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1
Fordoński, Krzysztof. "English 18th-Century Women Poets and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski: Adaptation, Paraphrase, Translation." Terminus 22, no. 4 (57) (2020): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.20.017.12537.
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The paper deals with six poems of three 18th-century English women poets—Lady Mary Chudleigh, Mary Masters, and Anne Steele “Theodosia”—inspired by the works of the greatest Polish Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski. The aim of the study is to present the three authors, their biographies and literary oeuvres, and to attempt an analysis of the poems in question within this context. The biographies, social position—Chudleigh was the wife a baronet, the two others belonged to the middle class—and education of the three authoresses differ and yet they all shared the limitations resulting from the fact that they were women in 18th-century England, and were therefore denied access to academic education. The analysis of the texts and biographies has proven that it is highly improbable that either of the three women poets could translate the poems from Latin originals. All of their translations are based on earlier renditions; in the case of Chudleigh it is possible to identify the source text, that is the translation by John Norris. Inasmuch as it can be ascertained from the available biographical and critical sources and the results, the attitudes of the three poetesses towards their work varied. Only Masters acknowledged the source material in her publications. Although the current concepts of translation are different, her two poems: On a Fountain. Casimir, Lib. Epod. Ode 2 and Casimir, Lib. I. Ode 2—qualify as translations by the standards of her times. They are analysed here in detail. Neither Chudleigh nor Steele mentioned Sarbiewski in their publications. Their decision can be justified by the fact that their poems, even if clearly (though most likely indirectly) inspired by his lyrics, must be classified as free adaptations or even original poetry influenced by Sarbiewski or earlier translations and adaptations of his works.
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Fordoński, Krzysztof. "English 18th-Century Women Poets and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski: Adaptation, Paraphrase, Translation." Terminus 22, no. 4 (57) (2020): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.20.017.12537.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with six poems of three 18th-century English women poets—Lady Mary Chudleigh, Mary Masters, and Anne Steele “Theodosia”—inspired by the works of the greatest Polish Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski. The aim of the study is to present the three authors, their biographies and literary oeuvres, and to attempt an analysis of the poems in question within this context. The biographies, social position—Chudleigh was the wife a baronet, the two others belonged to the middle class—and education of the three authoresses differ and yet they all shared the limitations resulting from the fact that they were women in 18th-century England, and were therefore denied access to academic education. The analysis of the texts and biographies has proven that it is highly improbable that either of the three women poets could translate the poems from Latin originals. All of their translations are based on earlier renditions; in the case of Chudleigh it is possible to identify the source text, that is the translation by John Norris. Inasmuch as it can be ascertained from the available biographical and critical sources and the results, the attitudes of the three poetesses towards their work varied. Only Masters acknowledged the source material in her publications. Although the current concepts of translation are different, her two poems: On a Fountain. Casimir, Lib. Epod. Ode 2 and Casimir, Lib. I. Ode 2—qualify as translations by the standards of her times. They are analysed here in detail. Neither Chudleigh nor Steele mentioned Sarbiewski in their publications. Their decision can be justified by the fact that their poems, even if clearly (though most likely indirectly) inspired by his lyrics, must be classified as free adaptations or even original poetry influenced by Sarbiewski or earlier translations and adaptations of his works.
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Krelenko, Natalia S. "English enlighteners about the problems of the growth of crime during the period of commercialization of society." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 21, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-2-277-279.
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The review is devoted to the analysis of the monograph, which examines the responses of English philosophers, writers, lawyers, and public figures to the spread of crime in the English society of the 18th century. The reviewer’s attention is focused on how the authors of the monograph characterized the change in the approaches of their contemporaries to solving this social problem for a century.
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Apryshchenko, Victor Yu, and Maksim A. Mukhin. "Features of the Scottish Governance System in the Second Half of the 18th Century." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 1 (209) (March 30, 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-1-35-41.
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The article analyses the contents and the significance of the Scottish governance system in the second half of the 18th century. The authors point out that English political elite had little interest in governing Scotland and draw attention to the role of the Scottish lobby in the Scottish governance as a tool of interaction between the centre and the periphery. The text reveals how the Scottish lobby distributed various amenities via the patronage in order to achieve political stability, as shown with the elections to the House of Commons. The article also demonstrates the role of Scottish managers as the representatives of Scottish interests in London. The authors conclude that the Scottish political system was different from the English one and note that there were no acute political crises in the second half of the 18th century, which indicates that in the midst of a rapid modernisation the Scottish governance system proved to be successful.
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Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. "The ‘Glaring’ Place of Prepositions." Historiographia Linguistica 38, no. 3 (October 21, 2011): 255–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.38.3.01yan.
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Summary This paper offers new insights into the 18th-century normative tradition, with special reference to the stigmatisation of preposition stranding. It brings to light the role of Scottish codifiers in contrast to English codifiers: works written by Scots contain more critical comments on the use of end-placed prepositions both quantitatively (in terms of frequency) and qualitatively (more semantic nuances and more condemnatory epithets). The semantic analysis of the data rules out the hypothesis that Scottish authors might have been particularly sensible towards this construction because of its nature as ‘provincial English’ or as a ‘Scotticism’. Rather, the author suggests that it was the ‘New Rhetoric’ movement (1748–1793) in the context of the Scottish Enlightenment that played a vital role in its stigmatisation. The importance of rhetoric as a facet of 18th-century prescriptivism, complementary to grammar, is thus put under the spotlight.
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Tretyakova, Maria. "The phenomenon of “female erudition” in the works by German-language authors in the second half of the 18th century." Adam & Eve. Gender History Review, no. 29 (2021): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2307-8383-2021-29-243-264.
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The article focuses on analysis of some German philosophers and publicists’ views on the phenomenon of female erudition in the second half of the 18th century. In the present article, genetic closeness of the mentioned authors’ ideas to educational program by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is stressed. The author makes attempts to put the phenomenon of female erudition in the wide context that included such issues as functioning of equal cross-gender communication in the frameworks of «mixed societies», crucial tends of female education development, key features of reading culture in the German-speaking space in the period under review, as well as enlightened discourse on the rights and duties of women in the second half of the 18th century.
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Пономарева, В. В., and В. В. Чугаев. "THEOLOGICAL THEORY IN ENGLISH POLITICAL AND LEGAL THOUGHT OF THE XVIII CENTURY." VESTNIK OF THE EAST SIBERIAN INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, no. 1(100) (March 31, 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55001/2312-3184.2022.52.32.004.
