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1
Kuzmenko (Staryshkina), Anastsiya A. "“Anxious Times Were Coming”: The Images of the Past in Ego-Documents of Russian Women-Journalists in the 2nd Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-125-135.
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The article aims to reveal characteristics of the images of the past in the ego-documents of Russian women journalists in the 2nd half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Historical epochs that were described by women-journalists in their text most often are the primary focus of our attention. These texts served as a means of commemoration, women tried to reinterpret historical background and recreate, by some means even construct the image of their professional community. The article indicates that women-journalists made a historical excursus rather rare, and also that the ego-documents contained reflection on the Great French revolution which was typical for the general historical culture of the Russian empire. Their perceptions of the degree of freedom, the role of the periodical press and literary figures in society served as one of the ways to construct the images of the past. Opinions on1860s and contribution of journalist’s community in events of this time supported a claim of the socio-professional group on high status, that was one of the major reasons for sacralizing and stereotyping image of the epoch led to the memory wars. The authors of the ego-documents considered the 1860s as the starting point to characterize other epochs. Their descriptions of the past were full of stamps typical for the historical culture of that period. Women-journalists strove to show the position of women in the family and their capability for professional self-realization in different historical periods described in the ego-documents.
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Sysolyatina, Sofiya V. "“Jephthah’s Daughter” by Amy Beach: the Biblical World in the Words of a Woman." ICONI, no. 2 (2019): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2019.2.059-067.
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The article examines from the positions of musical content by means of analysis of the musical and poetical the composition “Jephthah’s Daughter” by Amy Beach, an American composer of the late 19th and early 20th century, a member of the “Boston six” — a group of American composers of the turn of the century, also known as the New England School, among which Amy Beach was the only woman. “Jephthahʼs Daughter” is a concert aria for voice and orchestra, which is interesting in the context of the composer’s musical legacy, as well as an exemplary composition of its era. The aria is devoted to the Biblical subject matter or, more precisely, the well-known Old Testament plot of the sacrifi ce of the daughter of the Israelite judge Jephthah. Besides the analysis of the musical fabric, the article examines the author’s approach to the subject of the principle of the choice of the material and the work with the textual sources — the Biblical story and the French poem, which comprised the basis of the aria’s text. As a result, the conclusion is arrived at about the composer’s artistic intentions and about the conceptual component of the work. The article contains information about Amy Beach’s biography, her artistic approach, her attitude to religious subject matter and social problems of the society contemporary to her, in particular, the issues of equal rights for women.
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Martinovic, Marina, and Vladimir Jokanovic. "Divna Vekovic (1886-1944): The first woman physician in Montenegro." Medical review 59, no. 7-8 (2006): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0608391m.
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The authors are dealing with historical and political situation in Montenegro in the second part of the 19th century. They emphasized the importance of foundation of the Empress Maria Girls' Institute, which was financed by the Empress of Russia. Many famous South-Slav intellectuals have graduated from this Institute. Among them, the name of Divna Vekovic, the first woman physician in Montenegro, particularly stands out. A Sorbonne student, she was an outstanding physician and hu?manitarian during the First World War. Between the two World Wars, she revealed the spiritual wealth of Montenegro to Europe. She was the first to translate the Mountain of Wreath into French. She also translated the poetry of J. J. Zmaj and of other poets. During the World War II she continued her work in her birth place. She cared for the sick, the wounded and the poor. She died at the end of the war under mysterious circumstances. In the history of Montenegrin medicine, she has almost been forgotten. The aim of this paper is to lift the veil of oblivion from the life and work of this noble woman. .
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Šalinović, Ivana. "Women writers of 19th century Britain." Journal of Education Culture and Society 5, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20141.218.225.
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The theme of this paper are the nineteenth century woman authors in the United Kingdom and their writing. A brief overview of the woman writers during the whole century will be given. The most important authors will be represented. The paper will also explore the economic, social, political and other circumstances that determined their writing and try to represent their lives, their struggles, their writing and the styles they used.
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T. V., Kychkyruk, and Salata H. V. "The 18th and 19th-century french thinkers on civilization: a brief overview." HUMANITARIAN STUDIOS: PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY 11, no. 4 (November 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2020.04.110.
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The future development of both global and local civilizations is based on our knowledge of the past and our involvement in the present. It largely depends on rethinking the ideas of the past and reintegrating their productive elements into our worldview. The ideas of Turgot, Condorcet, Comte, Durkheim interpreted from the standpoint of today can become the missing pieces of the puzzle, the name of which is the civilization paradigm. The paper aims to explore the ideas of the famous 18th – 19th century French thinkers on civilization. The authors used cultural-historical and integrative approaches.
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Cuevas, Manuel Bruña. "Comment présenter un phonème moribond." Historiographia Linguistica 30, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2003): 45–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.03cue.
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Summary During the 19th century the old palatal l of French (in, e.g., travailler, travail, fille) definitively gave way to /j/. During about the same period Spanish underwent a similar evolution, but the process of substitution of /j/ for /ʎ/ found itself in a less advanced stage than in French; indeed, certain varieties of present-day Spanish still maintain these two phonemes. Taking all the works together which during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century were addressed to the teaching of French to speakers of Spanish, the author concentrates his attention on the difficulties that the authors encountered when presenting this dying or already deceased phoneme (namely, the palatal l of French) to an audience which, although it still possessed this phoneme in their own language, had begun to find it difficult to distinguish the diverse phonetic realizations that the Spanish /j/ was acquiring. As is shown in this study, the time difference in the evolution of this phenomenon of dephonologization in French and, with some delay, also in Spanish led the authors of these textbooks to misunderstandings and errors in the treatment of the disappearing or vanished former palatal l of French.
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Clark, Maribeth. "The Quadrille as Embodied Musical Experience in 19th-Century Paris." Journal of Musicology 19, no. 3 (2002): 503–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2002.19.3.503.
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During the 1830s in Paris the quadrille, a five-movement figure dance, became musically omnipresent to the distress of many critics, who saw the genre as detrimental to French music and musical taste. Discussions of the dance in journalism and literature associate bourgeois women and girls and working-class men with promotion of the genre. As a figure dance with walking steps, the quadrille was enjoyed by respectable women who experienced it as a safe frame for civilized social interaction, although their male counterparts found the dance boring and uninviting. In contrast, working-class men were known for their engaging and energetic performances as cancanneurs, improvisatory dancers exhibiting a lack of control associated with political instability and revolution. Quadrilles were perceived to have a negative influence on musical education for girls, who resembled the cancanneurs in their mechanical and animalistic qualities, and who preferred quadrilles over more ambitious pieces for piano. More serious was the perceived damage that arrangements of operas as quadrilles inflicted on the original, reducing great works to the banal through simplification. By serving as an example of all that stands in opposition to art in French music, the quadrille contributed to the formulation of the concept of music as art.
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AULITTO, Sabrina. "French life insurance lexicography in Canada." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i2.5174.
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In Canada, insurance terminology has long been living a linguistic emergency situation. This paper proposes the study of three different lexicographical works written by French authors of Canadian origin, aimed at normalizing the use of this lexicon. This need started at the end of 19th century, as testified by the Dictionnaire franais-anglais et anglais-français sur la vie written by Naraire Payette. This tradition had its great development in the 1960s, when translators and terminologists launched the refrancization project of the insurance sector, promoted by the Office de la langue franaise.
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Dular, Anja. "Classical Authors on the Bookshelves of Carniolan Nobility." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 20, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.20.1.131-144.
