercise and Physical Activity Reference for Health Promotion 2006.Methods:Data were analyzed for 5177 Japanese adults who took an Internet-based cross-sectional survey. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire and 6 possible demographic correlates were obtained. Respondents were divided into 3 groups—recommended, insufficient, and inactive—according to their estimated weekly physical activity level. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used.Results:Overall, 26.6% of respondents were physically active according to the recommendation criterion. Gender, employment status, age, marital status, and educational level were statistically significant. In men, being employed and in women, being 30 to 39 years of age were negatively associated with the attainment of the recommendation. Being male, being a married woman, and having a college education or higher for women were positively correlated with the attainment of the recommendation.Conclusions:Different associations of demographic correlates with the physical activity recommendation for men and women were found, suggesting that gender-specific strategies for targeting the population or specific interventions might be more effective in promoting physical activity among Japanese adults.

The modern woman is toiling hard to prove her worth on the fronts, her household and her place of employment. Taking up careers creates the need for the homemakers to fulfill dual roles – homemaking and wage earning. Homemaking itself is a full time job, over which the career demands another eight to ten hours of homemaker’s time daily. Good time management provided the ability to keep a balance in our lives, or to recognize where the imbalance is. For instance, is all our focus on work rather than on leisure and social activities good? What about our family and those near and dear to us-are they allowed to play an important role in our lives, or are they constantly brushed to one side? The overall objective of the study is to analyze the socio economic conditions of women married teachers in Higher Education in Dindigul and to examine their time management practices and skill. The nature of adjustments made by the respondents to solve the problems mainly includes help from family members and friends, postponement of less important activity and use of leave. The study observed that for majority of the respondents, achieving of goals related to use of time is mainly due to proper use of available time and efficiency in attaining responsibilities in limited time. This again reflects how the women teachers are successful in meeting their responsibilities.

Women empowerment has been considered as a major challenge to meet the prime objective of economic development in most underdeveloped countries of the world. Various initiatives have been taken at both policy and program levels by both government and civil society organizations to improve the status of women. In the recent past, microcredit schemes have been the dominant tool to improve women; socioeconomic status. This study, therefore, aims to examine the impact of microcredit on women’s empowerment. Data is collected through Primary source using questionnaire survey research approach. A sample of hundred and fifty female respondents was taken from Quetta city involved in home made goods. Cross tabulation analysis was used to show whether there is a difference in opinion responses and chi-square test analysis was applied to examine the association between microcredit and women’s empowerment as measured by decision-making at the household level. The results of this study found that the microcredit program has a significant positive association with women’s empowerment. The study further shows that microcredit improves women’s access to household level assets. Thus, this paper concludes that empowered women through micro-credit scheme are successful in attaining employment, improvement in social status, owning of assets and contribute to the economy.

This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013–2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes—activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification—and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration—duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality—with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.

Purpose This paper aims to form an empirical study, stemming from a Middle-Eastern context, on eliminating gender discrimination and achieving women’s empowerment. It aims to develop a conceptual model on the principal social and cultural factors inducing the success of Emirati women in attaining senior leadership roles and shaping their leadership style to be transformational. Moreover, it examines the comparability and divergence of the accumulated data on the empowerment of Emirati women in an international context from existing international literature. Design/methodology/approach The design of the study was based on data gathered from face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with four Emirati women occupying the highest leadership positions in various fields, followed by thematic analysis. Findings Data analysis confirmed the significant influence of the study’s key factors, namely, the role of the national government, Islamic work ethic and family, on the subjects’ empowerment and their adherence to transformational leadership style. However, two new k ey factors impacting empowerment emerged, namely, the influence of rulers’ leadership and the efforts in balancing work/life commitments. The findings led to the development of a study model on Emirati women empowerment and leadership style, reflecting the appropriateness of international literature on the Emirati context. Particularly, it is the social and economic circumstances of the nation supported by policies form the major source of empowerment, in addition to the important role that family capital and business ethics play. Remarkably, the challenges facing Emirati working women ought to be different than the rest of the Middle East. Originality/value A dearth of literature pertaining to women’s leadership exists; however, they were mostly carried out within Western contexts that may not be applicable to Arab societies because of cultural and religious differences. The study strives to portray an unambiguous picture to the significant impact of the parenting role and Islam work ethics in relating positively to their daughters and prompt them to develop crucial societal and professional skills, in a country as UAE where expatriates and Westerns dominate the population body. In addition, it shapes the UAE national government as a unique example and role model, to local governments in other Arab states, to learn from regarding supporting women, helping them to achieve excellence. Aiming for feminizing leadership, the Emirati women leadership styles are explored in an attempt to demonstrate the capacities and potentials of Emirati and Arab women in positions of power and influence. It is assumed that this study will help in bringing confidence in Emirati women capabilities, inducing a change in attitudes towards Arab women managers and encouraging employment in non-traditional feminine based jobs.

