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1
Coley, Soraya M., and Joyce O. Beckett. "Black Battered Women: Practice Issues." Social Casework 69, no. 8 (October 1988): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438948806900802.
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Although domestic violence occurs among all racial/ethnic groups, regardless of socioeconomic background, little attention has been paid to black battered women. The authors discuss six culturally sensitive issues in practice with these women and offer suggestions for practice.
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Hay, Kellie D., and Rebekah Farrugia. "The Women of the Foundation." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 6, no. 3 (2017): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2017.6.3.50.
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The authors examine the spaces, cultural practices, and relational possibilities that exist in one particular context of community hip-hop, the Foundation. Arguing that it offers Black girlhood studies forms of political action through cultural production, the authors draw on four years of ethnographic work. After explicating key connections that the Foundation shares with Black girlhood studies, the authors showcase a sample of the cultural production that Foundation artists create. In performance and reflection, the authors reveal how Foundation artists theorize the perilous pressures and uplifting pleasures of Black girlhood.
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Bryant, Jean-Paul, Diana I. Nwokoye, MaKayla F. Cox, and Nnenna S. Mbabuike. "The progression of diversity: Black women in neurosurgery." Neurosurgical Focus 50, no. 3 (March 2021): E9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.12.focus20945.
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While diversity in organized medicine has undoubtedly improved, a disparity remains in the racial and gender makeup of its constituents. This disparity is not distributed equally among all specialties of practice. The surgical subspecialties exemplify this phenomenon by having large gaps between the number of women and racial/ethnic minorities compared to their majority counterparts. Pertaining to neurosurgery in the US, this gap is substantial, with women reaching minority status only within the last 2 years. Among international women in neurosurgery, Black women are even further underrepresented despite efforts in recent years to close the gender gap. The reason for this disparity is likely multifactorial, as Black women demonstrate a unique intersectionality as a minority in regard to both race and gender. In this study, the authors provide historical context for the current state of diversity in neurosurgery and the global strides made by Black women within the field. The authors report recurrent themes in the experiences of Black female neurosurgery attendings and residents as revealed through personal interviews. Furthermore, they examine factors that contribute to the disproportionate representation of Black women in neurosurgery.
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Holleran, Philip M., and Margaret Schwarz. "Another Look at Comparable Worth's Impact on Black Women." Review of Black Political Economy 16, no. 3 (January 1988): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903805.
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In a 1986 article in the Review, Julianne Malveaux discussed the use of a comparable worth strategy for improving the economic position of black women (and men). In this response, the authors point out that some occupational channeling occurs prior to labor market entry and also suggest economic factors that could lead to reduced economic opportunity for some women as a result of the implementation of a comparable worth policy.
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Antecol, Heather, and Kelly Bedard. "The Relative Earnings of Young Mexican, Black, and White Women." ILR Review 56, no. 1 (October 2002): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390205600107.
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This analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicates that young Mexican women and young black women earned, respectively, 9.5% and 13.2% less than young white women in 1994. Differences in education appear to be the most important explanation for the Mexican-white wage gap, whereas differences in labor force attachment are the most important determinant of the black-white wage gap. The authors show that accounting for actual labor market experience, rather than simply imputing experience based on years since leaving school, is crucially important in such analyses.
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Roehling, Patricia V., Lorna Hernandez Jarvis, and Heather E. Swope. "Variations in Negative Work-Family Spillover Among White, Black, and Hispanic American Men and Women." Journal of Family Issues 26, no. 6 (September 2005): 840–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x05277552.
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This study uses a nationally representative sample ( N = 1,761) to investigate how gender differences in negative work-family spillover vary by ethnicity (Black, White, and Hispanic) and parental status. Consistent with the authors’ hypotheses, Hispanics displayed a greater gender disparity in negative family-to-work spillover and negative work-to-family spillover than Blacks and Whites, even when controlling for gender-role attitudes. The authors also found that the relationship between ethnicity and gender on work-family spillover varied by parental status. The authors propose that the observed gender and ethnicity interactions are because of gender role and acculturation differences in the work experiences of Hispanic, Black, and White women.
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Spence, Naomi J., Daniel E. Adkins, and Matthew E. Dupre. "Racial Differences in Depression Trajectories among Older Women." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52, no. 4 (October 21, 2011): 444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146511410432.
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Despite recent increases in life course research on mental illness, important questions remain about the social patterning of, and explanations for, depression trajectories among women in later life. The authors investigate competing theoretical frameworks for the age patterning of depressive symptoms and the physical health, socioeconomic, and family mechanisms differentiating black and white women. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women, the authors use linear mixed (growth curve) models to estimate trajectories of distress for women aged 52 to 81 years ( N = 3,182). The results demonstrate that: (1) there are persistently higher levels of depressive symptoms among black women relative to white women throughout later life; (2) physical health and socioeconomic status account for much of the racial gap in depressive symptoms; and (3) marital status moderates race differences in distress. The findings highlight the importance of physical health, family, and socioeconomic status in racial disparities in mental health.
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Scott, Jamil, Nadia Brown, Lorrie Frasure, and Dianne Pinderhughes. "Destined to Run?" National Review of Black Politics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 22–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2021.2.1.22.
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While the candidate emergence literature has provided explanations as to why women do not run or think about running for office, we are still learning about the reasons why they do. This question is of interest for the political candidacy of Black women, as this group is most represented among women of color in political office and their numbers continue to grow. Furthermore, because there is evidence that Black women’s entry into politics is distinct from other groups, it is important to explore how Black women come to participate in politics. The authors examine the extent to which Black women’s level of civic engagement influences their likelihood of considering political office compared to other groups of women. They theorize that running for office is a form of political participation and that previous political activity can act as a predictor for political ambition. The authors explore the likelihood that civic engagement matters for Black women being asked to run and considering running for office on their own. Using data from the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS), a unique dataset that provides a large and generalizable sample of racial and ethnic groups in the United States, the authors examine political ambition beyond the groups that have traditionally run for political office. In sum, our data indicates that political participation significantly predicts being asked to run and thinking about running for office. These results reveal the importance of thinking beyond the traditional candidacy pool and how sociopolitical factors matter for key determinants of seeking political office (being asked and having considered running).
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Cunningham, James S., and Nadja Zalokar. "The Economic Progress of Black Women, 1940–1980: Occupational Distribution and Relative Wages." ILR Review 45, no. 3 (April 1992): 540–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500309.