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Works by classical authors had a significant share in the aristocratic libraries of the Slovenian lands. While the selection of authors varied, there were some mainstays: Cicero, Horace, Ovid, Homer. The language of the books was either original or a German or French translation. All publications were furnished with commentaries and introductory chapters containing the authors’ biographies, often even with glossaries and grammar exercises. These additions, however, were considerably reduced in the 19th century. All library owners preserved classical language textbooks as well.
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ZOUACHE, ABDALLAH. "Institutions and the colonisation of Africa: some lessons from French colonial economics." Journal of Institutional Economics 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000503.
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AbstractThis paper will propose a comparative analysis of the conceptualization of colonisation that could shed light on the contemporary economic analysis of the colonial legacy in Africa. More specifically, this article will propose a return to old debates on colonisation, with a special focus on French 19th century political economy. Three main institutionalist lessons can be drawn from a careful analysis of French colonial economics of the 19th century. First, by institutions, the authors referred not only to the modes of colonisation – liberalism or collectivism? – but also to the actors: What should be the respective role of states and of private actors (entrepreneurs, banks, settlers) in the colonisation of Africa? Second, the colonial debates involved a discussion of property, whether in the sense of land ownership (individual vs. collective) or under the prism of property rights. Third, the analysis of the colonisation of Africa by French economists reveals an understanding of institutions as cultural values, norms or even racial attributes.
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Doy, Gen. "More than meets the eye … representations of black women in mid-19th-century french photography." Women's Studies International Forum 21, no. 3 (May 1998): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5395(98)00020-x.
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Shahab, Ali, Faruk Faruk, and Arif Rokhman. "French Literature: From Realism to Magical Realism." Jurnal Poetika 8, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v8i2.58651.
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The purpose of the article is to explore the evolution of French literature between the late 19th century and early 21st century. Although French literature has long been dominated by rationalistic ways of thinking, based on the thoughts of René Descartes and John Locke, authors have used different means to express their perceptions of society. The novel Madame Bovary (1856), including its depiction of conjugal relationships, can be considered to have pioneered realism in French literature. During the Second World War, existentialism and absurdism appeared as new ways of examining not only the relationship among humans, but also between humans and God. In the late 20th century, magical realism emerged as a new literary stream that explicitly recognized the irrationality of human thinking. This article finds that the rationality of realism was necessary for magical realism to be accepted; in this rationality, although works of magical realism were irrational, they had to be recognized as fine examples of French literature that embodied such revolutionary ideas as liberté (liberty), égalité (equality), and fraternité (fraternity). To study this phenomenon, we examine the history of french literature by applying archeological method in order to understand the world views of the authors and how they change over time.
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Kozha, Ksenia A. "THE CHINESE ‘IDEOGRAPHIC’ SCRIPT: EVOLUTION OF PERCEPTIONS (BASED ON THE 19TH CENTURY AUTHORS)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-210-218.
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The article explores briefly the history of research in one of the most arguable topics in Sinological linguistics — the definition of an ideographic script, i. e. the Chinese writing system perceptions in the Russian and Western sinology of the 19th century. J.-F. Champolion’s and T. Young’s discoveries of the nature of hieroglyphic script, its function and evolution, as well as their decipherment of the ancient Egyptians texts, naturally influenced the broad field of oriental linguistics, having stimulated researches of other hieroglyphic writing systems. The present article touches briefly upon works of the American scholars P. DuPanceau and S. Andrews, the British naturalist G. T. Lay, the French diplomat J.-M. Callery and the well-renowned Russian sinologists I. Bičurin and V. P. Vasilyev. Basing on the selection of works, relevant to the article’s subject matter, the author aims to illustrate the evolution of Sinological knowledge in one of its most arguable topics — the nature hieroglyphic script, its structure and modification over time. Selected passages from the above mentioned authors, their exchange of opinions and comments to each other’s works tend to demonstrate the development of the research methodology itself — the gradual shift from labelling the Chinese script with ideographic stamp to the recognition of its phono-semantic dimensions and its transformation towards a phonetic system of writing.
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Schram, C. "30. Abortion and the fall of midwifery in 19th Century North America." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2790.
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The 19th Century in North America was a time of many social and scientific changes that impacted the field of medicine. A result of one such change was the medicalization of childbirth, as the primary care of women during labour shifted from midwives to physicians. While there is ample discourse on the many factors that contributed to this shift, there is very little discussion on the role played by abortion. Studying abortion in the 19th Century is often limited by a paucity of primary sources from the physicians who performed abortions and women who obtained them. Although most authors who discuss the midwifery shift do not make any mention of a role played by the issue of abortion, it has been addressed and supported by primary sources. This raises the question, why is abortion not discussed in histories on the medicalization of childbirth by other authors?
The objectives of this paper are historical and histographic. First, it will present the evidence on the use of abortion as a political tool employed by some policy makers, physicians and the media to discourage women from choosing midwives for their childbirth care. Second, it will analyze possible reasons why this topic is not addressed by the majority of historians of childbirth in 19th Century North America. Are the authors concerned about the varying social views of abortion, the associated politics, the lack of primary sources, or are they personally uncomfortable with the subject? Only the authors themselves can truly know their reasons for neglecting the subject of abortion in their work, but this analysis will show how issues that influence historians determine the version of the past that is produced and propagated into the present and the future.
Borst CG. Catching Babies: the Professionalization of Childbirth, 1870-1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Bourgeault B, Davis-Floyd R, eds. Reconceiving Midwifery. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004.
Dodd DE, Gorham D, eds. Caring and Curing: Historical Perspectives on Women and Healing in Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1994.
Wertz DC, Wertz RW. Lying In; a History of Childbirth in America (expanded edition published 1989 by Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz) New York: Free Press; London: Macmillan, 1977.
Reagan LJ. Linking midwives and abortion in the Progressive Era. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1995; 69(4):569-98.
Reagan LJ. When Abortion Was a Crime, Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973. London: University of California Press, 1997.
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Rubik, Margarete. "Celebrating downward mobility in selected Australian texts." Acta Neophilologica 49, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.49.1-2.19-27.
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Several critics have pointed out that the new lower class national hero from late 19th century onwards was invariably male, and that women were largely excluded from this national stereotype. Yet several recent Australian authors have portrayed female characters who correspond to this insubordinate, defiantly lower class ideal, and thereby insert women into the national myth.
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Pstrocki-Sehovic, Sabina, and Sabina Pstrocki-Sehovic. "Fiction as a Medium of Social Communication in 19th Century France." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 2, no. 1 (October 12, 2014): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v2i1.104.
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This article will present the extent to which literature could be viewed as means of social communication – i.e. informing and influencing society – in 19thcentury France, by analysing the appearance of three authors at different points: the beginning, the middle and the end of the century. The first is the case of Balzac at the beginning of the 19th Century who becomes the most successful novelist of the century in France and who, in his prolific expression and rich vocabulary, portrays society from various angles in a huge opus of almost 100 works, 93 of them making his Comédie humaine. The second is the case of Gustave Flaubert whose famous novel Madame Bovary, which depicts a female character in a realist but also in a psychologically conscious manner, around the mid-19th century reaches French courts together with Les Fleurs du Mal by Charles Baudelaire and is exposed as being socially judged for its alleged immorality. The last is the political affair of Dreyfus and its defender Emile Zola, the father of naturalism. This case confirms the establishment of more intense relations between writer and politics and builds a solid way for a more conscious and everyday political engagement in the literary world from the end of the 19th century onwards. These three are the most important cases which illustrate how fiction functioned in relation to society, state and readership in 19th century France.