Background: Reproductive health of adolescent girls is crucial as it determines the health of future generations. School girls when experiencing menarche find themselves in a setting without water, toilets or a supportive female teacher to explain the changes happening in their body. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess knowledge and practices about menstruation in adolescent school girls of an urban slum and to find some socio-demographic determinants of menstrual hygiene.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 6th to 10th class school going adolescent girls from an urban slum of Telangana state. A total of 300 girls participated.Results: The mean age of the students was 11.9±3.3 years. The mean age at menarche was 13.09 (95% CI: 12.07–14.11). 25.3% had acquired prior knowledge about attaining menarche. For majority (74.2%) the knowledge was imparted by their mothers. 96.9% of school girls used sanitary pads. Significant association observed between educational status and employment status of mother and usage of sanitary pads by respondent. Almost 90% of the young women faced physical complaints or health problems during menstruation. Majority (94.3%) had religious restrictions on them during the menstruation.Conclusions: Menstrual hygiene is an issue which needs to be addressed to all adolescents, with special emphasis in slum area. Lack of awareness is a roadblock in adopting safe and hygienic menstrual practices. More emphasis should be given on improving adolescent literacy for achieving hygienic menstrual practices.

Quality and affordable technical vocational education and training are one of the United Nations Sustainable Development agenda items for ensuring equal access to education for all women and men by the year 2030. This means that all women in the country need to have relevant skills for employment, job creation and entrepreneurship. Data from West Pokot County, Kenya department of technical and vocational education show the number of female students being admitted in vocational training centres for the past five years has remained low. Whereas the government of Kenya has viewed TVET as a critical element of attaining Sustainable Development Goal and Kenya’s Vision 2030 goals, the number of female students graduating from vocational training and being absorbed in the job market remains low. This study looks at enrolment trends for female students in vocational training centres and further examines factors discouraging female students from joining vocational training institutions (VTCs). To collect data, interviews and documentary evidence were used. The respondents for the study involve managers of selected VTCs in West Pokot County. Analysis of data was done through qualitative and quantitative methods. The study found out that the distribution of students in all public VTCs in West Pokot County favoured the male gender over female students. For women enrolled in various programmes, only 45.0% fully completed their programme. It was found out that courses offered in VTCs tend to attract more male students compared to female ones. The distribution of the teaching workforce in VTCs was found to be male-dominated and therefore, female students did not have role models to look up to. The research also found out that majority of girls who were unable to proceed to secondary and tertiary education were not aware of the opportunities available in VTCs in the county. The paper concludes that social-cultural factors, lack of role models and poverty were some of the barriers affecting female students’ participation in vocational education and training. The paper suggests more work needs to be done by all stakeholders to ensure that courses offered in VTCs are attractive to female students, remove social, cultural and physical barriers which prevent female students from enrolling and completing vocational training in West Pokot County, Kenya.

