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Journal articles on the topic 'Women authors World War'
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1
Chu, Clara M., and Bertrum H. MacDonald. "Women in Canadian Science and Technology before World War I: their Publication Record." Scientia Canadensis 12, no. 2 (July 6, 2009): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800270ar.
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ABSTRACT Little has been written about the work of women in Canadian science and technology, particularly for the period prior to the First World War. In this study, drawing largely on data in Science and Technology in Canadian History: A Bibliography of Primary Sources to 1914, we present a picture of the activity of almost 150 women authors. Representing 1.4% of all known authors of the period, these women wrote on a variety of scientific and technological topics and sometimes with a particular woman's viewpoint. The analysis highlights a number of changes which occurred throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
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Grodzka, Martyna. "Trauma I wojny światowej (shell shock) w poezji brytyjskich żołnierzy oraz w modernistycznej prozie kobiecej." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 15 (December 12, 2017): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/3912.
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First World War shell shock in British poetry of soldier-poets and modernist prose of women writers The purpose of the following article is to compare and contrast the literary modes of representation of the First World War shell shock in the poetry of soldier-poets and in the prose of women writers. The war trauma called “shell shock” had a profound impact on British literature and the common memory of the Great World. At the time, the poets who were soldiers expressed their traumatic experiences in their works. Meanwhile, women authors who observed veterans suffering from trauma explored the causes and effects of shell shock in their prose.Keywords: trauma; shell shock; war; soldier;
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Neegan, Erica. "Terror, Counter-Terror." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i1.1737.
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Terror, Counter-Terror: Women Speak Out presents articles by severalwomen writers and women’s organizations. The book analyzes and interrogatesthe madness of male-dominated war and violence, and presentswomen’s perspectives on war and the 9/11 tragedy. Contributors includefeminist writers, authors, academics, and journalists; mothers, women ofcolor, Muslim women; and women who have had first-hand experiencewith war and its effects. The editors provide an excellent critical reappraisal of the ideas, concepts,and language that underpin the multilayered world of war, power, andpeace. The book also explores diverse women’s perspectives on the failure ofwar to bring about peace. In giving their perspective, the authors respond eloquentlyand defiantly to war’s destructive nature. This collection, a wonderfulanthology of women’s experiences of war, allows the reader to capture thesuffering of war as well as its paradoxes, double standards, and contradictions.The essays are organized into seven sections: “Personal and Political,”“The War on Terror,” “Saying No,” “Motherland/ Fatherland,” “The War onWomen,” “Displaced and Dispossessed,” and “Women against War.”The book highlights the wars in Afghanistan and Israel and the 9/11tragedy. The authors lament that war has never really brought peace, butrather turmoil and human and economic suffering. Most people in theWest see sanitized images of war that are carefully selected for them.Women Speak Out tells the story of how loosing one’s children, home, andlivelihood are part of war’s true horrors ...
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Kádár, Judit. "The Anti-Racist Overtones of a Feminist Historical Novel Tetralogy from the 1940s." Hungarian Cultural Studies 4 (January 1, 2011): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2011.38.
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Although the most popular Hungarian historical novels were written in the nineteenth century by the famous romantic writer, Mór Jókai, a revival of the genre occurred in the period following the First World War. Most of the authors, each influenced by a different worldview, were scouring the symbolic space of history for an explanation as to why Hungary had lost the war. “Our knowledge of the past, our cultural heritage is also a symbolic space that is the site of struggle for the self-representation of social groups, a space that is shaped according to the degrees to which certain groups have access to it” – states Györgyi Horváth in her work on the constitutive role of the historical narrative; this, of course, is also true of authors in the Post World War I Era. They represented their own social groups, which happened to be white, middle class, Hungarian men. Although the period between the two World Wars saw the rise of female authorship, and dozens of historical novels were published by women each year, almost all women writers conceived their novels from a dominant masculine perspective. In this paper, I examine one of the few exceptions, a tetralogy of historical novels by Lola Kosáryné Réz, written from the perspective of oppressed women, and I discuss her stance on the relationship between different ethnicities in discourses of war and responsibility.
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Zieliński. "Women as Victims of War in Homer’s Oral Poetics." Humanities 8, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8030141.
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The article presents the problem of the empathy felt by the author or authors of the Iliad and Odyssey towards women depicted as victims of war. Understanding of the world in the Homeric poems may be misinterpreted today. Since Homer’s works are a product of oral culture, in order to determine his intentions, it is necessary to look at them from the perspective of the tradition from which they derive. Furthermore, the author of an oral work can be deemed as creative because s/he shapes his/her story through interaction with the listening audience. The different aspects of the relationship of women as victims of war with their oppressors are, therefore, interpreted according to the use of traditional techniques adopted to evoke specific emotions in the audience.
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Kádár, Judit. "Republishing Pre-World War II Hungarian Women Writers After the Fall of Socialism." Hungarian Cultural Studies 10 (September 6, 2017): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2017.276.
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Immediately before and shortly after the collapse of socialism in 1989, a large number of private publishing houses were founded in Hungary. Some of them began their career by republishing the novels of selected popular Hungarian women writers of the preWorld War II era that had been banned following the Soviet occupation of the country in 1945. The lack of comprehensive literary criticism on the works of women authors drove the new publishers to rely on the so-called “oral canon” of collective memory, which had saved some of their names from oblivion. To grab the attention of prospective readers, the books selected for publication were provided with modern book cover designs, reflecting new, but still patriarchal values. After a brief overview of how prewar literature was censored after 1945, focusing on the editors’ inevitable reinterpretation of the writings of Renée Erdős, Mrs. Kosáry Lola Réz, and Anna Tutsek through book cover designs, Kádár aims in this paper to survey in what ways and how successfully the re-editions of the novels by women writers have contributed to their inclusion in the literary canon since 1989.
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Selivanov, Alexander I. "World War and Society (Book Review:Society. National Strategy. War: Political and Strategic Lessons of the First World War by V.K. Belozerov, I.S. Danilenko, A.I. Emelyanov, A.Y. Kasyuk, & A.V. Soloviev)." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 63, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2020-63-1-136-152.
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The article reviews the concepts of the multi-author book Society. National Strategy. War: Political and Strategic Lessons of the First World War. This collective research is notable for rich original scientific apparatus and methodological proficiency. Thus, the analysis of participating countries is conducted according to a single template, which includes: the state of pre-war society in all participating countries (including the assessment of the level of credibility and efficiency of the ruling elites, crises of political regimes, attempts to save regimes by means of war, accumulated internal socio-economic and political problems); goals of engaging in war and expectations of the powerful and financial elites for the war (or lack of goals); assessment of how did different strata of society find the war; the evolution of the morale of the people during the war; problems that arose during the war (diseases, food, military resources, losses, discontent, etc.); the evolution of women’s position in society during the war, the development of a broad segment of women-workers, the extension of emancipation as one of the positive results of the war; the outcome of the war for the country (losses and gains). Special attention is drawn to the pacifist nature of the ideology of the reviewed research, demonstration of deprivation and suffering of people in all countries. The book’s authors identify the main causes of the First World War: ambitions and inefficiency of the world’s elites, the lack of a coherent strategy. As the result, the USA, thanks to their strategy, received the maximum dividends with minimal participation. At the same time, it is noted that the context of research on the nature of war should be expanded to take into account the general competition of countries and civilizations. The authors comprehensively analyze the informational and propaganda activities of the participating countries and conclude that England’s activities in this field were the most effective. Based on the methodology of this collective research, the nature of a future world war, its potential participants and their goals can be considered.