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Bourdillon, Pierre, Caroline Apra, and Marc Lévêque. "First clinical use of stereotaxy in humans: the key role of x-ray localization discovered by Gaston Contremoulins." Journal of Neurosurgery 128, no. 3 (March 2018): 932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.11.jns161417.
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Although attempts to develop stereotactic approaches to intracranial surgery started in the late 19th century with Dittmar, Zernov, and more famously, Horsley and Clarke, widespread use of the technique for human brain surgery started in the second part of the 20th century. Remarkably, a significant similar surgical procedure had already been performed in the late 19th century by Gaston Contremoulins in France and has remained unknown. Contremoulins used the principles of modern stereotaxy in association with radiography for the first time, allowing the successful removal of intracranial bullets in 2 patients. This surgical premiere, greatly acknowledged in the popular French newspaper L’Illustration in 1897, received little scientific or governmental interest at the time, as it emanated from a young self-taught scientist without official medical education. This surgical innovation was only made possible financially by popular crowdfunding and, despite widespread military use during World War I, with 37,780 patients having benefited from this technique for intra- or extracranial foreign bodies, it never attracted academic or neurosurgical consideration. The authors of this paper describe the historical context of stereotactic developments and the personal history of Contremoulins, who worked in the department of experimental physiology of the French Academy of Sciences led by Étienne-Jules Marey in Paris, and later devoted himself to radiography and radioprotection. The authors also give precise information about his original stereotactic tool “the bullet finder” (“le chercheur de projectiles”) and its key concepts.
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Bergès, Sandrine. "THE DESCENT OF WOMEN TO THE POWER OF DOMESTICITY." Ethics, Politics & Society 4 (August 6, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/eps.4.1.190.
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Is the virtue of domesticity a way for women to access civic power or is it a slippery slope to dependence and female subservience? Here I look at a number of philosophical responses to domesticity and trace a historical path from Aristotle to the 19th century Cult of Domesticity. Central to the Cult was the idea that women’s power was better used in the home, keeping everybody safe, alive, and virtuous. While this attitude seems to us very conservative, I want to argue that it has its roots in the republican thought of eighteenth-century France. I will show how the status of women before the French Revolutions did not allow even for power exercised in the home, and how the advent of republican ideals in France offered women non-negligible power despite their not having a right to vote.
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Díaz, Daniel Carrasco, Esteban Hernández-Esteve, Maria Jesús Morales Caparrós, and Daniel Sánchez Toledano. "20TH CENTURY PUBLICATIONS ON COST ACCOUNTING BY SPANISH AUTHORS PREVIOUS TO THE STANDARDIZATION ACT (1900–1978)." Accounting Historians Journal 36, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 139–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.36.2.139.
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This paper aims to describe and explain the beginning and evolution of cost accounting in Spain through the examination of accounting texts. In this evolution, three periods are distinguished: the late 19th century, the first half of the 20th century, and 1951–1978. In 1978, the official standardization of Spanish cost accounting occurred. Cost accounting first appeared in Spanish texts at the start of the 20th century. However, in 19th century accounting treatises can be found references to some aspects of cost accounting to which the paper refers. The traditional orientation of authors in the second period clearly reflects a monistic recording pattern, i.e., that cost accounting in combination with general accounting forms a homogeneous whole, with full-cost allocation on the basis of historical costs. The small differences found among these authors relate to a large extent to the fixed-costs allocation. This period corresponds to the introduction into Spain of the Central European school of accounting thought represented by Pedersen, Schmalenbach, Palle Hansen, and, above all, by Schneider. This influence intensified from 1951 onward. In the second half of the 20th century, German thought shared influence with American thought represented in the works of Kester, Horngren, Lang, Lawrence, Neuner, etc. The French Accounting Plan (General Chart of Accounts), published in 1957, also had an obvious influence on Spanish accounting scholars of this time. This influence is clearly shown in the Spanish standardization of cost accounting published in 1978 as part of the first Plan General de Contabilidad (General Accounting Plan) passed in 1973.
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Mykhailova, O. V. "Background. The diverse experience of artistic culture, refl ected in the established system of genres, appears in a new light from the standpoint of modernity as experts." Aspects of Historical Musicology 15, no. 15 (September 15, 2019): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-15.06.
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from different fi elds of art refer to the same topic. Stable repetition of phenomena, the names of which were originally perceived in the poetic and metaphorical way, indicates the formation of a certain genre branch, little developed in scientifi c research. Genre neoformations of this kind include walks, behind the semantic layer of which a certain set of stylistic means shines through. It is not by chance that attempts are made to comprehend this phenomenon in aesthetic and artistic aspects. Objectives. The purpose of the article is to highlight the phenomena of artistic culture with the most vivid signs of promenade elements, to consider a set of musical instruments used by French composers of the late 19th – early 20th century in the music “walks”. Methods. To determine the role of walks in the genre palette of the music of the 20th century, the historical biographical and the comparative research methods were used. Results. The author of the article reveals the role of walks in the French national life and culture. Their characteristic signs are the following: desire for rest, lightness of being, enjoying the moment. From here, the verbal landscapes from the “In Search of Lost Time” novel by M. Proust take their beginning in, which were inspired by his walking in the Bois de Boulogne forest, in the outskirts of Paris, the province of Illiers-Combray, where the writer took care of fl owers, trees and shrubs. A similar passion for walking and studying the fl ora was also experienced by the enlightener J.-J. Rousseau. He was known to spend a long time feasting eyes on plants, collecting herbariums, often recording his observations. This also explains why C. Monet loved wandering in the wilds. The famous artist, known for his landscape paintings, bought from the local farmers a piece of land that bordered with his estate in order to freely wander around the fi elds in search of the right object, favorable angle or necessary lighting. As a result, promenade walking, being a typical national feature, is often embodied in French music and poetry. This phenomenon is common outside of French art as well. In music, we can refer to “The Walk” by S. Prokofi ev and “The Walk” from the “Pictures at an Exhibition” by M. Mussorgsky; in prose - “The Walk” by N. Karamzin, “Walking in Rome” by G. Morton, “Walking with Pushkin” by A. Tertz, “Six Walks in the Fictional Woods” by U. Eco; in painting – “The Walk” by M. Chagall, “An Evening Walk”, “A Man and a Woman on a Walk in the Forest” by A. Toulouse-Lautrec, “A Walk”, “A Walk” by P. Delvaux, “A Walk” by E. Degas. Quite a few works in the genre of walks revealed such areas of public knowledge as lecture sessions, historical excursions and reviews of art. Thus, the art critic, historian, art historian S. Stavitsky organized a lecture session “Walk as a genre of modern art”, which consisted of three meetings: “Walk Aesthetics”, “Walk and Neo-avant-garde”, and “Actionist Walks”. Polish literary critic Z. Kopech published a collection of articles called “Walks in Modern Polish Literature” devoted to the issues of national prose, poetry and drama. E. Kulikova wrote the work called “Walks in the Lyrics of Anna Akhmatova”, where the author reviews several of her poems , including “The Walks”. B. Godard’s piano cycle “Chemin Faisant” (1880–1881) was analyzed, where each of the pieces appears as a sketch, a “photography” of a walking person. The fi rst three items of the cycle – “Going Over”, “Crying” and “Singing”, form a mini-cycle, since they contrast with each other in terms of image and content, although they remain related in terms of the selected means complex. Among them are: fi gures of movement, repetition, dynamic approach of “moving closer-moving away”, staccato technique in outside pieces. The unifying principle is the direction of all stylistic means to visualize a music image. This explains the presence and individual traits, since the character’s image created by the composer is endowed with a unique identity. The distinctness, tangibility of B. Godard’s musical images makes one ponder over the impact of cinema on musical art: its abilities through the details – expressions of eyes, facial expressions, turns of the head – transmit a change of emotional state, moods, put together a special emotional and psychological plot. A different approach to a descriptive music in “The Walks” (1921) by F. Poulenc is revealed, where the composer does not present a character on a walk, and does not tell stories. Instead, he creates the appropriate surrounding, inspires us with the atmosphere of such different and contrasting walks with the help of harmonic colors, tempos, texture, dynamic and articulation means. His music language is far from being simple, it is full of bizarre rhythms and complex chords, thus putting forward serious technical requirements. Above all, the composer’s targeted attitudes when creating the visible realism of his urban plots are evidenced by numerous text remarks, which are designed to guide a musician as accurately as possible towards the required performance character. They are found everywhere and relate to all components of the music: tempo, sound level, mood, articulation, agogics, pedal usage. A set of various sound and visual means help a performer to implement the composer’s instructions. Conclusions. The universal and wide compositional possibilities of walks as a special artistic genre are proved by its relevance in various types of art and scientifi c knowledge. The authors use different means of declaring their idea, and different way to materialize it. This versatile experience opens the way to comprehending the new and the unexplored, steadily and leisurely, as if you are just a curious walking person.