Purpose Attaining equality between women and men and eliminating all forms of discrimination are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Nevertheless, women globally suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives. This necessitates investigation of the attitude that people hold towards women empowerment, which is defined as their ability to practice their rights, freedom and attain resources within a framework of gender inequality. The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument to measure attitudes regarding women’s empowerment, which can develop better understanding and future interventions to counter these negative attitudes for better social and health care, including mental and physical health. Design/methodology/approach The factorial structure, reliability, content validity and impact of gender on factor structure of scale were examined among university students (N = 500) in study with male (n = 180) and female (n = 320) population. Findings Exploratory factor analysis using direct oblimin method based on principal component analysis indicated a three-factor, 16-item scale including subscales of personal freedom; equal rights and women empowerment-related fears. Instrument exhibited decent reliability (0.80) and content validity in both male and female university students with a t = −7.64, p = 0.00, suggesting a highly significant difference between the two genders on the developed scale. Research limitations/implications The major limitation was that the sample was obtained from student population; therefore, it will not be entirely correct to generalize it to the whole population of Pakistan. Similarly, there are issues regarding the availability of students because of a busy schedule or not having interest to take part in the study that led to variance in the sample. Lastly, the current scale is developed based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and it should be further enhanced using item response theory in future. Future studies need to include samples from different populations in Pakistan to bring out a more generalized view and try to minimize the variances in sample as much as possible for better results. Practical implications The scale is constructed using the basic features of women empowerment at its core and is applicable in various settings to measure the attitude towards women empowerment. It will be a helpful tool to be used in various health, employment and educational settings. Moreover, this instrument can be applied for research purpose of measuring attitude as a predictor in combination with other variables such as domestic violence and harassment. Social implications Empowering of women is one of the main agendas of 2019 of United Nations for Asian countries where women are not given equal rights, because of which suffer socially and economically from various problems along with issues regarding physical and mental health. By identifying the attitudes of general population, their causes for their attitudes can help in betterment of the women empowerment process. Originality/value This paper in discussion is an original work and has been performed with the purpose of assessing attitudes of males and females regarding women empowerment as the previous measures are either not psychometric valid or are in interview or survey form. The current developed scale is an attempt to develop an instrument that can be globally used.

Muslims occupy the second largest share in India’s population after Hindus. Therefore, India’s overall economic growth and development are largely dependent on the progress of this community. Muslims, by and large, have remained backward in attaining education so far, and the pace of their educational development is quite slow. The situation is even worse for Muslim women. This gives rise to gender disparity in education and raises concerns over the formulation, implementation and monitoring of government policies and programmes directed towards the betterment of this community. This study aims to empirically evaluate the effect of some socio-economic and demographic variables; particularly household consumption expenditure as a proxy for household income, on current education attendance levels of Muslims using a sample of individuals aged 5–17 years from the National Sample Survey, 68th round Employment–Unemployment survey, 2011–2012. In addition, this article is also an attempt to examine the effect of these factors on the gender gap in education of Muslims. Results from the empirical analysis show that members of this community are less likely to attend any educational institution if they belong to the lower income status household and are more likely to attend if they belong to the upper income status household. In comparison to Muslim girls, Muslim boys are more likely to attend school if they belong to rich families. In contrast, in poor Muslim families, girls are more likely to attend school than boys. Several other socio-economic and demographic factors also affect current education participation of Muslim children. Besides other factors, if on the one hand, children’s growing age and number of children in the household increase gender gap, then knowledge of Internet operation and presence of a female household head help in reducing gender gap in current attendance level of Muslim children in India.