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Huk, Mariia. "PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN OF UKRAINE IN MILITARY FORMATIONS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: CURRENT HISTORIOGRAPHY." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 40 (2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.40.6.
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The article is focuses on the study of the issues of participation of women of Ukraine in military formations in the First World War by modern Ukrainian historiography (1991-2016). Based on the topic, the author tried to solve the following research tasks: to identify which aspects of women's military history are within the interest of historians, to analyze the scale, character and level of research of the topic. The author found that the study of women's military history is gaining momentum. Historians are actively searching women's stories in the sources of those times; they are in the process of gathering information. They call military history “personal” because research on the subject is partially based on reports of the press about women volunteers and mainly on participants' personal documents, memoirs and letters. In the letters, women wrote about the way to the front, military life, a little about participation in battles, relations with soldiers; they also left information about each other. At the same time, each of the women had personal experience of war, own motives and results. Therefore, historians concluded that "this experience is quite difficult to summarize ". Modern researchers approach the study of women's stories not only in terms of heroism but trying to understand the causes and consequences of women's actions. The authors mention such main reasons as boredom of everyday life, escape from duties and national impulse. Inspired by the new fashionable views on life, the girls tried to escape from their everyday duties; they wanted to overcome social barriers and to prove that women were capable to cope with any work. The escape to the front was an attempt to change the way of life. Women who came to the front and participated in hostilities had to adapt quickly to difficult conditions and trials; they had to fight and to protect their own lives. The authors also analyze how society perceived the phenomenon of women in the war. Military commanders heroized their actions with the reason to raise the fighting spirit. However, the views of military men varied: the village guys welcomed and supported the girls; on the contrary, the men from the intelligent circle condemned women regarding them as competitors. Civil women believed that the girls had forgotten their traditional duty, they could have been more helpful in hospitals and doing charity. The author of the article also found that the participation of women in the military unit of the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen was better studied. The researchers concluded that the Ukrainian women who lived in the Russian Empire supported the call in 1917 of the Provisional Government and Maria Bochkareva to form women's combat battalions. Women were motivated to go to the front by the same reasons as women in the ranks of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen: failures in love, the desire to escape from violence and humiliation in the family, domestic problems, the desire to avenge the dead relatives and loved ones. In big cities such as Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, Poltava, the Ukrainian women willingly enrolled in the army. Anyway, the inclusion of women in the combat units of the army of the Russian Empire was found out fragmentary, there are almost no names and characteristics of the activity of the women's battalions. Only a few researchers pay attention to the messages in the then newspapers about escapes and the heroic deeds of girls in the war. These issues require the search of information and detailed study. The author came to the conclusion that most of the questions remain scientifically open requiring the search for information about women in the ranks of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the army of the Russian Empire for the generalization of information and creation of a coherent picture of the military service of women at the front of the First World War.
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LORIA, MANUCHAR. "Regional Studies in Soviet Georgian Ethnography after World War II." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i2.21.
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The present paper deals with the analysis of the Soviet ideological approaches, related with ethnology development, therefore the research covers two following directions: 1. The research of the importance of ethnological film-making, covering religious and ethnolocultural values of Georgia and its neighboring countries. The first scientific-research expedition to the mountainous Georgia, supported with film-making equipment in Georgia, was implemented in 1960. Different films, featuring historical monuments or episodes or displaying material and spiritual lifestyle, which had already been filmed in Georgia before, were characterized with the total lack of the main features of ethnographical films. For example, the authors had been never applied preliminarily planned and staged scenes. Accordingly, a special attention shall be paid on Mirian Khutsishvili’s activity, who acted as the ethnologist and an effective a camera man at the same time. 2. The analysis of activity of two key women scientists, involved in ethnographical research - Vera Bardavelidze, whose scientific work was related with the study of everyday lifestyle of Georgian people and Nino Brailashvili, who made a great contribution in creation of ethnographical sketches.
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KUMYSHEVA, L. Ch, and Z. A. KUCHUKOVA. "WOMEN-DZHIGITS OR GENDER DIMENSION OF FAUSAT BALKAROVA’S POETRY." Kavkazologiya, no. 1 (2021): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2021-1-208-227.
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On the basis of lyric and epic works, the authors of the article investigate the specific features of the gender picture of the world of the classic of Kabardian literature Fousat Balkarova. The structuring of the holistic material into 5 interrelated sections allows the authors to consistently, close-up consider the thematic, personal, linguistic, chronological and conflict-prone aspects of the poetess' ethnogender consciousness. The historically conditioned process of transformation of social constructs «masculine» and «feminine» of the Adyghe patriarchal society under the pressure of factors of civilization and modernization is shown. The analysis made it possible to reveal in the poetry of F. Balkarova and identify the ontological metacode «woman-dzhigit», marking the dominance of masculine traits in the image of a new, self-sufficient woman of the post-war years. The article also examines a complex of issues related to the accelerated pace of life, the «double repertoire» of women, gender asymmetry, the conflict of two generations, artistic ethnography.
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Zalietok, Nataliia. "SERVICE OF BRITISH AND SOVIET WOMEN IN SIGNAL CORPS DURING WORLD WAR II." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 32 (April 28, 2021): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2021-32-140-144.
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Comparison of the peculiarities of the service of the representatives of the countries of the world in different branches of the military has not found a comprehensive coverage in both domestic and foreign historiography. In the available comparisons, their authors rather briefly dwell on the general features of the policy of states with different regimes of government on the organization of women’s service in 1939-1945. However, they do not study in more detail the common and different in experiences of representatives of different states in the service of one or another branch of the military. The article examines the peculiarities of the service and life of Soviet and British women who served in signal corps during World War II. The countries were chosen not by chance, because they represent democracy and totalitarianism, respectively, and studying the experiences of women serving in their armies can deepen our knowledge of these regimes. The author concludes that the women of the USSR and Great Britain in the signal corps during World War II held positions with the same or similar responsibilities, but the everyday life of Soviet women at the front was mostly much stricter, due to the high intensity fighting. At the same time, it should not be forgotten that, despite the fact that the enemy was never able to invade Great Britain by land, its territories were subjected to massive air attacks, which posed a constant danger to the country’s inhabitants, both civilian and military. Therefore, the service of British women in the signal corps in the homeland was also associated with significant risk. Among other things, British female signals officers took part in the top-secret and extremely important for Allied troops operation “Enigma”, which resulted in the decryption of the code of the famous cipher machine of Nazi Germany. According to various estimates, the success of the operation significantly precipitated the end of World War II.