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Fruzińska, Justyna. "American Slavery Through the Eyes of British Women Travelers in the First Half of the 19th Century." Ad Americam 19 (February 8, 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.19.2018.19.08.
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My paper investigates 19th-century travel writing by British women visiting America: texts by such authors as Frances Trollope, Isabella Bird, or Frances Kemble. I analyze to what extent these travelers’ gender influences their view of race. On the one hand, as Tim Youngs stresses, there seems to be very little difference between male and female travel writing in the 19th century, as women, in order to be accepted by their audience, needed to mimic men’s style (135). On the other hand, women writers occasionally mention their gender, as for example Trollope, who explains that she is not competent enough to speak on political matters, which is why she wishes to limit herself only to domestic issues. This provision, however, may be seen as a mere performance of a conventional obligation, since it does not prevent Trollope from expressing her opinions on American democracy. Moreover, Jenny Sharpe shows how Victorian Englishwomen are trapped between a social role of superiority and inferiority, possessing “a dominant position of race and a subordinate one of gender” (11). This makes the female authors believe that as women they owe to the oppressed people more sympathy than their male compatriots. My paper discusses female writing about the United States in order to see how these writers navigate their position of superiority/inferiority.
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Mitsyuk, Natalia A., and Anna V. Belova. "Midwifery as the first official profession of women in Russia, 18th to early 20th centuries." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-270-285.
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The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.
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Oyebode, Femi. "Baudelaire and The Flowers of Evil." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 19, no. 1 (January 2013): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008391.
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SummaryThis article examines Charles Baudelaire's life, works and his most important collection, The Flowers of Evil. Baudelaire is regarded as one of the most important 19th-century French poets. He revolutionised the content and subject matter of poetry and served as a model for later poets around the world. He continues to exert immense influence on writers. He contracted syphilis early in life, experienced episodes of depression, and had intense and complicated relationships with his mother and other women in his life.
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Milanović, Vesna. "Le sujet poétique dans l’œuvre de Lǐ Hè et dans celle de Rimbaud." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2011-0002.
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Abstract As an attempt to compare Lǐ Hè, a Chinese poet from the Táng Dynasty, and the French 19th century poet Arthur Rimbaud (in spite of a total lack of any traceable historical, cultural and inter-textual connections), this paper focuses on linguistic and stylistic phenomena serving as a proof for a striking resemblance between the two authors. Thus the first part of the article deals with effects of focalization, a specific conception of the metaphor as well as the status of the lyrical subject, establishing a theoretical basis for the concrete comparison presented in the second part. The conclusion is concerned with the question if the poems of Lǐ Hè can be translated into French by ‛adopting‟ Rimbaud‟s poetic language.
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Bessy, Marianne, and Mary Sloan Morris. "Representing the Twenty-First Century Migrant Experience: Adam and Fleutiaux’s Problematic Empathy." ALTERNATIVE FRANCOPHONE 2, no. 6 (February 17, 2020): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/af29387.
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In recent years, a trend in French literature has emerged among non-migrant French authors. In her 2018 study, The Migrant Canon in Twenty-First-Century France, Sabo describes this trend as “the emergence of French authors who write about migration” (27). Similarly, Louviot argued that “the drama of migrants dying on Europe’s doorstep has inspired many […] French writers with no postcolonial or (im)migrant background” (6). This article—which focuses on two texts, À l’abri de rien by Olivier Adam (2007) and Destiny by Pierrette Fleutiaux (2016)—examines how non-migrant French authors have attempted to give a voice to illegal migrants in their recent literary works. Each work recounts the story of a French woman who attempts to help one or several migrants as they navigate horrid living conditions (in a Calais-like city in À l’abri de rien and in Paris in Destiny), suffer mental and physical breakdowns, and face French authorities. This study demonstrates that there is an inherent ambivalence at the heart of how these two non-migrant French authors have attempted to voice the plight of today’s illegal migrants in France. While Adam and Fleutiaux’s texts aim to foster empathy toward migrants, they also feature complex altruistic motives that are far from selfless. Adam and Fleutiaux strive to humanize migrants and their trajectories by creating an empathic discourse of care. However, migrant characters are also portrayed as passive objects of fascination becoming pawn-like figures in the lives of the two white female protagonists. The article questions these characters’ altruism by analyzing how their own mental states overpower their empathic drives, thus bringing to light the questionable reasons why these two women become consumed by the need to help migrants. Ultimately, these considerations help build a critique of the problematic empathy Adam and Fleutiaux have constructed and its ethical ramifications.
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Matkovic, Roberta, and Tanja Habrle. "Female Authors under the Mask of a Male Pseudonym - Some Approaches to Revealing Authors’ Gender." European Journal of Language and Literature 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v3i1.p69-76.
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A patriarchal society has very clear and rigid norms. Its frame does not allow one to move out of it, and a mode of behaviour which attempts any change is severely punished. This kind of society has strict written and unwritten rules, and it seems that the second kind are more harmful and painful for the individual than the first. In 19th century, European society was strongly patriarchal, and a phenomenon which confirms this is the fact that many female writers published their works under a male pseudonym. A patriarchal system attempts to prevent women from any artistic and scientific form and expression, as they are labelled as less intellectually able or talented, but by choosing a male pseudonym they found a way to reach their goal. An author writes about what he knows, what surrounds him and/or what he notices, feels and thinks. Considering that a patriarchal society system is highly defined, female and male points of view, their angles of reflection and aims are obviously different. In novels, choice of character and situation and the description of such, can easily reveal an author’s gender. These approaches will be illustrated by analysing the work of Vincenza Speraz, who lived in North Italy between the 19th and 20th centuries, and published her works under the pseudonym Bruno Sperani.
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Basuki, Teguh, and Arifah Arum Candra H. "THE LIFE OF GERVAISE MACQUART AS A LOWER WORKING CLASS WOMEN UNDER FRENCH SECOND EMPIRE IN THE NOVEL L’ASSOMMOIR BY ÉMILE ZOLA." Jurnal Humaniora 27, no. 1 (June 3, 2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v27i1.6415.