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Введение: статья посвящена исследованию содержания и места теологической теории в английской политико-правовой мысли XVIII века. Эволюция теологических воззрений на природу королевской власти в XVIII веке исследуется поэтапно в неразрывной взаимосвязи с закономерными изменениями в идеологическом климате английского общества.Материалы и методы: основу исследования составляют теоретические разработки английских авторов на природу королевской власти, а также художественно-поэтические произведения, изданные в рамках исследуемого периода. Методологической основой исследования послужил комплекс общенаучных (анализ, синтез, дедукция, индукция, системный, функциональный и др.) и частнонаучных (сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический, аксиологический и др.) методов познания.Результаты исследования позволили сместить ракурс исследования политико-правовых учений XVIII века, являющихся своеобразной лакмусовой бумажкой изменений, происходящих в английском обществе в исследуемый период.Выводы и заключения: исследованные идеологические характеристики английского общества позволили по-новому представить содержание теологической теории, проявившей себя в обществе, эволюционно шагнувшем за пределы религиозного восприятия мира. Introduction: article is devoted to the study of the content and place of theological theory in the English political and legal thought of the 18th century. The evolution of theological views on the nature of royal power in the 18th century is studied in stages in an inextricable relationship with natural changes in the ideological climate of English society.Materials and methods: the study is based on theoretical developments by English authors on the nature of royalty, as well as works of art and poetry published during the period under study. The methodological basis of the study was a complex of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systemic, functional, etc.) and specific scientific (comparative legal, formal legal, axiological, etc.) methods of cognition.The result of the study allowed to shift the perspective of the study of political and legal doctrines of the 18th century, which are a kind of litmus test of the changes taking place in English society during the period under study.Findings and conclusions: the studied ideological characteristics of English society made it possible to present the content of the theological theory in a new way, which manifested itself in a society that has evolved beyond the limits of the religious perception of the world.
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Mitsyuk, Natalia A., and Anna V. Belova. "Midwifery as the first official profession of women in Russia, 18th to early 20th centuries." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-270-285.
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The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.
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Tintemann, Ute. "The Traditions of Grammar Writing in Karl Philipp Moritz’s (1756–1793) Grammars of English (1784) and Italian (1791)." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.1.03tin.
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Summary Until the late 18th century, authors of vernacular grammars often adopted the categories of Latin grammar to describe these languages. However, by adapting the Latin system to English, German or Italian, grammarians could succeed only in part, because these languages work in different ways. In the present paper, the author discusses the solutions that Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793) proposes in his Englische and Italiänische Sprachlehre für die Deutschen, textbooks for German learners. The author analyses to what extent Moritz’s grammar descriptions were influenced by the Latin model as well as by the traditions of English and Italian grammar writing that he encountered in his sources. It will be demonstrated that he translated extensively from the works of other authors: For his English textbook (Moritz 1784), he mainly used James Greenwood’s (1683?–1737) The Royal English Grammar (1737), and for Italian (Moritz 1791), he profited especially from Benedetto Rogacci’s (1646–1719) Pratica, e compendiosa istruzione circa l’uso emendato, ed elegante della Lingua Italiana (1711).
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Dolgorukova, Natalia M., Kseniia V. Babenko, and Anna P. Gaydenko. "“A Strange Romance,” or Abelard and Héloïse in Russia of the 18th Century." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-114-127.
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The article gives an analysis of the first Russian translation of Abelard and Héloïse’s letters (The Collection of Abelard and Héloïse’s Letters with the Life Description of These Miserable Lovers) made by A.I. Dmitriev in 1783 from Count Bussy-Raboutin’s French retelling. A comparative analysis of Dmitriev’s translation with the original text shows the conventional character of their connection. Following Bussy, Dmitriev not always sticks to the Latin original even in the main storylines. Even if he retains the canvas of the original medieval text, he supplements it with countless details: a portrait of a lover, a tear-drenched letter, mad passion. A similar transformation takes place with the Historia Calamitatum in the retelling made by Augustus von Kotzebue. In prefaces both authors designate their works as “female” reading. The interest in the story of two lovers is probably caused by the recent release of J.-J. Rousseau’s Julie, or the New Heloise. The choice of material, the nature of its adaptation, the appeal to women and the circumstances of the publication of Dmitriev’s translation and Kotzebue’s retelling demonstrate the commitment of these authors to sentimentalism, which explains their desire to cause tears in the eyes of their readers.
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Dolgorukova, Natalia M., Kseniia V. Babenko, and Anna P. Gaydenko. "“A Strange Romance,” or Abelard and Héloïse in Russia of the 18th Century." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-114-127.
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The article gives an analysis of the first Russian translation of Abelard and Héloïse’s letters (The Collection of Abelard and Héloïse’s Letters with the Life Description of These Miserable Lovers) made by A.I. Dmitriev in 1783 from Count Bussy-Raboutin’s French retelling. A comparative analysis of Dmitriev’s translation with the original text shows the conventional character of their connection. Following Bussy, Dmitriev not always sticks to the Latin original even in the main storylines. Even if he retains the canvas of the original medieval text, he supplements it with countless details: a portrait of a lover, a tear-drenched letter, mad passion. A similar transformation takes place with the Historia Calamitatum in the retelling made by Augustus von Kotzebue. In prefaces both authors designate their works as “female” reading. The interest in the story of two lovers is probably caused by the recent release of J.-J. Rousseau’s Julie, or the New Heloise. The choice of material, the nature of its adaptation, the appeal to women and the circumstances of the publication of Dmitriev’s translation and Kotzebue’s retelling demonstrate the commitment of these authors to sentimentalism, which explains their desire to cause tears in the eyes of their readers.
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Borovkova, Natalia V., Anastasiya R. Pilipenko, and Mar’ya N. Yakimaha. "From England to Russia: Fluorite Vases from the Second Half of the 18th — Beginning of the 19th Centuries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 2 (2022): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.208.
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The article explores English stone-cutting products of the 18th century from Blue John fluorite. The objects of research are items from the Mining Museum collection. The authors have identified a wide range of analogues from various collections of Russian and European museums, auction houses. The article considers the history of the development of stone-cutting production from Blue John fluorite; possible stone-cutting workshops have been identified. In the study determined the technical and technological features of the manufacture of fluorite products in England at the end of the 18th century. The article deals with issues of attribution and reconstruction of museum items using 3D-visualization. The technical and technological features of fluorite processing and the technology for producing art objects was clarified thanks to the involvement of the laboratory base of the Center for Collective Use of the Mining University. A chemical study was carried out on samples of the substance used to stabilize the stone material of objects. On the basis a wide visual range the appearance of the destroyed vases was restored using 3D-technologies and the places of loss in objects from the Mining Museum were supplemented. The use of modern technological innovations made it possible to restore the appearance of monuments with unsatisfactory preservation and include objects of the 18th century. into scientific circulation. A significant corpus of archival documents has been revealed, giving an idea of the sources and methods of entry of items from English fluorite into the collection of the Mining Museum. The results obtained allowed us to change the idea of the formation of the collection of the Mining Museum; to supplement previously known information about the production of fluorite objects of arts and crafts in England.
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Panov, Alexei A., and Ivan V. Rosanoff. "Performing Ornaments in English Harpsichord Music. Part II." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 1 (2022): 4–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.101.
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This article continues a series of publications on problems pertaining to performing ornaments on keyboard musical instruments in England of the 17th–18th centuries according to historical documents of that time. The authors consider the history of the publication of the ornamentation table with thirteen embellishments compiled by Charles Coleman and published in the treatises The Division-Violist by Christopher Simpson (1659) and A Brief Introduction to the Skill of Musick by John Playford (1660). Among other matters, various aspects in the Rules of Graces worded by Henry Purcell (A Choice Collection of Lessons for the Harpsichord or Spinnet, 1696) are discussed. In particular, in the table published by Simpson, special attention is paid to a comprehensive review of the realization of such ornaments as “[The] Backfall shaked” and “[The] Shaked Beat”. In “Rules of Graces” contained in Purcell’s A Choice Collection, the authors turned to the ornaments called “[The] beat” and “a plain note & shake”, as well as to the following well-known instruction formulated by the famous musician: “observe that you allway’s shake from the note above and beat from ye note or half note below, according to the key you play in <…>”. In the course of the research, numerous errors and inaccuracies were discovered and noted in the scientific and reference-encyclopedic literature of the 20th century concerning the interpretation of ornaments in England in the second half of the 17th century and in the content of English musical treatises of that time.
