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Journal articles on the topic 'Women authors, Canadian'
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Park, Hwanhee. "Women Authors’ Voices in Canadian Children’s Literature: Women, Home, and Canadian Environment in Traill, Montgomery, and Burnford." Korean Society for Teaching English Literature 26, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.19068/jtel.2022.26.1.04.
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Canton, Licia. "Narratives of Nostos by Italian-Canadian Women." Italian Canadiana 35 (August 18, 2021): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ic.v35i0.37228.
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We are privileged to read and write and share narratives of nostos that are inspired by our (grand)parents’ decision to emigrate. The return journey “home” shows a need to look to the past, towards one’s roots, in an attempt to better understand the present. This essay looks at representations of nostos in the Italian-Canadian literary community, with an emphasis on narratives by women who were born in Italy as well as those whose (grand)parents emigrated to Canada. To varying degrees, the discussion will touch on the works of established and emerging authors from Ontario, Quebec and Alberta.
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Goodyear-Grant, Elizabeth. "Still Counting: Women in Politics Across Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904270214.
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Still Counting: Women in Politics Across Canada, Linda Trimble and Jane Arscott, Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2003. pp. xvi, 210Numbers matter. This is Trimble and Arscott's fundamental message. The ratio of women in elected and appointed political posts to their proportion in the population at large is a measure of fairness in political representation that has obvious implications for women's impact on political processes and policy outcomes. Although Canadian in perspective, the authors draw international comparisons where appropriate and find Canada rather lacking. Perennial under-representation, despite marked improvements over the past three decades, is an evident problem and an issue worthy of investigation.
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Cukier, Wendy, Samantha Jackson, Mohamed A. Elmi, Erin Roach, and Darren Cyr. "Representing women? Leadership roles and women in Canadian broadcast news." Gender in Management: An International Journal 31, no. 5/6 (July 4, 2016): 374–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-04-2015-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the representation of women in Canadian broadcast news coverage, exploring the notion of substantive representation as it relates to gender, leadership and framing. Design/methodology/approach Using computer-aided text analysis software, the authors analyzed the frequency of women appearing in on-air roles, the way in which they are framed, as well as technical and expressive details, such as how they are featured. In total, the authors analyzed representation of 2,031 individuals in the four suppertime local news broadcasts from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m. Framed in an ecological model of complex social change, this paper focuses on understanding how women are presented in Canadian broadcast media. Findings This study finds that women are under-represented in Canadian broadcast media. Furthermore, it finds that women are less likely to be framed as leaders or experts and are less likely to hold news host or anchor positions. For all major news broadcasters analyzed, women are less likely to be portrayed positively or in leadership/expert positions and are more often represented as victims. They are less likely to appear on screen and are more likely to be referred to off-screen, paraphrased and cited rather than speaking for themselves. Research limitations/implications By framing this study in an (critical) ecological, this study moved beyond required descriptive benchmarking to examine the degree of substantive representation of women. However, the sample of the study is only a snapshot of Canada’s largest city, and, therefore, more research involving further a comparative analysis of cities, a variety of print sources and online media outlets is needed. Future research might include more qualitative analysis of the representation, the type of representation and the factors affecting levels of representation. For example, such research might explore the practices in broadcast organizations, the way in which stories are framed and how guests selected. Also of interest is the relationship between women’s representation at the decision-making table, as an input, and the representation of women in on-air roles, as an outcome. Practical implications The implications of this article are important for understanding the complex factors affecting female leadership across sectors, particularly, the Canadian broadcast industry, the barriers they face and the strategies that may lead to their advancement. Originality/value This study moved beyond descriptive benchmarking to examine the degree of substantive representation of women by coding the frames, roles and means of quotation experienced by women on broadcast news.
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Lalinec-Michaud, M. "Three Cases of Suicide in Chinese-Canadian Women." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (March 1988): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300215.
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This article purports to draw attention to the particular phenomenology of depression and suicide in Chinese. Three case histories are presented. The patients were all women in their forties, first-generation immigrants having resided for more than 20 years in Canada. These cases illustrate the significance of certain cultural factors in the understanding of depression in Chinese patients, namely: the importance of somatization, the familial reaction of denial or rejection to mental illness, the rigidity of the traditional family structure. The authors discuss the role played by conflicts of culture in the greater vulnerability to depression in Chinese middle-aged women.
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Chu, Clara M., and Bertrum H. MacDonald. "Women in Canadian Science and Technology before World War I: their Publication Record." Scientia Canadensis 12, no. 2 (July 6, 2009): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800270ar.
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ABSTRACT Little has been written about the work of women in Canadian science and technology, particularly for the period prior to the First World War. In this study, drawing largely on data in Science and Technology in Canadian History: A Bibliography of Primary Sources to 1914, we present a picture of the activity of almost 150 women authors. Representing 1.4% of all known authors of the period, these women wrote on a variety of scientific and technological topics and sometimes with a particular woman's viewpoint. The analysis highlights a number of changes which occurred throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
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Teske, Elaine, and Bronwen Beedle. "Journey to the top—breaking through the canopy: Canadian experiences." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77846-5.
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The authors reviewed the Canadian scene to examine the contribution of women in defining the Canadian forestry agenda and to see what was happening to those women who were advancing to the top and breaking through the canopy. The Canadian forest sector has been and is still a male dominated world. The women who were contacted work in varying jurisdictions—government, industry, academia and consultants. Their perspectives on how the journey to the top was progressing, the challenges faced and the factors affecting this journey are chronicled. Key words: women in forestry, women of influence, role of mentor, barriers, non-traditional career path, women and natural resource management
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Pivato, Joseph. "Fuga e ritorno: Italian-Canadian Narratives." Italian Canadiana 35 (August 18, 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ic.v35i0.37227.
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Many Italian-Canadian authors have been stimulated to explore their dual identity after a return trip to Italy. They confront the myth of nostalgia as an emotional blind-spot to the harsh realities of past miseria and present-day conflicts in Italian society. Women writers such as Mary di Michele, Caterina Edwards, Licia Canton and Rina Cralli are particularly critical of the position of women in Italy and the whole nostalgia sentimentality promoted by Italian popular culture and music. Pasquale Verdicchio’s whole writing career has been a systematic rejection of the thematics of nostalgia.
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Demaine, Jeffrey. "Trends in authorship by women at Canadian universities 2006 to 2019." Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science 44, no. 2/3 (December 11, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/cjilsrcsib.v44i2.13687.
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Despite much progress since the mid-20th century, there still exists a disparity in the number of female academics relative to their male colleagues. This gender gap has come under increased focus as universities take steps to foster diversity and inclusiveness. Bibliometrics can provide a window into the gender disparity in research by measuring the metadata of academic publications. By determining the ratio of female to male authors, the gender bias at the level of the institution can be quantified. This study examines the proportion of female authors of academic articles at thirty Canadian universities across five broad fields of research.
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Maillé, Chantal. "Carol Baines P. Evans and S. Neysmith (eds.). Women's Caring. Feminist Perspectives on Welfare. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991, pp. 310." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 12, no. 2 (1993): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800007820.
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ABSTRACTThis book examines many aspects of “caring” from a feminist perspective. The authors analyse caring, and the roles that women play within this sphere, in relation to certain socio-economic dimensions particular to women in Canadian society which comprise the cornerstone of the current methodology developed. The eight authors, in turn, each cast original light on the principal theme and the variety of subjects covered makes this publication a pivotal work in the thought and study of women and the taking of responsibility for dependent adults in the family. By questioning the foundations upon which the caring practices of Canadian society rest, the authors lay the groundwork for a critical knowledge which will contribute, in the end, to a greater measure of equality between the sexes. This high quality work is also easily accessible and will interest people who study, teach and work in fields related to the sphere of caregiving.