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This paper uses Census data on women's wages and occupations from the years 1940–80 to examine long-term trends in black women's relative economic status. The paper links black women's increased relative wages after 1940 to their entry, especially after 1960, into occupations and industries in which they were previously unrepresented, most notably factory jobs and clerical work. The authors find little evidence that convergence in the characteristics of black and white women (increasingly similar education, for example) is responsible for black women's increased relative wages and occupational status and conclude that black women's improved economic status after 1940 was largely due to decreases in racial discrimination by occupation and industry. They also find that in the South racial discrimination had greater adverse effects on black women, and began to decrease later, than in the rest of the country.
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Sanchez, Alexandra J. "“Bluebeard” versus black British women’s writing." English Text Construction 13, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.00032.san.
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Abstract Helen Oyeyemi’s 2011 novel Mr. Fox artfully remasters the “Bluebeard” fairytale and its many variants and rewritings, such as Jane Eyre and Rebecca. It is also the first novel in which Oyeyemi does not overtly address blackness or racial identity. However, the present article argues that Mr. Fox is concerned with the status of all women writers, including women writers of colour. With Mr. Fox, Oyeyemi echoes the assertiveness and inquisitiveness of Bluebeard’s last wife, whose disobedient questioning of Bluebeard’s canonical authority leads her to discover, denounce, and warn other women about his murderous nature. A tale of the deception and manipulation inherent in storytelling, Mr. Fox allows for its narrative foul play to be exposed on the condition that its literary victims turn into detective-readers and decipher the hidden clues left behind by the novel’s criminal-authors. This article puts the love triangle between author St. John Fox, muse Mary, and wife Daphne under investigation by associating reading and writing motifs with detective fiction. Oyeyemi’s ménage à trois can thus be exposed as an anthropomorphic metaphor for the power struggle between the patriarchal literary canon, established feminist literature, and up-and-coming (black British) women writers, incarnated respectively by Mr. Fox, Mary Foxe, and Daphne Fox.
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Hodson, Claire M. "Women and children first." Antiquity 93, no. 370 (August 2019): 1088–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.96.
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The last two decades have seen an exponential rise in scholarly interest and research into childhood, and children, in the past (e.g. Scheuer & Black 2000; Baxter 2005; Lewis 2007; Finlay 2013; Halcrow et al. 2018). Multiple publications have explored the scholarly origins of the field, detailing its complex and multidisciplinary development (Prout 2005; Halcrow & Tayles 2008; Lillehammer 2015; Mays et al. 2017). Several authors (e.g. Lillehammer 2015; Mays et al. 2017) have also, very successfully, synthesised extant research themes and investigations, and proposed future research directions. Consequently, although this field is in its relative infancy, its voice is louder than ever as the importance of studies of childhood and children in the past is realised.
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Shokane, Allucia Lulu, and Mogomme Alpheus Masoga. "Social work as protest: conversations with selected first black social work women in South Africa." Critical and Radical Social Work 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204986019x15695497335752.
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Radical and critical social work has existed since the start of the profession. Still, the history of social work education in South Africa does not put prominence on black women social workers like Ellen Kuzwayo and Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, among others. Remarkably, these women also participated in the national women’s protest against the pass laws in 1956 by the apartheid government. The authors espouse radical perspectives, such as feminist, human rights and social justice frameworks, embedded in an Afro-sensed approach. Expressly, the authors argue that, in its very nature, social work is protest, which can be used to restore ravaged history, as well as to influence the teaching and practice of social work.
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Haynes, Chayla, Nicole M. Joseph, Lori D. Patton, Saran Stewart, and Evette L. Allen. "Toward an Understanding of Intersectionality Methodology: A 30-Year Literature Synthesis of Black Women’s Experiences in Higher Education." Review of Educational Research 90, no. 6 (August 6, 2020): 751–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654320946822.
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Kimberlé Crenshaw’s scholarship on Black women has been the springboard for numerous education studies in which researchers use intersectionality as a theoretical framework; however, few have considered the possibilities of intersectionality as a methodological tool. In this literature synthesis, the authors (a) examined studies about Black women in higher education that had been published in the past 30 years to understand how those scholars applied intersectionality across Crenshaw’s three dimensions (i.e., structural, political, and representational) and (b) advanced a set of four strategies, arguably providing a guide for engaging “intersectionality methodology,” what the authors coin as “IM.” Implications for higher education research and social science research broadly are also presented.
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Leath, Seanna, Morgan C. Jerald, Tiani Perkins, and Martinque K. Jones. "A Qualitative Exploration of Jezebel Stereotype Endorsement and Sexual Behaviors Among Black College Women." Journal of Black Psychology 47, no. 4-5 (March 1, 2021): 244–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798421997215.
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Researchers suggest that the Jezebel stereotype exerts a significant influence on Black women’s sexual decision making. The current qualitative study drew upon narrative data from individual, semistructured interviews with 50 Black women (ages 18-24 years) to explore how the Jezebel stereotype influenced their sexual beliefs and behaviors. Using consensual qualitative research methods, the following four themes emerged from the data: (a) how the Jezebel plays a role in their sexual exploration, (b) how the Jezebel contributes to sexual violence against Black women, (c) how the Jezebel is a hypersexual media representation of Black women’s sexuality, and (d) how the Jezebel is a negative sexual stereotype within family contexts. Our findings contextualize the enduring role of the Jezebel stereotype as a sexual script for Black women, as we found that many participants chose to adapt their clothing choices or sexual behaviors in light of their awareness and endorsement of the stereotype. The authors discuss the implications of study findings for Black women and girls’ sexual socialization and deconstructing deficit-based ideologies of Black women’s sexuality.
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Brown, Tony N., Ebony M. Duncan, and Heather Hensman Kettrey. "Black Nationalist Tendencies and Their Association with Perceived Inefficacy of the Civil Rights Movement and of Black Elected Officials." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2016): 188–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216651282.
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This study addressed whether black nationalist tendencies explain why some blacks in 1980 perceived that the civil rights movement and black elected officials failed to improve the black community’s standing, including their own life chances. Those holding positions consistent with black nationalism argue, among other things, that racial integration, political participation, and alignment with white interests could not ultimately produce racial parity. Instead, they support (cultural, social, economic, and political) separatism, constant vigilance, and community uplift as tactics for engineering racial parity. Using data from a nationally representative survey of the black population collected 35 years ago, the authors measured black nationalist tendencies using six indicators: (1) agreement that blacks should vote for black candidates, (2) agreement that blacks should shop in black-owned stores, (3) agreement that black men should not date white women, (4) support for forming a black political party, (5) the presence of black literature and/or art in respondents’ homes, and (6) a sense of common fate. The authors found that these indicators associated significantly with perceived inefficacy of the civil rights movement and of black elected officials. However, the associations’ directions and strength often varied appreciably. The authors call for future research that characterizes black nationalist tendencies and investigates their contemporary interpersonal and sociopolitical implications.