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Moskowich, Isabel. "Eighteenth Century Female Authors: Women and Science in theCoruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing." Australian Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 4 (December 2013): 467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2013.857570.
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Jajtner, Tomáš. "Sen o českých březích: první anglické antologie české poezie v 19. století jako cyklické mystifikace." Ostrava Journal of English Philology 14, no. 2 (January 2023): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/ojoep.2022.14.0011.
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The article analyses the nature of the interest of English authors in Slavic (and specifically Czech) culture between the end of the 18th century to 1850. This period saw the publication of two translated anthologies of Czech poetry: Bowring’s Cheskian Anthology (1832) and Wratislaw’s Lyra Czecho‑slovanská. Bohemian Poems, Ancient and Modern (1849). The structure, form of translation and the reception of both anthologies demonstrate not only the mystification nature of the ‘Czech canon’ presented in them, but also reflect the deep internal instability of the values of Czech culture in the heyday of the Czech National Revival and in the period soon after.
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Galves, Charlotte. "The Tycho Brahe Corpus of Historical Portuguese." Romance Parsed Corpora 18, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00004.gal.
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Abstract This article introduces the Tycho Brahe Corpus (TBC), a parsed corpus of Historical Portuguese built on the model of the Penn-York Corpora of English. As an illustration of the usefulness of the TBC, the article presents research on the evolution of the position and interpretation of subjects in Portuguese from the 16th to the 19th century. Two main claims emerge, in response to questions that have largely remained unanswered until now, due to the paucity of available data. One is that the texts of the classical period instantiate verb-movement to Comp in matrix clauses, reflecting a V2 grammar. The other is that quantitative and qualitative changes appearing in the texts of the authors born from the beginning of the 18th century on indicate that, at this period, verb-movement to Comp was lost and the modern SVO grammar emerged.
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Oleniak, M. "RENAISSANCE RESEARCH ON SIMILE (16TH–18TH CENTURIES)." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 2(95) (December 17, 2021): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.2(95).2021.130-150.
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The article deals with the study of the concepts of simile in the Renaissance during the 16th –18th centuries in both Western and Eastern traditions. It outlines the transition from the classical fundamentals to their renaissance interpretation in the European specialized literature, the original texts of which became the subject of analysis. The correlation of terminology of different epochs is established and the dependence of scientific thought on the historical stage of society development is highlighted. It was found that because simile was regarded as a rhetorical figure, interest in it was limited to specific practical tasks related to the art of eloquence and, to a lesser extent, belles-lettres style. The functions of the described category, which were singled out by leading linguists, are stated as well as the most influential researchers who deepened the development of the basic principles of simile interpretation by classical rhetoricians. The article proves that the content, scope and hierarchy of terms for simile differ depending on the eras and the authors of rhetoric, reflecting the specifics of translation of ancient Greek and Latin texts, the development of linguistic thought and deepening the analysis of ancient Greeks and Romans. It is established that only at the end of the 18th century the English term "simile" was introduced as a descendant of a number of ambiguous, not always specialized terms (homoeosis, icon, paradigm, parabola, similitude, resemblance, comparison), often synonymous with one another.
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Paszkowicz, Wojciech. "Inspirations, interactions and associations: On some links between the works of Vladimir Vysotsky and English-, French- and German-language poetry, theatre and pop music." Tekstualia 2, no. 53 (July 29, 2018): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3290.
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The threads binding the poetry of Vladimir Vysotsky with Russian and foreign literature have a diverse character – some convergences, similarities of his works to those of other authors can be identifi ed in the content, the subject, and the metre of the poems. Some of the literary associations are easily detectable for any recipient, others are more diffi cult to fi nd. The article focuses on the identifi ed links between the works of Vysotsky and those of foreign authors such as Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Robert Burns, and Bertolt Brecht. The convergences observed between Vysotsky’s and de Béranger’s poems, in the subject, form, and metre, indicate the affi nity of the way of thinking and ideals, as well as both poets’ love of freedom, despite the 150 year gap between their birth dates. The presented links with literature of the 18th, 19th, and 20th century widen the opportunities for interpreting the works of Vladimir Vysotsky.
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Luiz, Bernardo. "Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions: The Centrality of Women." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i4.235.
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Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
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Bernardo Luiz. "Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions: The Centrality of Women." ENDLESS : International Journal of Future Studies 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2018): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endless.v1i1.2.
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Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
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Bernardo Luiz. "Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions: The Centrality of Women." ENDLESS: International Journal of Future Studies 1, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v1i1.2.
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Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
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Bowden, Caroline. "Building libraries in exile: The English convents and their book collections in the seventeenth century." British Catholic History 32, no. 3 (April 21, 2015): 343–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2015.2.
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AbstractThe foundation of new English convents in exile placed demands on the early leaders regarding the furnishing of appropriate texts for the religious life for women at a time of limited resources and strict controls over printing Catholic texts in English. This article examines challenges facing the convents and external influences on the choice of titles, ranging from women’s reading experiences in their families to authors whose works appeared in libraries owned by both pious Catholic and Protestant lay women. It then considers how communities assembled collections of books in the first half of the exile period, concluding with an appendix giving some examples of surviving key texts found in convent libraries dating from the seventeenth century.
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Isler, Hansruedi. "Episodic Cluster Headache From a Textbook of 1745: Van Swieten's Classic Description." Cephalalgia 13, no. 3 (June 1993): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1303172.x.
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The first description of cluster headache is usually attributed to authors who published between 1867 and 1939, but lately several researchers have found accounts dating back to the 18th or even the 17th century which are incomplete or do not account for cluster headache in the strict sense. However, Gerhard van Swieten gave a full description of a case of episodic cluster headache meeting the IHS criteria in 1745, in his textbook of clinical medicine, the mainstream textbook of Continental medicine in those years, since van Swieten was the founder of the then leading medical centre, the Vienna School. That the case was found again only in 1992 is due to the circumstance that it was published in Latin. It is presented here in an English translation facing the original Latin text.
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Zhatkin, Dmitry. "The Russian Fate of John Gayʼs Fables." Izvestiia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka 80, no. 5 (2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s241377150017128-3.
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The article, in a pioneering effort, offers to consider the history of the Russian reception of the fable creativity of the English writer John Gay (1685–1732), from its beginnings to the present day. It is noted that close attention to the fables of J. Gay in the last quarter of the 18th century, this was largely due to the interest of the Russian society in novelties in French books; as a result, prosaic translations of poetic texts from an intermediary language prevailed, against which the poetical readings of English originals created by I. Ilyinsky were undoubtedly more successful. The subsequent “surge” of interest in J. Gayʼs fable heritage at the end of the XIX century connected with the demand of society for the works of foreign authors, accessible to the mass, common reader, focused on the traditional culture of their countries. In the Soviet period, J. Gayʼs fables found themselves on the periphery of the preferences of translators and critics who interpreted mainly the writerʼs dramatic texts (“The Beggarʼs Opera”, “Polly”). The research of A.I. Zhilenkov and the translations of E.D. Feldman, published in recent decades, marked a new stage of the Russian reception, characterized by the identification of the artistic originality of Gayʼs fables, the desire for the most complete, holistic perception of the heritage of the Gay-fabulist, taking into account ancient and English literary traditions.