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Gouthro, Patricia A. "Women of Mystery." Adult Education Quarterly 64, no. 4 (September 3, 2014): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741713614549573.
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This article explores the learning pathways of 15 Canadian and American female crime fiction authors. Using a critical feminist perspective, it argues that despite the neoliberal rhetoric of individual choice, as in most careers, there are social-structural factors that create opportunities and barriers for women mystery writers. The article explores the background factors that shape women’s interest in writing crime fiction, considers the challenges that they face in developing their careers, and looks at the supports that may help them to attain success. Despite challenges, there is often intrinsic value in doing meaningful work that may motivate women to develop a fiction-writing career.
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White, Graham. "Continuity and Change: Fifty Years of the Journal/Revue." Canadian Journal of Political Science 50, no. 1 (March 2017): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423917000117.
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AbstractThis article surveys the first five decades of the Journal/Revue, with particular emphasis on patterns of change and continuity. The article presents a quantitative analysis of the articles published in the Journal/Revue, looking at, among other things, the balance of articles published in English and in French, the proportion of articles authored by women, the location and institutional affiliation of authors and the subject matter of published articles. Significant continuities emerge from the data, such as the predominance of Canadian-based authors writing on aspects of Canadian politics and the dominance of authors from large research-intensive universities. Yet change is also evident, for example in the number of women publishing in the Journal/Revue and in the emergence of articles in subfields not found in the Journal/Revue’s earlier days, most notably Aboriginal politics, gender and politics, and race and ethnicity.
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Millward, Hugh, Jamie E. L. Spinney, and Darren Scott. "Durations and Domains of Daily Aerobic Activity: Evidence From the 2010 Canadian Time-Use Survey." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 5 (July 2014): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0115.
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Background:This study employs national time-diary data to evaluate how much aerobic activity Canadians engage in on a daily basis, how that activity is apportioned by activity domain, and how subgroups within the population vary in their aerobic attainment.Methods:The study employs time-use data from the 2010 General Social Survey of Canada, for 15,390 respondents aged 15 and older. To estimate effort levels, the authors harmonized survey codes with those in the Compendium of Physical Activities. Aerobic activity was defined as moderate or vigorous effort at 3.5 Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) or higher.Results:Among the 4 activity domains, aerobic participation is highest in leisure activities, followed by chores, paid work, and active transportation (AT). Only a minority (42%) of respondents recorded at least 20 mins/day of aerobic activity. Aerobic totals were particularly low for women and those in poor or fair health, and low for students, 15- to 24-year-olds, and those residing in Quebec, Ontario, and larger cities.Conclusions:The majority of Canadian adults are failing to meet recommended aerobic activity levels. However, there is considerable opportunity to increase aerobic participation for some groups, particularly women and young adults, especially in the leisure and AT domains.
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Rowbotham, Madam Justice Patricia. "Justice Bertha Wilson: One Woman's Difference, Kim Brooks, Ed (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009)." Alberta Law Review 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr115.
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Justice Bertha Wilson: One Woman’s Difference is a collection of 16 essays which reflect upon Wilson’s contributions as jurist, speaker, chair of the Canadian Bar Association Task Force on Gender Equality in the Legal Profession, mentor, and role model to a generation of lawyers and judges. The authors are all women; fifteen of the essays are written by academics (and a student) from law faculties across Canada, and one essay is authored by a barrister. For the most part the authors write from the perspective of their own considerable expertise in a particular area of law. Their critical analysis of several of Wilson’s judgments from both the Ontario Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada caused me to reflect upon those judgments in novel ways. Some of the authors tackle the tricky issue of whether Wilson was a “feminist” judge.
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Gouliquer, Lynne, Carmen Poulin, Alissa Moore, and Hilary Longobardi. "Pictures tell a story: Diversity and inclusion on the National CFMWS website." Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health 8, s1 (April 1, 2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0084.
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LAY SUMMARY Women, BIPOC, and LGBTQIA2S+ people have faced, and continue to face, discrimination in the Canadian Armed Forces. This study examined the Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services national website ( https://www.cafconnection.ca/ ) to see how diversity was represented. The authors captured screenshots from the site between November 2020 and April 2021. While images of women, Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour, and LGBTQIA2S+ people were present, the images that showed diversity were usually purchased, generic photos of people, and not representative of military life. In general, the photos maintained a patriarchal status quo largely depicting cisgender male soldiers and heteronormativity.
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Helpman, Limor, Sarah E. Ferguson, Melanie Mackean, Amira Rana, Lisa Le, Morven A. Atkinson, Andrew Rogerson, and Helen Mackay. "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Women Receiving Chemotherapy for Ovarian Cancer in 2 Patient Populations." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 21, no. 3 (April 2011): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e31820fa24a.
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ObjectiveThe authors evaluated attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in 2 populations of women receiving chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).MethodsWomen with EOC currently being treated with chemotherapy at 2 tertiary cancer centers, in Canada and the United Kingdom, completed a self-administered questionnaire on attitudes and perceptions of CAM and types of CAM used within the previous month.ResultsOne hundred ninety-two patients (94 from Canada, 98 from United Kingdom) completed the questionnaire. Overall, 85 women (44%) were identified as CAM users. Complementary and alternative medicine use was more common among Canadian women (52%) compared with women from the United Kingdom (37%),P= 0.02. Participants used 71 different types of CAM, the majority (61%) taking multiple CAM. The frequency of CAM use was the same in primary compared with recurrent disease. Eighty-nine percent of CAM users considered it important for their oncologist to be aware of CAM use. Canadian women, however, were less likely to inform their physician (Canada: 50%; United Kingdom: 81%),P= 0.02. Motivations for CAM use were the same in both populations including assist healing (60%), boost the immune system (57%), improve quality of life (48%), and relieve symptoms (45%). Thirteen percent thought CAM could cure cancer, whereas 17% thought it would prevent recurrence.ConclusionsComplementary and alternative medicine use is common in women receiving chemotherapy for EOC. Increasingly, interactions between CAM and prescribed medication are being identified. Oncologists should be aware and actively inquire about CAM use. Although patterns of CAM use differed, the motivation for starting CAM was similar, highlighting the need to address supportive care in all patients.
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Racine, Louise, Isil Isik Andsoy, and Sithokozile Maposa. "Muslim Syrian refugee women’s exploration of breast cancer preventative care in a Western Canadian prairie city." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-07-2020-0071.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the barriers to preventative breast cancer screening (BCS) among Muslim Syrian refugee women in a Western Canadian Prairie city. Design/methodology/approach Situated within a larger mixed-method study aimed at identifying barriers and facilitators to breast cancer (BC) preventative practices, the authors interviewed three key informants to get an in-depth understanding of the cultural, religious and social factors affecting knowledge of BC and BCS practices among Muslim Syrian refugee women. Findings Qualitative findings confirm quantitative results revealing that knowledge about BC and cultural and religious barriers on gender might translate into poor health outcomes for Muslim Syrian refugee women in a Western Canadian city. Research limitations/implications This research has limitations related to the sample size and the lack of generalizability to all refugee women. Results indicate the need to develop culturally tailored intervention programs to increase breast awareness and participation in breast-self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammography. The study has implications for health-care policy. Muslim Syrian refugee women need to be educated about BC upon arrival in Canada to counteract low participation rates, promote positive health outcomes and decrease potential costs to the health-care system. Originality/value Evidence on Muslim Syrian refugee women’s knowledge and beliefs on BC is sparse. This study addressed this gap by documenting a lack of knowledge and barriers to BCS among Muslim Syrian refugee women.
