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1
Paul, Robin. "English Society in the 19th Century." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i5.11059.
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Prior to examining an artistic work, it is important to make an examination about the period and society in which the essayist lived just as its people and their method for living, custom and laws so as to comprehend the author's reality view and prepare for a however investigation of his work. At that point in this theme we survey the authentic, social and true to life foundations of the novel under investigation as to look at the ways by which these might have affected the substance and type of the novel .We will manage English society in the nineteenth century concentrating on the public activity, economy and the situation of women in England, additionally, we will audit the essayist's life and works and talk about the hypothesis to be utilized for the examination study which is Feminism. The eighteenth and nineteenth century can be portrayed by the quantities of uprisings which were brought about by a social and political circumstance. These occasions began to decide individuals' emotions, their requirements and needs. Composing style turned out to be progressively enthusiastic and instinctual. It implies that the nineteenth century essayists re-established the Elizabethan's style in writing which was depicted by the ethical shows and love issues. Moreover, their imagination concentrated on the composition guns of medieval occasions. In this research paper, it is all about the English society, how about their social life and the treatment of women. It is from very ancient times that women are not respected and there are many instances for that as well.
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Mihailă-Lică, Gabriela. "Education of Children in the Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0097.
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AbstractThe paper analyses the manner in which the education of children was done in the beginning of the 19th century and how this is revealed in the pages of “The Tenant of Wildfell Hall”, the second and also the final novel written by the English writer Anne Bronte, the youngest of the famous Bronte sisters. Despite enjoying enormous success after its publication in 1848, after its author’s death, Charlotte Bronte - Ann’s eldest sister - refused to republish it. She considered it to be too shocking as it dealt with themes like alcoholism, the ability of women to have paying jobs that enabled them to support not only themselves, but also their families, themes that were considered taboo or the “inhibited, polite, orderly, tender-minded, prudish and hypocritical” Victorian society [1]. We focus on the observations as well as on the subtle mentionings and allusions made in the novel with regard to some of the most important aspects of the Victorian Era education: the schooling of children, the differences between the education of boys and that of girls, the educational differences between the social classes.
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Šalinović, Ivana. "Women writers of 19th century Britain." Journal of Education Culture and Society 5, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20141.218.225.
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The theme of this paper are the nineteenth century woman authors in the United Kingdom and their writing. A brief overview of the woman writers during the whole century will be given. The most important authors will be represented. The paper will also explore the economic, social, political and other circumstances that determined their writing and try to represent their lives, their struggles, their writing and the styles they used.
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Rutterford, Janette, and Josephine Maltby. "FRANK MUST MARRY MONEY: MEN, WOMEN, AND PROPERTY IN TROLLOPE'S NOVELS." Accounting Historians Journal 33, no. 2 (December 1, 2006): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.33.2.169.
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There is a continuing debate about the extent to which women in the 19th century were involved in economic life. The paper uses a reading of a number of novels by the English author Anthony Trollope to explore the impact of primogeniture, entail, and the marriage settlement on the relationship between men and women and the extent to which women were involved in the ownership, transmission, and management of property in England in the mid-19th century.
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Mitea, Ioana-Florina. "The Modern Woman and Women’s Emancipation in 19th Century English and Romanian Comedies." Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10320-012-0037-2.
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Abstract The construction of feminine characters in nineteenth century English and Romanian comedies reflects the changes that the two societies were experiencing, especially the fact that women were no longer confined to domestic life. The plays feature women assimilating the latest fashions and lifestyles, their aspirations to change their status and their steps towards emancipation
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Arnaud, René. "The development of the progressive in 19th century English: A quantitative survey." Language Variation and Change 10, no. 2 (July 1998): 123–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001265.
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ABSTRACTThe prodigious expansion of the progressive (be + ingperiphrastic form, wherebeis at the same time the copula and a statement of existence) was a major feature of the modernization of the English verb system in the 19th century, when its frequency quadrupled. A survey (1787–1880) of the collections of private letters from 22 people, most of them famous writers, reveals that linguistic factors played a relatively small quantitative role in this development, whereas a clear correlation is found with two sociolinguistic factors: gender and intimacy. Frequencies are consistently higher for women than for men, and they increase with more intimate correspondents. Some parallels with biographical and literary data suggest that the Romantic vision, in a wide sense, may have contributed to the rise of this concrete, expressive, warmer existential form.
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Schram, C. "30. Abortion and the fall of midwifery in 19th Century North America." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2790.
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The 19th Century in North America was a time of many social and scientific changes that impacted the field of medicine. A result of one such change was the medicalization of childbirth, as the primary care of women during labour shifted from midwives to physicians. While there is ample discourse on the many factors that contributed to this shift, there is very little discussion on the role played by abortion. Studying abortion in the 19th Century is often limited by a paucity of primary sources from the physicians who performed abortions and women who obtained them. Although most authors who discuss the midwifery shift do not make any mention of a role played by the issue of abortion, it has been addressed and supported by primary sources. This raises the question, why is abortion not discussed in histories on the medicalization of childbirth by other authors?
The objectives of this paper are historical and histographic. First, it will present the evidence on the use of abortion as a political tool employed by some policy makers, physicians and the media to discourage women from choosing midwives for their childbirth care. Second, it will analyze possible reasons why this topic is not addressed by the majority of historians of childbirth in 19th Century North America. Are the authors concerned about the varying social views of abortion, the associated politics, the lack of primary sources, or are they personally uncomfortable with the subject? Only the authors themselves can truly know their reasons for neglecting the subject of abortion in their work, but this analysis will show how issues that influence historians determine the version of the past that is produced and propagated into the present and the future.
Borst CG. Catching Babies: the Professionalization of Childbirth, 1870-1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Bourgeault B, Davis-Floyd R, eds. Reconceiving Midwifery. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004.
Dodd DE, Gorham D, eds. Caring and Curing: Historical Perspectives on Women and Healing in Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1994.
Wertz DC, Wertz RW. Lying In; a History of Childbirth in America (expanded edition published 1989 by Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz) New York: Free Press; London: Macmillan, 1977.
Reagan LJ. Linking midwives and abortion in the Progressive Era. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1995; 69(4):569-98.
Reagan LJ. When Abortion Was a Crime, Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973. London: University of California Press, 1997.
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Moyna, María Irene. "Portrayals of Spanish in 19th-century American prose: María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's The Squatter and the Don." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 17, no. 3 (August 2008): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947008092503.