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Greitens, Jan. "Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 61, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 217–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2020-0010.
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AbstractIn the history of economic thought, monetary theories in the Germanspeaking world of the early modern era are considered backward compared to the approaches in other European countries. This backwardness can be illustrated by two authors from the mid-18th century who were not only contemporaries but also successively in the service of Frederick II (“the Great”) of Prussia. The first is Johann Philipp Graumann, one of the 'projectors' of the 18th century. As master of the mints in Prussia, he developed a coin project, where he tried to implement a new monetary standard to promote trade, generate seigniorage income and implement the Prussian coins as a kind of a reserve currency. In his writings, he developed a typical mercantilistic monetary theory with a clear understanding of the mechanism in the balance of payments. But even when he tried to include credit instruments, he did not take banks or broader financial markets into account. The second thinker is Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi, who took the opposite position concerning the coin project as well as in his theory. He defended a strictly metalistic monetary approach where the value of money is only based on the metal's value. While Graumann rejected the English coin system, Justi recommended its laws for countries without their own mines, because the sovereign should not misuse his right of coinage. For him, the monetary system had tobe reliable and stable to serve trade and economic development.
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Seferbekov, Magomedkhabib R. "JOHN BELL ON THE CAMPAIGN OF PETER I TO DERBENT." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch184919-931.
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A number of publications have been devoted to the Persian campaign of Peter the Great and the stay of the Russian Imperial troops on the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea in 1722–1735 – monographs, articles, dissertations, collections of documents and materials prepared with the use of a wide range of sources and literature. This topic continues to attract the attention of historians even today. It has acquired particular relevance in connection with the 350th anniversary of the birth of the first Russian Emperor Peter the Great and the 300th anniversary of the Persian campaign. A large number of documentary sources from the collections of the federal and regional archives of Russia cover the history of the Persian campaign and its results, which made it possible to reveal new episodes of imperial policy in the Caucasian-Caspian region in the first quarter of the 18th century. Among the most valuable sources on the history of the Persian campaign are the travel notes of the English-speaking authors – the direct participants and eyewitnesses of the events described. One of these sources is the John Bell’s book “Travels from St. Petersburg, across Russia, to different parts of Asia”, particularly, the section titled “Journey from Moscow to Derbent in Persia, in 1722”, translated by the author of the paper into Russian with commentaries. This translation may be a valuable contribution to both the ethnography and historiography of the Russian Caucasian studies of the first quarter of the 18th century.
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Andreeva, D., and O. Ievleva. "EVOLUTION OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CAPITAL CLUBS OF ENGLAND AND RUSSIA AT THE TURN OF XVII-XIX CENTURIES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-1-46-57.
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The article deals with the problem of organizing the environment of human cultural activity in the 18th century and the search for its solution by architects. The aim is to identify the features (functional, structural and other) of previously existing architectural objects (clubs) of the 18th-19th centuries. A comparative analysis of a number of the buildings (clubs) under study is carried out on the example of two large countries of the world, England and Russia. The buildings and premises adapted for clubs, which originally appeared in London, and later in St. Petersburg, are described. The article considers one of the first club facilities in St. Petersburg, the "English Club", which was formed by the "English Assembly" taking into account the historical roots of London clubs. On the basis of field studies and the study of preserved historical graphic materials, the characteristic stages of development and the peculiarities of the emergence of a new type of public club buildings for that time are revealed. Using a comparative and typological method, the authors describe the planning and functional features of the development of club architecture in "adapted clubs", which influenced the formation of their own type of building. The criteria for choosing a building adapted for a club are defined. These include: the presence of a spacious hall, a courtyard, an acceptable rental price, the presence of a large dining room, the importance of territorial location. With the help of the analysis, the principles of designing a club as its own type of building are formed.
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Makarova, Elena. "Life and Destiny of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797): over the Barriers." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021308-7.
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The author of the article examines the life and work of the English writer and thinker Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797), who in the treatise “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” (1792) argued that women deserve equal rights and education with men. The biographical facts and psychological origins of her views, as well as the stages of their formation reflected in her writings, were studied. Dramatic collisions are highlighted, during which Wollstonecraft's views came into conflict with reality. These collisions are traced in the context of political events in England and France at the end of the 18th century and in the context of Mary's personal life. The correlation of Wollstonecraft's views which were formed within the framework of Enlightenment ideas, with feminism of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is studied. The author focuses on the unique personality traits of Mary Wollstonecraft, without which her views and creativity cannot be fully understood.
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Ashrafli, Nazifa. "The gender problem in the 19th century summary." Scientific Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/porv2035.
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This article addresses the gender issue of the 19th century. XIX century in England. This century is generally considered Victorian, although this is not quite the correct idea. The Victorian era refers to the period from 1837 to 1901, when Great Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria. So Queen Victoria began her reign only in 1837. In the Victorian era (1837-1901), it was the novel that became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important role in this growth in the popularity of both authors and readers. Circulating libraries that allowed books to be borrowed for annual subscriptions were another factor in the novel's popularity. The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of the social novel. It was a lot of things response to rapid industrialization, as well as social, political, and economic challenges associated with it and was a means of commenting on the abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor who did not profit from the English economy. Stories about the working-class poor were aimed at the middle class to help create sympathy and foster change. The greatness of the novelists of this period is not only in their veracity description of modern life, but also in their deep humanism. They believed in the good qualities of the human heart and expressed their hopes for a better future. At the end of the eighteenth century, two young poets, W. Wordsworth and S. Coleridge, published a volume of poems called "Lyric ballads". From this moment began the period of romanticism in England, although it did not last long, only three decades, but it was truly bright and memorable for English literature. It was this time that gave us many great novels. Even in the Middle ages, clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn and stereotypes of gender behavior were defined. Everyone was assigned their own specific roles and their violation caused public hatred. A Victorian married woman was her husband's "chattel"; she had no right property and personal wealth; legal recourse in any question, if it was not confirmed by her husband. Socio-economic changes in the middle of the XIX century lead to changes in the status of women middle and lower strata: gaining material independence and sustainable development socio-economic status, women acquire a social status equal to that of men. Women are beginning to fight against double standards in relation to the sexes, for reforms in the field of property rights, divorce, for ability to work. The next step was to raise the issue of women's voting rights as a means to ensure legislative reform. Women they sought independence from men.
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Celunova, Jelena. "The Book of Psalms in the Church Slavonic Language from Norov´s Book Collection." Slavistica Vilnensis 65, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2020.65(2).46.
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This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.
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Gryzhak, Lyudmyla. "Evaluative Adjectives in the Portrayal of Victorian Women." Linguaculture 9, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2018-1-0115.
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The focus of this paper is the analysis of evaluative adjectives used in the description of physical appearance, clothing, personal qualities, intelligence and manners of female characters in the English prose fiction of the 19th century. Four novels written by the Victorian writers, approximately in the same time period, served as the source material for the research, namely E. Bronte’s “Wuthering Heights” (1847), W. M. Thackeray’s “Vanity Fair” (1847), E. Gaskell’s “Cranford” (1851), and C. Dicken’s “Bleak House” (1852). Evaluative adjectives are regarded in this paper as the ones that carry in their use an implication of a positive or negative attitude or evaluation on the part of the writer (beautiful, awful, etc.). They give an emotive or subjective characterization of the qualities of the referent, revealing the writer’s or speaker’s peculiar attitude towards the object described. The present paper has two aims. The first is to study what evaluative adjectives were mostly employed by the authors in the portrayals of women in each of the mentioned novels and whether the authors prefer positive or negative characterisation of female characters. The second one is to examine if there are any gender specific peculiarities in the use of evaluative adjectives in the portrayal of women in the novels.