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Matsela, Lineo, Olakunle Towobola, and Ephraim T. Mokgokong. "Osteoporosis in Black South African Women: Myth or Reality." Journal of SAFOMS 5, no. 2 (2017): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10032-1118.
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ABSTRACT Aim The study was conducted to ascertain the severity of the occurrence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among black South African women during their transition from premenopause to postmenopause. Materials and methods Sixty-eight black South African women, aged between 32 and 77 years, residents of three districts of Pretoria, South Africa, constituted the participants in the study. Following informed consent, the women were randomly recruited and assessed for age, medical history, and lifestyle data. Each woman was classified as being premenopause, perimenopause, or postmenopause based on her menstrual history within the preceding 12 months to the study. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the L1-L4 vertebrae and the hip vertebrae was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method and the results were expressed as T-scores based on World Health Organization (WHO) classifications for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Results Osteopenia was found in 2 of the 8 (25%) premenopausal women aged 37 and 38 years. Similarly, 2 perimenopausal women out of the 28 (7.1%), aged 45 and 49 years, also had evidence of osteopenia. Among 32 postmenopausal women, 11 (34.4%) had osteopenia and 8 (25%) were diagnosed with osteoporosis. There was no statistical significant difference (p = 0.0832) for osteopenia between premenopausal and perimenopausal women. However, the incidence of osteopenia became statistically significant between premenopausal and postmenopausal women (p = 0.0137), and between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women (p = 0.0218). Conclusion Even from this small cohort study, it is apparent that osteoporosis does afflict postmenopausal black South African women. The need to institute screening strategies and appropriate guidance to prevent osteoporosis in these women is strongly advocated. Clinical significance The study draws special attention to the necessity to investigate black South African women for early detection of osteopenia and osteoporosis. How to cite this article Matsela L, Towobola O, Mokgokong ET. Osteoporosis in Black South African Women: Myth or Reality. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2017;5(2):111-116. Source of support The authors herewith express their gratitude to both MSD (South Africa) and the South African Menopause Society for their financial donations, which enabled the DEXA evaluations of participants in this study.
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Luckett, Josslyn. "The Daughters Debt: How Black Spirituality and Politics are Transforming the Televisual Landscape." Film Quarterly 72, no. 4 (2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2019.72.4.9.
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The spectrum of black women's spirituality in television has become nearly as diverse as the portraits of Afro-Atlantic spiritual practices that became central to key literary works of black feminist authors of the 1980s, such as Toni Cade Bambara, Paule Marshall, Toni Morrison, and Alice Walker. While many are the spiritual and televisual daughters of the authors mentioned above, this essay argues that the appearance of this wider range of black women's spirituality and activism in episodic television owes its greatest debt to two films from the 1990s, Julie Dash's, Daughters of the Dust (1991) and Kasi Lemmons’ Eve's Bayou (1997). I focus here on two shows which were themselves created by Black women feature film directors, Shots Fired (Gina Prince Bythewood with Reggie Rock Bythewood) and Queen Sugar (Ava DuVernay). I examine how characters like Pastor Janae (from Shots) and Nova Bordelon (from Sugar) use their spiritual practices in service of social justice, family, and community healing in ways that connect them to the women of Dash and Lemmons’ earlier films.
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Averett, Susan L., and Julie L. Hotchkiss. "Discrimination in the Payment of Full-Time Wage Premiums." ILR Review 49, no. 2 (January 1996): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900207.
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This study investigates how many hours must be worked per week in order for workers in different race and gender groups to receive a high-hours (full-time) wage premium. An analysis of 1989 Current Population Survey data shows that across occupations, both white and black men received a full-time wage premium for working at least 33 hours per week, whereas white women had to work at least 37 hours and black women at least 39 hours to receive the premium. Controlling for occupation changes the threshold for black women to 33 hours, but does not change the results for the other groups. The authors find that the observed differences account for, at most, two percentage points of the wage differentials across race and gender.
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Torche, Florencia, and Peter Rich. "Declining Racial Stratification in Marriage Choices? Trends in Black/White Status Exchange in the United States, 1980 to 2010." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216648464.
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The status exchange hypothesis suggests that partners in black/white marriages in the United States trade racial for educational status, indicating strong hierarchical barriers between racial groups. The authors examine trends in status exchange in black/white marriages and cohabitations between 1980 and 2010, a period during which these unions increased from 0.3 percent to 1.5 percent of all young couples. The authors find that status exchange between black men and white women did not decline among either marriages or cohabitations, even as interracial unions became more prevalent. The authors also distinguish two factors driving exchange: (1) the growing probability of marrying a white person as educational attainment increases for both blacks and whites (educational boundaries) and (2) a direct trade of race-by-education between partners (dyadic exchange). Although the theoretical interpretation of exchange has focused on the latter factor, the authors show that status exchange largely emerges from the former.
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Greil, Arthur L., Julia McQuillan, Karina M. Shreffler, Katherine M. Johnson, and Kathleen S. Slauson-Blevins. "Race-Ethnicity and Medical Services for Infertility." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 52, no. 4 (October 26, 2011): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146511418236.
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Evidence of group differences in reproductive control and access to reproductive health care suggests the continued existence of “stratified reproduction” in the United States. Women of color are overrepresented among people with infertility but are underrepresented among those who receive medical services. The authors employ path analysis to uncover mechanisms accounting for these differences among black, Hispanic, Asian, and non-Hispanic white women using a probability-based sample of 2,162 U.S. women. Black and Hispanic women are less likely to receive services than other women. The enabling conditions of income, education, and private insurance partially mediate the relationship between race-ethnicity and receipt of services but do not fully account for the association at all levels of service. For black and Hispanic women, social cues, enabling conditions, and predisposing conditions contribute to disparities in receipt of services. Most of the association between race-ethnicity and service receipt is indirect rather than direct.