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This article analyzes the portrayals of Spanish in The Squatter and the Don (1885), a novel written in English by María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, a Baja Californian who immigrated to Alta California at the time of its annexation to the USA in 1848 and became the first Hispanic American woman writer. Her novel had an ideological purpose, namely, to denounce the land dispossession of the Californios — i.e. Hispanic settlers in California during the Spanish-Mexican period — and to propose an alliance between the Anglo and Hispanic elites. It also had a financial purpose, since writing was for Ruiz de Burton one of many ways in which she attempted to achieve financial prosperity. The representation of language was thus dictated not just by linguistic or aesthetic considerations, but also by the author's interpretation of the conditions prevalent in late 19th-century California, where Spanish had become subordinate to English. Ruiz de Burton's positive attitude towards bilingualism is revealed in her portrayal of protagonists as proficient in both languages. Yet, her awareness of the biases and limitations of her intended Anglo readership is also evident in the fact that Spanish use in the novel is sporadic and restricted. Comparison of her literary and non-literary code mixing highlights some consistent differences between both text types providing additional evidence of Ruiz de Burton's purposeful manipulation of linguistic codes in her artistic production.
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Rubik, Margarete. "Celebrating downward mobility in selected Australian texts." Acta Neophilologica 49, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.49.1-2.19-27.
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Several critics have pointed out that the new lower class national hero from late 19th century onwards was invariably male, and that women were largely excluded from this national stereotype. Yet several recent Australian authors have portrayed female characters who correspond to this insubordinate, defiantly lower class ideal, and thereby insert women into the national myth.
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Makaryshyn, Nadia. "THE PECULIARITIES OF IRISHISMS IN IRISH ENGLISH WITHIN THE PERIOD OF THE IRISH LITERARY REVIVAL (END OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-211-214.
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The article deals with the analysis of borrowings from the Irish language in Irish English within the period of the Irish literary revival (end of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century) borrowed in the context of linguo-cultural communication. The article also examines the factors that affect the dynamics and productivity of such borrowings, among which – the absence of competitive equivalents in English, a necessity to establish social contacts between English and Irish speakers and cultures, the revival of Irish autochthonous elements, and others. Four main historic periods of borrowings in the course of Anglo-Irish contacts are schematically outlined with the article concentrating on the third period, i.e. the Gaelic Revival. The material for the article is based on the literary texts of the English-speaking Irish authors of late 19th and early 20th cc. (William Butler Yeats, Isabella Augusta Gregory (Lady Gregory), George William Russell (alias AE) and John Millington Synge). The peculiar features of Irish borrowings, their use and functions were examined as well. The expedience for a further study of borrowing tendencies and assimilation of Irish vocabulary in Irish English was substantiated, which would contribute to understanding the mechanisms and consequences of linguistic and cultural interaction in Ireland.
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Fruzińska, Justyna. "American Slavery Through the Eyes of British Women Travelers in the First Half of the 19th Century." Ad Americam 19 (February 8, 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.19.2018.19.08.
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My paper investigates 19th-century travel writing by British women visiting America: texts by such authors as Frances Trollope, Isabella Bird, or Frances Kemble. I analyze to what extent these travelers’ gender influences their view of race. On the one hand, as Tim Youngs stresses, there seems to be very little difference between male and female travel writing in the 19th century, as women, in order to be accepted by their audience, needed to mimic men’s style (135). On the other hand, women writers occasionally mention their gender, as for example Trollope, who explains that she is not competent enough to speak on political matters, which is why she wishes to limit herself only to domestic issues. This provision, however, may be seen as a mere performance of a conventional obligation, since it does not prevent Trollope from expressing her opinions on American democracy. Moreover, Jenny Sharpe shows how Victorian Englishwomen are trapped between a social role of superiority and inferiority, possessing “a dominant position of race and a subordinate one of gender” (11). This makes the female authors believe that as women they owe to the oppressed people more sympathy than their male compatriots. My paper discusses female writing about the United States in order to see how these writers navigate their position of superiority/inferiority.
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Moskowich, Isabel. "Eighteenth Century Female Authors: Women and Science in theCoruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing." Australian Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 4 (December 2013): 467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2013.857570.
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Mitsyuk, Natalia A., and Anna V. Belova. "Midwifery as the first official profession of women in Russia, 18th to early 20th centuries." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-270-285.
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The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.
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Scigliano, Marisa. "Nineteenth Century Literary Society: The John Murray Publishing Archive." Charleston Advisor 22, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.22.2.39.
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Nineteenth Century Literary Society is drawn from archive of the House of John Murray publishing company, held by the National Library of Scotland. The family-run firm, with Scottish roots, spanned seven generations and flourished in London from 1768 until 2002. John Murray is especially remarkable for publishing seminal English-language works of the 19th century, including those by Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Charles Lyell, and Samuel Smiles, the father of self-help. The largest collection of Lord Byron’s private writings and manuscripts, assembled by the publisher, form a large part of the resource. Women writers feature prominently in the John Murray’s collection, including Jane Austen, Isabella Bird, Elizabeth Eastlake, and Caroline Lamb.
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Matkovic, Roberta, and Tanja Habrle. "Female Authors under the Mask of a Male Pseudonym - Some Approaches to Revealing Authors’ Gender." European Journal of Language and Literature 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v3i1.p69-76.
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A patriarchal society has very clear and rigid norms. Its frame does not allow one to move out of it, and a mode of behaviour which attempts any change is severely punished. This kind of society has strict written and unwritten rules, and it seems that the second kind are more harmful and painful for the individual than the first. In 19th century, European society was strongly patriarchal, and a phenomenon which confirms this is the fact that many female writers published their works under a male pseudonym. A patriarchal system attempts to prevent women from any artistic and scientific form and expression, as they are labelled as less intellectually able or talented, but by choosing a male pseudonym they found a way to reach their goal. An author writes about what he knows, what surrounds him and/or what he notices, feels and thinks. Considering that a patriarchal society system is highly defined, female and male points of view, their angles of reflection and aims are obviously different. In novels, choice of character and situation and the description of such, can easily reveal an author’s gender. These approaches will be illustrated by analysing the work of Vincenza Speraz, who lived in North Italy between the 19th and 20th centuries, and published her works under the pseudonym Bruno Sperani.
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Rossi, Paula. "Translated and Adapted – The Influence of Time on Translation." Meta 48, no. 1-2 (September 24, 2003): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006963ar.
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Abstract In this paper I will examine how the fairytales written by Zachris Topelius, the famous 19th century Finnish storyteller, were translated into Finnish and into English at different times. The fairytales contain Topelius’ personal ideals of upbringing, biblical and religious as well as moral and educational elements, for instance. The authors of the more recent translations have considered it necessary to modify the source texts so that they would be more accessible to today’s children than the earlier Finnish translations. In my analysis, I focus on the translational choices made by the translators.
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Tubbs, R. Shane, Payman Vahedi, Marios Loukas, Mohammadali M. Shoja, and Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol. "Hubert von Luschka (1820–1875): his life, discoveries, and contributions to our understanding of the nervous system." Journal of Neurosurgery 114, no. 1 (January 2011): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.8.jns10683.