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Oliveira, Susana. ""But Why No Women Write, I Pray?" Sarah Jinner’s Defence of Women’s Public Voice in Her Almanacs." Sederi, no. 23 (2013): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34136/sederi.2013.4.
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In seventeenth century England women writers had already been able to move beyond the two genres of writing that had initially been approved for them: translation and devotional literature. It is noteworthy, however, to acknowledge women as authors of almanacs, considering that these writings required a scientific background based upon a specific education in medicine and astrology usually inaccessible to women. Between 1658 and 1664, Sarah Jinner emerged as the first woman author of almanacs. Besides the anticipated prophecies and medical advice, this London astrologer also advocated women’s public voice in her works: “But why no women write, I pray?” Jinner used these popular and widely read Early Modern English texts to publicise her defence of women. This paper focuses on Jinner’s open challenge to the Aristotelian perspective on women and her defence of women’s public voice.
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Pilipenko, Gleb. "Multilingualism in Enlightenment Europe." Slovene 9, no. 1 (2019): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.1.21.
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[Rev. of: Rjéoutski V., Frijhoff W., eds., Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance, Amsterdam, 2018, 233 pp.] The book under review is an English-language collective monograph called “Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance”, written by authors from the Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Estonia, and Croatia (edited by Vladislav Rjéoutski and Willem Frijhoff). The subject of the monograph is the language choice in the European countries of the 18th century. This is the sixth book in the Languages and Cultures in History series, and it includes an introduction, eight articles by the international team of authors, and an alphabetical index of names and places mentioned. The Enlightenment was marked in Europe by the gradual abandonment of Latin in education and public administration and its replacement by vernaculars. At the same time, there are peculiarities in every country, particularly in the Russian Empire and Croatia. Archival materials (private letters, memoirs, official questionnaires, statistics) make this book extremely valuable. The authors analyse the linguistic situation in France, the Netherlands, Central Germany, the Estonian Governorate, Croatia, the Hungarian Kingdom, and the Russian Empire. Language choice is discussed at the micro-level (e.g. within one family) as well as at the macro-level (e.g., in education, public administration, among the nobility or clergy). The book will be of great interest to historians, linguists, sociologists, anthropologists, as well as to specialists in international relations.
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Natalia A., Mitsyuk, Belova Anna V., and Pushkareva Natalia L. "Source Potential of the Fonds of Maternity Hospitals and Wards in Pre-Revolutionary Russia: Second Half of the 18th – Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2021): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1009-1022.
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The study is devoted to the analysis of archival materials of maternity hospitals and departments in Russia in the second half of the 18th – early 20th century stored in the Department for the storage of documents until 1917 of the Central State Archive of Moscow, in the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, in the State Archive of the Yaroslavl Region, and in the State Archive of the Smolensk Region. The voluminous files of maternity wards have meager viewing lists and are rarely engaged in historical research. However, introduction into scientific use of documents from maternity wards and medical reports is important for research on social and demographic history and that of childbirth, as well as for the history of everyday life, women's and gender history. Hence springs the purpose of this study, which is to identify the source potential of the fonds of maternity hospitals and departments in pre-revolutionary Russia and information capabilities of medical reports, journals, and maternity cards. The authors have established that materials found in these fonds can be divided into several categories: acceptance cards of women in labor, clinical cards of obstetrics, patient histories. The documents recreate the picture of the development of clinical obstetrics, the daily life of women in labor in the clinic, the interaction of doctors and patients. These materials can be a valuable source for studying the representation of body culture, reproductive behavior, hygiene, sexual socialization. The analysis of archival documents concludes that while in the first decades of their existence, maternity wards ministered to the poor strata of the population in birth of illegitimate children, in the 1910s they catered women from wealthy families. An important result of the comprehensive study of archival material is the discovery of information capabilities of the fonds of pre-revolutionary maternity wards in the central and regional archives of Russia. Pregnancy cards contain extensive history, including data on the first sexual intercourse, beginning of menses, number of pregnancies, age at the time of first pregnancy, thus providing important information on the history of sexual socialization, female physicality, and reproductive culture. A meaningful analysis of these materials allows the conclusion that maternity ward journals, patient histories, midwives' reports contribute to the study of social, everyday, and gender history; and provide new information for studying the history of corporeality, childbirth, sexuality.
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ΡΑΠΤΗΣ, ΚΩΣΤΑΣ. "ΑΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΗ, 1789-1914: ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΣΜΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ." Μνήμων 20 (January 1, 1998): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mnimon.675.
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<p>Kostas Raptis, Middle classes and middle class culture in Europe, 1789-1914: approaches in modern historiography</p><p>The history of the european middle classes from the late 18th to theearly 20th century is a very wide topic and relates to economic, social,political, gender and culture history. This essay gives a brief overviewof the main subjects regarding it. It draws mainly on (pioneer) germanspeaking,but also on english and french literature. Following the currentdebate, it points to the different social and economic groups making upthe so called ((Bürgertum», to their common characteristics, as well astheir specific culture, the ((Bürgerlichkeit)).More specifically this paper is concerned with the followin subjects:— the composition of the «Bürgertum» and the features of its maingroups (professionals, bourgeois of money and bourgeois of knowledge)— the relevant terminology in german, french and english language— the comparison between upper middle class and nobility— the social position and role of the lowermiddle classes— the relation of the bourgeoisie to liberalism and nationalism— the study of the history of the middle classes in the specific contextof a town or a city (as an urban phenomenon)— the position and role of middle class women in a bourgeois society— the middle class family— the bourgeois way of life and culture in general</p>
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Kirilov, D. A. "REPRESENTATION OF LORD LIEUTENANTS AND LORD JUSTICES OF IRELAND IN IRISH ODES AND POEMS, 1701–1714." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2(53) (2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-148-159.
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In the late 17th and early 18th century, Ireland experienced a constitutional struggle in parliament, as well as the gradual development of a party system along the English partisan lines. Reflection of those events in the public sphere (primarily in the works of Molyneux and Swift) remains a popular research topic for Irish historians. This article attempts to look at the development of the Irish political system by examining poetic works in support of the chief governors of Ireland: lord lieutenants and lord justices of 1701–1714. Irish poems dedicated to governors were usually similar to English odes, which in turn were influenced by Abraham Cowley’s Pindarics. Irish odes to lord lieutenants of 1701–1711 had significant genre similarities, and most of them were also similar in general means of representing the chief governor. It was of utmost importance for the authors to show the brilliant ancestry of the ode’s hero; perhaps even more important for them was to show the similarity between the viceroy and the monarch, since the former was supposed to represent the latter. There were, however, significant differences between the odes, which were attributed to the shifting context of Irish politics. The odes of 1707 and 1711 are much more embedded in politics than the odes of 1701 and 1703: since at least 1707, the authors were more likely to include lord lieutenants in the context of Irish and British partisanship, while simultaneously emphasizing the loyalty of recipients to Queen Anne in her struggle against parties. The zenith of partisanship in Ireland coincides with the appearance of short poems with some features of an ode in 1710, which closely associate the figure of the lord lieutenant or lord justice with the Whigs or Tories.