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Veilleux, Catherine, Nardin Samuel, Han Yan, Victoria Bass, Rabab Al-Shahrani, Ann Mansur, James T. Rutka, Gelareh Zadeh, Mojgan Hodaie, and Geneviève Milot. "Cross-sectional analysis of women in neurosurgery: a Canadian perspective." Neurosurgical Focus 50, no. 3 (March 2021): E13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.12.focus20959.
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OBJECTIVEAlthough the past decades have seen a steady increase of women in medicine in general, women continue to represent a minority of the physician-training staff and workforce in neurosurgery in Canada and worldwide. As such, the aim of this study was to analyze the experiences of women faculty practicing neurosurgery across Canada to better understand and address the factors contributing to this disparity.METHODSA historical, cross-sectional, and mixed-method analysis of survey responses was performed using survey results obtained from women attending neurosurgeons across Canada. A web-based survey platform was utilized to collect responses. Quantitative analyses were performed on the responses from the study questionnaire, including summary and comparative statistics. Qualitative analyses of free-text responses were performed using axial and open coding.RESULTSA total of 19 of 31 respondents (61.3%) completed the survey. Positive enabling factors for career success included supportive colleagues and work environment (52.6%); academic accomplishments, including publications and advanced degrees (36.8%); and advanced fellowship training (47.4%). Perceived barriers reported included inequalities with regard to career advancement opportunities (57.8%), conflicting professional and personal interests (57.8%), and lack of mentorship (36.8%). Quantitative analyses demonstrated emerging themes of an increased need for women mentors as well as support and recognition of the contributions to career advancement of personal and family-related factors.CONCLUSIONSThis study represents, to the authors’ knowledge, the first analysis of factors influencing career success and satisfaction in women neurosurgeons across Canada. This study highlights several key factors contributing to the low representation of women in neurosurgery and identifies specific actionable items that can be addressed by training programs and institutions. In particular, female mentorship, opportunities for career advancement, and increased recognition and integration of personal and professional roles were highlighted as areas for future intervention. These findings will provide a framework for addressing these factors and improving the recruitment and retention of females in this specialty.
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Studlar, Donley T., and Richard E. Matland. "The Dynamics of Women's Representation in the Canadian Provinces: 1975–1994." Canadian Journal of Political Science 29, no. 2 (June 1996): 269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842390000771x.
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AbstractThis article presents evidence concerning women's representation in Canada's provincial legislative assemblies over a 20-year period (1975–1994). Data from 3,755 elections and over 11,000 candidates are analyzed to inspect trends in representation. The authors find there has been a gradual increase in both female candidates and legislators. The New Democratic party has clearly been the leader in putting women on the ballot and into legislatures at the provincial level. In addition, hypotheses are tested to see if there are differences across provinces in parties' willingness to nominate and elect women, and whether women are more likely to be nominated primarily in districts where a party does not expect to win. The study finds that the Atlantic provinces lagged behind the rest of Canada as representation increased markedly everywhere else in the late 1980s and the 1990s. There is also evidence that the major parties nominated female challengers in ridings that were inferior to the ridings where the party's male challengers ran in the mid- to late-1970s. By the mid-1980s, however, evidence that women were treated as sacrificial lambs had disappeared.
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Dagg, Anne Innis. "Research publications on Canadian mammals, 1971–1986." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-113.
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A survey was made of the 1124 research papers dealing with wild mammals living in Canada published in 11 relevant biological journals from 1971 to 1986. This study extends an earlier survey carried out by the author for the years 1931–1970. Canadian journals in general, and the Canadian Journal of Zoology in particular, published most of the research papers, which are far more numerous than they were in the earlier period. Research papers are increasingly written by two or more authors, and there seems to be a different pattern of publishing for women than for men. Most research was done by university personnel, who came from 35 Canadian (and a number of American) universities. Field studies in general were more numerous in the more densely populated provinces, although more studies were carried out in the Northwest Territories than in any other jurisdiction. The Canadian Federal Government financed most research projects, followed by Provincial and Territorial governments, and Canadian universities. However, well over 50 different groups or institutions funded at least a few studies each. The most studied subjects were behavior, anatomy and physiology, populations, and ecology and habitat. The most studied species were small mammals, large carnivores, seals that are hunted, and big game species. The mammals studied least were insectivores, bats, lagomorphs, and whales.
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Trehearne, Brian. "Canadian Modernism at the Present Time." Modernist Cultures 13, no. 4 (November 2018): 465–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0226.
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The article critiques major debates in Canadian modernist criticism and assesses their impact on readerships in the present time of anti-elitism, resurgent nationalisms, and widening distrust of expertise. Feminist critics articulate women writers' conflictual relations to the modernist canon and have restored or introduced disregarded female poets to an academic readership. Commentators on ‘antimodernism’ defend traditional writers of the period against modernist ridicule and suggest an antimodernist nostalgia for indigenous national authenticity within modernist writing itself. Leftist critics emphasize the political radicalism of major Canadian modernist writers as well as promoting and editing little-known authors who share their politics. Theorists critique the editorial practices of the field and promote genetic editing and digital publishing. Three less prominent trends are likelier to provoke and keep new readers for Canadian modernism: philosophically and ethically driven criticism; renewed attentiveness to cosmopolitanism in Canadian modernist discourse; and candid engagement with the problem of Canadian modernism's derivation from modernisms elsewhere.
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Jiwani, Yasmin, Helene Berman, and Ann Cameron. "Violence Prevention and the Canadian Girl Child." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 1, no. 2 (May 10, 2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs122010672.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 28.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The authors argue that because there are no groups of girls or young women that can be considered immune from gender-based or systemic violence, there is a significant need for the inclusion and recognition of the girl child in official policies, programs, and legislation. In their view, a fundamental recognition of the specificities of the gendered nature of violence, particularly as it intersects with age, race, class, ability, and sexual orientation is required. Moreover, the antecedent roots of violence need to be identified, as they provide sites for effective and early intervention. They discuss the social and historical context of the girl child in Canada and follow this analysis with a presentation of the research carried out by the Alliance of Five Research Centres on Violence and its consequent implications for policy and programming. Finally, the authors append a detailed list of concrete recommendations for policy-makers at all levels of government, as well as for service providers and the media, covering such areas as education, service delivery, and future research.</span></span></span></p>
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Deschênes, Sébastien, Miguel Rojas, Hamadou Boubacar, Brigitte Prud'homme, and Alidou Ouedraogo. "The impact of board traits on the social performance of Canadian firms." Corporate Governance 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-08-2014-0097.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine if certain board characteristics have an impact on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) score of corporations. Design/methodology/approach – The authors’ paper analyzes the link between the ratings of CSR of the largest publicly traded Canadian firms (i.e. those included in the S&P/TSX 60 index) and the traits of their boards. Findings – The authors’ examination concludes that the CSR score is positively linked with the percentages of women and independent directors. The study did not find a link in the cases of board characteristics, namely, director’s remuneration, director’s tenure and director’s ownership. Research limitations/implications – The study focuses on the 60 largest public Canadian firms, which are strongly scrutinized. An analysis that includes smaller firms as well may show different results. Practical implications – To improve the ability of boards of directors to deal with CSR, the appointment of women and independent directors should be given greater emphasis. Data show that all boards in their sample are composed of at least 50 per cent of independent directors, with an average of 80 per cent. Thus, there is a more limited room to ameliorate CSR by adding independent directors. In contrast, women represented, on average, only 14.25 per cent of all directors. Companies wanting to improve their CSR should consider appointing more female participation in their boards. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the extant literature on corporate governance by presenting evidence of a link between CSR and certain board characteristics.
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Gidengil, Elisabeth, and Richard Vengroff. "Representational Gains of Canadian Women or Token Growth? The Case of Quebec's Municipal Politics." Canadian Journal of Political Science 30, no. 3 (September 1997): 513–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900015997.