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among Caribbean populations. Ideal glycemic control can be attained when patients adhere to self-management behaviors such as consistent monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels, staying physically active, taking medications, and eating a healthy diet.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Aim</title> <p>The present study has the following aims: (1) to assess knowledge of self-care and the initiative of type 2 diabetic patients in medication compliance, making suitable food choices, regular physical exercise and BG monitoring, (2) to evaluate diabetic patient self-management by adhering to instructions of healthcare provider in attaining outcomes such as medication adherence, appropriate food choices, prescribed physical exercise, and self-monitoring of BG levels and determination of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at clinic visits and (3) to determine whether there are associations between BG control (glucose and HbA1 levels) and sociodemographic factors (i.e., age, education, employment status) as well as knowledge of self-care and the number of years persons had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p> </sec><sec> <title>Method</title> <p>The study is a cross-sectional study that utilized a quantitative methodology. The study population consisted of 101 T2DM patients. The researchers used a 12-point interviewer administered questionnaire to solicit information on socio-demographics, knowledge of self-care, and self-management of T2DM, including physical activity and selecting appropriate food choices, and evidence of glycemic control, such as HbA1c and random blood glucose (RBG) levels. Researchers analyzed the data using SPSS version 17.0 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Authors applied an analytical statistical analysis with a 95% confidence level.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The findings revealed that 90.1% of respondents indicated that they knew how to take their medications. Results also indicated that there was no association of knowledge of self-care with the number of years persons had T2DM. Among the total respondents, 53.5% had poor compliance to prescribed medication, and women were 1.2 times more likely not to comply with medication. In addition, 65.3% of respondents reported poor compliance with physical exercise and 81.2% of respondents indicated poor compliance in self-monitoring BG.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>The findings from this study reveal that the majority of patients with T2DM knew how to take their medications. However, compliance with physical exercise and self-monitoring BG were less than satisfactory. Didactic interventions focusing on the acquisition of knowledge and information will empower patients and improve their self-care and management.</p> </sec></abstract>