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One of the most prolific anatomical writers of the 19th century, Hubert von Luschka made significant contributions to our knowledge of neuroanatomy. His publications and textbooks were standards for their day. However, very little is written of his life in either the English or the German literature. His name lives on eponymously in more than 20 anatomical structures, including those most relevant to the neurosurgeon, the foramina of Luschka and uncovertebral joints. In this article, the authors discuss the life and contributions of this prominent German surgeon and anatomist.
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Lynch, Christopher. "Opera for the People: English-Language Opera and Women Managers in Late 19th-Century America by Katherine K. Preston." Notes 75, no. 4 (2019): 675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/not.2019.0045.
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Brezhneva, Svetlana, Vladimir Shaidurov, and Irina Nikulina. "“Disenfranchised” Sart: everyday life of a Turkestan woman at the turn of the 19th - 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi16.
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The article is devoted to the daily life of the Saratov people, who disappeared from the historical arena as a result of the national division held in 1924. The authors ' interest is focused on the gender aspect of the problem. The main attention is paid to the way of life, customs, and character of the Sarti women, as the least known part of the Muslim society of Turkestan. The sources used are the works of ethnographers, historians, Orientalists, and simply eyewitnesses who visited or lived in Turkestan at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
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Alonso-Almeida, Francisco, and Mª Isabel González-Cruz. "Exploring Male and Female Voices through Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality in Some Modern English Travel Texts on the Canaries." Research in Language 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0031-z.
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This article describes authorial voice through evidential and epistemic sentential devices in a corpus of 19th and early 20th century travel texts. The corpus contains four works written by female travellers and the other four by men. Therefore, apart from providing a catalogue of the strategies deployed by the authors in order to mark modality and evidentiality, we also report on expected differences in their frequencies of use in relation to the writer’s gender. In addition, the interest of this study lies in the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, no research on writer stance has previously been carried out in texts belonging to the genre of travel writing.
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Dayal, Dr Ashok. "Social Hypocrisies in Vijay Tendulkar’s The Vultures." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38028.
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Abstract: Early plays in India were written in Bengali by Bengali writers which were mostly translated into English from Bengali in the 19th century. But drama in English failed to serve a local theatrical habitation, in sharp contrast to plays in the mother tongue (both original and in the form of adaptations from foreign languages); and the appetite for plays in English could more conveniently be fed on performances of established dramatic successes in English by foreign authors. Owing to the lack of a firm dramatic tradition nourished on actual performance in a live theatre, early Indian English drama in Bengal as elsewhere in India grew sporadically as mostly closet drama; and even later, only Sri Aurobindo, Ravindranath Tagore and Harindranath Chattopadhyaya produced a substantial corpus of dramatic writing. Between 1891 and 1916 Sri Aurobindo wrote five complete and six incomplete verse plays. Keywords: exploitation, sexual violence, homosexual, individuall degradation, consciousness, hypocrisies
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Bailey, Candace. "Review: Opera for the People: English-Language Opera and Women Managers in Late 19th-Century America, by Katherine K. Preston." Journal of the American Musicological Society 72, no. 2 (2019): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2019.72.2.581.
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Kotsiuk, Lesia, Oksana Kostiuk, Inna Kovalchuk, Viktoria Polishchuk, and Vadym Bobkov. "The Formation and Development of Women’s Secondary Education in Volyn in the 19th–the Beginning of the 20th Century." Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.2.227.240.
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Aim. The article aims to analyse the formation and development of women’s secondary education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries under historical, sociocultural, and religious factors. Methods. The authors describe the historical, sociocultural, and religious situation in Volyn of the late 19th-early 20th centuries and apply comparative diachronic and synchronous analyses of the charters of the educational institutions for girls, their curricula and weekly workload. Systematised pedagogical approaches to teaching and testing students of the analysed schools are used. Results and conclusion. The formation and development of women’s education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries represents a natural, consistent change in the content and structure of educational processes under certain specific historical conditions. Due to subordination changes in the region, private Orthodox boarding houses for noble girls became widespread in Volyn. Ostroh Women’s Specialised School, founded by Countess Antonina Bludova, underwent a qualitative and structural transformation under the influence of specific historical events. Both Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School and the Bratsvo School aimed to raise a certified woman who can teach children at home and other educational institutions. Analysis of the statutes of educational institutions, programmes of academic disciplines, and weekly workload indicates following the educational sequence principle. In Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School, attention was paid to general disciplines in the first years of study (arithmetics, languages, geography, general history etc.). At the last stage (4th grade), students were taught pedagogy (methodology) directly related to their future profession.
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Fordoński, Krzysztof. "English 18th-Century Women Poets and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski: Adaptation, Paraphrase, Translation." Terminus 22, no. 4 (57) (2020): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.20.017.12537.
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The paper deals with six poems of three 18th-century English women poets—Lady Mary Chudleigh, Mary Masters, and Anne Steele “Theodosia”—inspired by the works of the greatest Polish Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski. The aim of the study is to present the three authors, their biographies and literary oeuvres, and to attempt an analysis of the poems in question within this context. The biographies, social position—Chudleigh was the wife a baronet, the two others belonged to the middle class—and education of the three authoresses differ and yet they all shared the limitations resulting from the fact that they were women in 18th-century England, and were therefore denied access to academic education. The analysis of the texts and biographies has proven that it is highly improbable that either of the three women poets could translate the poems from Latin originals. All of their translations are based on earlier renditions; in the case of Chudleigh it is possible to identify the source text, that is the translation by John Norris. Inasmuch as it can be ascertained from the available biographical and critical sources and the results, the attitudes of the three poetesses towards their work varied. Only Masters acknowledged the source material in her publications. Although the current concepts of translation are different, her two poems: On a Fountain. Casimir, Lib. Epod. Ode 2 and Casimir, Lib. I. Ode 2—qualify as translations by the standards of her times. They are analysed here in detail. Neither Chudleigh nor Steele mentioned Sarbiewski in their publications. Their decision can be justified by the fact that their poems, even if clearly (though most likely indirectly) inspired by his lyrics, must be classified as free adaptations or even original poetry influenced by Sarbiewski or earlier translations and adaptations of his works.
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Fordoński, Krzysztof. "English 18th-Century Women Poets and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski: Adaptation, Paraphrase, Translation." Terminus 22, no. 4 (57) (2020): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.20.017.12537.