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AbstractUsing data on women's representation at the municipal level in Quebec over the 1985–1995 period, this article questions the assumption that there are few barriers to women's access to elected office at the local level. While the number of female mayors and councillors in Quebec's cities has increased significantly, the authors find that many councils have either no women or only a token female presence. The more desirable the council seat, the less likely women are to have achieved a significant level of representation. The general weakness of community characteristics and political structures in explaining variation in women's representation points to the presence of more systemic barriers.
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Cavell, Richard. "The Feminine Gaze: A Canadian Compendium of Non-Fiction Women Authors and Their Books, 1836-1945 (review)." Biography 26, no. 1 (2003): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2003.0021.
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Bowen, A., A. Ahmed, and C. Feng. "Exploring Maternal Mental Health in Syrian Refugee Women." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2228.
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IntroductionThere has been a rapid influx of 30,000 Syrian refugees in Canada, many are women of childbearing age, and most have young children. The literature reports that refugee women are almost 5 times more likely to develop postpartum depression than Canadian-born women. However, little is known about the experiences that the Syrian refugee women have encountered pre- and post-resettlement and their perceptions of mental health issues in general, and of maternal depression in particular. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the refugee women's experiences of having a baby in Canada from a mental health perspective.MethodsParticipants include Syrian refugee women who migrated to Saskatoon Canada in 2015–16 and who were either pregnant or up to one year postpartum. Qualitative data was collected via a focus group with thematic analysis, while depression with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and PTSD screening and sociodemographic descriptive data were collected from a structured questionnaire to provide context for the qualitative analysis.ResultsTwelve women participated in the focus group, despite smiling often, 58% of them screened as probable depression (EPDS > 10), 25% screened positive for depression (> 12 on EPDS), and 17% screened positive for PTSD. None of the women indicated intimate partner violence or suicidal thoughts. All participants indicated social support, mostly partner, and 25% had a history of depression. Thematic analysis will be shared.ConclusionsPerinatal Depression is a serious problem for refugee women that deserve more in-depth study to ensure optimal outcomes and to develop services and programs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Studlar, Donley T., and Richard E. Matland. "The Growth of Women's Representation in the Canadian House of Commons and the Election of 1984: A Reappraisal." Canadian Journal of Political Science 27, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900006211.
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AbstractIn the 1980s, Canada went from having one of the lowest levels of female representation in its national legislature to having one of the highest among countries with single-member district electoral systems. The authors examine the common assertion that this increase was largely due to the surprising Progressive Conservative landslide in the 1984 federal election. By simulating plausible alternative election results they find there would have been a substantial increase in the number of women in the parliament, regardless of how the vote split in 1984. The simulations are followed by probit analyses for 1980, 1984 and 1988 which examine what factors affected the probability a major-party candidate would be a woman and what factors affected the probability that a successful candidate would be a woman.
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Sitter, Kathleen C., Alison Grittner, Mica R. Pabia, and Heather Jarvis. "“We Knew No One Else Had Our Back except Us”: Recommendations for Creating an Accountability Care Framework with Sex Workers in Eastern Canada." Social Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080366.
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The authors report findings from a 15-month project that focused on the experiences of sex workers who live and work in an Eastern Canadian province. As part of a larger multi-phased study, 15 adults who identified as women, transgender, or non-binary, and received money or goods for sexual services, participated in photo-elicitation interviews. Drawing on a critical framing analysis, findings indicated supports—as identified and experienced by sex workers—encompassed three categories of care: self, community, and collective. These categories are described, with a particular focus on the latter two. Continuing with the care-based framework, recommendations to structure interventions draw on the role of accountability care in identifying how best to operationalize policies that promote health, well-being, and dignity of Canadian sex workers. The paper begins with a brief overview of the Canadian context and the role of supports. It follows with a discussion on the materials and methods and the results. It concludes with recommendations, limitations, and future considerations.
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Hanley, Jill, Nicole Ives, Jaime Lenet, Shawn-Renee Hordyk, Christine Walsh, Sonia Ben Soltane, and David Este. "Migrant women’s health and housing insecurity: an intersectional analysis." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-05-2018-0027.
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Purpose This paper presents an analysis of how health intersects with the experience of housing insecurity and homelessness, specifically for migrant women. The authors argue that it is important to understand the specificities of the interplay of these different factors to continue the advancement of our understanding and practice as advocates for health and housing security. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory, qualitative, methodological approach was adopted, using a broad definition of housing insecurity: from absolute homelessness (e.g. residing rough) to invisible homelessness (e.g. couch surfing) to those at risk of homelessness. In total, 26 newcomer (foreign-born women who came to live in Canada during the previous ten years, regardless of their immigration status) women were recruited in Montreal, Canada. Participants were recruited directly through advertisements in public places and in collaboration with community organizations (women’s centers, homeless shelters, crisis centers, domestic violence shelters, immigrant settlement agencies and ethnic associations) and they self-identified as having experienced housing insecurity. Efforts were made to include a diversity of immigrant statuses as well as diversity in ethnicity, race, country of origin, family composition, sexual orientation, age and range of physical and mental ability. Women were engaged in semi-structured, open-ended interviews lasting approximately 1 h. Interviews were conducted in English or French in a location and time of participants’ choosing. Findings The findings are presented around three themes: how health problems instigate and maintain migrant women’s housing insecurity and homelessness; ways in which women’s immigration trajectories and legal status may influence their health experiences; and particular coping strategies that migrant women employ in efforts to maintain or manage their health. The authors conclude with implications of these findings for both policy and practice in relation to migrant women who experience or are at risk of housing insecurity and homelessness. Originality/value Intersections of women experiencing migration and housing insecurity in Canadian contexts have rarely been examined. This paper addresses a gap in the literature in terms of topic and context, but also in terms of sharing the voices of migrant women with direct experience with housing insecurity.
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Mongeau-Martin, Guillaume, Momar Ndao, Michael Libman, Gilles Delage, and Brian J. Ward. "A Family Cluster of Chagas Disease Detected through Selective Screening of Blood Donors: A Case Report and Brief Review." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 26, no. 3 (2015): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/628981.
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Chagas disease (CD) is a protozoan infection caused byTrypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted by triatomine insect vectors in parts of Latin America. In a nonendemic country, such as Canada, spread can still occur via vertical transmission, and infected blood or organ donations. The Canadian Blood Services and Héma-Québec have both implemented selective screening of blood donors for CD based on risk factors. In 2011, Héma-Québec identified two seropositive ‘at-risk’ Chilean siblings who had donated blood in Montreal, Quebec. They were referred to the JD MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Montreal, Quebec) for confirmatory testing (T cruziexcreted-secreted antigen ELISA, polymerase chain reaction and/or radioimmunoprecipitation assay) and follow-up. Screening of the rest of the family revealed two other seropositive family members (the mother and sister). While their geographical history in Chile suggests vectorial transmission, this family cluster of CD raises the possibility of vertical transmission. Congenital infection should always be considered among CD-positive mothers and pregnant women. With blood donor screening, Canadian physicians will increasingly see patients with CD and should know how to manage them appropriately. In addition to the case presentation, the authors review the transmission, screening and clinical management of CD in a nonendemic context.
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Cherniak, William, Eben Stern, Carol Picart, Sarah Sinasac, Carolyn Iwasa, Michael Silverman, and Geoffrey Anguyo. "Grassroots Partnership to See and Treat Cervical Cancer in Rural Uganda." Journal of Global Oncology 3, no. 2_suppl (April 2017): 14s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2017.009639.