Background The MAVORIC study, a phase 3, open-label, multi-center, randomized controlled trial, compared the safety and efficacy of mogamulizumab with vorinostat in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS) that relapsed/was refractory after ≥1 systemic therapy. Among patients treated with mogamulizumab, the confirmed global overall response rate (ORR; partial [PR] or complete response [CR]) was 28% (52/186), with a median duration of response of 14.1 months. The benefits of mogamulizumab treatment can be further characterized by assessing ORR and duration of response, both clinically important aspects of treatment success, together in a combined measure. For example, ORR4 describes a response lasting at least 4 months and was the primary endpoint in a phase 3 trial of brentuximab vedotin in patients with MF. The objective of this analysis was to assess the clinical and demographic characteristics of MAVORIC cohorts who have ORRs of different durations following treatment with mogamulizumab. Methods This post hoc analysis of MAVORIC, based on a secondary data analysis as of March 19, 2018, divided patients into 4 cohorts based on minimum duration of response (≥4, ≥6, ≥8, and ≥12 months; ORR4, 6, 8, and 12, respectively). Linear regression analysis (odds ratios [ORs] for ORR12 response) was performed for gender, baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status, disease type, disease stage (IB-IV), blood involvement, baseline CCR4 expression, age, time from diagnosis, mSWAT, and LDH. Stepwise multivariate analysis was carried out on the same factors. Blood samples at multiple time points after blood CR were collected from 2 SS patients in the ORR12 cohort at a single site, and the frequency of malignant TCR was monitored with the clonoSEQ next generation sequencing platform (Adaptive Biotechnologies; Weng 2013). Samples were assessed at baseline and every 3-6 months to monitor molecular minimal residual disease (MRD). Results Response rates by disease compartment for patients treated for ≥12 months with vorinostat and mogamulizumab are shown in the Table. Among patients randomized to mogamulizumab (n=186), ORRs lasting ≥4, ≥6, ≥8, and ≥12 months were seen in 25.3%, 21.0%, 16.1%, and 10.8%, respectively. Responses in blood and skin lasting ≥6 months (ORR6) were seen in 49.2% and 27.4% of mogamulizumab-treated patients, respectively, compared with 5.6% and 7.5% of vorinostat-treated patients. When baseline characteristics of patients achieving ORR12 were compared with all other patients treated with mogamulizumab via linear regression analysis, ORR12 patients were more likely to have SS (P=0.016, OR 0.29), stage IVA1 disease (P=0.0002, OR 11.13), and any blood involvement (P=0.03, OR 0.19). There was no correlation between skin CCR4 level at baseline and likelihood of attaining ORR12. When ORR12 patients were compared with patients who achieved shorter responses (ie, ORR2 patients who did not reach ORR12), long-term responders were more likely to have stage IVA1 disease (P=0.006, OR 7.3). Stepwise multivariate analyses confirmed diagnosis of SS as a significant predictor of long-term response. In 2 patients in the ORR12 cohort from a single center (best response global CR), the molecular MRD was monitored after clinical clearance of blood Sézary cells by routine flow cytometry. A 71-year-old man with SS demonstrated CR in blood after 1 mogamulizumab cycle and in skin at cycle 3. At last follow-up, the frequency of malignant TCR sequence in blood remained barely detectable at &lt;1 copy/million nucleated cells, confirming deep remission in blood lasting ≥47 months. A 77-year-old woman with SS also achieved blood CR at cycle 1 and skin CR at cycle 3. This patient discontinued mogamulizumab after 16 cycles due to hip replacement but maintained global CR at last follow-up with mostly non-detectable MRD (&lt;1 copy/million nucleated cells) in blood 63 months from the first dose-50 months since discontinuing treatment. Conclusions Compared with patients with shorter responses, patients in the MAVORIC trial who achieved long-term (≥12 months) responses were those with SS (stage IVA1) or blood involvement. Available MRD analyses on ORR12 patients indicate the ability of mogamulizumab to produce lasting and deep responses in some patients. Disclosures Kim: miRagen: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Neumedicine: Consultancy, Research Funding; Portola: Research Funding; Medivir: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Trillium: Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Galderma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Solingenix: Research Funding; Horizon Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa-Kirin Pharma: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Innate Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Elorac: Research Funding; Forty Seven Inc: Research Funding; Eisai: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Corvus: Research Funding. Khodadoust:Kyowa Kirin: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy. de Masson:Kyowa Kirin: Research Funding. Ito:Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc.: Current Employment. Dwyer:Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc.: Current Employment. Herr:Kyowa Kirin, Inc.: Current Employment. Bagot:Kyowa Kirin: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Helsinn/Recordati: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Innate Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

The present paper attempts to highlight the concept of disability and empowerment especially among women population. The concept is difficult to define but has been defined variously, indicating the type of disability and its prevalence rate among women. Since, they are most vulnerable therefore; the factors contributing to their problems have been mentioned. The disabled are deprived of all opportunities and basic facilities like health, education, and employment are denied to them thus, problems and difficulties faced in attaining access to adequate housing, education, health, vocational training, and employment have been emphasized. Also, in the light of the same, the need to take into account and to address the concerns of women and girls with disabilities in order to make them empowered and integrate them into the mainstream are addressed. Programs especially for the disabled women to get empowered socially, economically at various levels by public and privates institutions have been focused. The measures taken by international agencies like the International Labor Organization (ILO), United National Development Program (UNDP) and Central Government Plans, Skill and Training Development Projects so that women with disabilities can improve their daily living skills. The skill training creates opportunities in various sectors be it in education and training, employment and livelihood. But the disabled are poorest, there are issues like low access, low availability, overlapping and many others that needs to resolved in order to make disabled women empowered more effectively.