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The paper deals with six poems of three 18th-century English women poets—Lady Mary Chudleigh, Mary Masters, and Anne Steele “Theodosia”—inspired by the works of the greatest Polish Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski. The aim of the study is to present the three authors, their biographies and literary oeuvres, and to attempt an analysis of the poems in question within this context. The biographies, social position—Chudleigh was the wife a baronet, the two others belonged to the middle class—and education of the three authoresses differ and yet they all shared the limitations resulting from the fact that they were women in 18th-century England, and were therefore denied access to academic education. The analysis of the texts and biographies has proven that it is highly improbable that either of the three women poets could translate the poems from Latin originals. All of their translations are based on earlier renditions; in the case of Chudleigh it is possible to identify the source text, that is the translation by John Norris. Inasmuch as it can be ascertained from the available biographical and critical sources and the results, the attitudes of the three poetesses towards their work varied. Only Masters acknowledged the source material in her publications. Although the current concepts of translation are different, her two poems: On a Fountain. Casimir, Lib. Epod. Ode 2 and Casimir, Lib. I. Ode 2—qualify as translations by the standards of her times. They are analysed here in detail. Neither Chudleigh nor Steele mentioned Sarbiewski in their publications. Their decision can be justified by the fact that their poems, even if clearly (though most likely indirectly) inspired by his lyrics, must be classified as free adaptations or even original poetry influenced by Sarbiewski or earlier translations and adaptations of his works.
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Bogoderova, A. A. "Temporary marriage as Russian literary pattern in the 19th – early 20th century." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2020): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/72/7.
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The paper deals with the subject of temporary marriage between Russian sailors and Japanese women in fictional and non-fictional literature. The literary pattern of temporary marriage includes time limitation of the marriage, the language or/and cultural barrier and the man’s leaving at the end. The time limitation sometimes makes one or both spouses consider this marriage as legal, but “not true.” There are two main variants of the pattern in Russian travel notes of the 19th − early 20th century. The first is the positive one (A. Krasnov, D. Schreider, and N. Bartoshewsky). Both husband and wife are kind-hearted people, their family life is pure and real, although they do not entirely understand each other’s language. The second is the negative one (F. Knorring, D. Armfelt, G. de Vollan, and Vinogradov). Husband and wife are both pragmatic, rational, and cold, with the whole tradition turning into a sort of prostitution and insincere comedy. The plot variants, with one of the spouses being pragmatic, mercantile and cruel, and another loving, faithful, and suffering, are not common. Yuzhakov’s travel notes include such a rare case. The asymmetrical variant was more popular in Western fiction (Madame Butterfly). Russian fiction prefers the positive variant of the pattern. In short stories by D. Persky and M. Volkonsky, the authors transform the motives from Madame Chrysanthème by P. Loti and Madame Butterfly by J. L. Long by showing the Russians as noble people and achieving a happy end wherever possible.
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Solnyshkina, Marina I., Olga G. Palutina, Elsara V. Gafiyatova, and Amina F. Merzlyakova. "THE IMAGE OF THE CITY OF KAZAN IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH DISCOURSE: THE CASE OF GOOGLE BOOKS CORPUS." ISSUES OF ETHNOPOLITICS, no. 2 (2020): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-7041-2020-2-114-130.
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The article presents a cross-lingual diachronic analysis of the linguistic image of Kazan recorded in Russian and English Corpora of Google Books within the period between years 1800 and 2019. The material of the research comprises 6236 texts in the Russian subcorpus and 9858 texts in the English subcorpus compiled for the study. The frequency of onym ‘Казань’ was the highest in early 19th and 20th centuries, while that of ‘Kazan’ – in late 20th century. The range of lexical patterns of both Russian English contexts of the studied words is wide with predominantly neutral and, in rare cases, negative connotations in the past, while modern contexts are most notably positive and neutral. In both languages subcorpora, the highest context frequency is registered for the words belonging to the following thematic groups: “City”, “Historical personality”, “Landscape”, “Religion”, as well as verbs denoting acquisition of an object and adjectives denoting time. The range of typical semantic roles of the onyms ‘Казань’ and ‘Kazan’ during the period studied, 1800–2019, widens from Locative and Patient in the texts of the 19th century to Agent, Posessor, Experiencer in the 20th and 21st centuries. The latter is caused by changes in the national and global arena and the role of Kazan in the country and the world. The research shows that, in the modern discourse, the word collocates with the verbs denoting activity, verbal behavior, physical action, and struggle. The article also provides the authors’ insights into the limitations of the corpus used as the source of research.
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Hoskins, Stephen, and David Huson. "Underglaze Tissue Printing for Ceramic Artists, a Collaborative Project to Re-Appraise 19th Century Printing Skills." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.335.
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Under-glaze tissue ceramic transfer printing first developed circa 1750 and involved engraved or etched copper plates, from which tissue was printed with cobalt blue oxides. Under-glaze tissue has a very distinctive, subtle quality - it is an integral part of both English ceramic history and the history of copperplate engraving. The process was common in the UK ceramics industry until the1980s. However from the 1950s it began to be supplemented by screen-printing, because underglaze tissue transfer was relatively slow and required skilled artisans to apply the transfers. The authors are collaborating with Burleigh Pottery in Stoke-on-Trent, the last remaining company to produce ceramic tableware decorated using the traditional printed under-glaze tissue method. The pottery was recently saved from closure by the HRH Prince Charles Regeneration Trust, who wish to maintain the traditional manufacturing skills for the next 25 years. The Centre for Fine Print Research (CFPR) in Bristol has been reappraising the use of these traditional 19th Century skills with modern materials and methods for producing engraved plates. The project seeks to demonstrate how those 19th Century methods can be applied by contemporary ceramic artists. The paper will explain the process of ink manufacture, heating the plate for printing, digital methods of making plates and the use of potters tissue.
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Galves, Charlotte. "The Tycho Brahe Corpus of Historical Portuguese." Romance Parsed Corpora 18, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00004.gal.
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Abstract This article introduces the Tycho Brahe Corpus (TBC), a parsed corpus of Historical Portuguese built on the model of the Penn-York Corpora of English. As an illustration of the usefulness of the TBC, the article presents research on the evolution of the position and interpretation of subjects in Portuguese from the 16th to the 19th century. Two main claims emerge, in response to questions that have largely remained unanswered until now, due to the paucity of available data. One is that the texts of the classical period instantiate verb-movement to Comp in matrix clauses, reflecting a V2 grammar. The other is that quantitative and qualitative changes appearing in the texts of the authors born from the beginning of the 18th century on indicate that, at this period, verb-movement to Comp was lost and the modern SVO grammar emerged.
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Grözinger, Karl E. "»Jüdische Philosophie«." Zeitschrift für Kulturphilosophie 2017, no. 2 (2017): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000107993.
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The beginning of a universal culture of rationality in Judaism did not begin in the so called »Medieval Jewish philosophy« but had its precedents in the Biblical Wisdom Literature and in Rabbinic legal rationality. The Medieval Jewish authors, therefore, did not regard the medieval Philosophy propounded by Jewish authors as »Jewish philosophy« but as a participation of Jews in just another specific phase of universal rationalism. The reason why Jewish authors in the 19th century nevertheless alleged that there existed a specific »Jewish philosophy« at the side of a German, Christian or English philosophy had its reason in the exclusion of Jewish thought from the new leading science of interpretation of human existence in Europe, namely philosophy, by German intellectuals and universities. If we despite this want to retain the term of »Jewish philosophy« we should be aware that there cannot be an essential difference to general philosophy but merely a heuristic pragmatism.