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Abstract 9 Background: In Uganda, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, affecting 45 in every 100,000 women annually and killing 25 in every 100,000 annually. To effect change, two Canadian registered charities partnered with a Ugandan nongovernmental organization, a university, and the Ministry of Health to develop a novel screening, treatment, and educational training program. The two major goals of our program were to develop a training program for health care providers in southwestern Uganda for visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and a cryotherapy see and treat model; and to implement the first cervical cancer screening program of its kind in the Kabale region of southwestern Uganda. Methods: Our program was developed in partnership with Mbarara University of Science and Technology, a grass-roots Ugandan community development organization (Kigezi Healthcare Foundation [KIHEFO]), a Canadian charity that is focused on providing medical and dental care and educational training and infrastructure development (Bridge to Health Medical and Dental), and a Canadian charity that is focused on treatment for advanced cervical cancer (Road to Care). Results: Requisite supplies were obtained by Bridge to Health Medical and Dental and left behind with KIHEFO. A partnership was formed between academia, government, and civil society across Canada and Uganda. Over 5 days, 15 Ugandan health care workers were trained in VIA and cryotherapy, and 96 patients were screened for cervical cancer. Six patients were successfully treated for precancerous lesions. One biopsy was sent for pathology review and analysis. Conclusion: Since the pilot program, KIHEFO has conducted two additional cervical cancer screening programs using VIA and the see and treat approach. A new cervical cancer screening and treatment campaign, along with a quality control and educational training refresher, for the original 15 health care providers is planned for February 2017. Funding: Bridge to Health Medical and Dental and Kigezi Healthcare Foundation in partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Health. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.
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Tremblay, Daniel. "Vieillir au Nouveau-Brunswick. Égalité, Revue acadienne d'Analyse Politique. 1989, 25: No. Spécial, pp. 163." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 11, no. 1 (1992): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800014550.
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AbstractÉgalité is an Acadian journal which specializes in political analysis. The theme of this particular issue is “Vieillir au Nouveau-Brunswick”. The publication contains seven research articles and a commentary on issues relating to aging. The authors touch on a variety of important topics such as demography, pensions, health, utilization of drugs, political behaviour, status of women, etc. All those interested in demographic aging and its impact on Canadian society would benefit greatly from reading this issue. Indeed, the facts compiled for these articles can, for the most part, be transposed to other provincial or regional contexts.
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McCartney, Andra, and Ellen Waterman. "In and Out of the Sound Studio." Intersections 26, no. 2 (December 7, 2012): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013223ar.
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In the introduction to this special issue ofIntersections,Andra McCartney and Ellen Waterman reflect on In and Out of the Sound Studio, an inter-university ethnographic research project funded by the SSHRC between 2001 and 2005. The research team studied ideas and practices of contemporary Canadian soundmakers, aiming to address the relative invisibility and inaudibility of women, and thinking about ways in which sound technologies and practices are gendered. In their essay, the authors discuss the relationships found among the terms gender, sound, and technology in terms of terminology, aesthetics, mentoring, methodology and theory. Contributions by McCartney, Diamond, Laplante, Labrosse, Marsh, and Bosma are discussed.
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Savard, Claudia, Simone Lemieux, S. John Weisnagel, Bénédicte Fontaine-Bisson, Claudia Gagnon, Julie Robitaille, and Anne-Sophie Morisset. "Correction: Savard et al. Trimester-Specific Dietary Intakes in a Sample of French-Canadian Pregnant Women in Comparison with National Nutritional Guidelines. Nutrients 2018, 10, 768." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010084.
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Kraft, Erin, Diane M. Culver, and Cari Din. "Exploring a Women-Only Training Program for Coach Developers." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 28, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2019-0047.
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The following practice paper introduces an innovative women-only training program for coach developers in a Canadian provincial sport organization. The dearth of women in coaching and sport leadership positions informs the program as a whole and the participant perspectives on what is working, in practice, for them specifically in a way that could support future sport leaders interested in increasing gender equity in their sport organizations and leadership skills in their female leaders. The aims of the coach developer program are two-fold: to promote women in leadership and to create a social learning space for women to connect and support each other in their leadership development. The purpose of this practice paper is to discuss the supports that have enabled the facilitation of this program and to explore the value of a women-only training program. Two women (out of a total of 10) participating in the program and two leads facilitating the program were interviewed for their perspectives. The lessons learned touch on the types of value that were created (immediate, potential, and applied) and the specific supports (micro, meso, and macro) that enabled the facilitation of the program. Finally, the authors discuss additional considerations (e.g., consistent buy-in from the organization is needed) with practical insights in the hopes of inspiring other sport organizations to implement similar initiatives for promoting women in leadership and coaching in sport.
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Kent, Stephen A. "A Matter of Principle: Fundamentalist Mormon Polygamy, Children, and Human Rights Debates." Nova Religio 10, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2006.10.1.7.
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ABSTRACT: This article returns to questions involving fundamentalist Mormon polygamy first raised in articles by Martha Bradley and Lori G. Beaman in vol. 8, no. 1 (July 2004) of Nova Religio. While both authors acknowledged the potential for abuses in these communities, Bradley stressed their "effective adaptive strategies" while Beaman concluded that "[f]undamentalist groups, like those in Bountiful [British Columbia], are not perceived as a threat to the Canadian state." In response, this article argues that the fundamentalist Mormon communities of Colorado City and Bountiful have histories of polygamous marriages involving young, often underage teens, and on these grounds alone are maladaptive because they likely commit serious human rights violations against women in general and children in particular.
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Al Lawati, K., J. Aljazeeri, W. Chan, and K. de Wit. "LO21: Ability of single negative ultrasound to rule out deep vein thrombosis in pregnant women. A systematic review and meta analysis." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S13—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.83.
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Introduction: The accuracy of ultrasound (US) for diagnosing lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in non-pregnant patients has been well validated. However, in pregnant women with suspected DVT and an initial negative US (with imaging of the iliac veins), serial US is recommended. We aimed to determine the ability of single negative US to exclude DVT in symptomatic pregnant women. Methods: Two authors independently reviewed the following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBase from inception until May 2017. Three authors reviewed all full text papers and data were extracted from included studies by four authors. An overlap among study populations was identified in 4 of the manuscripts, all from one multicentre Canadian study. Two authors performed data re-extraction from the hard copy research charts from this study. We assessed the risk of bias using the CLARITY group tool for prognostic studies. Results: Of 109 potentially relevant articles, 8 studies (7 prospective studies and 1 retrospective) were included. Risk of bias was low for the included populations, and low or moderate for method of measurement and for completeness of follow up. A total of 635 pregnant patients with symptoms of DVT had an initial negative US examination. Of those, 6 had positive DVT during serial US (0.94%) and 3 developed DVT during 3-month follow-up after serial ultrasound (0.47%). Using random-effects model, the pooled false negative rate of a single ultrasound was 1.27% (95% confidence interval, 0.42 to 2.56), I2= 27%. Conclusion: The false negative rate of a single ultrasound with iliac vein imaging for DVT in pregnancy is low. Our results will help inform shared decision making around planning repeat ultrasound scans in these patients.
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Arnold, Kara A., Catherine Loughlin, and Megan M. Walsh. "Transformational leadership in an extreme context." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 37, no. 6 (August 1, 2016): 774–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-10-2014-0202.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how male and female leaders define effective leadership in an extreme context. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted in-depth interviews with leaders working in an extreme context (a matched sample of female and male Majors and Colonels in the Canadian Armed Forces) and analysed military training materials. Findings – In the military, male and female leadership looks much more similar than might be expected. Further, surprisingly this is not occurring because women are leading in more masculine ways, but rather the opposite; men are leading in more feminine ways. Practical implications – There is a need for organizations to recognize and acknowledge the role of feminine leadership behaviours. This may also give women a better opportunity to succeed in these types of leadership roles. Originality/value – This study contributes to the leadership literature by furthering our understanding of the boundary conditions for transformational leadership in relation to gender stereotypes, situational strength, and social identity.