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Yamaguchi, Ryoko, and Jamika D. Burge. "Intersectionality in the narratives of black women in computing through the education and workforce pipeline." Journal for Multicultural Education 13, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-07-2018-0042.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the narratives of 93 Black women in computing in the USA to identify salient themes that are at the intersection of race and gender in the field of computer science. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a multi-method approach with a survey to describe the sample and a series of focus groups for in-depth analysis of themes. The qualitative methodology uses a grounded theory and consensual qualitative research approach with a research team that includes computer scientists and social scientists to collect and analyze data. Given the highly technical field of computer science and the intersectional experiences of the participants, this approach was optimal to capture and code data through the lens of Black women in computing. Findings The authors found four main themes that represented specific needs for Black women in the computing community. The first is the importance of linking Black women in computing (i.e. their recruitment, retention and career growth) to the bottom line of organizational and personal accountability. The second is effective cultural and educational supports for Black women in computing across pathways, starting in middle school. The third is to provide leadership development as a part of their educational and workplace experience. The fourth is a collection of empirical research and scholarship about and for Black women as a part of the computing literature. Originality/value Black women comprise one of the most underrepresented subgroups in the area of computer science in the USA. There is very little research about Black women in computing. To promote broadened participation in computing, there is a critical need to understand the narratives of successful Black women in the space.
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Reynolds, Jeremy, Matthew May, and He Xian. "Not by Bread Alone: Mobility Experiences, Religion, and Optimism about Future Mobility." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311984980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119849807.
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Americans are quite optimistic about their chances of upward mobility, but sometimes even they have their doubts. The authors examine how mobility experiences boost or dampen American optimism about mobility and how the relationship is connected to religion. The authors find that Americans whose subjective financial situations have recently worsened are less optimistic, whereas those whose situations have improved are more optimistic. Objective measures of mobility were not connected to optimism. The authors also found that men affiliated with historically black Protestant denominations and Hispanic Catholic men and women are more optimistic than the religiously unaffiliated. Additionally, downward mobility is associated with different outcomes for different groups: very small drops in optimism among Hispanic Catholic women but unusually large drops among mainline Protestant and Hispanic Catholic men. The authors encourage more study of Hispanic Catholic women because their experiences may be useful for preserving optimism among other Americans during tough economic times.
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Hanna, William John, and Elizabeth Rogovsky. "On the Situation of African-American Women with Physical Disabilities." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 23, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.23.4.39.
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This paper explores a category of people with disabilities, African-American women, that is rarely studied by scholars and rarely the subject of education and training within the fields of medicine and rehabilitation, African-American women have a high incidence of physical disability; and among those with disabilities, their socioeconomic situation is less well off than would be predicted on the basis of general patterns of male-female, White-Black, nondisabled-disabled disparity. Drawing upon quantitative surveys as well as qualitative interviews, the authors explore factors which appear likely to contribute to the situation of African-American women with disabilities.
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Joseph, Nicole M., Chayla Haynes, and Lori D. Patton. "The Politics of Publishing: A National Conversation With Scholars Who Use Their Research About Black Women to Address Intersectionality." Educational Researcher 50, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20985460.
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What does it mean to expand the epistemological terrain in education research to improve educational equity? This feature article attends to this question by opening a national conversation with education researchers who take up intersectionality in their study of Black women in higher education, specifically, the application of Kimberlé Crenshaw’s intersectionality dimensions—structural, political, and representational. We surveyed the authors of 23 peer-reviewed research studies that engaged intersectionality across Crenshaw’s dimensions. Findings showed that the majority of the studies were published in journals with low-impact factors. Additionally, authors indicated that they experienced pushback in the publishing process, including having to justify their work to journal editors and responding to reviewers who did not value their work. Implications are discussed.
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Stark, Evan, and Anne Flitcraft. "Killing the Beast within: Woman Battering and Female Suicidality." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/h6v6-yp3k-qwk1-mk5d.
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This article explores the importance of woman battering for female suicidality, with special attention to the link among black women. Suicidality has classically been framed with a distinctly male bias. As a result, suicide attempts (a predominantly female event) have been defined as “failed suicides” and the distinctive social context of suicidality among women has been missed. The authors propose that suicidality among battered women is evoked by the “entrapment” women experience when they are subjected to “coercive control” by abusive men. A literature review highlights the probable importance of male violence as a cause of female suicidality. Pursuing this possibility, we assess the significance of battering in a sample of women who have attempted suicide, the characteristics of battered women who attempt suicide, and the appropriateness of the medical response. The results indicate that battering may be the single most important cause of female suicidality, particularly among black and pregnant women. The implications of this finding for theory and clinical intervention are discussed.
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Ju, Boryung, and Brenton Stewart. "“The right information”: perceptions of information bias among Black Wikipedians." Journal of Documentation 75, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 1486–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-02-2019-0031.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine motivators that drive Black Wikipedia contribution. The authors explore motivations around content contribution, effects of gender on motivations and self-perceptions of Black Wikipedia labor. Design/methodology/approach A total of 318 Black American Wikipedia contributors completed an online survey. The authors employed both quantitative and qualitative methods in the study including descriptive statistics, multivariate (MANOVA) and univariate (ANOVA) analysis of variance to examine gender differences in Wikipedia content contribution. In addition, open-ended responses were evaluated, through content analysis, to make inferences on their perceptions of Wikipedia labor. Findings This paper identifies racial identity and perceptions of information quality as strong motivators in content contribution among Black Wikipedians. Motivators are gender variant; men are more motivated than women with the lone exception being racial identity. Additionally, the study identifies Wikipedia as a contested space among Black contributors and is a site of resistance. Originality/value Black Wikipedians information activity is a relatively new and understudied phenomenon. This paper presents new insight and a deeper understanding of Black Wikipedians’ motivations for information sharing behaviors in the most popular encyclopedia on the internet.
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Branigan, Amelia R., Jeremy Freese, Stephen Sidney, and Catarina I. Kiefe. "The Shifting Salience of Skin Color for Educational Attainment." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311988982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119889829.
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Findings of an association between skin color and educational attainment have been fairly consistent among Americans born before the civil rights era, but little is known regarding the persistence of this relationship in later born cohorts. The authors ask whether the association between skin color and educational attainment has changed between black American baby boomers and millennials. The authors observe a large and statistically significant decline in the association between skin color and educational attainment between baby boomer and millennial black women, whereas the decline in this association between the two cohorts of black men is smaller and nonsignificant. Compared with baby boomers, a greater percentage of the association between skin color and educational attainment among black millennials appears to reflect educational disparities in previous generations. These results emphasize the need to conceptualize colorism as an intersectional problem and suggest caution when generalizing evidence of colorism in earlier cohorts to young adults today.