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Grubišić Pulišelić, Eldi. "Zwischen Tradition und Emanzipation." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 63, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2018-0003.
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SummaryThis paper analyses the criticism of the position of women, the existing gender relations and marriage in women’s literature at the end of the 19th century, taking the examples of the novel Plein air (1897) by Croatian author Jagoda Truhelka (1864–1957) and of the short story Wieder die Alte (1886) by Austrian writer Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830–1916). These authors, from the area of the then Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, in spite of different ethnicity, but also of different social status, published stories in the late 19th century where they discussed a similar topic. Both authors are concerned with the issue of women’s work and existence outside or inside civil marriage, but the endings of their works are completely different. While Truhelka’s heroine manages to realize a marriage of love, the heroine of Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach becomes a victim of existing social relationships. Despite the sharp critique of patriarchy and the disruption of the stereotype of a woman as an angel in the home in Plein air, at the end of the novel there is a harmonization of interpersonal relations and the resolution of all existing conflicts, both at a personal and socio-political level. Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach does not show such optimism in Wieder die Alte and her emancipated women are left alone to build their moral integrity into a life without male love. However, we can conclude Truhelka’s, as well as Ebner-Eschenbach’s heroine remain trapped between tradition and emancipation because of, or despite the fact that love shows (no) power in the tyranny of society.
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Bowden, Caroline. "Building libraries in exile: The English convents and their book collections in the seventeenth century." British Catholic History 32, no. 3 (April 21, 2015): 343–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2015.2.
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AbstractThe foundation of new English convents in exile placed demands on the early leaders regarding the furnishing of appropriate texts for the religious life for women at a time of limited resources and strict controls over printing Catholic texts in English. This article examines challenges facing the convents and external influences on the choice of titles, ranging from women’s reading experiences in their families to authors whose works appeared in libraries owned by both pious Catholic and Protestant lay women. It then considers how communities assembled collections of books in the first half of the exile period, concluding with an appendix giving some examples of surviving key texts found in convent libraries dating from the seventeenth century.
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Sekenova, Olga, and Natalia Pushkareva. "TOWARDS A HISTORY OF EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN WOMEN HISTORIANS OF THE LATE 19TH — BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: LEISURE AND RECREATION." Antropologicheskij forum 17, no. 49 (June 2021): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2021-17-49-132-153.
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The article focuses on the study of the anthropology of everyday life of persons of intellectual labor. The subject of the study are the leisure peculiarities of the everyday life and home life of the first Russian women historians of the pre-revolutionary period, the variety of forms of free time available to the first women scientists among professional historians, as well as the budget and the ratio of their working and free time. Reflecting on the peculiarities in the study of the everyday life of the academic and teaching communities and describing the main forms of leisure of “learned ladies”, the authors give examples of how they organize and attend intellectual “evenings”, reading professional and fictional literature, forms of public engagement, including charitable activities. Various documents of personal origin—memoirs, diaries, personal correspondences of the first Russian women historians—made it possible to draw conclusions about the complex interweaving of free and working time in the life of women scientists, the flow of work into leisure and vice versa. The authors also demonstrate that the gradual entry of women into the male academic environment significantly influenced the practice of leisure: the contamination of work and rest was sometimes forced, and the adaptation to an academic career went, among other things, through the assimilation of appropriate leisure practices, which became an integral part of the lifestyle of women scientists. The marginalized position of the first Russian women historians forced them to try to keep being involved in social interactions. For this purpose, they sought to consolidate professional acquaintances at informal evenings, where it was possible to understand the unwritten rules of conduct and corporate norms of the academic environment. That said, the real joy for women was the presence of personal space in which they could devote themselves to the scientific process—engaging in fruitful research work.
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Taylor-Terlecka, Nina. "Western Travellers in the Caucasus. Georgia’s Highways and Byways: Hotels, Inns & Taverns in the 19th Century." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 51, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.599.
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Drawing on a wide range of French, English and Russian-language printed source material, the paper deals with the travel accounts of Western visitors to Georgia and the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. Focusing on the everyday practical experience of travel, it outlines the birth of the hotel trade in Tbilisi. After c. 1850, with the building of a railroad, “civilizational” standards began to improve, and over the years Tbilisi hotels were described as being as “good as any European establishment”.Under the heading of provincial travel, the paper addresses the issue of general supplies, provisions and self-catering, modes of transportation, the state of the roads, and the network of postal-stations, whose erratic services were supplemented by the omnipresent, albeit highly unreliable, wayside inn or dukhan. Coming to the Caucasus and Georgia on specific assignments (diplomatic, political, military, commercial, or scholarly) the authors of travelogues bring their prior expectations, nurtured by ancient myths, ancient literature, and a study of earlier travel accounts, with which they engage in textual dialogue. In their sundry reflections and musings they seldom fail to enthuse on the tourist potential of Georgia in particular, and the Caucasus more generally.
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Ghambaryan, Artur, and Liana Ghazaryan. "The Institute of Deposition of Testimonies: Criminal Procedure Codes of Post-Soviet States." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 84–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-1-84-110.
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This article argues about the importance of gathering written evidence (testimony) which, as a prototype of judicial deposition, may be regarded as an effective instrument for criminal procedure. The article incorporates the works of the British, German, and Russian theorists of the 19th century, and the legislative regulations of this period. Despite the fact that the concept of “judicial deposition” has only recently entered into practice in the new criminal procedure codes of post-Soviet states, its roots can be traced back to the 19th century English law. This paper focuses on the legislative regulations of the post-Soviet countries, in particular, the procedures set out in the new criminal procedure codes, including the novelties and peculiarities of the Draft Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia. The authors have referred, in more detail, to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, which has substantial peculiarities. In this respect, the article presents the opinions of the experts on judicial deposition testimonies. Discussing the differences in the legislative regulations of several countries, this article, through a comparative analysis, points how different countries approach deposition of testimonies. Additionally, the article examines the fundamental differences between deposition testimonies and hearsay evidence.
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Paszkowicz, Wojciech. "Inspirations, interactions and associations: On some links between the works of Vladimir Vysotsky and English-, French- and German-language poetry, theatre and pop music." Tekstualia 2, no. 53 (July 29, 2018): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3290.