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Khan, Mushira Mohsin, Karen Kobayashi, Zoua M. Vang, and Sharon M. Lee. "Are visible minorities “invisible” in Canadian health data and research? A scoping review." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-10-2015-0036.
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Purpose Canada’s visible minority population is increasing rapidly, yet despite the demographic significance of this population, there is a surprising dearth of nationally representative health data on visible minorities. This is a major challenge to undertaking research on the health of this group, particularly in the context of investigating racial/ethnic disparities and health disadvantages that are rooted in racialization. The purpose of this paper is to summarize: mortality and morbidity patterns for visible minorities; determinants of visible minority health; health status and determinants of the health of visible minority older adults (VMOA); and promising data sources that may be used to examine visible minority health in future research. Design/methodology/approach A scoping review of 99 studies or publications published between 1978 and 2014 (abstracts of 72 and full articles of 27) was conducted to summarize data and research findings on visible minority health to answer four specific questions: what is known about the morbidity and mortality patterns of visible minorities relative to white Canadians? What is known about the determinants of visible minority health? What is known about the health status of VMOA, a growing segment of Canada’s aging population, and how does this compare with white older adults? And finally, what data sources have been used to study visible minority health? Findings There is indeed a major gap in health data and research on visible minorities in Canada. Further, many studies failed to distinguish between immigrants and Canadian-born visible minorities, thus conflating effects of racial status with those of immigrant status on health. The VMOA population is even more invisible in health data and research. The most promising data set appears to be the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Originality/value This paper makes an important contribution by providing a comprehensive overview of the nature, extent, and range of data and research available on the health of visible minorities in Canada. The authors make two key recommendations: first, over-sampling visible minorities in standard health surveys such as the CCHS, or conducting targeted health surveys of visible minorities. Surveys should collect information on key socio-demographic characteristics such as nativity, ethnic origin, socioeconomic status, and age-at-arrival for immigrants. Second, researchers should consider an intersectionality approach that takes into account the multiple factors that may affect a visible minority person’s health, including the role of discrimination based on racial status, immigrant characteristics for foreign-born visible minorities, age and the role of ageism for older adults, socioeconomic status, gender (for visible minority women), and geographic place or residence in their analyses.
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Makepeace, Tyler, Bradley W. Young, and Scott Rathwell. "Masters Athletes’ Views on Sport Psychology for Performance Enhancement and Sport Lifestyle Adherence." Sport Psychologist 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0110.
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This study explored the views of Canadian Masters athletes (MAs; Mage = 51, range 38–62; three men and five women) from 12 sports (10 individual and two team sports) on sport psychology for performance, experiential, and lifestyle enhancement. Using Braun and Clarke’s procedures for thematic analysis, the authors interpreted data from semistructured interviews deductively in relation to five strategic themes in which psychological skills are applied for performance enhancement. Deductive results demonstrated MAs used goal setting, imagery, arousal regulation, concentration, and self-confidence to enhance performance and obtain competitive advantages. The authors also analyzed data inductively to reveal themes related to experiential and lifestyle factors. Inductive results showed that MAs “placed priorities on sport,” which involved cognitively justifying the priority and framing sport as an outlet and as the embodiment of the authentic self. Social strategies associated with continued sport pursuit included cultivation of supportive social environments, social contracts/negotiations, social signaling, and social accountability. Strategies “to fit sport in” included integrating/twinning, scheduling, and managing commitment. Managing age-related concerns involved mindfulness and compensation strategies. Results show how MAs uniquely apply sport psychology to enhance their performance and to support sport adherence.
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Steenbeek, A., D. Langille, K. Wilson, and A. Muir. "Ethnicity And Depression Among Maritime University Students In Canada." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S423—S424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1531.
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IntroductionDepression is among the most common mental illnesses in Canada. Although many factors contribute to depression, stress is among the most commonly reported. Studies suggest that marginalized groups often experience high levels of stress.ObjectiveTo examine associations between ethnicity and depressive symptoms among university students.AimTo identify if ethnic groups, particularly Aboriginal students, are at greater risk of depression.MethodsOnline survey data were collected from students attending eight universities in the Canadian Maritime Provinces (n = 10,180). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 12-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Ethnicity was organized into five groups: Caucasian only, Aboriginal only, Aboriginals with other ethnicities, Mixed Ethnicity (not including Aboriginal), and Other (single ethnicity not including Aboriginal or Caucasian). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess associations between ethnicity and elevated depressive symptoms. Adjusted models accounted for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioural characteristics.ResultsIn adjusted analyses for men, Mixed (OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.12–3.63) and Other ethnic students (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.11–1.96) were more likely to have elevated depressive symptoms than Caucasians. There were no differences between those who were Aboriginal and those who were Caucasian. In unadjusted and adjusted analyses for women, depressive symptoms in ethnic groups (including Aboriginals) were not significantly different from Caucasians.ConclusionAmong male university students in the Maritime, ethnicity (other than being Aboriginal) was associated with depressive symptoms in comparison to Caucasians, after adjusting for covariates. However, among women, ethnicity was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rosian, Katharina. "VP14 Screening Recommendations For Socioeconomic Disadvantages In Pregnancy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003087.
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INTRODUCTION:In 2015, 18.3 percent of the Austrian population were at risk of poverty and social exclusion - about 211,000 (20 percent) women aged 20–39 years were affected. International studies report that poverty may lead to an increased risk of complications and pathologies during pregnancy. Further, children who grow up in poverty often have poorer long-term health outcomes.METHODS:In order to identify recent guidelines (2011-2016) a comprehensive handsearch was conducted in the guideline databases National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and Guidelines International Network (GIN). Moreover, a handsearch for systematic reviews and primary studies was conducted in PubMed.RESULTS:Two guidelines, the British National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guideline “Pregnancy and Complex Social Factors”, as well as the Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council (AHMAC) Guideline “Antenatal Care”, address socioeconomic disadvantages of women during antenatal care. The recommendation of the AHMAC is that pregnancy care should be offered to all pregnant women. In addition, an individual approach will help to pay particular attention to socioeconomic factors and to incorporate them in routine examinations. NICE recommends in its guideline, affected women should be supported in order to ensure adequate prenatal care. NICE also defines criteria which are used to identify pregnant women who are in greater need of support. The only identified study developed and tested a tool for the identification of patients affected by poverty. The authors of this Canadian pilot study concluded that the defined questions helped to identify socioeconomically disadvantaged persons during anamnesis without stigmatizing.CONCLUSIONS:Due to the proven link between poverty and health risks, special attention must be paid to socioeconomically disadvantaged pregnant women. Research on non-stigmatizing instruments, which can identify vulnerable women, is of great importance. In addition to social policy measures, it is necessary to ensure that low-threshold services are available for socioeconomic disadvantaged women and their children.
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Kidd, Michael P., and Michael Shannon. "Does the Level of Occupational Aggregation Affect Estimates of the Gender Wage Gap?" ILR Review 49, no. 2 (January 1996): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900209.
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The traditional decomposition of the gender wage gap distinguishes between a component attributable to gender differences in productivity-related characteristics and a residual component that is often taken as a measure of discrimination. This study of data from the 1989 Canadian Labour Market Activity Survey shows that when occupation is treated as a productivity-related characteristic, the proportion of the gender wage gap labeled explained increases with the number of occupational classifications distinguished. However, on the basis of evidence that occupational differences reflect the presence of barriers faced by women attempting to enter male-dominated occupations, the authors conclude that occupation should not be treated as a productivity-related characteristic; and in a decomposition of the gender wage gap that treats occupation as endogenously determined, they find that the level of occupational aggregation has little effect on the size of the “explained” component of the gap.