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The industrialization which developed in the 19th century France had brought both positive and negative impacts. Some of the negative impacts are the rising number of labors, the emergence of inter class conflicts, social problems such as prostitution, and the oppression of lower class women. This research will discuss about the life of lower class women depicted in the novel L’Assommoir by Émile Zola, as the portrayal of the reality in the French Second Empire. The analysis uses qualitative descriptive technique and applies Foucaults’s theory on social exclusion, Beauvoir’s theory of second sex, and also gender theory. The analysis shown that Zola criticize the inequalities in the life of lower class women under Second Empire. It also shows that lower class women excluded from the ‘grand’ discourse in French society. The exclusion process which is done by society and supported by the State at that time regarded as a normal thing and ‘taken for granted’.
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Linkova, Elena V., and Marc De Bollivier. "French historiography of the Crimean war (1853-1856): main trends and tendencies." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-1-240-253.
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This article is devoted to the study of the French historiographical tradition of studying the Crimean war. Due to the fact that the French historiography of the Crimean campaign has diff erences from the Russian or Anglo-Saxon, it is interesting to turn to the study of the features that are characteristic for the works of French historians. One of the key theses of this article is the statement of the following situation in French historical science: since the second half of the 19th century the Crimean war was studied in the framework of studies on the history of the Second Empire. In the late twentieth century the scientifi c tradition has undergone certain changes, as a result of which the events of 1853-1856 became the subject of separate studies on the military history of France and historical anthropology. This feature infl uenced the perception of the war in French public opinion and the scientifi c community and led to the diff erentiation of certain problems and subjects directly related to the history of the Crimean war. The study of French historiography allows us to determine the themes that prevailed in the scientifi c thought of France during the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries, as well as those trends that are currently key in discussing the prerequisites, the nature, the results of the military campaign of 1853-1856. The authors conclude that the scientifi c and possibly public interest in the Crimean war in France is much lower than in Russia. The events of 1853-1856, largely overshadowed by the discussions and memory of the First World war, gradually turn into a little-known period of French history. However, the jubilee years associated with the Crimean war and the siege of Sevastopol are an important point that allows us to revisit the study of both the military campaign and diplomacy, and in general the history of Russian-French relations.
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Vo, Nhon Van. "TRANSLATED LITERATURE IN COCHINCHINA IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY AND IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i1.2099.
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Being colonized by France, Cocochina (the South of Vietnam) was the region where Western literature was introduced into earlier than the North. Truong Minh Ky was considered the first translator of Western literature in Vietnam. His earliest works of translation appeared in 1884. By the early 20th century, introduced to Vietnamese readers were Western literary works not only of French origin but also of British, American and Russian origins; not only poetry, prose but also drama. In the late 19th century, many writers such as Truong Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua were interested in Chinese literature. In the first decade of the 20th century, a wide variety of Chinese novels were translated into Vietnamese, forming a strong movement of translating "truyen Tau” (Chinese fictions). The remarkable characteristics of the translation of Western literature in Cochinchina were as follows - The newspapers and magazines in “Quoc Ngu” (Vietnamese language written in Latin characters) where the first works of translation were published played very important role. - The translators were greatly diverse, coming from different social and cultural backgrounds. - More translation was made on prose. Novels of martial arts, historical stories, novels of heroic deeds attracted the attention of the translators and the publishers. Therefore, they were translated much more than romance novels were, because of their compatibility with popular audience. - By translating the works of Western literature, the writers tried to express new concepts of humanism, such as women rights, or gender issues. Translated literature in Cocochina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflects a paradox: Western influences started to leave their marks but the Chinese influence was still strongly engraved. However, this was a remarkable step in the journey of modernization of national literature. Through these early translated works, new literary genres were introduced and Vietnamese readers gradually became familiar with them. Translation experiences were the first steps for Cocochina writers to achieve thorough understanding, to learn Western writing techniques and styles, which helped them become the pioneers of new literature in Vietnam.
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Malinovská, Zuzana, and Ján Živčák. "A bitter diagnostic of the ultra-liberal human: Michel Houellebecq on some ethical issues." Ethics & Bioethics 9, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2019): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ebce-2019-0013.
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Abstract The paper examines the ethical dimensions of Michel Houellebecq’s works of fiction. On the basis of keen diagnostics of contemporary Western culture, this world-renowned French writer predicts the destructive social consequences of ultra-liberalism and enters into an argument with transhumanist theories. His writings, depicting the misery of contemporary man and imagining a new human species enhanced by technologies, show that neither the so-called neo-humans nor the “last man” of liberal democracies can reach happiness. The latter can only be achieved if humanist values, shared by previous generations and promoted by the great 19th-century authors (Balzac, Flaubert), are reinvented.
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Brezhneva, Svetlana, Vladimir Shaidurov, and Irina Nikulina. "“Disenfranchised” Sart: everyday life of a Turkestan woman at the turn of the 19th - 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi16.
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The article is devoted to the daily life of the Saratov people, who disappeared from the historical arena as a result of the national division held in 1924. The authors ' interest is focused on the gender aspect of the problem. The main attention is paid to the way of life, customs, and character of the Sarti women, as the least known part of the Muslim society of Turkestan. The sources used are the works of ethnographers, historians, Orientalists, and simply eyewitnesses who visited or lived in Turkestan at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
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Bakker, Peter. "Relexification in Canada: The Case of Métif (French-Cree)." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 3 (September 1989): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013505.
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Métif is a language spoken in the Canadian prairie provinces and the American prairie states bordering Canada. There are probably between 3000 and 5000 people who speak Métif as their first language, most of them of advanced age. They are living mostly in scattered Métis settlements. The Métis are a nation of mixed Amerindian and European descent. From the 17th century on French Canadian fur traders and voyageurs travelled west-wards from French Canada. Many of them married Amerindian women, who were often Cree speaking. Around 1860 the Métis were the largest population group of the Canadian West, many of them multilinguals. From the first decades of the 19th century the Métis started to consider themselves as a separate ethnic group, neither European nor Amerindian (see e.g., Peterson and Brown 1985). The Métis are still a distinct people. The Métis nowadays often speak Cree, Ojibwa, Métif, French and English or a combination of these. They often speak particular varieties of these languages. Not only is the French spoken by the Métis markedly different from other North American French dialects the language called Métif is uniquely spoken among the Métis people. For more information on Métif and Métis languages, see the publications listed in Bakker (1989).
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Arslanov, Rafael A., and Elena V. Linkova. "The History of the Russo-French Relations in the First Quarter of the 19th Century in the Documents from the Joseph de Maistre`s fond in the Archive of Savoy." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-604-618.
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The article presents an overview of epistolary heritage and other documents of French thinker, diplomat, and writer Joseph de Maistre, which are stored in the Archive of Savoy (Chambery, France). The Savoy Archive is a major research center which contains in its personal provenance fonds correspondence, essays, notes, and dispatches of J. de Maistre. Chambery was the Savoy thinker’s hometown, a place where his personality and views were formed and where his complex life path began. The authors analyze the main problems that worried J. de Maistre and were reflected in his works and letters which may be found in the archive of Chambery. While working with archival documents, the authors used source studies methods: firstly, such general scientific methods as retrospective and analytical approach; secondly, comparative analyses; thirdly, source studies methods, such as critical and heuristic approach. These methods have allowed to analyze the epistolary legacy of J. de Maistre, to identify the yet unpublished sources and interpret them. All these documents help to reveal the circle of his Russian correspondents. The research allows to interpret the views of the French philosopher, one of the founders of political conservatism. The authors emphasize that it was in Russia that he created his main works that influenced the emerging Russian conservative socio-political thought. The study of archival fonds helps to determine his social circle while serving in Russia (1803-1817) as a Sardinian envoy. The analysis of these documents assesses his influence on the Russian political elite and Emperor Alexander I himself. These documents have great value for a number of reasons. Firstly, they allow to trace the evolution of Joseph de Maistre`s views, his career, social and political activities; secondly, they reflect the Russo-French relations in one of most crucial periods of the European history, that of the Napoleonic wars. The authors point out that formation and evolution of Napoleon Bonaparte's image in Russia was closely connected with the name of Joseph de Maistre. Thus, it is important to study the heritage of the French emigrants, the French at the Russian Emperor’s serve or on a diplomatic mission in St. Petersburg. Studying de Maistre’s views allows not only to monitor his ideological attitudes and their evolution, but also to identify the mechanisms of their adoption in Russia. The accumulated scientific material allows the authors to come to certain conclusions, which are valuable for studying not just J. de Maistre’s views and influence, but also Russo-French relations in the Napoleonic era. Thus, the analysis of archival materials of the J. de Maistre`s fond significantly expands our understanding of international relations in early 19th century, interaction of two cultures, history of the Russian socio-political thought.