Abstract: In the modern days, the role of female entrepreneurship has been expanded in the market and they also play their essential role in the contribution in the economic development for their respective nations. The aim of the study is to analyse and investigate the role of female entrepreneurship in the development of the economic condition in Saudi Arabia. The introduction section mainly sheds light on the research aim, objective and the research questions in order to provide the abrupt understanding of the research. The section also provides the justification for the research along with the structure of the study. In addition to this, the research methodology section provides a complete understanding of the research philosophy, approach, and design and data collection method. Additionally, in this research, the data has been collected with the help of secondary research. In the data finding section, the research provides the different types of theme in order to highlight the role of female entrepreneurship in the development of the national economic condition. Entrepreneurship development by women's group has been one of the major realms that are adopted by various organisations all over the world. The presence of various traditional and cultural norms has restricted women from attaining entrepreneurship engagement for a successful business environment in the Saudi Arabian region. This is because the Saudi Arabian government has laid the Limited number of services that a woman can avail in the economic framework of the country. The study claims to identify the benefits and challenges that arise while reforming the existing architecture and economical background of Saudi Arabia to that of the women employment criteria in business operations. In other words, the facilitation of women to attain Entrepreneurship and self-governing business need to be attained in order to gain economic growth regarding the financial aspects of the country. The study considers several theoretical frameworks including the Krueger and Brazeal's model of entrepreneurship potential so as to investigate perceived official feasibility propensity to act and perceive desirability for women in employment. Deducing entrepreneur opportunities regarding women residing in the Saudi Arabian region has often been our challenging aspect as religious and cultural rights are post against women. However, the importance of including women in business has been observed to provide the country in attaining business growth in the Global region of operation. Similarly, the Saudi Arabian region upon having a strong oil refinery bass would also be required to make them self-independent of another business sector that is to be developed in that region. The study provides a detailed analysis through data collection from various samples in an exploratory way to reduce conclusions regarding the benefits of including women in entrepreneurship and development. In the conclusion and recommendation section the research draft the overall summary of the research and provide the objective linking. The objective linking helps the researcher to correlate with the section of the study and where the specified objective has been met. The research future scope and limitation has been providing that in future the research scholar needs to expand the research in the form of open-ended and interview questionnaires in order to collect the individual aspects regarding the topic. The recommendation has been provided to the authority and society so that they can able to promote the female entrepreneurship activities for the development of the national economic condition.

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity have increased considerably in low- and middle-income countries over the past few decades, particularly among women of reproductive age. This study assessed the role of physical activity, nutrient intake and risk factors for overweight and obesity among women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1004 women aged 15–49 years in the Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Study (DUCS) from September 2018 to January 2019. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) using metabolic equivalent tasks (MET). Modified poison regression models were used to evaluate associations between physical activity and nutrient intake with overweight/obesity in women, controlling for energy and other factors. Results The mean (±SD) age of study women was 30.2 (±8.1) years. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was high (50.4%), and underweight was 8.6%. The risk of overweight/obesity was higher among older women (35–49 vs 15–24 years: PR 1.59; 95% CI: 1.30–1.95); women of higher wealth status (PR 1.24; 95% CI: 1.07–1.43); and informally employed and married women. Attaining moderate to high physical activity (≥600 MET) was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (PR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63–0.99). Dietary sugar intake (PR 1.27; 95% CI: 1.03–1.58) was associated with increased risk, and fish and poultry consumption (PR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.61–0.99) with lower risk of overweight/obesity. Conclusion Lifestyle (low physical activity and high sugar intake), age, wealth status, informal employment and marital status were associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity, while consumption of fish and poultry protein was associated with lower risk. The study findings underscore the need to design feasible and high-impact interventions to address physical activity and healthy diets among women in Tanzania.

Women’s employment is an imperative factor in their advancement towards economic independence yet there is relatively inadequate and mixed evidence on the relationship between economic growth and female labour force participation rates. This study examines the impact of economic growth on female workforce participation in South Asian Nations (SANs) from 2000-2015 within the outline of U-shaped hypothesis using panel data modelling. The impact of several key macro-economic variables on female labour force participation is also examined in different econometric model specifications. The effects of economic development, literacy, urbanization and different unemployment patterns on female labour force participation are found to be negative whereas Gini coefficient is found to be positive. The findings suggest that most of the SANs are still experiencing the downward portion of U-shaped (while India being close to attaining the tipping point sooner as compared to other nations) may be, due to being at the early stages of economic development. In the present scenario, policy interventions should handle a variety of issues, including reconstructing access to and significance of education and training programmes and boosting private sector development in industries and regions that would escalate job opportunities for women in developing countries.