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The threads binding the poetry of Vladimir Vysotsky with Russian and foreign literature have a diverse character – some convergences, similarities of his works to those of other authors can be identifi ed in the content, the subject, and the metre of the poems. Some of the literary associations are easily detectable for any recipient, others are more diffi cult to fi nd. The article focuses on the identifi ed links between the works of Vysotsky and those of foreign authors such as Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Robert Burns, and Bertolt Brecht. The convergences observed between Vysotsky’s and de Béranger’s poems, in the subject, form, and metre, indicate the affi nity of the way of thinking and ideals, as well as both poets’ love of freedom, despite the 150 year gap between their birth dates. The presented links with literature of the 18th, 19th, and 20th century widen the opportunities for interpreting the works of Vladimir Vysotsky.
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Kolykhalova, Olga A., and Anna Yu Kuldoshina. "Perceptions of Russian Literature in Britain in the end of the XIX — beginning of the XX century." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 4 (2019): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-4-119-129.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing ideas about Russian literature in Britain at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. A brief overview of the advancement of works by Russian classics among British readers is given. The spread of Russian literature in Britain had been progressing slowly for a long time due to the difficulty in translation and the lack of interest in Russia and Russian culture. However, at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, the situation changed in the British literary community. This period saw a plethora of publications of translations of Russian fiction that were accomplished by professional translators, Slavonic scholars, and writers. These translations appeared in periodicals and other print formats. The article provides an overview of the translation of works of F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, who have become the most understandable and accessible to the English mentality. It happened thanks to such outstanding translators as C. Garnett, Aylmer and Louise Maude, S. S. Koteliansky (who worked in collaboration with V. Woolf, J. M. Murry), R. E. C. Long and others. Having gained access to high-quality translations of Russian classics, British writers began to study their works in greater detail. The British saw the influence of English and European writers (W. Shakespeare, Ch. Dickens, J.-J. Rousseau, J. W. Goethe, V. Hugo, etc.), e.g., in F. M. Dostoevsky’s works. However, later the Russian influence could also be felt in the Western novel, modifying it. There is an opinion that the works of A. P. Chekhov, translated by Garnett, changed the English short story, making it exactly as we know it. V. Woolf, J. Joyce, B. Shaw, J. Galsworthy, A. Bennett and others admired the depth, style, and language of Russian writers. Translation of works of great Russian authors facilitated the flow of information about Russia and expanded the Brit’s view on the country and its people. It once again confirms the existence of mutual cultural exchange between the two countries from a historical perspective. It can be argued that, despite all the complexities of the relationship, the mutual influence of the literatures of the two countries is quite significant.
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Beiküfner, Karin, and Andrea Reichenberger. "Women and Logic: What Can Women’s Studies Contribute to the History of Formal Logic?" Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2019.i6.03.
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Beiküfner’s report reflects on woman’s place in the history of logic. These reflections date back to a larger research project entitled Case Studies Towards the Establishment of a Social History of Logic (1985–1989). The project was initiated under the direction of Professor Christian Thiel, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, and funded by the German Research Foundation DFG. The main focus of the Erlangen research project was laid in the historical analysis of the emergence of modern logic in Great Britain and Germany during the 19th and early 20th century. This research prompted the discovery of a series of important female authors in the Anglophone and German speaking area. This led, firstly, to the question of what might be gained from the research results for the project’s objectives and, secondly, to a closer examination of the methodological demands and problems of a feminist historiography of science.
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Beck, Deva-Marie. "Remembering Florence Nightingale’s Panorama." Journal of Holistic Nursing 28, no. 4 (July 27, 2010): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010109354919.
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Florence Nightingale lived and worked in response to her times—yet also ahead of her time. She insisted on pursuing a career even though her wealthy family could have provided her with a lifetime of leisure. Because she was a woman, this choice to work outside her home was all the more unusual. Nightingale was also a vanguard woman because she chose nursing, a role that was considered the work of desperate, impoverished women who lived on the street like prostitutes. In addition to these unusual choices, Nightingale’s career was unique beyond anyone in her time. She was one of the most prolific authors of the 19th century. In addition to being an early role model for nursing, Nightingale was also a leader in several other fields emerging in her time, including social work, statistical analysis, and print journalism. As a global thinker, Nightingale would have loved 21st century. She noted cultural, social, and economic concerns, particularly in relation to health and to the discipline of nursing. She urged nurses to progress in their practice and to think outside their official domains. She responded to the culture of the 19th century by envisioning what could be changed. Working with her talents and available resources, she evolved the health care culture of the 20th century and beyond. She called all of this work “Health-Nursing.” As we remember and further study the extraordinary panorama that is our Nightingale legacy, we are creating and shaping our relevant, emerging 21st century nursing practice.
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Qi, Linshuo. "Women’s Voices in the Victorian Era – Feminist Consciousness in the Bronte Sisters’ Works." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i5.2154.
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Before the Victorian era, it was rare for women to be authors and writers to fix the protagonists of their works as female characters. However, in the 19th century, there was a rapid increase of women writers and emphasis on feminist consciousness. Among all the works of women writers, Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights which were written by the Bronte sisters were distinctive. The Bronte sisters conveyed their feminist consciousness and described the society in their works. Both works emphasized romantic relationships as the narrative thread. By shaping the female characters in their works as self-reliant women who fought for equivalence and freedom in the era where male chauvinism occupied leadership roles, the Bronte sisters conveyed their eagerness for freedom, equality, and their feminist consciousness. This paper combines features of the Victorian era and the Bronte sisters’ life experiences to analyze feminist consciousness in these two works and make comparisons between them.
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Maine, Alexander. "Pet Lamb and Clothed Hyena: Law as an Oppressive Force in Jane Eyre." Student Journal of Professional Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/sjppar.v1i1.793.
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Writing in 1864, the literary critic Justin M’Carthy stated that ‘the greatest social difficulty in England today is the relationship between men and women.’ This came at a time of unprecedented social and legal change of the status of women in the 19th Century. A prominent novel of the time concerning such social difficulty is Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre: An Autobiography which attempts to reflect these social difficulties as often resulting from law. As such, the novel may be used as a reflection of the condition of nineteenth century English law as an oppressive force against women. This force is one that enacts morality through legality, and has particular resonance in literature concerning social issues. Jane Eyre will be discussed as a novel that provides insights into women’s experiences in the mid-nineteenth century. Law is represented within the novel as an oppressive force that directly subjugates women, and as such the novel may be regarded as an early liberal feminist work that challenges the condition of law. This article will explore the link between good moral behaviour, and moral madness, the latter being perceived as a threat to the domestic and the law’s response to this threat. It will pick upon certain themes presented by Brontë, such as injustice towards women, wrongful confinement, insanity and adulterous immoral behaviour, to come to the conclusion that the novelist presented law as a method of constructing immorality and injustice, representing inequality and repression.
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Mukhin, Mikhail Yu, and Nikolay Yu Mukhin. "AUTHORED LEXICAL SYNTAGMATICS IN A SYSTEMATIC INTERPRETATION." Philological Class 26, no. 2 (2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51762/1fk-2021-26-02-08.