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Sluga, Glenda. "Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory." History of Education Review 45, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-09-2015-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations. Design/methodology/approach It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations. Findings The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks. Research limitations/implications The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular. Originality/value The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.
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Dori, Nitsa. "The Rescue of French Jews during the Second World War as Reflected in Two Novels: The Nightingale by Kristin Hannah and the Velvet Hours by Alyson Richman." Studies in Media and Communication 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v6i1.2845.
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Two primary concepts are usually mentioned when analyzing the attitude of the French towards the Jews during the Second World War: anti-Semitism and rescue. Paldiel divides the types of help offered by the rescuers during the Second World War into four: a hiding place, impersonating a non-Jew, escape, and helping children. The two novels, The Nightingale and The Velvet Hours were written at around the same time and share many common themes: rigid father-daughter relations, becoming orphaned, unwanted pregnancy, and pioneering women leaders. The ethnic origin of both authors is also the same, but the primary purpose of this article is to discuss the setting of both novels: the Second World War; in France, and the heroic deed occurring in the two books: saving Jews from the threat of the Nazi invader. We will examine each book separately and then discuss the points common to both – points that will evolve into a discussion and conclusions.
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Duda, Maciej. "MALE ALLIES OF POLISH WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION. ON THE EXAMPLE OF EDWARD PRĄDZYŃSKI’S AND EUGENIUSZ STARCZEWSKI’S PROJECTS." Society Register 5, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2021.5.1.07.
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This article presents an extract from the research on the male support of the emancipation of Polish women at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In my consideration of the papers penned by authors who posited common and equal civil rights for men and women, I pay particular attention to Edward Prądzyński’s book published in 1873, and to the journalistic writing by Eugeniusz Starczewski from the end of the first World War. Their two projects for the emancipation of Polish women are diverse: while Prądzyński’s proposition was revolutionary, Starczewski’s work was late and limited in its emancipatory outlook.
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Palagin, Ivan S., Tamara S. Perepanova, D. Yu Pushkar, and Roman S. Kozlov. "War and Peace: the difficult treatment of urinary tract infections and fosfomycin trometamol." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 23, no. 1 (2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.1.44-53.
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The title of this review “War and peace” is not accidental and the analogies with a well-known literary masterpiece have absolutely justified ground. As in the case of Lev Tolstoy’s novel this title has a profound philosophical meaning, although at first glance it may seem quite obvious. The word «war» may well correspond to those hostile changes of microorganisms leading to the current problem of antimicrobial resistance recognized worldwide. This is the “war” we have to wage against the antibiotic-resistant bacteria today. And the «peace» in this context is considered as the world, the entire universe, all people, the whole society and its reaction to what is happening. On the other hand, the word «peace» means something opposite in meaning to the word «war». Thus, the essence of the title bears a sharp contrast between military actions and peacetime, between something that carries a threat to life and peace, or illness and recovery. Preserving original novel’s structure the authors of this review consistently consider justification of fosfomycin trometamol as a first-line drug in the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women taking into account the latest research, publications and global trends.
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Junqin, Si. "Russian and Dungan literature about war: comparative aspect." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 3 (341) (2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-3(341)-125-133.
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The article presents a comparative characteristic of Russian and Dungan literature about the Second World War. The author has used a large amount of text material, historical sources and facts. The article analyzes the problematic and thematic analogies of Dungan and Russian authors, the impact of Russian writers on Dungan authors is proved. Russian and Dungan literature of the twentieth century about the war demonstrated the actualization of heroism and patriotism. The author of the article determined that the reason why heroism became a common theme of Dungan and Russian military literature is that, in addition to describing the military situation, they demonstrate popular patriotism. The article emphasizes that over time, Russian military literature has changed its focus of attention, shifting it from describing military scenes to depicting the inner world of characters. This made it possible to understand the value of human life in the context of war. The theme of war is combined in the works with the thought of humanism. Moral research has become the main narrative strategy of Russian and Dungan military literature. Dungan military literature is consistent with Russian literature and expresses compassion for man, depicts the life of people in war conditions. The author of the article believes that the central idea of the military works of Dungan and Russian authors is to depict human compassion. The author of the article emphasized that the problem of war orphans typologically unites Russian and Dungan writers, and the influence of Russian writers on Dungan writers is also obvious. The article emphasizes that many works of Russian and Dungan literature recreate the war through the eyes of women and children who were innocent victims, their images reveal the terrible nature of the era, its inhumanity. The writers combined the description of heroism with the description of the tragedy of war, revealed the enormous mental trauma inflicted by the war, and investigated the fate of ordinary people in the war. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the common features of Dungan literature about war and the works of Russian writers of the twentieth century on this topic are that they do not directly describe military actions, but focus their attention on the tragic impact of war on human destiny. Dungan writers, following Russian authors, discovered the value of life and rejection of war.
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Hall, Edith. "American Communist Idealism in George Cram Cook’s The Athenian Women (1918)." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 20, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.20.3.7-25.
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The Athenian Women, written by the American George Cram Cook with input from Susan Glaspell, is a serious, substantial play drawing chiefly on Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae. It premiered on March 1st 1918 with the Provincetown Players. Cook was convinced of parallels between the Peloponnesian War and World War I. He believed there had been communists in Periclean Athens comparable to those who were making strides in Russia (in 1922 to become the USSR) and the socialists in America, amongst whom he and Glaspell counted themselves. The paper examines the text and production contexts of The Athenian Women, traces its relationships with several different ancient Greek authors including Thucydides as well as Aristophanes, and identifies the emphatically stated socialist and feminist politics articulated by the two main ‘proto-communist’ characters, Lysicles and Aspasia. Although the play was not particularly successful, its production had a considerable indirect impact on the future directions taken by left-wing theatre in the USA, through the subsequent dramas of Glaspell and Eugene O’Neill for the Provincetown Players.
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Morozova, Olga M., Tatyana I. Troshina, and Elena A. Yalozina. "“Labor as freedom, labor as burden”: on the early period of women’s professional employment in Russia." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 374–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-2-374-411.
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This article discusses the emergence of the Russian working woman employed in skilled labor from the second half 19th century until the 1930s. In Russia, educated women entered the sphere of socially significant labor during the Great Reforms. The subsequent development largely explains the position of the working woman in modern Russia - hence the topicality of the present paper. Sources for this article are record-keeping documents of tsarist and Soviet institutions, statistical information, press materials as well as memoirs. Among the factors that influenced the formation of the Russian female working class in the pre-revolutionary period were a social movement for the development of female education, the emergence of special vocational schools for women, the Zemstvo reforms, industrialization and, eventually, World War I. The article shows changes in the nature of the employment of women after the 1917 Revolution. The authors document the rapid growth of women’s participation in all spheres of the USSR’s national economy in the 1930s, in particular health care, education, and work in the apparatus of state, party and economic bodies. As a result, during this period the professional traits of the three main types of Soviet female workers were formed: the woman-doctor, the woman-teacher and the womanfunctionary. At the same time, the authors come to the conclusion that Soviet rule brought no fundamental changes in the conditions of everyday life, so that the Soviet woman-intellectual turned out to be a “fighter of two fronts” - labor and domestic.