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Chambers, Darryl L., Yasser A. Payne, and Ivan Sun. "Predicting trust in police: the impact of instrumental and expressive concerns in street-identified Black-American men and women." Policing: An International Journal 43, no. 6 (October 25, 2020): 917–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2020-0012.
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PurposeWhile the past few decades have witnessed a substantial number of studies on public attitudes toward the police, a relatively thin line of inquiry has focused exclusively on low income urban Black-Americans, and especially street-identified Black populations. The purpose of this paper, however, is to examine trust in police amongst street-identified Black men and women.Design/methodology/approachRelying on a street participatory action research methodological approach, the authors collected survey data (N = 520) from two low-income unban Black neighborhoods, to examine the effects of an instrumental model versus an expressive model on procedural- and outcome-based trust in police.FindingsThe findings suggested a community sample of street-identified Black men and women were able to differentiate between procedural- and outcome-based trust. The instrumental model was better in predicting procedural-based trust in police, while the expressive model accounted better for outcome-based trust in police.Research limitations/implicationsImplications for street participatory action research methodology, future research and policy are also discussed.Originality/valueThis paper is an original manuscript.
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Reed, Sarah J., Robin Lin Miller, and Tina Timm. "Identity and Agency." Psychology of Women Quarterly 35, no. 4 (September 26, 2011): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684311417401.
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Young sexual minority women disproportionately experience pregnancy, repeat pregnancy, and become parents, when compared with their heterosexual peers. Black sexual minority women who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are a part of three demographic groups likely to experience adolescent pregnancy. A paucity of research has examined why these young women become pregnant. The authors begin to address this gap by examining the meaning of pregnancy from young women’s perspective. Modified grounded theory was used to analyze data from interviews with 14 young Black sexual minority women, aged 16–24. Pregnancies, intentional and unintentional, were common among the participants and within their sexual minority community. Pregnancy affirmed sexual identity and same-sex relationships as well as garnered sexual and reproductive agency. Participants’ pregnancy experiences contradicted the belief that young women sought or valued pregnancy because it provided access to heterosexual privilege. Although the main functions of intentional pregnancies did not differ drastically from those of young heterosexual women, we argue that these young women’s pregnancy and parenting desires may be magnified because of the particular realities they face as sexual minority women. Further, we situate our analysis within the context of a Black cultural environment and argue that pregnancy and motherhood may be adaptive subsistence strategies for women who are largely socially devalued.
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Ponnuswami, Meenakshi. "Contemporary Black and Asian Women Playwrights in Britain. By Gabriele Griffin. Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. x + 291. $75 cloth." Theatre Survey 46, no. 2 (October 25, 2005): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557405240206.
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Gabriele Griffin's study of black and Asian women playwrights in contemporary Britain fills a gap in British theatre studies. Although a comprehensive study of black British theatre has yet to see print, two developments have, in the past decade or so, begun to stimulate critical attention in the field. One is the publication of plays by black and Asian authors, including collections of plays exclusively by women (such as Khadija George's edition of Six Plays by Black and Asian Women Writers of 1993), as well as the more systematic inclusion of works by writers such as Winsome Pinnock and Trish Cooke in anthologies of plays by new British dramatists. A second is the work of British cultural-studies scholars and sociologists during the same period, which has offered theatre historians some new approaches and challenges: Kobena Mercer's Welcome to the Jungle (1994); Catherine Ugwu's Let's Get It On (1995); Baker et al.'s Black British Cultural Studies (1996); Heidi Mirza's edited volume Black British Feminism (1997)—not to mention a vast body of work by Stuart Hall, Avtar Brah, Paul Gilroy, and others. Still, as Griffin notes at the outset, while immigrant and second-generation novels and films have received attention and accolades, black British theatre has tended to be ignored except by a handful of feminist theatre scholars.
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Robnett, Belinda, and James A. Bany. "Gender, Church Involvement, and African-American Political Participation." Sociological Perspectives 54, no. 4 (December 2011): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.4.689.
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While numerous studies discuss the political implications of class divisions among African-Americans, few analyze gender differences in political participation. This study assesses the extent to which church activity similarly facilitates men's and women's political participation. Employing data from a national cross-sectional survey of 1,205 adult African-American respondents from the 1993 National Black Politics Study, the authors conclude that black church involvement more highly facilitates the political participation of black men than black women. Increasing levels of individual black church involvement and political activity on the part of black churches increases the gender gap in political participation and creates a gender participation gap for some political activities. These findings suggest that while institutional engagement increases political participation, the gendered nature of the institutional context also influences political engagement outcomes.
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J.Jeyaseeli, M. K. Kothaimalar. "Black Feminism - Ain’t I A Woman by Sojourner Truth." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i10.10066.
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Literature has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intention of their authors and perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems including language national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter. The eleventh edition of Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionary considers literature to be “Writing” having excellence of form of expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. “Ain’t I A Woman” was a speech delivered by Sojourner Truth in 1857 in women’s convention, Akron, Ohio. This paper analysis the speech of Sojourner Truth and analysis the main points as theme, symbol, characters and imagery aspects. This speech was concluded with the sufferings of Negros of the South and the women at the North.
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Schwartz, Joni, Eman Mosharafa, and S. Lenise Wallace. "Women of Color in Academia and the Influence of Religious Culture on Self-Promotion: A Collaborative Autoethnography." Review of European Studies 8, no. 2 (March 20, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n2p85.
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<p class="normal">Much has been written about self-promoting communication by women in business, and some about self-promotion and women in academia. However, few studies specifically focus on Women of Color in academia in regard to how their religious backgrounds impact learned self-promotion communication and acclimation to academic culture. This collaborative autoethnography addresses this gap in the literature. Through two of the authors’ life experiences in the Black/African American church and Islamic faith, self-promotion is explored as it relates to their current work in academia.</p>
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Anderson, Deborah, and David Shapiro. "Racial Differences in Access to High-Paying Jobs and the Wage Gap between Black and White Women." ILR Review 49, no. 2 (January 1996): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900206.
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The authors examine the role that racial differences in access to high-paying occupations played in determining the racial wage gap in the 1980s. Analyzing data on black and white women aged 34–44 from the National Longitudinal Surveys for 1968–88, they estimate the effects of human capital characteristics and discrimination on segregation into high- and low-wage jobs by race. They find that differences in workers' measured characteristics explain little of either the observed occupational segregation by race or the racial wage gap in 1988. Further analysis suggests that several changes in the wage structure for women during the 1980s, notably a widening of occupational wage differentials and an increase in the returns to education, abetted direct discrimination in enlarging the racial wage gap among women.