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Pushkareva, N. L., and A. V. Zhidchenko. "Soviet Women in the Years of the “Khrushchev’s Thaw” in English Language Publications." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 776–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.313.
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The article assesses the results of studies of everyday lives of Soviet women in the 1950s–1960s in Anglo-American historiography, in which a problematic field has developed with its own boundaries, plots and search tasks, and a well-established range of sources. The peculiarity of Western scholars’ views of this issue were of considerable importance for biographical interviews, the stories of women who remember that time. (In contrast to Russian historiography, foreign scholars used an anthropological approach to study women’s history much earlier.) The authors define more clearly the successes of foreign scholars in the study of Soviet women’s history in the 1960s, as well as controversial assessments and prospects. Considered chronologically and sequentially, the assessments of Soviet life in the publications of English-speaking scholars revealed their strong dependence on the American model of everyday life for the corresponding period. The consumption system and social protection of the population, which grew sharply after the Second World War in Western countries, became the ideal that guided these scholars during the entire second half of the twentieth century. In such a comparison, Soviet women’s lives in conditions of constant deficits of goods and services, as well as other problems and shortcomings of the Soviet economic model, always seemed to be a losing battle. In the 2000s, this ideal model of American everyday life, with which scholars did not directly compare women’s everyday lives in the USSR, but which between the lines manifested itself as a standard, turned out to be somewhat squeezed by the desire to positively evaluate the achievements of Soviet social policy and the gains that it provided for women.
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Sutulova, Nataliia. "Piano sound phenomenon in English-language scientific discourse." Aspects of Historical Musicology 27, no. 27 (December 27, 2022): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-27.02.
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Statement of the problem. The process of achieving an aesthetically appealing and artistically true piano sound has long been a subject of research for musicians. In recent decades, domestic performance practice has relied on this issue mostly on the professional literature created back in the Soviet period. But the process of integrating Ukrainian musical education and performance into the European and world cultural space requires the study of alternative sources, primarily English-language ones, that reflect the experience of performers in different countries of the world, as well as correlations and the introduction of relevant terminology into scientific and practical circulation. Analyzing recent publications, we established that the phenomenon of the piano in general and piano sound in particular is considered from different points in the works of J. Parakilas (2000), E. Hiebert (2013), V. Raad (1977), G. Fitch (2016a,b; 2022), Shen Li and R. Timmers (2021), M. Keane (2013), Chuan C. Chang (2009), I. Masters (2021), and others. The purpose of this article was to study the approaches to the phenomenon of piano sound available in the English-language scientific literature. For the first time, a number of Englishlanguage sources dedicated to the phenomenon of piano sound have been included in domestic scientific circulation. Systematic and comparative methods, as well as terminological analysis used in the study, made it possible to distinguish different contexts, in which the phenomenon of piano sound is presented in scientific discourse: performance-practical, psychological, historical, organological (due to the structural features of the instruments). Research results. One of the approaches to the study of the piano sound phenomenon is the study of the history of the piano, its place in European culture and its social functions, as in the work of J. Parakilas (2000), where the author describes the history of the functioning of the piano during the 18th–20th centuries. The sound of the piano in the historical, stylistic and organological contexts is considered by I. Masters (2021), who investigated the structural and sound features of the London and Viennese pianos (second half of the 18th century) and their influence on the specifics of the piano texture, structure of themes, articulation and stroke palette of the works of pianists and composers of the London and Vienna schools. A purely performance and practical perspective is found in Chuan C. Chang’s book (2009), which covers most aspects of piano playing. Another example of a purely practical approach to the study of piano sound is the articles by G. Fitch (2016a,b; 2022), where he considers the process of creating an aesthetically pleasing sound. Another perspective on piano sound and playing is interdisciplinary, where musicology interacts with acoustics, psychology, and physiology (Keane, 2013; Li, & Timmers, 2021). Conclusions. A review of professional sources shows that the piano sound in the modern English-language scientific discourse is considered as a complex multifaceted phenomenon. The main and special concepts describing the sound of the piano are “tone”, “voicing”, “layering”. The first two terms have an ambiguous interpretation: some authors understand the quality of the instrument’s sound as the result of the performer’s actions, others as a certain manner of playing, and others as, first of all, the character of the sound determined by the design and technical condition of the instrument.
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Lygdenova, V. V., and O. B. Dashinamzhilov. "Barguzin Buryats: population size, wedding traditions (based on the field research materials of 2018–2019)." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 40 (2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2020-1-55-61.
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The paper is dedicated to studying the history of population, songs and wedding traditions of the Barguzin Buryats, who live in Barguzin and Kurumkan regions of the Republic of Buryatia. Barguzin Buryats represent the local ethnical group of Buryats who moved from the banks of the Lena River in the 18th century and settled in the Barguzin Valley, where they have lived up to now. Wedding traditions of Buryats were studied by many scholars such as M. N. Khangalov, S. P. Baldayev, K. D. Basaeva, G. R. Galdanova, and others. The paper’s relevance is due to the novel field materials collected by the authors in 2018−2019, including songs, wishes, cliché dialogues, etc. For in- stance, the tradition assumes many cliché dialogues during the ritual of matchmaking, and they are also described in the paper. Also, different fragments of songs for putting on different parts of wedding clothes and accessories are considered. All the songs were collected from the old women living in different villages of Barguzin and Kurumkan regions. They were recorded in the Barguzin dialect of the Buryat language. The songs were sung by their mothers, and the women inherited their traditional performance. The paper summarizes the peculiarities of modern wedding traditions of Barguzin Buryats, with the fragments of songs provided. Each wedding stage is described, and the sequence of actions is specified.
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Farhangi, Fariba. "A Systematic Educational-Based Review of Stories and Poems: Seeking the Voice of Young Women in Charlotte Smith’s and Anna Barbauld’s Major Works—Are There Any Implications for Educational Context?" Education Research International 2022 (October 1, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8305051.
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Many researchers with an interest in the field of teaching have attempted to implement story reading and storytelling strategies in teaching oral language skills to EFL/ESL language learners as a means of extending the positive effects of storytelling and poetry on first language acquisition to second language acquisition. Numerous studies have looked at how narrative and poetry affect language abilities, but few have tried to find educational applications in well-known works of literature. To address the gap, this study was carried out to seek the voice of young women in Charlotte Smith’s and Anna Barbauld’s major works and tried to extract implications for the educational context. Charlotte Smith and Anna Barbauld, two eighteenth-century women authors, found themselves working within a literary tradition that saw Milton and Shakespeare and the poet as masculine traditions and which portrayed women as a muse for male poets. They published their works during the start of the influential Romantic Movement, which demanded an independent personality and many volumes of poetry and affected both the leading male and female writers of the day. Smith and Barbauld developed an authoritative persona to help them negotiate between societal expectations of women and those of a writer during a time when women writers were persecuted for expressing any ideas that might upset the status quo. In doing so, they challenged preconceived notions about what constitutes an authoritative voice and developed feminine poetics. This paper examines how the two poets explore the female voice, studies the challenges and problems they faced as women writers, and ponders on their influence on English literature. Additionally, this study explores how the novels of Charlotte Smith and Anna Barbauld were modified to more organically reflect aesthetic political concerns on the other side of the English Channel. This study has multiple pedagogical implications for educational environments.