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Connell, Erin. "The HPV Vaccination Campaign: A Project of Moral Regulation in an Era of Biopolitics." Canadian Journal of Sociology 35, no. 1 (October 1, 2009): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs6689.
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This article examines the Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign in order to analyze the ways in which HPV and the threat of cervical cancer are framed as well as the individual risk management strategies that are made available to mothers and their daughters. The authors argue that the HPV campaign is illustrative of the moralization of health, a convergence of the regulatory discourses of moralization and medicalization in an era of bio-politics. Significantly, these discourses are put into play by a complex professional alliance that is mobilized by the extensive resources of the pharmaceutical industry. The convergence of both medical and market interests responsibilizes parents, specifically mothers, as well as schools, resulting in a vaccination program that verges on one that is mandatory. As such, HPV and cer-vical cancer prevention discourses constitute a moral regulation project directed at the regulation of the bodies of young women.
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Khanna, Julie, Mathew Mosher, Paul Whidden, Sébastien Nguyen, Diego Garzon, and Meetu Bhogal. "Reoperation Rate After Primary Augmentation With Smooth, Textured, High Fill, Cohesive, Round Breast Implants (RANBI-I Study)." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 39, no. 12 (November 1, 2018): 1342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy289.
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Abstract Background Reoperation after primary breast augmentation remains an important clinical issue. Objective The authors sought to evaluate incidence and causes of reoperation in patients who underwent primary augmentation. Methods This retrospective, noninterventional study conducted at 16 Canadian sites reviewed medical records and patient-completed questionnaires of women who underwent primary breast augmentation with smooth or textured Natrelle Inspira implants containing TruForm 1 or TruForm 2 gel. Patients were aged ≥22 years, received implants via inframammary fold incision, and returned for follow-up at 2 to 4 years. Results A total of 319 women received Inspira implants (smooth TruForm 2, n = 205; textured TruForm 2, n = 99; smooth or textured TruForm 1, n = 15). At follow-up, 30 women (9.4%) had undergone reoperation, including 19 (9.3%) in the smooth TruForm 2 subgroup and 9 (9.1%) in the textured TruForm 2 subgroup. The mean time to reoperation was 1.2 years; the risk rate for reoperation was 9.9% at 3 years. The most common reasons for reoperation were implant malposition (36.7%), capsular contracture (33.3%), and the patient’s request for a change in implant size or style (20.0%). Most women were very or somewhat satisfied with the initial surgery (89.3% overall; 90.7% smooth TruForm 2; 86.9% textured TruForm 2). Thirty-four women (10.7%) reported adverse events, including 20 (9.8%) in the smooth TruForm 2 subgroup and 14 (14.1%) in the textured TruForm 2 subgroup. Conclusions This analysis suggests that Natrelle Inspira TruForm 2 implants are safe when used in primary breast augmentation, resulting in low reoperation rates that are consistent with those for other breast implants. Level of Evidence: 4
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Jawaid, N., K. Leung, and N. Bollegala. "A96 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY AUTHORSHIP AND EDITORIAL BOARDS." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.094.
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Abstract Background Women are numerically under-represented in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. Aims To characterize the gender distribution of first and senior authors and editorial board members of the highest impact factor journals in gastroenterology and hepatology. Methods Using Clarivate Journal Citation Report 2019, the 28 highest ranked journals within gastroenterology and hepatology were selected for review, along with the Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. Publications between January 1 to December 31, 2019 were included. Gender of board members and authors was identified using publicly available data. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated using SPSS to assess for a relationship between editorial board, first author, and senior author gender as well as impact factor. Results Of 29 journals assessed with a median impact factor of 5.55 (IQR 3.72–9.10), 357 journal issues and 8036 articles were reviewed. Three journals were headed by female chief editors, constituting 7.7% of all editors-in-chief (3/39). In total, females made up 17.1% of editorial board members (n=584). Of 8036 first authors, 2547 (31.7%) were female. Of 7335 senior authors, 1390 (19.3%) were female. There were no statistically significant correlations between impact factor and gender. Chief editor gender did not significantly correlate with gender distribution of editorial boards, first or senior authors. There was a significant positive correlation between male-dominated editorial boards and male first and senior authorship, versus a significant negative correlation between male-dominated editorial boards and female first and senior authorship. A positive correlation exists for the same gender between first and senior authors. Conclusions Although gender distribution of female first and senior authorship approaches current distributions in the field of gastroenterology and hepatology, editor-in-chief positions and editorial board membership on journals continue to be occupied by men in higher proportions. Future endeavors such as diversity statements and mentorship may help to balance these distributions in the future. Funding Agencies None
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Billington, Emma O., A. Lynn Feasel, Jessica L. VanDyke, and Gregory A. Kline. "Group medical consultation for osteoporosis: a prospective pilot study of patient experience in Canadian tertiary care." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 700 (October 5, 2020): e801-e808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x713081.
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BackgroundDelivery of patient-centred care is limited by physician time. Group medical consultations may save physician time without compromising patient experience.AimTo assess patient experience and specialist physician time commitment in a group consultation for osteoporosis.Design and settingProspective pilot study at a tertiary osteoporosis centre in Canada between May 2016 and June 2019.MethodThe authors evaluated women referred for osteoporosis who chose a 2-hour group consultation instead of a one-to-one consultation. Group consultations were led by an osteoporosis nurse and specialist physician, and consisted of individualised fracture risk assessment and education regarding osteoporosis therapies, followed by a decision-making exercise to choose a treatment plan. Patients then followed up with their GPs to implement this plan. Patient experience was assessed via a questionnaire immediately and 3 months post-consultation, at which time GP satisfaction and patient treatment status were also surveyed.ResultsOf 560 referrals received, 18 patients declined osteoporosis specialist assessment, 54 could not be contacted, 303 attended a one-to- one consultation, and 185 attended a group consultation. Mean participant age was 62.8 years (standard deviation [SD] 5.8) and the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) 10-year osteoporotic fracture risk was 13.0 (SD 7.0)%. Immediately post-consultation, 104 (97.2%) patients were satisfied and 102 (95.3%) felt included in decision making. Satisfaction was reported by 95/99 (96.0%) patients and 27/36 (75.0%) GPs. Treatment plans had been enacted by 90 (90.1%) patients. For a matched number of individual consultations, each group session conferred a specialist physician time savings of 5.5 hours.ConclusionGroup consultations represent a satisfactory and time-efficient alternative to one-to-one consultations for select patients with osteoporosis.