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Lee, Elizabeth A., José A. Soto, Janet K. Swim, and Michael J. Bernstein. "Bitter Reproach or Sweet Revenge." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 7 (April 11, 2012): 920–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212440292.
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Culture has been shown to influence response styles. The authors conducted two studies to test the notion that African Americans would be more likely to respond to racism directly, whereas Asian Americans would be more likely to respond indirectly and therefore more subtly. Study 1 showed that Black women subjected to a racist comment from a confederate during an online interaction were more likely than Asian women to verbally reproach the perpetrator. These group differences were not present when the outcome measure was indirect responding—administration of good/bad jellybeans. Study 2 used an online format to demonstrate that Asian women were more likely than Black women to say they would not respond directly to a racist comment. This group difference in unwillingness to confront was significantly mediated by a goal of maintaining peace with their interaction partner. Implications of these findings for the study of discrimination, coping, and well-being are discussed.
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Hahn, Robert A., Elaine D. Eaker, Nancy D. Barker, Steven M. Teutsch, Waldemar A. Sosniak, and Nancy Krieger. "Poverty and Death in the United States." International Journal of Health Services 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 673–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/967k-lc4f-du66-w5p9.
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The authors conducted a survival analysis to determine the effect of poverty on mortality in a national sample of blacks and whites, 25 to 74 years of age (the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-1) and NHANES-I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study). They estimated the proportion of mortality associated with poverty during 1971–1984 and in 1991 by calculating population attributable risk and assessed confounding by major known risk factors (e.g., smoking, cholesterol levels, and physical inactivity). In 1973, 6.0 percent of U.S. mortality among black and white persons 25 to 74 years of age was attributable to poverty; in 1991, the proportion was 5.9 percent. In 1991, rates of mortality attributable to poverty were lowest for white women, 2.2 times as high for white men, 8.6 times as high for black men, and 3.6 times as high for black women. Adjustment for all these potential confounders combined had little effect on the hazard ratio among men, but reduced the effect of poverty on mortality among women by 42 percent. The proportion of mortality attributable to poverty among U.S. black and white adults has changed only minimally in recent decades. The effect of poverty on mortality must be largely explained by conditions other than commonly recognized risk factors.
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Hankin, Janet R., Ira J. Firestone, James J. Sloan, Joel W. Ager, Allen C. Goodman, Robert J. Sokol, and Susan S. Martier. "The Impact of the Alcohol Warning Label on Drinking during Pregnancy." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569501200102.
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Has drinking by pregnant women decreased since the implementation of the alcoholic beverage warning label? The authors examined the reported drinking of 4397 pregnant black women who sought prenatal care in an inner city clinic of Detroit, MI. They found that the warning label had a differential effect on risk drinkers (women consuming at least .5 ounce of absolute alcohol per day at conception) and lighter drinkers/abstainers (women consuming less than .5 ounce of absolute alcohol per day at conception). Six months after the warning label law was implemented (June 1, 1990), lighter drinkers decreased their drinking during pregnancy by a small but statistically significant amount. In contrast, pregnant risk drinkers did not significantly change their alcohol consumption.
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Harry, Beth, and Lydia Ocasio-Stoutenburg. "Parent Advocacy for Lives That Matter." Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 46, no. 3 (August 12, 2021): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15407969211036442.
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This article draws parallels between the concept of “Black lives matter” and the efforts of caregivers to advocate for the value of the lives of their children who have disabilities. The authors identify three key concepts that undergird their argument: first, the concept of systemic bias as built in to the hierarchical valuing of different disabilities and the role of this bias in the valuing of parents’ voices; second, the ways in which stigmatized identity markers intersect to intensify bias; and third, the authors propose a broad interpretation of the meaning of parent advocacy in which service providers seek to work as co-advocates rather than as professional advisors. The authors review relevant literature on these themes and also draw on their own experiences as women of color who are parents of children with disabilities. They present their exploration of these topics against the backdrop of the convergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement, and call on epistemological assumptions and intersectionality to address the question of whether participants’ perspectives on racism should be considered as “truth.”
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Price, Anna E., Beau Greer, and Ash Tucker. "Older Black Women’s Experiences Initiating and Maintaining Physical Activity: Implications for Theory and Practice." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 21, no. 3 (July 2013): 348–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.21.3.348.
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Using a semistructured discussion guide, the authors conducted 15 interviews with physically active older Black women living in the eastern U.S. to examine what contributed to their physical activity initiation and maintenance. They used thematic analysis to organize content and constant-comparison methods to compare themes between participants. Participants initiated physical activity when a cue to action, such as weight gain or a medical issue, triggered a perceived need to exercise. When participants initiated physical activity, they experienced immediate unexpected benefits such as improved energy. They reported continuing activity because of these initial benefits. After continued physical activity over time, participants experienced the health benefits they originally hoped to achieve. Most participants also mentioned continuing physical activity because it is “me time.” All participants reported needing to modify their physical activity routine at some point. Having a regular, yet adaptable, routine and planning skills helped participants maintain physical activity. These findings contribute to the refinement of theory and might be useful for professionals promoting physical activity among older Black women.
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Glance, Laurent G., Richard Wissler, Christopher Glantz, Turner M. Osler, Dana B. Mukamel, and Andrew W. Dick. "Racial Differences in the Use of Epidural Analgesia for Labor." Anesthesiology 106, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200701000-00008.
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Background There is strong evidence that pain is undertreated in black and Hispanic patients. The association between race and ethnicity and the use of epidural analgesia for labor is not well described. Methods Using the New York State Perinatal Database, the authors examined whether race and ethnicity were associated with the likelihood of receiving epidural analgesia for labor after adjusting for clinical characteristics, demographics, insurance coverage, and provider effect. This retrospective cohort study was based on 81,883 women admitted for childbirth between 1998 and 2003. Results Overall, 38.3% of the patients received epidural analgesia for labor. After adjusting for clinical risk factors, socioeconomic status, and provider fixed effects, Hispanic and black patients were less likely than non-Hispanic white patients to receive epidural analgesia: The adjusted odds ratio was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.93) for white/Hispanic and 0.78 (0.74-0.83) for blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites. Compared with patients with private insurance, patients without insurance were least likely to receive epidural analgesia (adjusted odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.89). Black patients with private insurance had similar rates of epidural use to white/non-Hispanic patients without insurance coverage: The adjusted odds ratio was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.53-0.82) for white/non-Hispanic patients without insurance versus 0.69 (0.57-0.85) for black patients with private insurance. Conclusion Black and Hispanic women in labor are less likely than non-Hispanic white women to receive epidural analgesia. These differences remain after accounting for differences in insurance coverage, provider practice, and clinical characteristics.