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The article considers a stylometric model of systematic interpretation of authored lexical syntagmatics (lexical compatibility) in the classical prose of the 19th century. The article compares the achievements of classical lexicology and modern corpus linguistics and suggest bigrams, i. e. pairs of words used in a common phraseological context, as units of lexical syntagmatics to study texts of great volume. Besides, the articles formulates the requirements for lexical bigrams involved in the lexical-statistical comparison of different individual styles. The article provides examples of original bigrams that recur in different works of the same author over many creative years (e.g., oblokotit’ golovu [to lean a head on elbows] in the novels by L. N. Tolstoy). The problem of cataloguing and systematic interpretation of such recurring stylistic “particulars”, which the author may use deliberately or unconsciously, and the reader may or may not notice in different texts, is posed. On the basis of 19th century classical prose (the works of L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, I. S. Turgenev and I. A. Goncharov), the authors perform a context lexico-statistical comparison of bigrams containing words frequently used by all authors (for example, chelovek/lyudi [person/people], golova [head], govorit’ [to speak], pervyy [first], vdrug [suddenly], dva [two], etc.) is studied. It is noted that each author can identify a different set of words appearing in the original contextual environment. The model of comparative analysis is examined in detail on the example of the contexts of words denoting a person: chelovek/lyudi [person/people], zhenshchina [woman] and rebenok/deti [child/children]. Such combinations as intelligentnyy chekovek [intelligent person], lenivyy chekovek [lazy person], imet’ uspekh u zhenshchin [to succeed with women], deti i vnuki [children and grandchildren] (A. P. Chekhov), nervicheskiy chelovek [nervous person] (I. S. Turgenev), poshchadit’ cheloveka [to spare a person] (F. M. Dostoevsky), kurchavyy chelovek [curly-haired person], nevysokaya zhenshchina [short woman], beremennaya zhenshchina [pregnant woman] (L. N. Tolstoy), zhenshchiny – sozdaniya (prekrasnye, nezhnye, slabye) [women are (beautiful, gentle, weak) creatures] (I. A. Goncharov) are small fragments of authored stylistic systems. The analysis reveals a striking difference between the syntagmatic characteristics of the works of different writers. Conclusions are made about a possible systematic presentation of the material in the form of an authored syntagmatic dictionary of the Russian prose of the 19th century.
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Bősze, Péter. "A magyar tudományos közlések nyelvének alakulása orvosi folyóiratainkban – Markusovszky Lajos." Kaleidoscope history 10, no. 21 (2020): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2020.21.221-231.
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Hungarian language medical journals were published only since the 19th century. The first one among them was the Medical Magazine founded and edited by Pál Bugát and Ferenc Schedel Toldy in 1831. Unfortunately, it ceased to exist after the freedom fight 1848-49. One decade after the bloody defeating of the freedom fight founded Lajos Markusovszky the Orvosi Hetilap 1857 that was issued without a break to our days. This is the world’s seventh oldest medical journal a proud part of the Hungarian Heritage as well. Specialists published first in the supplements of the journal and the Gyógyászat founded by Imre Poór separated first from the original paper. At the end of the century, there were published already specific journals of many specialities. These journals mirrored exactly the development of Hungarian medical language. The Orvosi Tár revealed obviously all difficulties of creating new medical terms. However, the Orvosi Hetilap used already exact Hungarian definitions. It is almost unbelievable how precisely the authors wrote their articles. Only since the second half of the 20th century were emerging terms of foreign origin, initially Greco-Latin and later on the rapidly spreading English.
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Maul, V. Ya, and O. G. Rybakova. "Russian Wanderers Searching for the Kingdom of Opona on Women (Wanderings of Ural Cossacks in the Late 19th Century)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 2(67) (July 23, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.67.2.001.
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В статье исследуется актуальная историографическая проблема роли женщин в истории. Цель статьи заключается в рассмотрении особенностей бытового, социального и религиозного положения женщин на исходе XIX столетия, как они представлялись мужчинам — носителям традиционного патриархального сознания. Источниками для научного анализа являются недостаточно изученные в исторической науке дневниковые записи двух уральских казаков-старообрядцев Г. Т. Хохлова и В. Д. Максимычева, которые они вели в 1898 году во время своего путешествия в поисках Беловодского царства. Именно для изучения беловодской темы эти материалы обычно привлекались историками, но их эвристическое значение намного шире зафиксированных там особенностей утопического мышления самих авторов и их единомышленников. В дневниках отразились непосредственные впечатления обычных уральских староверов, знакомившихся с непривычным им культурным обиходом многих чужеземных стран и народов, в том числе с различными сторонами жизнедеятельности иностранных и российских женщин. Показано, что поведенческая активность женщин, как правило, оказывалась за пределами внимания авторов дневников. Редкие же случаи упоминания о женщинах были связаны с несуразными и неестественными ситуациями, запечатленными на страницах казачьих травелогов. Обычно в рамках доминирующего маскулинного сознания им давались уничижительные оценки. В статье приводятся конкретные доказательства, иллюстрирующие дискриминированную феминность как типовой маркер гендерной позиции российских сторонников древнего благочестия, живших в эпоху, когда современный им мир все более активно ставил в повестку дня вопрос женского равноправия. The article investigates a relevant historical issue of womenʼs role in history. The aim of the article is to study the role of women in family life, society and religion in the late 19th century as viewed by men, bearers of the traditional patriarchal values. The article analyzes previously underinvestigated travelogues of G. T. Khokhlov and V. D. Maksimychev, Ural Old Believer Cossacks, who wrote these travelogues in 1898 during their wanderings in search of the Kingdom of Opona. The travelogues have been previously studied only in relation to the sacred kingdom, but their heuristic value is much deeper than the utopian ideas expressed by the writers of the diaries and those who shared their views. The diaries record Ural Old Believersʼ impressions of unknown cultures and traditions, as well as various aspects of womenʼs lives in Russia and abroad. The article shows that the authors of the travelogues did not pay much attention to womenʼs behavioral patterns. The rare cases when women are mentioned in the Cossacksʼ travelogues are associated with weird and unnatural behaviors, which were usually derided by the male writers. The article provides evidence illustrating discrimination against women as a proof of Russian Old believersʼ gender-related views who lived in the epoch when womenʼs rights were gradually becoming an important and relevant issue.
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Gilfoyle, Timothy J. "The Hearts of Nineteenth-Century Men: Bigamy and Working-Class Marriage in New York City, 1800–1890." Prospects 19 (October 1994): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005081.