PurposeThis article explores the link between defamilisation studies and studies of the adult worker model and discusses the mixed implications that government strategies for supporting the adult worker model have for defamilisation. The adult worker model emphasises that all adult men and women ought to engage in formal employment; defamilisation studies stress the importance of enhancing women's chances of choosing (not) to perform important family roles such as the receiver of financial support and the care provider.Design/methodology/approachTwo new strategies (“condition building” and “rewarding/penalising”) for promoting the adult worker model are identified based on literature review; their empirical significance is explored through an examination of comparative data concerning early childhood education and care policies (ECEC) and reforms in pension age in 14 countries.FindingsThe evidence shows that promoting the adult worker model does not necessarily benefit all women. While the 14 countries provide ECEC to varying extents, the increase in pension age in most countries shows that governments adopt a “rewarding/penalising” strategy for promoting the adult worker model by allocating major welfare based on people's labour force participation. These pension reforms may generate a negative impact on women's chances of attaining financial autonomy.Originality/valueThis study presents two new strategies for promoting the adult worker model and shows the empirical significance of these strategies based on comparative data. It also highlights the importance of searching for alternative concepts, namely economic defamilisation, for guiding pension reforms.

Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence of appropriate complementary feeding practices and associated factors among infants and young children 6–23 months in Fort Portal municipality Kabarole Uganda Methods A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 206 mothers/caregivers of infants and young children 6–23 months using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Probability proportionate to population size technique was used to select study subjects. A pretested WHO standard questionnaire for measuring infant and young child feeding practices was adopted for assessing complementary feeding practices. Appropriate complementary feeding was defined as attaining both minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity in the last 24 hours. Prevalence ratios and there 95% confidence intervals were generated. Modified poisson regression analysis method was used to generate factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding. Five focus group discussions were conducted to capture participants perceptions on appropriate complementary feeding practices. Results The prevalence of appropriate complementary feeding was 21.4%. Formal employment (PR: 7.05; CI:1.69-29.36), cohabiting (PR: 2.15; CI: 1.10-4.18) and having no child illness (PR: 1.85; CI: 0.88-4.35) were associated with appropriate complementary feeding. Qualitative results showed that inadequate information and low income as major challenges towards appropriate complementary feeding practices. Conclusions Appropriate complementary feeding practices were low. unless interventions such as; health services access and women entrepreneurship are put in place, the inappropriate complementary feeding practices are unlikely to change. Funding Sources Ministry of Health Uganda. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Abstract This article presents an account of Faduma, a Somali woman currently living in Jakarta, Indonesia, in order to illustrate the creativity, resilience and adaptability required to make do as a refugee with little to no formal support in a rather hostile environment. For Faduma, Indonesia presents such an environment. As it offers no formal protection for asylum seekers and refugees and only tolerates their temporary presence without guaranteeing them any fundamental rights, such as the right to work, it can be characterised as a ‘deviant destination’ for refugees in search of durable and effective solutions. This article analyses Faduma's strategies, embedded in the macro-political context of forced migration, the Global North's externalised border policies, the absence of safe pathways, and the lack of proper refugee protection in Southeast Asia, for finding informal employment, attaining new skills and education, and forming strategic friendships with Indonesians and expatriates as a means of dealing with racism, exploitation and multifaceted precarity. We selected Faduma's case from amongst a number of encounters that we had with Somali refugees in Indonesia because of her extraordinary involvement with the Somali community. While the current toleration of refugee activities by Indonesian authorities enables refugees to survive in transit, we argue that such unintentional and informal protection is not a durable approach for larger groups of refugees enduring prolonged periods of waiting.