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Shcherbatova, Irina F. "The Formation of the Historiosophical Discourse in Russiaat the Beginning of the 19th Century." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-1-122-131.
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This article argues that by 1830s historiosophical discourse in Russia had become both a specific genre and a type of ideology. The article outlines the spectrum of philosophical approaches to history within this genre and ideology. It argues that the defeat of the Decembrist revolt led to the formation of a particular negative interpretation of Russian history amongst Russian philosophers of that time. The author offers an analysis of works by Dmitry Venevitinov, Ivan Kireyevsky, and Pyotr Chaadayev written in the late 1820s and in the early 1830s. These texts allow us to explore the genealogy and distinctive style of Russian philosophy of history. Nikolay Karamzin’s interpretation of history as governed by providence proved to be the most influential interpretation of the 19th century. Pyotr Chaadaev’s historical pessimism and Ivan Kireyevsky’s optimistic messianism were both influenced by Karamzin’s humanist anthropology. All these thinkers were looking to determine the meaning of Russian history, and this very task inevitably entails rhetorical and ideological constructions. Russian messianism and the popular Russian idea of the decay of Europe were inspired by the conservative reception of the French revolution by religious thinkers in Europe. This messianic philosophy of history was expressed in a very non-scholarly discourse and was interwoven with ideas of teleology and providence together with some superficial comparative observations. There is a striking similarity between philosophy of history in the 1830s and the philosophy that was developed by the authors of the Vekhi collection in the early 20th century.
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Shcherbatova, Irina F. "The Formation of the Historiosophical Discourse in Russiaat the Beginning of the 19th Century." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-1-122-131.
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This article argues that by 1830s historiosophical discourse in Russia had become both a specific genre and a type of ideology. The article outlines the spectrum of philosophical approaches to history within this genre and ideology. It argues that the defeat of the Decembrist revolt led to the formation of a particular negative interpretation of Russian history amongst Russian philosophers of that time. The author offers an analysis of works by Dmitry Venevitinov, Ivan Kireyevsky, and Pyotr Chaadayev written in the late 1820s and in the early 1830s. These texts allow us to explore the genealogy and distinctive style of Russian philosophy of history. Nikolay Karamzin’s interpretation of history as governed by providence proved to be the most influential interpretation of the 19th century. Pyotr Chaadaev’s historical pessimism and Ivan Kireyevsky’s optimistic messianism were both influenced by Karamzin’s humanist anthropology. All these thinkers were looking to determine the meaning of Russian history, and this very task inevitably entails rhetorical and ideological constructions. Russian messianism and the popular Russian idea of the decay of Europe were inspired by the conservative reception of the French revolution by religious thinkers in Europe. This messianic philosophy of history was expressed in a very non-scholarly discourse and was interwoven with ideas of teleology and providence together with some superficial comparative observations. There is a striking similarity between philosophy of history in the 1830s and the philosophy that was developed by the authors of the Vekhi collection in the early 20th century.
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Kotsiuk, Lesia, Oksana Kostiuk, Inna Kovalchuk, Viktoria Polishchuk, and Vadym Bobkov. "The Formation and Development of Women’s Secondary Education in Volyn in the 19th–the Beginning of the 20th Century." Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.2.227.240.
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Aim. The article aims to analyse the formation and development of women’s secondary education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries under historical, sociocultural, and religious factors. Methods. The authors describe the historical, sociocultural, and religious situation in Volyn of the late 19th-early 20th centuries and apply comparative diachronic and synchronous analyses of the charters of the educational institutions for girls, their curricula and weekly workload. Systematised pedagogical approaches to teaching and testing students of the analysed schools are used. Results and conclusion. The formation and development of women’s education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries represents a natural, consistent change in the content and structure of educational processes under certain specific historical conditions. Due to subordination changes in the region, private Orthodox boarding houses for noble girls became widespread in Volyn. Ostroh Women’s Specialised School, founded by Countess Antonina Bludova, underwent a qualitative and structural transformation under the influence of specific historical events. Both Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School and the Bratsvo School aimed to raise a certified woman who can teach children at home and other educational institutions. Analysis of the statutes of educational institutions, programmes of academic disciplines, and weekly workload indicates following the educational sequence principle. In Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School, attention was paid to general disciplines in the first years of study (arithmetics, languages, geography, general history etc.). At the last stage (4th grade), students were taught pedagogy (methodology) directly related to their future profession.
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Bogoderova, A. A. "Temporary marriage as Russian literary pattern in the 19th – early 20th century." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2020): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/72/7.
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The paper deals with the subject of temporary marriage between Russian sailors and Japanese women in fictional and non-fictional literature. The literary pattern of temporary marriage includes time limitation of the marriage, the language or/and cultural barrier and the man’s leaving at the end. The time limitation sometimes makes one or both spouses consider this marriage as legal, but “not true.” There are two main variants of the pattern in Russian travel notes of the 19th − early 20th century. The first is the positive one (A. Krasnov, D. Schreider, and N. Bartoshewsky). Both husband and wife are kind-hearted people, their family life is pure and real, although they do not entirely understand each other’s language. The second is the negative one (F. Knorring, D. Armfelt, G. de Vollan, and Vinogradov). Husband and wife are both pragmatic, rational, and cold, with the whole tradition turning into a sort of prostitution and insincere comedy. The plot variants, with one of the spouses being pragmatic, mercantile and cruel, and another loving, faithful, and suffering, are not common. Yuzhakov’s travel notes include such a rare case. The asymmetrical variant was more popular in Western fiction (Madame Butterfly). Russian fiction prefers the positive variant of the pattern. In short stories by D. Persky and M. Volkonsky, the authors transform the motives from Madame Chrysanthème by P. Loti and Madame Butterfly by J. L. Long by showing the Russians as noble people and achieving a happy end wherever possible.
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Taylor-Terlecka, Nina. "Western Travellers in the Caucasus. Georgia’s Highways and Byways: Hotels, Inns & Taverns in the 19th Century." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 51, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.599.
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Drawing on a wide range of French, English and Russian-language printed source material, the paper deals with the travel accounts of Western visitors to Georgia and the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. Focusing on the everyday practical experience of travel, it outlines the birth of the hotel trade in Tbilisi. After c. 1850, with the building of a railroad, “civilizational” standards began to improve, and over the years Tbilisi hotels were described as being as “good as any European establishment”.Under the heading of provincial travel, the paper addresses the issue of general supplies, provisions and self-catering, modes of transportation, the state of the roads, and the network of postal-stations, whose erratic services were supplemented by the omnipresent, albeit highly unreliable, wayside inn or dukhan. Coming to the Caucasus and Georgia on specific assignments (diplomatic, political, military, commercial, or scholarly) the authors of travelogues bring their prior expectations, nurtured by ancient myths, ancient literature, and a study of earlier travel accounts, with which they engage in textual dialogue. In their sundry reflections and musings they seldom fail to enthuse on the tourist potential of Georgia in particular, and the Caucasus more generally.