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Dalby, Simon. "Gender and Critical Geopolitics; Reading Security Discourse in the New World Disorder." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, no. 5 (October 1994): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d120595.
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In the early 1990s a new generation of scholars has tackled matters of feminist perspectives on war, peace, and specifically the academic discipline of international relations. A similar confrontation between traditional scholarly themes and gender-sensitive analyses within critical geopolitics is now obviously necessary. Although authors such as Cynthia Enloc have written about global politics and the role of women in international relations in ways that are sensitive to the geographic dimension, many theoretical and practical implications of a gender-sensitive approach to geopolitics remain to be worked out. In this paper I argue that, among other issues, investigating the gendered assumptions in the study of international relations and foreign policy-making, in addition to more explicitly geopolitical reasoning, shows how political spatialisations render women vulnerable. In addition, examining the implications of militarised definitions of (territorial) citizenship, the use of masculinist notions of power, space, and security, and the representation of women in global conflicts, sheds light on the ‘taken-for-granted’ spatial aspects of the routine operation of power. By enlarging the scope of critical geopolitical analysis, greater attention to gender issues enhances the explanatory power of ‘big picture’ political geography, not least by focusing on the practical everyday implications of geopolitics for those who are so often written out of its scripts.
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Schwartz, Agatha, and Tatjana Takševa. "Between Trauma and Resilience." Aspasia 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2020.140109.
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This article discusses the personal narratives (both published and personal interviews collected for the purpose of this study) of female survivors of wartime rape in post–World War II Germany and postconflict Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authors examine how the women succeed in finding their words both for and beyond the rupture caused by the rapes through examples of life writing that challenge the dominant masculinist historical narrative of war created for ideological reasons and for the benefit of the nation-state. Using theories of trauma and insights by feminist scholars and historians, the authors argue that a transnational reading of survivors’ accounts from these very different geopolitical and historical contexts not only shows multiple points of mutual influence, but also how these narratives can make a significant contribution, both locally and globally, when it comes to revisiting how wartime rape is memorialized, and how lessons learned from the two contexts can be relevant and applicable in other situations of armed conflict as well.
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Salem, James M. "Busting Out: African-American Culture from the 1954 Republican Lincoln Day Box Supper to the 1955 Emmett Till Lynching as Documented by the Chicago Defender." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000185x.
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Black newspapers began to compete with the church as an institution influential in shaping black public opinion as early as 1878 in Chicago and, by World War II, according to the authors of Black Metropolis, they represented “one of the most powerful forces among Negroes in America.” The most prominent and influential of these weekly newspapers was the Chicago Defender, founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott, the “son of slaves,” who was encouraged to believe by his minister-stepfather that “a newspaper was one of the strongest weapons a Negro could have in the defense of his race.” Abbott, his biographer contends, “was one of the first Negroes in the United States to become a millionaire — and, in the process, he revolutionized the Negro press, today [1955] the greatest single force in the Negro world.” Though Abbott would have been proud of the compliment, he would not have printed it in his paper because during his lifetime the Defender was not permitted to use the terms Negro or black. Abbott preferred Race, Race men, and Race women.
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Honey, Maureen. "Maternal Welders: Women's Sexuality and Propaganda on the Home Front During World War II." Prospects 22 (October 1997): 479–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036123330000020x.
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The cover of the may 29, 1943, Saturday Evening Post depicts our most famous image of Rosie the Riveter, a name that came to symbolize women's crossover into male-dominated industrial work during World War II (Figure 1). Norman Rockwell positioned his Rosie resting during her lunch break, calmly eating a bologna sandwich while stomping on a copy of Mein Kampf with author's name, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi swastika visible under the title. It was an image meant to reassure the American public that women would get the job done on America's home front and help defeat the Axis powers. It is also an image worth examining today for it captures some of the contradictions that continue to vex us concerning the war's multifaceted representations of women and work, portrayals that contained and excluded even as they widened public perceptions of what women could do. For one thing, Rockwell's Rosie is notably “unfeminine” in that her muscular arms are unadorned with jewelry, she wears a double-banded leather watch, she has on comfortable loafers to match her denim overalls, and her ruddy complexion seems the product of exertion, not makeup. Furthermore, she is indifferent to our gaze; rather her proud stare announces absorption in a more compelling subject, symbolized by the American flag that forms the backdrop for her portrait.
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McAdams, Kay. "Claire A. Culleton, Working-Class Culture, Women, and Britain, 1914–1921. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 240 pp. $55.00 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790430013x.
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Claire Culleton's study of working-class women in First World War Britain is an ambitious project that aims at a “comprehensive analysis of the complexities that conspired to link women's lives, their work, and their writings” (8). The book is positioned as a study that redresses what Culleton views as the marginalization of working-class women's experience in historical and literary studies of the period. She attempts, therefore, to write a history “from below” that provides both historical analysis of the experience of working-class women who labored in Britain's wartime industries, and an analysis of their culture, as revealed through the 1970s oral history testimonies of the Imperial War Museum and the literature they produced for factory newspapers. She states that she will tie this experience and its “costs” to changes in British society that “no longer permit[ed] sentimentality of hearth and home ( . . . )” (2). Culleton notes that the book is aimed at specialists on the subject and general readers. The analysis presented in the book, however, falls short of the author's stated goals and adds little to the existing scholarship on working-class women in First World War Britain.
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Martinovic, Marina, and Vladimir Jokanovic. "Divna Vekovic (1886-1944): The first woman physician in Montenegro." Medical review 59, no. 7-8 (2006): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0608391m.
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The authors are dealing with historical and political situation in Montenegro in the second part of the 19th century. They emphasized the importance of foundation of the Empress Maria Girls' Institute, which was financed by the Empress of Russia. Many famous South-Slav intellectuals have graduated from this Institute. Among them, the name of Divna Vekovic, the first woman physician in Montenegro, particularly stands out. A Sorbonne student, she was an outstanding physician and hu?manitarian during the First World War. Between the two World Wars, she revealed the spiritual wealth of Montenegro to Europe. She was the first to translate the Mountain of Wreath into French. She also translated the poetry of J. J. Zmaj and of other poets. During the World War II she continued her work in her birth place. She cared for the sick, the wounded and the poor. She died at the end of the war under mysterious circumstances. In the history of Montenegrin medicine, she has almost been forgotten. The aim of this paper is to lift the veil of oblivion from the life and work of this noble woman. .
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Cergol Paradiž, Ana. ""Militarizacija materinstva" – ženski "naravni poklic" in vélika vojna." Contributions to Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (October 20, 2015): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.55.2.04.