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Imaizumi, Toshio, Yoshifumi Horita, Toshimi Honma, and Jun Niwa. "Association between a black band on the inner membrane of a chronic subdural hematoma on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance images and enlargement of the hematoma." Journal of Neurosurgery 99, no. 5 (November 2003): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.5.0824.
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Object. The cause and indication for enlargement of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) have remained unresolved. The authors observed a black band on the inner membrane of a CSDH on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in patients with symptoms. After surgical treatment, the band disappeared. The T2*-weighted sequence of MR imaging is an excellent diagnostic tool for detecting ferromagnetic substances, but it is rarely performed in cases of a CSDH. The authors speculate that the black band may be associated with the development of CSDH. Methods. To investigate how the black band observed on T2*-weighted MR images contributes to the development of a CSDH, 59 lesions in 50 patients with CSDH (41 men and nine women, mean age 70 ± 11 years [range 48–93 years]) were investigated prospectively. The incidence of black bands on the first T2*-weighted MR image obtained in patients with symptomatic CSDH was 97% (31 of 32 CSDHs), which was significantly higher than that associated with asymptomatic CSDH (11% [three of 27 CSDHs], p < 0.001). The black bands associated with symptomatic CSDH disappeared soon after surgical treatment in 31 CSDHs and became fainter in another. In two instances the CSDH recurred with reappearance of the band. Twenty-four of 27 asymptomatic CSDHs had no accompanying black band. Follow-up MR images demonstrated a later formation of bands in two of 24 asymptomatic CSDHs that enlarged to symptomatic size. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the heterogeneity and thickness of the CSDH on computerized tomography scans were independently and significantly associated with the black band. Conclusions. The dynamics of the black band may depend on the enlargement or shrinkage of the CSDH.
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Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Driven by the Market: African American Literature after Urban Fiction." American Literary History 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 320–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajab008.
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Abstract Kenneth W. Warren’s What Was African American Literature? (2011) compelled literary historians to question deeply held assumptions about periodization and racial authorship. While critics have taken issue with Warren aligning African American literature with Jim Crow segregation, none has examined his account of what came after this conjuncture: namely, the market’s wholesale cooptation of Black writing. By following the career of African American popular novelist Omar Tyree, this essay shows how corporate publishers in the 1990s and 2000s redefined African American literature as a sales category, one that combined a steady stream of recognized authors with a mad dash for amateur talent. Tyree had been part of the first wave of self-published authors to be picked up by major New York houses. However, as soon as he was made to conform to the industry’s demands, Tyree was eclipsed by Black women writers who developed the hard-boiled romance genre known as urban fiction. As Tyree saw his literary fortunes fade, corporate publishing became increasingly reliant on Black book entrepreneurs to sustain the category of African American literature, thereby turning racial authorship into a vehicle for realizing profits.
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Hirsh, Elizabeth, and Youngjoo Cha. "Mandating Change." ILR Review 70, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916668880.
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Although complying with and monitoring court-mandated changes in organizations’ policies following employment discrimination lawsuits can be costly to both employers and taxpayers, little is known about the impact of such mandates on increasing sex and race managerial diversity in organizations. Using data on approximately 500 high-profile employment discrimination lawsuits resolved in U.S. federal courts between 1996 and 2008, the authors estimate the impact of court-mandated policy changes on shifts in the presence of white women, black women, and black men in managerial positions. Policies designed to reduce bias expand opportunities for white women but not for other demographic groups. By contrast, opportunities in management for all groups expand when policies are designed to increase organizational accountability by establishing specific recruitment, hiring, or promotion plans and monitoring arrangements. Policies designed to increase rights’ awareness are associated with declines in managerial diversity. Notably, compared with verdicts and settlements with modest penalties, those with the most costly monetary payouts do not expand managerial diversity; and in fact, they can backfire.
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Leath, Seanna, Noelle Ware, Miray D. Seward, Whitney N. McCoy, Paris Ball, and Theresa A. Pfister. "A Qualitative Study of Black College Women’s Experiences of Misogynoir and Anti-Racism with High School Educators." Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010029.
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A growing body of literature highlights how teachers and administrators influence Black girls’ academic and social experiences in school. Yet, less of this work explores how Black undergraduate women understand their earlier school experiences, particularly in relation to whether teachers advocated for their educational success or participated in discriminatory practices that hindered their potential. Using consensual qualitative research (CQR) methods, the present semi-structured interview study explored the narratives of 50 Black undergraduate women (mean age = 20 years) who reflected on their experiences with teachers and school administrators during high school. Five discriminatory themes emerged, including body and tone policing, exceptionalism, tokenization, cultural erasure in the curriculum, and gatekeeping grades and opportunities. Three anti-racist themes emerged, including communicating high expectations and recognizing potential, challenging discrimination in the moment, and instilling racial and cultural pride. Our findings highlight the higher prevalence of discriminatory events compared to anti-racist teacher practices, as well as how the women’s high school experiences occurred at the intersection of race and gender. The Authors discuss the need to incorporate gender and sexism into discussions of anti-racist teacher practices to address Black girls’ experiences of misogynoir. We hope our findings contribute to educational initiatives that transform the learning landscape for Black girls by demonstrating how educators can eliminate pedagogical practices that harm their development.
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Fish, Laura. "Woman in the Mirror: Reflections." Synthesis: an Anglophone Journal of Comparative Literary Studies, no. 7 (May 1, 2015): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/syn.16199.
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In A Room of One’s Own (1929) Virginia Woolf asserts: “Women have served all these centuries as looking-glasses possessing the magic and delicious power of reflecting the figure of man at twice its natural size”. (34) The use of the mirror is key to Woolf’s arguments about the position of women in general and in particular that of women writers. Complicating Woolf’s view less than a century later, I examine how black women function as looking-glasses in a dual way: as blacks, we shared the past (and now share the current) fate of black people reflecting the “darker” side of white people, as many whites projected onto blacks the unacknowledgeable traits of their own nature. The mirror is also key then to the way in which racial oppression has been analysed in literature. My paper offers an account, by way of selected examples from the history of our literature, of indicating how the mirror has been essential to how black British women are viewed and reflected back. I suggest that the misshapen image in the looking glass created by white people and also black men, allows them to see an inflated reflection of themselves, to assume false feelings of superiority, and to perpetuate oppression against us. I focus on Mary Prince, Mary Seacole, Una Marson, Joan Riley and Helen Oeyemi–authors whose work either anticipates or relates to Woolf’s notion of mirroring, by seeking ways to addressor overcome the situation in which we are placed. The texts explored not only trace the development of the tradition of our writing - the shift from being represented to representing ourselves– but also present a range of cultural and political views and identify three recurring themes: firstly, the denigration in our portrayal; secondly, the assumed superiority white people and black men adopt over us; and thirdly our resistance in remonstrating against such treatment and exposure.