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Lac, V., L. Verhoef, R. Aguirre-Hernandez, T. M. Nazeran, B. Tessier-Cloutier, T. Praetorius, N. L. Orr, et al. "Iatrogenic endometriosis harbors somatic cancer-driver mutations." Human Reproduction 34, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey332.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Does incisional endometriosis (IE) harbor somatic cancer-driver mutations? SUMMARY ANSWER We found that approximately one-quarter of IE cases harbor somatic-cancer mutations, which commonly affect components of the MAPK/RAS or PI3K-Akt-mTor signaling pathways. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Despite the classification of endometriosis as a benign gynecological disease, it shares key features with cancers such as resistance to apoptosis and stimulation of angiogenesis and is well-established as the precursor of clear cell and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Our group has recently shown that deep infiltrating endometriosis (DE), a form of endometriosis that rarely undergoes malignant transformation, harbors recurrent somatic mutations. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In a retrospective study comparing iatrogenically induced and endogenously occurring forms of endometriosis unlikely to progress to cancer, we examined endometriosis specimens from 40 women with IE and 36 women with DE. Specimens were collected between 2004 and 2017 from five hospital sites in either Canada, Germany or the Netherlands. IE and DE cohorts were age-matched and all women presented with histologically typical endometriosis without known history of malignancy. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Archival tissue specimens containing endometriotic lesions were macrodissected and/or laser-capture microdissected to enrich endometriotic stroma and epithelium and a hypersensitive cancer hotspot sequencing panel was used to assess for presence of somatic mutations. Mutations were subsequently validated using droplet digital PCR. PTEN and ARID1A immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed as surrogates for somatic events resulting in functional loss of respective proteins. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Overall, we detected somatic cancer-driver events in 11 of 40 (27.5%) IE cases and 13 of 36 (36.1%) DE cases, including hotspot mutations in KRAS, ERBB2, PIK3CA and CTNNB1. Heterogeneous PTEN loss occurred at similar rates in IE and DE (7/40 vs 5/36, respectively), whereas ARID1A loss only occurred in a single case of DE. While rates of detectable somatic cancer-driver events between IE and DE are not statistically significant (P > 0.05), KRAS activating mutations were more prevalent in DE. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Detection of somatic cancer-driver events were limited to hotspots analyzed in our panel-based sequencing assay and loss of protein expression by IHC from archival tissue. Whole genome or exome sequencing, or epigenetic analysis may uncover additional somatic alterations. Moreover, because of the descriptive nature of this study, the functional roles of identified mutations within the context of endometriosis remain unclear and causality cannot be established. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The alterations we report may be important in driving the growth and survival of endometriosis in ectopic regions of the body. Given the frequency of mutation in surgically displaced endometrium (IE), examination of similar somatic events in eutopic endometrium, as well as clinically annotated cases of other forms of endometriosis, in particular endometriomas that are most commonly linked to malignancy, is warranted. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by a Canadian Cancer Society Impact Grant [701603, PI Huntsman], Canadian Institutes of Health Research Transitional Open Operating Grant [MOP-142273, PI Yong], the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation Grant [FDN-154290, PI Huntsman], the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Project Grant [PJT-156084, PIs Yong and Anglesio], and the Janet D. Cottrelle Foundation through the BC Cancer Foundation [PI Huntsman]. D.G. Huntsman is a co-founder and shareholder of Contextual Genomics Inc., a for profit company that provides clinical reporting to assist in cancer patient treatment. R. Aguirre-Hernandez, J. Khattra and L.M. Prentice have a patent MOLECULAR QUALITY ASSURANCE METHODS FOR USE IN SEQUENCING pending and are current (or former) employees of Contextual Genomics Inc. The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Shroff, Farah, Jasmit S. Minhas, and Christian Laugen. "Power of partnerships." International Journal of Health Governance 24, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-06-2019-0045.
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Purpose Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are struggling to reduce maternal mortality rates, despite increased efforts by the United Nations through the implementation of their Millennium Development Goals program. Industrialized nations, such as Canada, have a collaborative role to play in raising the global maternal health standards. The purpose of this paper is to propose policy approaches for Canadians and other Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations who wish to assist in reducing maternal mortality rates. Design/methodology/approach Ten Canadian health experts with experience in global maternal health were interviewed. Using qualitative analytical methods, the authors coded and themed their responses and paired them with peer-reviewed literature in this area to establish a model for improving global maternal health and survival rates. Findings Findings from this study indicated that maternal health may be improved by establishing a collaborative approach between interdisciplinary teams of health professionals (e.g. midwives, family physicians, OB/GYNs and nurses), literacy teachers, agriculturalists and community development professionals (e.g. humanitarians with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds). From this, a conceptual approach was devised for elevating the standard of maternal health. This approach includes specifications by which maternal health may be improved, such as gender justice, women’s literacy, freedom from violence against women, food and water security and healthcare accessibility. This model is based on community health center (CHC) models that integrate upstream changes with downstream services may be utilized by Canada and other OECD nations in efforts to enhance maternal health at home and abroad. Research limitations/implications Maternal mortality may be reduced by the adoption of a CHC model, an approach well suited for all nations regardless of economic status. Establishing such a model in LMICs would ideally establish long-term relationships between countries, such as Canada and the LMICs, where teams from supporting nations would collaborate with local Ministries of Health, non-government organizations as well as traditional birth attendants and healthcare professionals to reduce maternal mortality. Practical implications All OECD Nations ought to donate 0.7 percent of their GDP toward international community development. These funds should break the tradition of “tied aid”, thereby removing profit motives, and genuinely contribute to the wellbeing of people in LMICs, particularly women, children and others who are vulnerable. The power of partnerships between people whose aims are genuinely focused on caring is truly transformative. Social implications Canada is not a driver of global maternal mortality reduction work but has a responsibility to work in partnership with countries or regions in a humble and supportive role. Applying a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to reducing maternal mortality in the Global South includes adopting a CHC model: a community development approach to address social determinants of health and integrating various systems of evidence-informed healthcare with a commitment to social justice. Interdisciplinary teams would include literacy professionals, researchers, midwives, nurses, family physicians, OB/GYNs and community development professionals who specialize in anti-poverty work, mediation/dialogue and education campaigns that emphasize the value of all people regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion and income. Diasporic Canadians are invaluable members of these teams due to their linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as their enthusiasm for working with their countries of origin. Establishment of long-term partnerships of 5–10 years between a Canadian team and a region or nation in the Global South that is dedicated to reducing maternal mortality and improving women’s health are valuable. Canada’s midwifery education programs are rated as world leaders so connecting midwives from Canada with those of the Global South will facilitate essential transfer of knowledge such as using birth plans and other evidence-based practices. Skilled attendants at the birth place will save women’s lives; in most cases, trained midwives are the most appropriate attendants. Video link to a primer about this paper by Dr Farah Shroff: https://maa.med.ubc.ca/videos-and-media/. Originality/value There are virtually no retrievable articles that document why OECD nations ought to work with nations in the LMICs to improve maternal health. This paper outlines the reasons why it is important and explains how to do it well.
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Vito, Rosemary, and Bharati Sethi. "Managing change: role of leadership and diversity management." Journal of Organizational Change Management 33, no. 7 (July 24, 2020): 1471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-04-2019-0116.
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PurposeThe lived paid work experiences of two women (a European Canadian-born and a South Asian immigrant) demonstrate how low-quality leader–member exchanges and poor diversity management negatively influence employees' health, job satisfaction and retention during a period of major organizational change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper combined a narrative case study with auto ethnography to examine the lived paid work experiences of the two female authors and identify common patterns of meaning within the data.FindingsThe analysis of personalized accounts demonstrate the damaging results of a failed change management initiative when leaders did not follow an organizational change model and used an authoritarian leadership style. Further, the low-quality leader–member exchanges and poor diversity management reduced authors' feelings of inclusion and negatively impacted their emotional and physical health, job satisfaction, and retention.Research limitations/implicationsNew knowledge gained about leader–member exchange and diversity management has implications not only for leaders, but also human service managers. The data represents the authors' two perspectives, constraining generalizability. Larger samples of employees' narratives from diverse cultural/work backgrounds would be valuable to inform organizational change.Practical implicationsThe paper provides practical reasons for leadership training and skill development in change management models.Social implicationsGiven global demographic diversity, the findings are relevant to organizations, highlighting the importance of creating a climate of inclusion for workers' job satisfaction and retention and organizational success.Originality/valueWhile the sample size (n = 2) is very small, using a combination of personal experience methods offered insights into the complexity of leader–member exchange and diversity management from workers' perspectives, and went beyond successful cases, adding value to organizational change research.