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With the help of publications, legislation, memoranda and promotional material, this article shows how various actors in the Slovene-speaking area, during the First World War, addressed their mothers, and if also in their cases, the phenomenon of the "militarization of motherhood" was shown, which was typical of other European countries. In the context of the discourse "militarization of motherhood", it analyzes the ways of how female (national) identity was formed. It tries to answer the question of what (patriotic) duties were imposed to women as mothers, for example, if as a result of declining birth rates in that time, even we encountered pronatalistic initiatives, especially those that were advocating social and health protection of (illegitimate) mothers and children. It also analyzes the views on the educational work of mothers at the time when this was, due to the absence of fathers, irregular lessons and the difficult war situation, even more difficult. At the same time, it studies the representations of women as mourning mothers at the deaths of their sons-soldiers. In this context, it establishes that during the war, the motif of a mourning, but brave and proud mother was frequent also in the Slovene press. A separate chapter presents the views of female authors on the topic of motherhood.
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Karamullaoglu, Nazife, and Ozlem Sandikci. "Western influences in Turkish advertising." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-10-2018-0050.
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Purpose This purpose of this paper is to explore how Western design, fashion and aesthetic styles influenced advertising practice in Turkey in the post-Second World War era. Specifically, the authors focus on the key targets of the consumerist ideology of the period, women and discuss the representations of females in Turkish advertisements. Design/methodology/approach Data were analysed using a combination of social semiotic and compositional analysis methods. Compositional analysis focused on the formal qualities and design elements of the ads; social semiotic analysis sought to uncover their meaning potentials in relation to social, cultural, political and economic dynamics of the period. The advertisements of a prominent Turkish pasta brand, Piyale, published in the local adaptation of the American Life magazine, between 1956 and 1966, constitute the data set. Findings The analysis reveals that Piyale followed the stylistic and thematic trends prevailing in American and European advertisements at the time and crafted ads that constructed and communicated a Westernized image of Turkish women and families. In line with the cultural currents of the 1950s and 1960s, the ads emphasize patriarchal gender roles and traditional family values and address the woman as a consumer whose priority is to please her husband and take good care of her children. Originality/value This study contributes to the advertising history in non-Western contexts and provides an understanding of the influence Western advertising conventions and fashion trends had on developing country markets. The findings indicate that Western-inspired representations and gender roles dominated advertisements of local brands during the post-war period.
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Mangum, Stephen L., and David E. Ball. "The Transferability of Military-Provided Occupational Training in the Post-Draft Era." ILR Review 42, no. 2 (January 1989): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398904200205.
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Several studies have examined how military-provided training affects post-service employment experience, but this study is the first to investigate that relationship for young men and women who enlisted in the “all-volunteer” era that began in 1974. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey—Youth Cohort, the authors find that the transfer of skills to civilian employment was as high for military training as for civilian training (45–50 percent), once employer-provided training is excluded from consideration. Furthermore, within two years of their return to civilian life, those who received military training had higher earnings than those who received training in the civilian sector—a finding that contrasts with the results of studies of Vietnam veterans, but agrees with the results found for veterans of World War II and the Korean Conflict.
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Meshcheryakov, A. N. "Gender Image of Japan in Russia and the USSR: From the Country of Women to the Country of Samurai (from the End of the 19th Century to the Second World War)." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, no. 8 (November 28, 2018): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2018-8-67-89.
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The word “samurai” firmly rooted in the modern Russian language, along with Fujiyama, geisha and sakura. Though obviously this was not always the case. This article traces the initial process of perceiving the concept of samurai in pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union: from the 1890s, from the first military victories of rapidly modernizing Japan, to the RussoJapanese War and further to the beginning of the Second World War. Initially endowed with features of “childishness” or “femininity,” gentleness and grace, the image of Japan is gradually becoming “masculine” and is increasingly associated with the concept of “samurai.” At first, this concept is related to such qualities as belligerence and cruelty but also loyalty to lord and “knightly” honor. Often, following Nitobe Inazo, the best qualities of the Japanese are generally traced back to the samurai tradition. Later, the Japanese appear in an increasingly caricature form, as greedy but powerless aggressors. At first, this image is not associated with the concept of “samurai” but by the 1930s fused with it. At the same time, Soviet authors criticize the “feminine” perception of Japan – they describe both the ruling exploiter and the exploited worker with “masculine” traits. The article examines the early Japanese borrowings in Russian dictionaries of foreign words, the images of the Japanese in the writings of Russian and Soviet writers, the characteristics of the country and its inhabitants in popular editions devoted to Japan as well as in propaganda texts and pictures.
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Van Wesemael, Fabian. "‘There are no men here, so why should I be a woman?’ - Franse en Angelsaksische verpleegsters in hun omgang met gewonde soldaten en lichamelijkheid tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog." Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvg2014.1.wese.
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In this article the cultural reaction of French and Anglo-Saxon voluntary nurses to the impact of the First World War on the soldier’s body is analyzed by means of a discourse analysis of their (wartime) writings. It enriches the historiography that successfully corrects and deconstructs the traditional view of the Great War as a male-only, trench-fighter’s war. The descriptions and meanings given to the bodies are related to the identities of the authors. Both French and Anglo-Saxon nurses use two seemingly contradictory discourses. On the one hand they reveal the horrors of war by describing the bodies as maimed. On the other hand they idealize and masculinize the wounded body; it is represented as the site through which masculine identity is performed and thus constructed. The flip side of this representation is that the nurses appropriate an eternal femininity. This general tendency contrasts with the exceptional writings of three nurses: Enid Bagnold, Ellen La Motte, and Mary Borden, who deliver potent critiques of war and war nursing and contest the gendered war ideology by questioning (or even negating) ‘the male body’ and conventional notions of masculinity and femininity.
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Seid'ou, Kari'kacha, George Ampratwum, and Kwaku Boafo Kissiedu. "Lee Nukpe’s Nubile: A Carving With A Shadow." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8468.
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The Ghanaian sculptor Lee Nukpe belongs to the post-Independence or post-World War II generation of visual artists in Ghana whose bodies of work have not had due critical assessment, contextualization and review. The paper reviews Nukpe’s late-career work, Nubile, a bas relief representation of a bare-breasted young woman arrayed in Ghanaian nubility rites insignia. The authors identify carryovers from Ghana’s colonial and post-Independence generations such as the predominantly social realist aesthetic and veiled conservative sex and gender motifs. However, the authors also point out how the cut-and-dry cultural and formal motifs in Nubile are also undermined by Nukpe’s ostensible double-coding. This spectral feature of Nubile presents it as a “text with a shadow”. The authors argue that to a large extent, Nubile lends itself to ambivalent readings which could challenge Ghana’s patriarchal definitions of woman and nubility.
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Datsyshen, Vladimir G., and Larisa A. Kutilova. "Russian-Chinese families in the 20th century: Emergence and characteristics1." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-742-757.