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In 19th-century america, the bigamous marriage became a controversial subject and repeated cultural metaphor. From popular fiction to sensationalistic journalism to purity reform literature, writers repeatedly employed bigamy as a moral signpost warning readers of the sexual dangers and illicit deceptions of urban life. Middle-class Americans in particular envisioned the male bigamist as a particular type of confidence man. Like gamblers and “sporting men,” these figures prowled the parlors of respectable households in search of hapless, innocent women whom they looked to conquer and seduce, dupe and destroy. Such status-conscious social climbers deceptively passed for something they were not. Most authors depicted the practice in Manichaean terms of good versus evil, innocence versus corruption. Bigamy thus enabled writers to contrast the nostalgic, virtuous, agrarian republicanism of postrevolutionary America with the perceived urban depravity of the coarse, new metropolis. Such illegal matrimony, editorialized one newspaper, “speaks volumes for man's duplicity and woman's weakness.” Pure and simple, bigamy was “mere wickedness.”
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Kireeva, Elena V., and Natalia N. Zubareva. "WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE ASPECT OF THE PROFILE OF TEACHING AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN RUSSIAN SCHOOL OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – THE EARLY 20TH CENTURIES." Vestnik Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics, no. 1 (2020): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-1-204-209.
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This article defi nes the key problems of women’s education in the system of specialised education in Russian school of the second half of the 19th – the early 20th centuries from the point of view of the issue of training of teachers. The authors analysed approaches to the problems of women’s education profi le, taking into account the class character of education and the demands of the society of the considered historical period. The publication systematises the works of outstanding Russian theoretical pedagogues of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. in the context of the ideological and organisational and methodological aspects of women’s education, as well as the search for its educational ideal that corresponds to the social roles of women of that time. The programme of the course of pedagogy for women’s educational institutions of the second half of the 19th century is analysed from that point of view, and the conclusion is made about its practical orientation in solving the problem of isolation of women’s education from the realities of life. The considered ideas and principles of the leading theoretical pedagogues of this period on the problems of women’s education within the framework of the profi le of training are not only of historical signifi cance, but also show continuity in solving a number of modern educational problems.
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Zaharijević, Adriana. "How to Know a Citizen When You See One? The Sex of a Citizen." Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 10, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v10i1-2.282.
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The paper explores how the 19th century scientific discourses naturalized sex. Those highest ranking forms of public knowledge are situated within a broader context of knowledge production on what it is to be human and how the gradation of humanity has been made possible. The paper concentrates on the sexed ‘humans’ in order to show how sex worked as the political and epistemic tool which foreclosed the domains of citizenship for women. I argue that epistemic incomprehensibility is fundamentally related to the politically liminal or impossible lives. Thus, by using examples from the Victorian sciences, the paper shows how the scientific naturalization of sex actively limited the space of citizenship for women.
Author(s): Adriana Zaharijević
Title (English): How to Know a Citizen When You See One? The Sex of a Citizen
Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013)
Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – Skopje
Page Range: 71-82
Page Count: 11
Citation (English): Adriana Zaharijević, “How to Know a Citizen When You See One? The Sex of a Citizen,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013): 71-82.
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Kuzmenko (Staryshkina), Anastsiya A. "“Anxious Times Were Coming”: The Images of the Past in Ego-Documents of Russian Women-Journalists in the 2nd Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-125-135.
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The article aims to reveal characteristics of the images of the past in the ego-documents of Russian women journalists in the 2nd half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Historical epochs that were described by women-journalists in their text most often are the primary focus of our attention. These texts served as a means of commemoration, women tried to reinterpret historical background and recreate, by some means even construct the image of their professional community. The article indicates that women-journalists made a historical excursus rather rare, and also that the ego-documents contained reflection on the Great French revolution which was typical for the general historical culture of the Russian empire. Their perceptions of the degree of freedom, the role of the periodical press and literary figures in society served as one of the ways to construct the images of the past. Opinions on1860s and contribution of journalist’s community in events of this time supported a claim of the socio-professional group on high status, that was one of the major reasons for sacralizing and stereotyping image of the epoch led to the memory wars. The authors of the ego-documents considered the 1860s as the starting point to characterize other epochs. Their descriptions of the past were full of stamps typical for the historical culture of that period. Women-journalists strove to show the position of women in the family and their capability for professional self-realization in different historical periods described in the ego-documents.
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Gordeev, I. A., and M. I. Gordeeva. "HISTORY OF LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT ABOUT CHILD LABOUR IN RUSSIA TILL OCTOBER 1917." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-201-211.
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This article is devoted to history of legislation development about child labour in Russia till October 1917. The beginning of industry development in Russia in the 19th century demanded a large number of “working hands”. At the same time businessmen didn't want to lose planned benefit and tried to look for such workers who would be less exacting in compensation at sufficient labor efficiency. Children were such labor and their work was necessary for many factories and plants. State support of Russian bourgeoisie of central part didn't hurry to regulate legislatively labor relations, establish obligations of industrialists in relation to workers in general and juvenile workers in particular. All this explains why restriction projects of juveniles’ labor couldn't be implemented within the 1870th years. Legal labour support in Russia at the end of XIX - the beginning of the XX century was progressive. Acts were adopted in the conditions of not only industrialists’ opposition and workers, but also in the conditions of businessmen competition. Laws governed public relations on labor wage application, children and women labor involvement and also initial training of juveniles in pre-revolutionary Russia. The value of factory legislation acts in regulation of minor workers is high. They opened a way to legal settlement of disputes in industrial environment of the end XIX - the beginning of the XX century. Originally adopted acts were conditional. However under the influence of social, political and legal factors more accurate forms were corrected. Authors note that serfdom cancellation and other reforms of the beginning of the 60th years of the 19th century in Russia were made for broad development of market relations which caused the necessity of working legislation formation. There was a legislative fixing of parties' inequality at enterprises and unpunished exploitation of children.
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Rorato, Laura. "Narratives of Displacement: The Challenges of Motherhood and Mothering in semi-fictional works by Laura Pariani, Mary Melfi, and Donatella Di Pierantonio." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.6n.1p.75.
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This article analyses the representation of the impact of migration on family dynamics in three autobiographical works: Laura Pariani’s Il piatto dell’angelo (2013), Mary Melfi’s Italy Revisited. Conversations with my Mother (2009), and Antonella Di Pietrantonio’s Mia madre è un fiume (2011). All three authors were directly or indirectly affected by the wave of emigration that took place in Italy between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Pariani extends her observations to the present by focusing also on those South American women who are currently moving to Italy to work as cares for old people, often leaving their families behind. Motherhood and mothering are central themes in all three books. These works problematise the patriarchal notion of motherhood and highlight the need to move towards alternative concepts of motherhood that do not imply the subordination of women. Additionally, this article offers a reflection on the role that creative writing can play in challenging some of the most engrained stereotypes, such as those of the good mother versus the bad mother, partially related to our Christian tradition. Building on Podnieks and O’Reilly’s notion of “maternal texts” (1-2), this article argues that through fiction women are less inhibited in exploring the thornier aspects of motherhood as a social construction than they seem to be in everyday life.