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Onandía, Beatriz. "L’esprit féminin du siècle des Lumières dans les lettres espagnoles : Louise d’Épinay, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert et Marie de Rabutin-Chantal (Madame de Sévigné)." Jangada: crítica | literatura | artes, no. 12 (December 21, 2018): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35921/jangada.v1i12.198.
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Résumé: Louise d’Épinay, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert ou Marie Rabutin Chantal, plus connue sous le nom de Madame de Sévigné, sont des auteures dont la réception marqua un tournant au sein des cercles les plus élitistes de l’Espagne du XVIIIe siècle, et plus particulièrement pour les lectures qui étaient celles des femmes espagnoles de l’époque. Des lectures qui, depuis des temps immémoriaux, étaient caractérisées par une tendance morale et religieuse notoire, ainsi que par le martèlement des valeurs traditionnelles et patriarcales inculquées dès le plus jeune âge au genre féminin. Pour toutes ces raisons, ce travail s’intéressera à la fortune littéraire et à la réception de ces trois pédagogues françaises en Espagne, ainsi qu’à la traduction de leurs œuvres, à leur influence sur certaines intellectuelles espagnoles de l’époque et aux différentes versions qui en furent publiées tout au long de de la période des Lumières en Espagne.
Mots clés: France-Espagne, XVIIIe siècle, pédagogie, traduction, femmes.
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The women’s Studies of the Age of Enlightenment in Spanish letters: Louise d’Épinay, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert and Marie de Rabutin-Chantal (Madame de Sévigné).
Abstract: The Spanish reception of authors such as Louise d’Épinay, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert or Marie Rabutin Chantal, better known as Madame de Sévigné, had a before and after in the most elite circles of the Eighteenth century Spain and especially in the readings of Enlightenment Hispanic women. Readings, which from time immemorial, were characterized by a flagrant religious morality and by the continual repetition of traditional and patriarchal values, imposed on the feminine gender from an early age. For all this, this work will focus on the literary fortune and the Spanish reception of these three French pedagogues, as well as their translations, their influence on some Spanish intellectuals of the time and the different versions published throughout Hispanic Lights.
Keywords: France-Spain, 18th century, pedagogy, translation, women.
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Abubakar, Multazam, Muthi'ah Muthi'ah, and Annisa Shofa Tsuraya. "Social criticism in Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer." Rainbow : Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v11i1.52804.
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Exploring literary work means exploring the social condition of the place where the work created. The function of literary work is not only to amuse but also to criticize. Social criticism implies that many authors convey their view and critics toward their society using literary work. Thus, it is essential to study social criticism in particular literary works. This study is aimed at identifying the social condition of the English society when the work published and to reveal how the author presented the social criticism in his work. Library research was used in this study. The approach that applied was genetic structuralism since any attempt to evaluate a literary work should be in the light of its social context and the proper conditions under which it has been produced. Having analyzed She Stoops to Conquer, it was found that in the eighteen century the English society was to absorbed in vanity and affectation. Most people, especially women, put fashion and physical appearance at the most. The author criticized various aspects of life, including lifestyle, social class and family relationship. The author presented his social criticism through the dialogue and attitude of the characters of the play.
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Green, Monica H. "The Sources of Eucharius Rösslin's ‘Rosegarden for Pregnant Women and Midwives’ (1513)." Medical History 53, no. 2 (April 2009): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300000193.
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Few medical authors can unambiguously claim to have written one of the most important works in their field: most important not simply in one language but in half a dozen, and not simply for a few years but for over a century and a half. Yet that distinction has long been given to the work of a largely obscure early sixteenth-century apothecary-turned-physician from Freiburg, Worms, and Frankfurt, one Eucharius Rösslin (c. 1470–c. 1526). His Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosegarten (Rosegarden for Pregnant Women and Midwives), first published in Strasbourg and Hagenau in 1513, went through at least sixteen editions in its original form, was revised into three different German versions (each of which went through multiple printings), and was translated into Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, with almost all of these translations then going through their own multiple editions. The Rosegarten is the only work known to have been produced by Rösslin. His son, Eucharius Rösslin Jr, further capitalized on the work by producing in 1526 a German compilation of “marriage texts” which he called Ehestandts Artzney; this included his father's Rosegarten as well as extracts from the Enneas muliebris (Nine-Part Treatise on Women) by Ludovico Bonacciuoli (d. c. 1540), a herbal by Johannes Cuba (Johann Wonnecke von Caub, d. 1503/4), and Bartholomeus Metlinger's (born after 1440) tract on paediatrics. Eucharius Jr. also produced a Latin translation of the Rosegarten in 1532. That Rösslin's work was only the third obstetrical text addressed directly to an audience of midwives in a thousand years also places it in an important position in the history of the professionalization of midwifery. While it remains to be determined how frequently midwives themselves read the text, it is clear that both physicians and laypersons used the Rosegarten and later adaptations as the basis for medical training and as a reference for information on generation.
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Freitas, Renata Dal Sasso. "Gender, the novel and the modern order of time." História da Historiografia: International Journal of Theory and History of Historiography 13, no. 34 (December 13, 2020): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15848/hh.v13i34.1633.
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This article aims to analyze the 1814 novel The Wanderer, or female difficulties by English writer Frances Burney and how its depiction of Britain at the time of the French Revolution can contribute to the understanding of the emergence of what François Hartog called the modern regime of historicity. Like many authors analyzed by Hartog in his books Regimes of Historicityand Croire en Histoire, Burney was personally affected by the French revolutionary process, a fact that is reflected in her last work. However, the time of its publication – when the Napoleonic Wars were at their end – made it outdated, something that was compounded by the debates regarding the Revolution and issues of gender that it was steeped in. By analyzing this novel, I will argue that issues of gender also played a role in the changes of how men and women related to time at this period as part of the transformations in the concept of History that occurred at the turn of the eighteenth century.
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Samoylov, Nikolay A., and Dmitriy I. Mayatskiy. "Images of Europeans in the Chinese Woodblock Book Huangqing zhigongtu." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 4 (2020): 1259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.415.
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This article explores the Chinese historical and ethnographic work of the second half of the 18th century “Illustrated tributaries of the Qing Empire” (“Huangqing zhigongtu”). This book provides rich material for a systematic analysis of the views of the Chinese about European countries during the reign of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). Twenty eight images and descriptions of a number of European nations — Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Swedes, the English, the Dutch, etc. — which were found in the book, have been identified, classified, and analyzed. A range of issues and problems related to the content of the descriptions has been established and compared with the illustrations from the book. The article pays particular attention to identifying and explaining the anthropological and socio-cultural stereotypes that shaped the image of Europeans in China. The authors of this paper have found out that due to Catholic missionaries the Chinese compilers of “Huangqing zhigongtu” must have had enough information about Europe in the first part of the Qing period. Nevertheless, they made a large number of mistakes when describing the geographical location of several nations and relations between some of them. They also misunderstood some habits, traditions or anthropological features of their inhabitants. On the other hand, the compilers were more accurate and precise with regard to political and trade activities of the Europeans in China or near its frontier. Studying the “Huangqing zhigongtu” can shed light not only on important factors that formed the general picture of the Chinese worldview, but also contribute to a better understanding of motives that determined the foreign policy of the Qing Empire.