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This may well be the first article about the history of mixed Russian-Chinese families in Russia and the USSR. The study is based on sources in federal, regional and local archives, mainly of Siberia and the Far East, statistics, and the press. It notes that the great gender imbalance in almost exclusively male Chinese migrant community meant that Chinese men chose Russian women as life partners. The decline of Russia’s male population during the First World War and the Civil War only exacerbated this trend. First recorded in the late nineteenth century, this phenomenon became widespread during the twentieth, not only in the Far East, but also in other areas with large populations of Chinese workers, such as Donbass. Wives in such marriages were mainly peasant women, although on occasion Cossack women and even noblewomen, often widows, took Chinese husbands. The brides were invariably younger than their spouses and tended to be housewives. However, some worked with their husbands in small businesses. These mixed couples tended to have fewer children than those that were fully Russian. The vagaries of Sino-Soviet relations during the twentieth century led to several waves of deportations of such families. Thus, in 1938 some were exiled from their places of residence to Xinjiang, Kazakhstan or the Amur region. While forced migrations considerably reduced the size of the Chinese community, they did not destroy it. The authors conclude that new Chinese immigration to Post-Soviet Russia follows the pattern set in the twentieth century’s first half, as do mixed marriages.
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Pushkareva, Natalia L., and Tamara V. Bitokova. "The Daily Lives of Urban Women during the Khrushchev Thaw in Soviet and Post-Soviet Scholarship." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-305-320.
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The article discusses the rise and changes of scholarly interest in urban women's everyday life in the USSR of the mid-twentieth century. By studying the Soviet and post-Soviet historiography of women's everyday life during Khrushchevs Thaw, the authors explain that at first this subject was treated in analogy to the customary celebration of Soviet achievements: also, the womens question would eventually be resolved. With rising doubts about the resolvability of the complex problems related to gender relations came a paradigm shift towards reflections on the difficulties and contradictions in the lifestyle of urban women. At the center of debate were now the necessity for shortening the working day and for additional vacation days, as well as the double bondage of women who had to combine a professional workload with heavy family obligations. The authors argue that in the 1990s (a period now often called the new thaw, and the nineties of the gender debates), the political aspects of female life in the 1950s and 1960s became marginal in scholarship. The main attention was now focused on the home and family spheres, on problems of corporeality and fashion, and on the woman's voice in literature, cinema and media. In consequence, some aspects of women's everyday life during the Thaw years remained unexplored. Finally, there are no generalizing works that would compare women's everyday life on the levels of the USSR, Russia, or Russias regions, and little work has been done on ethnocultural characteristics of women's life in the post-war USSR.
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Dos Santos, M. A., and R. D. C. Soares Junior. "Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Violence and War: A Documental Exploratory Research." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S722—S723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1309.
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IntroductionIn a globalized world, violence, present in all forms and everywhere, it is a serious public health problem. Violence and war lead to death and leave marks on the bodies and minds, and the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that may develop following exposure to a potential event traumatic.ResultsIn the 3-month period (January 2016 to April 2016), according to typological analysis of the journal cover, the following results were found: the type of prevailing violence was interpersonal, community, committed by a stranger (75%), followed by the violence of the economic type (16.7%), and finally interpersonal violence committed by partner (8.3%). Although not all cases have provided the number of people who perpetrated or suffered violence, most victims of violence were male (8), aged 3 months and 36 years, followed by 2 women, and as a perpetrator of violence the men were in excess (4 men) followed by one woman.DiscussionViolence and war are traumatic stressors and risk factors for PTSD which, in turn, is also a risk factor to perpetrate violence, such as domestic violence. The costs of violence are high and its routinization as a way of life has important effects on the mental health of population.ConsiderationsScientific research, including qualitative studies, on PTSD, violence and war are necessary so that we have a better understanding of the phenomenon as well as to promote the mental health of all through early intervention or even in preventing the onset of this disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Fazli, Dr Rose, and Dr Anahita Seifi. "The public image of women in post-Taliban Afghanistan." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 1(2021) (March 25, 2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-1-44-49.
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The present article is an attempt to offer the concept of political development from a novel perspective and perceive the Afghan Women image in accordance with the aforementioned viewpoint. To do so, first many efforts have been made to elucidate the author’s outlook as it contrasts with the classic stance of the concept of power and political development by reviewing the literature in development and particularly political development during the previous decades. For example Post-World War II approaches to political development which consider political development, from the Hobbesian perspective toward power, as one of the functions of government. However in a different view of power, political development found another place when it has been understood via postmodern approaches, it means power in a network of relationships, not limited to the one-way relationship between ruler and obedient. Therefore newer concept and forces find their way on political development likewise “image” as a considerable social, political and cultural concept and women as the new force. Then, the meaning of “image” as a symbolic one portraying the common universal aspect is explained. The Afghan woman image emphasizing the historic period of 2001 till now is scrutinized both formally and informally and finally the relationship between this reproduced image of Afghan women and Afghanistan political development from a novel perspective of understanding is represented.
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Maiorova, Natalya S. "Population, and its social and religious composition in Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions on the eve of the Axis aggression against the USSR (according to the censuses of the USSR in 1937 and 1939)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-1-74-78.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of population censuses conducted in the USSR in 1937 and 1939, in relation to Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. The research is based on census materials that had been classified for a long time and published only in the 1990s. Of all the various aspects of the censuses, the author's attention was focused on only three – population, its social structure, and religious composition. Based on the results of the censuses, conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of women in the region, both in rural areas and in cities. It was women who, in the conditions of World War II, became the strong rear, on whose shoulders the front was supported by food, uniforms, and weapons. The urban population was greater in Ivanovo Region, which was explained by its characteristic high rates of industrialisation. The 1937 census recorded a fairly high level of religiosity, despite the largely anti-religious policy that had been carried out for almost 20 years. The war led to an increase in religiosity, probably because often only faith could become the core around which daily life was built, full of deprivation, anxiety and fear for loved ones.
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Mateus, M., C. Silva, O. Nogueiro, and J. Redondo. "Is There Social Markers for Depression? Analysing the Portuguese Example." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71036-3.
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Sociologists and anthropologists have long been engaged to study the changes in society, over time. This is particularly true since the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century, heights of history, that caused profound changes in the forms of relationships between men, in family scale and in the society itself. The industrial revolution, the exodus to the city, the emancipation of women, the world wars, the creation of the European economic community, the mass media and consumerism, have profoundly altered the social networks and engagement in which man lived since ancient times. The authors aim to address this issue, by trying to understand the behavioral changes that were needed to adapt to this new structure of society and in what way they were responsible for the loss of mechanisms of cooping, with the anti - social behaviour, with stress and depression.The Portuguese example is finally exploited, given the most significant changes in the last century, as the fall of the monarchy, the instability of the early republic, the dictatorship, the colonial war, the April 25, the entry into the EEC.
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Bollobás, Enikő. "Versions of Triangular Desire in Hungarian Literature: Reading Sándor Márai and Péter Nádas." Hungarian Cultural Studies 11 (August 6, 2018): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2018.321.