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Gonçalves, Marcelo, Ronaldo Píspico, Fábio de Abreu Alves, Carlos Eduardo B. Lugão, and Andréa Gonçalves. "Clinical, radiographic, biochemical and histological findings of florid cemento-osseous dysplasia and report of a case." Brazilian Dental Journal 16, no. 3 (December 2005): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402005000300014.
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Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia has been described as a condition that characteristically affects the jaws of middle-aged black women. It usually manifests as multiple radiopaque cementum-like masses distributed throughout the jaws. This condition has also been classified as gigantiform cementoma, chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, multiple estenosis and sclerotic cemental masses. The authors present a case of an uncomplicated florid cemento-osseous dysplasia in a 48-year-old black woman. Multiple sclerotic masses with radiolucent border in the mandible were identified radiographically. Histopathologic findings revealed formation of calcified dense sclerotic masses similar to cementum. All clinical, radiographic, biochemical and histological features were suggestive of the diagnosis of florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
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Brooks, Latoya B., and Kareema J. Gray. "Becoming a Yam: Healing Narratives as Political Resistance in the Time of COVID-19." Genealogy 5, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5020031.
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COVID-19 created a crisis that forced people to deal with the social, emotional, personal, and interpersonal impact of the virus in the United States. Simultaneously, Black people continued to be murdered and victimized by systemic racism and social injustice. Choosing wellness, self-recovery, and self-care during the global pandemonium surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic serves as an act of political resistance in the face of oppression and violence. The purpose of this essay is to explore the authors’ embodied uses of personal narratives centering the work sisters of the yam: black women and self-recovery, feminist theory, and African-centered social work paradigms as coping strategies and healing work during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Andersen, Ross E., Carlos J. Crespo, Shawn C. Franckowiak, and Jeremy D. Walston. "Leisure-Time Activity among Older U.S. Women in Relation to Hormone-Replacement-Therapy Initiation." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 11, no. 1 (January 2003): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.11.1.82.
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Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) and physical activity are both related to aging and health. U.S. minorities are more likely to be inactive and less likely to initiate HRT than are non-Hispanic White women. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship of race and HRT use with physical inactivity among older women (60+ years). The authors used data from 3,479 women who had participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted in 1988-1994. NHANES III included an in-person interview and a medical examination. The prevalence of physical inactivity among women who reported ever having used HRT was 28.5% (CI 22.9–34.1%), compared with 40.0% (CI 35.9–44.1%) among those who had never used HRT. Mexican American and non-Hispanic Black women reported higher levels of inactivity than did non-Hispanic White women across HRT-use categories. To promote successful aging, physicians should educate postmenopausal women on the possible health benefits of HRT combined with an active lifestyle.
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Sakamoto, Arthur, Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Sharron Xuanren Wang, and Courtney Nelson. "The Socioeconomic Attainments of Second-Generation Nigerian and Other Black Americans: Evidence from the Current Population Survey, 2009 to 2019." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211001971.
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Second-generation black Americans have been inadequately studied in prior quantitative research. The authors seek to ameliorate this research gap by using the Current Population Survey to investigate education and wages among second-generation black Americans with a focus on Nigerian Americans. The latter group has been identified in some qualitative studies as having particularly notable socioeconomic attainments. The results indicate that the educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian Americans exceeds other second-generation black Americans, third- and higher generation African Americans, third- and higher generation whites, second-generation whites, and second-generation Asian Americans. Controlling for age, education, and disability, the wages of second-generation Nigerian Americans have reached parity with those of third- and higher generation whites. The educational attainment of other second-generation black Americans exceeds that of third- and higher generation African Americans but has reached parity with that of third- and higher generation whites only among women. These results indicate significant socioeconomic variation within the African American/black category by gender, ethnicity, and generational status that merits further research.
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Patel, Nima M., and Ramona M. Derkits. "Possible Increase in Liver Enzymes Secondary to Atorvastatin and Black Cohosh Administration." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, no. 4 (August 2007): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190007303051.
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Introduction: Since the publication of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trials, there has been a decline in the use of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). The risks outweighed the benefits in the WHI trials, and therefore women are seeking alternative treatments including herbal remedies to HRT for mitigation of postmenopausal conditions. The authors report a case of drug-herb interaction between black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa ) and atorvastatin leading to elevation in liver enzymes. Case summary: A 53-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for atypical chest pain, family history of coronary artery disease, and menopause discontinued oral HRT and started black cohosh for treatment of her menopausal symptoms. The patient also reported taking atorvastatin, aspirin, glucosamine/chondroitin, and vaginal estradiol (Vagifem® ). Routine lab results revealed an acute elevation of her liver enzymes. At this time, additional blood tests were performed to rule out other plausible causes of acute elevation in liver enzymes, which did not reveal other etiologies. It was recommended that she discontinue the black cohosh immediately due to a potential drug-herb interaction. Following the patient's discontinuation of black cohosh, her liver enzymes decreased within 1 week and completely returned to normal within 1 month. Discussion: Several case reports have associated black cohosh with hepatotoxicity. It was reported that a commercially available formulation of black cohosh may potently inhibit human cytochrome (CYP) 3A4. Inhibition of CYP3A4 by black cohosh could possibly elevate levels of atorvastatin, causing an elevation of liver enzymes. To the authors' knowledge, they report the first case report of drug-herb interaction with use of the black cohosh and atorvastatin. Conclusion: The use of black cohosh concomitantly with atorvastatin may potentially lead to a drug-herb interaction resulting in an elevation of liver enzymes. According to the Naranjo probability scale, there was a possible drug-induced adverse event. Black cohosh should not be routinely recommended for treatment of menopausal symptoms. However, if a patient chooses to use black cohosh against medical advice, particular attention should be given to the potential CYP3A4 drug interactions.