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Langebner, Thomas, and Christian Lampl. "Two early descriptions of restless legs syndrome by J. Astruc (1736) and M.A. Weikard (1796)." Neurology 91, no. 17 (October 22, 2018): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006393.
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ObjectiveTo find and analyze early descriptions of restless legs syndrome (RLS).MethodsDatabases and textbooks were searched to document the current knowledge on the history of RLS and to identify additional early descriptions of RLS.ResultsTwo recently discovered early descriptions of RLS are presented together with a review of the current knowledge on the history of RLS.ConclusionsThe French physician Jean Astruc described an RLS-like condition in 1736. In his Treatise of the Venereal Disease, he speaks of a minor but frightening kind of pain “wandering all over the Tibia” and leading to “restlessness and tossing of the Feet.” This text was well-known to authors in the 18th and 19th century, but apparently fell into oblivion later on. In his description of “anxietas tibiarum” or “Wadenunruhe,” Melchior Adam Weikard refers to earlier authors. As a dedicated Brunonian physician, he classified it as an asthenic condition and recommended treatment with diluted liquor.
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Paszkowicz, Wojciech. "Inspirations, interactions and associations: On some links between the works of Vladimir Vysotsky and English-, French- and German-language poetry, theatre and pop music." Tekstualia 2, no. 53 (July 29, 2018): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3290.
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The threads binding the poetry of Vladimir Vysotsky with Russian and foreign literature have a diverse character – some convergences, similarities of his works to those of other authors can be identifi ed in the content, the subject, and the metre of the poems. Some of the literary associations are easily detectable for any recipient, others are more diffi cult to fi nd. The article focuses on the identifi ed links between the works of Vysotsky and those of foreign authors such as Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Robert Burns, and Bertolt Brecht. The convergences observed between Vysotsky’s and de Béranger’s poems, in the subject, form, and metre, indicate the affi nity of the way of thinking and ideals, as well as both poets’ love of freedom, despite the 150 year gap between their birth dates. The presented links with literature of the 18th, 19th, and 20th century widen the opportunities for interpreting the works of Vladimir Vysotsky.
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Cunningham, Jacqueline L. "Contributions to the History of Psychology: L. French Historical Views on the Acceptability of Evidence regarding Child Sexual Abuse." Psychological Reports 63, no. 2 (October 1988): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.343.
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An historical view shows that much plasticity has existed in the acceptability of evidence regarding sexual abuse of children, depending on theoretical underpinnings and more strongly on emotional reactions to this topic. These relationships have been illustrated by 19th-century French authors in how they have seen the seriousness of the problem of sexual abuse in childhood, sought to document its incidence, and upheld the credibility of children's testimony. Three important historical perspectives regarding these issues are presented in this paper. Together, they represent a dialectic and contextual course in the psychological conceptualization of this topic similar to one repeated within our own times. They thus furnish a compelling case in favor of contemporary social constructionist theory and raise the related issue of alternatives to a staunch empiricist and inductivist approach to the planning and evaluation of research in this area.
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Ageeva, Natalia N. "THE HISTORY OF FRANCE OF THE XIX CENTURY IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICISTIC HERITAGE OF S.F. FORTUNATOV." Historical Search 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-1-39-46.
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The article is devoted to the study of the scientific and publicistic heritage of the little-studied Russian historian-novist Stepan Fedorovich Fortunatov (1850–1918). According of his political views, the historian was a consistent supporter of liberalism, which largely determined the scope of his scientific interests. History of France in the 19th century. S.F. Fortunatov considered in a special lecture course, which he read at Moscow University, at the Higher Courses for Women and at the University. A.L. Shanyavsky, and also addressed it’s in his articles and numerous reviews. The lithographed edition of his lecture course allows us to identify both the structure of the course itself and to determine the range of issues that the historian considered the most significant for the study of this period. An analysis of the lecture materials shows that, he strove to convey to his students the peculiarities of the political and legal development of France in different periods. At the same time, S.F. Fortunatov skillfully combined the eventful presentation of French history of the 19th century, so rich in political upheavals, a fairly detailed study of the development of political thought and an analysis of constitutional and legal legislation. In the lecture course, the author repeatedly turned to the analysis of the latest domestic and foreign researches on the history of France. In articles and reviews concerning the history of France in the 19th century, the historian also mainly dealt with issues related to the change of political regimes, the peculiarities of the country’s constitutional structure and the struggle for the establishment of fundamental human rights and freedoms. He repeatedly emphasized the importance of highlighting the main forms and methods of resistance to the despotism of power, undoubtedly keeping in mind the relevance of this issue for Russia. Thus, lectures and articles by S.F. Fortunatov on the history of France in the 19th century were aimed primarily at studying the struggle for the triumph of republican ideas and substantiating the inevitability of the country’s development along this path.
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Agorni, Mirella. "A Marginal(ized) Perspective on Translation History: Women and Translation in the Eighteenth Century." Meta 50, no. 3 (November 2, 2005): 817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011598ar.
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Abstract Translation was a prestigious activity in Britain in the Eighteenth Century, and the field was divided into two distinct areas: translation from the classics (focusing on Latin and Greek authors) which was a male-dominated territory, and translation from modern languages (French, German, Italian and Spanish) which was one of the few literary genres open to women. Yet, there were some significant exceptions in the area of the classics. I will analyze the case of Elizabeth Carter (1717-1806), the celebrated translator of Epictetus from the Greek, who developed a particularly original approach to translation, by adopting an ingenious form of proto-feminist collaboration with her friend Catherine Talbot (1721-70).
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Grubišić Pulišelić, Eldi. "Zwischen Tradition und Emanzipation." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 63, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2018-0003.
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SummaryThis paper analyses the criticism of the position of women, the existing gender relations and marriage in women’s literature at the end of the 19th century, taking the examples of the novel Plein air (1897) by Croatian author Jagoda Truhelka (1864–1957) and of the short story Wieder die Alte (1886) by Austrian writer Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830–1916). These authors, from the area of the then Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, in spite of different ethnicity, but also of different social status, published stories in the late 19th century where they discussed a similar topic. Both authors are concerned with the issue of women’s work and existence outside or inside civil marriage, but the endings of their works are completely different. While Truhelka’s heroine manages to realize a marriage of love, the heroine of Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach becomes a victim of existing social relationships. Despite the sharp critique of patriarchy and the disruption of the stereotype of a woman as an angel in the home in Plein air, at the end of the novel there is a harmonization of interpersonal relations and the resolution of all existing conflicts, both at a personal and socio-political level. Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach does not show such optimism in Wieder die Alte and her emancipated women are left alone to build their moral integrity into a life without male love. However, we can conclude Truhelka’s, as well as Ebner-Eschenbach’s heroine remain trapped between tradition and emancipation because of, or despite the fact that love shows (no) power in the tyranny of society.
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Sekenova, Olga, and Natalia Pushkareva. "TOWARDS A HISTORY OF EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN WOMEN HISTORIANS OF THE LATE 19TH — BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: LEISURE AND RECREATION." Antropologicheskij forum 17, no. 49 (June 2021): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2021-17-49-132-153.