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Two Hungarian authors, Sándor Márai and Péter Nádas, seem to have one thing in common: their attraction to triangular relationships. Written between 1935 and 1942 and portraying human relations in pre-World War II Hungary, Márai’s two novels and one drama all turn on a very specific triangular structure between two close friends and the woman whom they both love(d). Now they conduct a painful tête-à-tête to decide on the final ownership (or simply fate) of the woman. Written in 1979 and portraying human relations in communist Hungary, Nádas’s play has only two actors on stage, a woman of aristocratic descent and a young man, the son of a high-ranking communist official, the woman’s long dead lover. This exchange between the two characters opens into an encounter of three, where the woman and the young man each use the other as a mediator to reach the third, the lover/father. Bollobás argues that the triangles displayed by the two authors represent two distinct types: the former is informed by fixed, hierarchical, subject-object power relations, while the latter by fluid, non-hierarchical, subject-subject relations.
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Gikandi, Simon. "Introduction-Another Way in the World." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (October 2016): 1193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1193.
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For Abiola Irele, friend, mentor, maître.Language for me is the soul of the text. I love the Arabic language, and I adore writing in it. It is the linguistic mold that I want to fill my personal stories and culture in, distinguished from that of Arabs.—Stella GaitanoI Will Start with Two Stories About This Thing Called Literature and the world it claims to name and possess.The first takes place in Shillong, in the northeast corner of India, a place far removed from the Indian heartland, closer to Bangladesh, Burma, and China than to New Delhi. The setting is the Shillong campus of the English and Foreign Languages University, where I have come to teach a seminar to junior academics and graduate students on decolonization as a theoretical problem. My students and I will embark on a two-week systematic rereading of the philosophical claims made for decolonization in the writings of canonical postcolonial writers, from Mahatma Gandhi's writing on nonviolence to Aimé Césaire's and Léopold Sédar Senghor's on negritude to Frantz Fanon's on the pitfalls of national consciousness to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's and Trinh T. Minh-Ha's on the figure of woman in difference. Although my students are attentive, their relation to these texts is ambivalent: they recognize the importance of these texts to understanding the making of the modern world, yet colonialism, as a world-historical event, occurred too long ago to be part of their lived experience. Their ambivalence is compounded by the fact that the urgency with which the authors of decolonization write, the sense that they are operating at the end of time—the time of Europe—belongs to a moment that no longer resonates with people struggling to survive in a more complex, globalized world. It is hard for my students to make the connection between Senghor's negritude and his incarceration in a Nazi prison camp in Poitiers during World War II or to see that event, the imprisonment of an African fighting for France, as connected to a paradigmatic break in the discourse of empire.
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De Metsenaere, Machteld, and Sophie Bollen. "Schandelijke liefde. Sentimentele collaboratie en haar bestraffing in België na de Tweede Wereldoorlog." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 66, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 228–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v66i3.12557.
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In deze studie schetsen Machteld De Metsenaere en Sophie Bollen het profiel en de strafmaat van de vrouwelijke verdachten van collaboratie tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in het algemeen en de 'sentimentele collaboratie' – de echte of vermeende omgang van vrouwen met Duitse soldaten – in het bijzonder (via haar boekbespreking van M. Diederichs' Wie geschoren wordt moet stilzitten. De omgang van Nederlandse meisjes met Duitse militairen in ditzelfde Wt-nummer opent Sophie Bollen daarenboven de mogelijkheid tot het ontwikkelen van een comparatieve visie op de vergelijkbare problematiek van collaboratie en repressie in Nederland, beschouwd vanuit het genderperspectief). De auteurs steunen hun studie op de strafdossiers van de opgesloten vrouwen in het interneringscentrum Gent-Wollestraat en anderzijds de epuratiedossiers van vrouwelijke werknemers van de Regie voor Telegrafie en Telefonie (RTT), een overheidsinstelling. Daardoor kunnen zij zich begeven op twee vooralsnog braakliggende studieterreinen: de strafrechtelijke behandeling van de vrouwen en de problematiek van de epuratie (de wegzuivering door de werkgevers, c.q. overheden).
________Shameful Love: Sentimental Collaboration and its punishment in Belgium after the Second World WarIn this study Machteld De Metsenaere and Sophie Bollen describe the profile and punishment of women accused of collaboration during the Second World War in general and of “sentimental collaboration” – the actual or alleged intercourse of women with German soldiers – in particular. (By means of her discussion of the book by M. Diederichs You have to sit still when you are being shaved. The intercourse of Dutch girls with German military in this same issue of Wt Sophie Bollen also provides the opportunity to develop a comparative vision on the comparable problem of collaboration and repression in the Netherlands, viewed from a gender perspective). The authors have based their study on the criminal records of the women confined in the internment centre in Gent-Wollestraat as well as the dossiers of the legal purge of women employees of the RTT (Radio, Telegraphy and Telephony Service), a public utility. This allows them to venture into two until now unexplored areas of study: the criminal prosecution of the women and the issue of the ‘épuration’ of employees (the purge by the employers casu quo the authorities).
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Natalia O., Avtaeva, Beynenson Vasilisa A., and Boldina Ksenia A. "The Evolution of the Role of Women in the Family and the Public Sphere (The Case of Domestic Women’s Periodicals of the Late 19th ‒ Early 20th Century )." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 6 (December 2020): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-6-139-150.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the process of transformation of the image of a woman and the dominant family model in the main historical periods in the national female periodicals from the end of the 18th century to the present days. The authors note that the image of a woman in the gender media is changing due to the changes in the global and local agenda, in particular, due to the changes in the position of a woman in the family, the structure of a family, and decreasing of the number of family members. These transformations can also be explained by the change in the state’s requests for the promotion of a certain image, for example, the image of a patriotic woman during the Second World War and a mother woman in the post-war period. Over the course of many historical periods, rubrics devoted to the arrangement of everyday life, the relationship of the sexes, health and beauty, and motherhood remain the traditional rubrics of women’s publications. During more than two hundred years of publications, the image of a woman in them has gone through stages from primordial patriarchal models through a surge of individualization and independence to a moderate combination of the role of the homemaker and the installation of autonomy from men. The article also outlines the main trends in the development of modern women’s online publications, which, on the one hand, have inherited the theme and structure of traditional women’s magazines, and on the other, have the features of blogs. If certain characteristic images of a woman in the press gain or lose relevance, the changes in the family model in women’s media can be considered irreversible: there is no return to the image of a patriarchal multi-generational family. The study was based on the methods of historical review, thematic analysis and content analysis of publications of women’s magazines of various historical periods. Keywords: women’s periodicals, the history of women’s periodicals, the image of a woman in the media, media images, gender identity, family model, women’s online media
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Aston, Elaine, and Ian Clarke. "The Dangerous Woman of Melvillean Melodrama." New Theatre Quarterly 12, no. 45 (February 1996): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0000960x.