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Natalia O., Avtaeva, Beynenson Vasilisa A., and Boldina Ksenia A. "The Evolution of the Role of Women in the Family and the Public Sphere (The Case of Domestic Women’s Periodicals of the Late 19th ‒ Early 20th Century )." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 6 (December 2020): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-6-139-150.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the process of transformation of the image of a woman and the dominant family model in the main historical periods in the national female periodicals from the end of the 18th century to the present days. The authors note that the image of a woman in the gender media is changing due to the changes in the global and local agenda, in particular, due to the changes in the position of a woman in the family, the structure of a family, and decreasing of the number of family members. These transformations can also be explained by the change in the state’s requests for the promotion of a certain image, for example, the image of a patriotic woman during the Second World War and a mother woman in the post-war period. Over the course of many historical periods, rubrics devoted to the arrangement of everyday life, the relationship of the sexes, health and beauty, and motherhood remain the traditional rubrics of women’s publications. During more than two hundred years of publications, the image of a woman in them has gone through stages from primordial patriarchal models through a surge of individualization and independence to a moderate combination of the role of the homemaker and the installation of autonomy from men. The article also outlines the main trends in the development of modern women’s online publications, which, on the one hand, have inherited the theme and structure of traditional women’s magazines, and on the other, have the features of blogs. If certain characteristic images of a woman in the press gain or lose relevance, the changes in the family model in women’s media can be considered irreversible: there is no return to the image of a patriarchal multi-generational family. The study was based on the methods of historical review, thematic analysis and content analysis of publications of women’s magazines of various historical periods. Keywords: women’s periodicals, the history of women’s periodicals, the image of a woman in the media, media images, gender identity, family model, women’s online media
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Cvetkovich, Ann. "HISTORIES OF MASS CULTURE: FROM LITERARY TO VISUAL CULTURE." Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 2 (September 1999): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150399272129.
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VICTORIAN STUDIES has always been, for me, a form of cultural studies. As early as my sophomore year in college, while reading Raymond Williams’s Culture and Society for a modern humanities course, I was fascinated to learn that a case could be made for the nineteenth century as the period during which notions of culture were constructed. Williams’s work was presented without much contextualization and it was only much later that I came to associate it with either British cultural studies or Marxism. My somewhat unconscious interest in forging connections between culture and politics, which I would argue is the founding mission of cultural studies, was matched by another unconscious interest in Victorian studies, and more specifically, studies of the novel, as a field in which to pursue feminism. By the time I reached graduate school in the 1980s, feminism had become a field and a methodology, and within English departments, Victorian studies produced a rich range of scholars, including Elaine Showalter, Ellen Moers, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, and Nina Auerbach, who dominated the interdisciplinary field of women studies, which, like cultural studies, also sought to explain the relations between culture and politics. Their work on women authors and revising the canon was followed by that of an equally powerful group of feminist Victorianists, including Nancy Armstrong, Mary Poovey, Catherine Gallagher, and Eve Sedgwick, who explored not only how categories of gender and sexuality were integral to nineteenth-century social formations, but how they were invented in the modern period.
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Ebara, Masaharu, and Kenji Satake. "Mini Special Issue on Studies of Historical and Archaeological Materials for Disaster Research." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0389.
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Japan is a country that experiences a considerable number of natural disasters. It sees frequent seismic and volcanic activity because it is located on the boundaries of multiple plates. In addition, the temperate monsoon climate brings heavy rains and therefore floods and landslides. Since ancient times, the Japanese have repeatedly recovered from various natural disasters. That history has much to teach those living alive now. In Japan, observation systems for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been set up, and research based on the records of these instruments is actively being done. However, some earthquakes and eruptions repeat at intervals of hundreds of years, making the investigation of historical and archaeological materials essential if the true circumstances of such natural events and damage they caused are to be learned. A part of the historical disaster research currently being conducted in Japan is presented in this mini special issue. This mini special issue contains four papers. Ebara’s paper, taking up the ways in which artificial development has transformed the topography in the last 500 years, considers the relationship between the original topography and the damage caused by typhoons. Kaneko’s contribution considers the damage sustained by one village that was hit by the tsunami that resulted from the great earthquake in the early 18th century. Kaneko surveys archaeological sites and tombstones that reveal that many of the victims were women and children. Sugimori et al. elucidate the exact time of the great earthquake in the 19th century by using historical materials written in Japanese, English, and Russian. Along with the importance of comparing and contrasting various literatures, the work teaches us that disasters have no borders. Murata proposes a method of utilizing archaeological excavations in earthquake research. It also presents a case in which the condition of the ground, which cannot be understood by surface observation alone, is estimated from traces of a disaster. From these papers, readers can learn the potential of historical and archaeological materials in disaster research.
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Moon, Jina. "‘Was Ever Treason so Unnatural?’: Phallic Mothers and Propaganda in Two Plays by William Hatchett." New Theatre Quarterly 34, no. 4 (October 8, 2018): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x18000441.
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By examining William Hatchett's The Chinese Orphan alongside The Fall of Mortimer, in this article Jina Moon aims to expand our critical awareness of Hatchett's oeuvre and to deepen our understanding of the shifting contours of misogyny as an integral component of eighteenth-century political discourse. The Fall of Mortimer differs from other sources of anti-Walpole propaganda, offering pointedly acrimonious treatment not only of Walpole, but of Queen Caroline. The Chinese Orphan was published in February 1741, two months before the election of that year dealt the final blow to Walpole's career. The play reflects shifting attitudes towards women in power and the contemporary tendency to contrast the ambitious and political Caroline with submissive and domestic Princess Augusta. To examine Hatchett's work is to gain new insight into the ways in which authors adapted both to the restrictions of the Licensing Act and to the shifting political climate of the 1740s. Jina Moon received her Ph.D. in English from the University of Tulsa (2015). Her study of Domestic Violence in Victorian and Edwardian Fiction appeared from Cambridge Scholars Publishing in 2016.
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Carrington, Kerry, Natacha Guala, María Victoria Puyol, and Máximo Sozzo. "How Women’s Police Stations Empower Women, Widen Access to Justice and Prevent Gender Violence." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i1.1494.
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Women’s police stations are a distinctive innovation that emerged in postcolonial nations of the global south in the second half of the twentieth century to address violence against women. This article presents the results of a world-first study of the unique way that these stations, called Comisaría de la Mujer, prevent gender-based violence in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One in five police stations in this Province was established with a mandate of preventing gender violence. Little is currently known about how this distinctive multidisciplinary model of policing (which includes social workers, lawyers, psychologists and police) widens access to justice to prevent gender violence. This article compares the model’s virtues and limitations to traditional policing models. We conclude that specialised women’s police stations in the postcolonial societies of the global south increase access to justice, empower women to liberate themselves from the subjection of domestic violence and prevent gender violence by challenging patriarchal norms that sustain it. As a by-product, these women’s police stations also offer women in the global south a career in law enforcement—one that is based on a gender perspective. The study is framed by southern criminology, which reverses the notion that ideas, policies and theories can only travel from the anglophone world of the global north to the global south.
The article has been kindly translated into Spanish by one of the authors María Victoria Puyol - and can be viewed in both English and Spanish
Cómo las Comisarias de la Mujer empoderan a las mujeres, amplían el acceso a la justicia y previenen la violencia de género