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The article focuses on the study of the anthropology of everyday life of persons of intellectual labor. The subject of the study are the leisure peculiarities of the everyday life and home life of the first Russian women historians of the pre-revolutionary period, the variety of forms of free time available to the first women scientists among professional historians, as well as the budget and the ratio of their working and free time. Reflecting on the peculiarities in the study of the everyday life of the academic and teaching communities and describing the main forms of leisure of “learned ladies”, the authors give examples of how they organize and attend intellectual “evenings”, reading professional and fictional literature, forms of public engagement, including charitable activities. Various documents of personal origin—memoirs, diaries, personal correspondences of the first Russian women historians—made it possible to draw conclusions about the complex interweaving of free and working time in the life of women scientists, the flow of work into leisure and vice versa. The authors also demonstrate that the gradual entry of women into the male academic environment significantly influenced the practice of leisure: the contamination of work and rest was sometimes forced, and the adaptation to an academic career went, among other things, through the assimilation of appropriate leisure practices, which became an integral part of the lifestyle of women scientists. The marginalized position of the first Russian women historians forced them to try to keep being involved in social interactions. For this purpose, they sought to consolidate professional acquaintances at informal evenings, where it was possible to understand the unwritten rules of conduct and corporate norms of the academic environment. That said, the real joy for women was the presence of personal space in which they could devote themselves to the scientific process—engaging in fruitful research work.
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Pölönen, Janne, and Björn Hammarfelt. "Historical Bibliometrics Using Google Scholar: The Case of Roman Law, 1727–2016." Journal of Data and Information Science 5, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2020-0024.
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AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the historical and linguistic coverage of Google Scholar, using publications in the field of Roman law as an example.Design/methodology/approachTo create a dataset of Roman law publications, we retrieved a total of 21,300 records of publications, published between years 1500 and 2016, with title including words denoting “Roman law” in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.FindingsWe were able to find publications dating back to 1727. The largest number of publications and authors date to the late 19th century, and this peak might be explained by the role of Roman law in French legal education at the time. Furthermore, we found exceptionally skewed concentration of publications to authors, as well as of citations to publications. We speculate that this could be explained by the long time-frame of the study, and the importance of classic works.Research limitationMajor limitations, and potential future work, relate to data quality, and cleaning, disambiguation of publications and authors, as well as comparing coverage with other data sources.Practical implicationsWe find Google Scholar to be a promising data source for historical bibliometrics. This approach may help bridge the gap between bibliometrics and the “digital humanities”.Originality/valueEarlier studies have focused mainly on Google Scholar's coverage of publications and citations in general, or in specific fields. The historical coverage has, however, received less attention.
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Romanova, Alyona N. "Anna Gotovtseva, the interlocutor of poets." Literature at School, no. 2, 2020 (2020): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/0130-3414-2020-2-62-75.
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The article examines the history of the publication of some works by the little-known poetess of the first third of the 19th century Anna Gotovtseva, including her poem addressed to A.S. Pushkin, and poems by A.S. Pushkin and P.A. Vyazemsky, appealed to Gotovtseva. The author reveals some features of the historical and literary process, which influenced the poetic dialogue of writers, published in the “Northern Flowers” almanac, which marked the emergence of female professional poetry in the literature of the first third of the 19th century. A.I. Gotovtseva’s poems are analyzed in the context of the contemporary Russian poetry o that time, and the artistic originality of her works is revealed in comparison with the lyrics of poets of the elegiac romanticism. The author considers the influence of French writers such as Alphonse de Lamartin and Madame Janlis on the development of literary opinions and priorities of the provincial poetess, which predetermined the internal contradiction of the poetic dialogue between Pushkin and his admirer Anna Gotovtseva. The hypothesis about the indirect influence of “Note” by Janlis on the development of the controversy about women writers reflected both in the journalistic statements and in the artistic works by Pushkin and his contemporaries – men of letters – is tested in the article.
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Li, Yinghan, Xuanfan Li, Qiaochu Jiang, and Qi Zhou. "Historical Study and Conservation Strategies of “Tianzihao” Colony (Nanjing, China)—Architectural Heritage of the French Catholic Missions in the Late 19th Century." Buildings 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11040176.
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The “Tianzihao” colony was built by the French Jesuits in the 1890s. As one of the earliest examples of the French Catholic Church’s mission in China, as well as the only case in Nanjing, it shows the historical scenes of Western missionaries in Nanjing 120 years ago. It is a demonstration of cultural exchanges between China and the West after China opened to the Western world in the late 19th century. In architectural style, the “Tianzihao” colony is Western-style townhouses, but a large number of traditional Chinese architectural technologies were used for it, and therefore it is characterized by Western space and Chinese technology. The “Tianzihao” colony was badly damaged during these decades, with a lot of decayed building materials and structures on the verge of collapse. Based on the historical research and technical analysis of the “Tianzihao” colony, this article explores the conservation strategies and methods of reusing the architectural heritage. In addition, this article is to study the characteristics of the times before introduction of Western architectural technology in Nanjing based on an analysis on the building technology used for the “Tianzihao” colony. The authors participated in the conservation and restoration project of the “Tianzihao” colony, and the objective of this study was achieved through some qualitative methods, including collection and analysis of archival data, analysis of old maps and photos, architectural mapping and a large amount of historical information found in the conservation process.
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Baron, Beth, and Sara Pursley. "EDITORIAL FOREWORD." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810001169.
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The first three articles in this issue, grouped under the heading “Politics and Cultures of Capitalism,” address various ways that Middle Eastern actors dealt with European capitalist expansion in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They all focus on cultural and political aspects of economic change and maintain a global perspective while constructing an intensely local analysis. Gad Gilbar and Jens Hanssen trace specific institutions and networks in Qajar Iran and the late Ottoman Empire, respectively, that operated within what Hanssen calls the “interstices” of state bureaucracy, local business concerns, and European expansion. The interstitial nature of the arguments made by both authors is underlined by the impressive range of sources they draw on: Persian, British, Russian, German, and French in the case of Gilbar and Turkish, Arabic, German, British, and French in the case of Hanssen. The third article, by Nancy Reynolds, takes us from late Qajar and Ottoman societies to Egypt during the first half of the 20th century and from general commerce to the marketing and consumption of particular commodities.
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Seibert, Andrei Yur'evich. "The livre partition phenomenon in J.-G. Kastner’s oeuvre." PHILHARMONICA. International Music Journal, no. 6 (June 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-613x.2020.6.34651.
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In the 19th century, after a two-centuries oblivion, the interest in a medieval genre “danse macabre” reappeared. Dances of Death were embodied not only in pictorial art, literature and music, but also attracted the attention of scholars. The research subject of this article is one of such scientific works - “Les Danses des Morts” by J.-G. Kastner. Its uniqueness consists in the combination of a theoretical research and practical embodiment of its results in a piece of music. The genre of the tractate is defined by scholars as “livre partition” - a sheet music book. The article contains the biographical data of the life and creative work of the French scholar, music expert and composer, little-known in Russian musicology. Based on their own translation of the original text, the authors study the structure-content components of the tractate and define its specificity. J.-G. Kastner considers the genre “danse macabre” in the historical, philosophical and aesthetic contexts; traces back the interdependence of literary, decorative, and musical versions of the dances. The tractate of the French musicologist considers in detail the range of instruments of dance macabre (based on the collection of wooden engravings of a gothic Doten Dantz printed in the late 15th century). The authors define the features of J.-G. Kastner’s ideas which differ them from the thanatological views of his predecessors H. Peino and E.-H. Langlois.