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Almost in its death throes at the turn of the present century, sensational melodrama threw up a curious mutation at the hands of the prolific playwrights and managers, the brothers Walter and Frederick Melville. In numerous of their plays performed in the decade or so before the First World War, the ‘New Woman’, whose rights and rebellions were simultaneously the focus of debate in so-called ‘problem’ plays, took on a new and threatening aspect – as the eponymously ‘dangerous’ central character of The Worst Woman in London, A Disgrace to Her Sex, The Girl Who Wrecked His Home, and a score or so of similar titles. In the following article Elaine Aston and lan Clarke explore the nature of these ‘strong’ female roles, both as acting vehicles and as embodiments of male fears and fantasies, in a theatre which existed in large part to serve such needs and which, through such characters, at once fictionalized and affirmed the fears of ‘respectable’ society about the moral stature of the actress. The authors both teach in the Department of English and Drama at Loughborough University, where lan Clarke is Director of Drama, having previously published his own study of Edwardian Drama in 1989.
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Alimdzhanov, Bakhtiyor A., and Shokhrukh H. Choriev. "Employees of the Volga-Kama Commercial Bank Branches in Central Asia: Biographies and Activities at the Turn of the 20th Century in the Context of Imperial Periphery." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2021): 450–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-2-450-468.
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The article studies biographies of the employees of the Kokand, Samarkand and Tashkent branches of the Volga-Kama Commercial Bank (VKCB). The Volga-Kama Commercial Bank had an extensive network in the Central Asian region (4 branches). The Volga-Kama Commercial Bank is considered the first large imperial commercial bank, which opened its branch in Tashkent in 1893. The Volga-Kama Bank tried to take over the export of cotton and fruit. Unfortunately, the authors have found no data on the personnel of the Namangan agency of the VKCB. The article draws on archival materials from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). When compiling the portrait of a bank employee, their age, education, service life, previous place of work, marital status, religion, and origin have been taken into account. Based on this data, the authors have been able to determine the professionalism of the working personnel of the VKCB branches in Central Asia. For the first time in world historiography, the biographies of employees of the Central Asian departments of the VKСB have been studied. The authors note that the staff of the VKСB was not professional, as there were few experienced personnel to develop banking on the periphery of the empire. Despite all difficulties, the bank management tried to attract most promising young specialists from local Russian population of the second generation to work in the bank. The local Russian population knew local languages, customs, and local economy, which made them indispensable for successful functioning of banking in the imperial periphery. Imperial banks also recruited non-Russian people. Basically, non-Russian population was involved as translators and advisers on loan granting. During the First World War, local branches of the VKCB began to engage women due to personnel shortage, mostly noble girls graduated from local gymnasiums. It should be noted that the main staff of the VKCB branches consisted of people under 35 years old. In most cases, only local directors had a degree in finance or economics. In the Central Asian branches of the VKCB, there were many teachers and former military personnel among the staff. Despite all the difficulties in recruiting personnel, the Volga-Kama Commercial Bank branches in Central Asia showed good results due to specific economic conditions in the Turkestan General Government.
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C. Kadiri, Goodluck, Asadu Emmanuela Uzoma, and Joekin Ekwueme. "Lexico-grammatical Analysis of AdaOkere Agbasimalo’s The Forest Dames." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.6p.1.
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The importance of language in literary discourse can never be over-emphasized. Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), in broad terms, contend that language is used to carry out interpersonal functions in speech and writing. Hence, literary writers use language creatively to communicate their intended messages to their readers. This study, therefore, explores the lexico-grammatical assessment of AdaOkere Agbasimalo’s The Forest Dames. The study aimed at identifying the prevalent linguistic tools deployed in the novel by the author, as a style index, for plot and theme developments. Also, to discuss logically how these tools contribute to project meanings in the novel. The study adopts Leech and Short’s checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories as its analytical tool. Data were extracted randomly from the novel and analyzed qualitatively at levels of lexis and structure using the checklist. The findings revealed that the authors deployed more of the major parts of speech; military registers; code mixing and switching and pidginized word/expressions to express the theme of hostility and futility of war. Also, at the grammatical level, sentences according to structure and function; inverted and elliptical sentences; adverbial and adjectival clauses were also used to expresses various themes and to develop the plots of the novel logically. It was concluded that Agbasimalo is a writer who used English creatively to express the consequences of Nigerian civil war on women and children. Conversely, it was suggested that scholars should conduct further studies on other aspects not covered in this research.
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DEAN, CAROLYN J. "MYSTICISM AND MOURNING IN RECENT FRENCH THOUGHT." Modern Intellectual History 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2014): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000109.
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There has been a lot of ink spilled lately regarding the various symptoms generated in French intellectual, cultural, and political life by a malady diagnosed as the triumph of neoliberalism and American consumerism at the end of the Cold War. In recent years, some French scholars afflicted with the disease have revisited and revised well-worn political models, and others returned defensively to the tradition of French secular republicanism as an antidote to “multiculturalism” and “communitarianism” (what Americans would call identity politics), which French authors often envision as American imports. This defensiveness on both the French left and right responds to the apparent exhaustion of nationalism, of revolutionary ideals, and of French identity. Joan Scott's recent book onThe Fantasy of Feminist Historydoes a particularly incisive job of revealing the various investments in secular republicanism as themselves forms of sexism and racism or nostalgia, especially on the right. She cites a discussion in which Mona Ozouf, Phillipe Raynaud, and others argue that the particularly “French” form of “seduction” and heterosexual coupling encourages men to exercise dominance through gallantry if they want to win over women. Gallantry civilizes society by using sexual difference as armor against an imagined leveling and sameness represented by those who cannot understand seduction as a means metaphorically of reconciling the differences that inevitably arise in democracies—feminists, “militant homosexuals,” and Muslims who refuse to play by French rules. Here the play of difference relies on a rigid gender difference—and the subordination of women—that sells itself as natural and quintessentially French.
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Hoder-Salmon, Marilyn. "Women war correspondents of world war II." Women's Studies International Forum 15, no. 2 (January 1992): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(92)90113-a.
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Beasley, Maurine. "Women War Correspondents of World War II." American Journalism 7, no. 2 (April 1990): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.1990.10731248.
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Thobani, Sunera. "War Frenzy." Meridians 19, S1 (December 1, 2020): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8565902.
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Abstract Following a speech against the war on terror the author presented at a conference on Violence Against Women, she was publicly attacked and threatened for “hate-mongering.” This paper was written in the aftermath of the controversy that followed. The author’s speech highlighted the history of U.S. foreign policy and sought to mobilize feminist opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan. The war, she argued, was reviving the colonial/imperial global divide and would be catastrophic. The author explores here how a number of carefully considered words used in the speech were treated in the public controversy that followed as too “incendiary” and used to shut down political opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan. By publicly branding her an ungrateful and hate-filled immigrant woman, and an apologist for terrorism, the media provided a platform to shut down political opposition and advance the racist and Islamophobic political ideology of the war.
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Kovtun, Natalia V. "The Motif of Mastery in Modern Traditionalism: Features of the Author’s Representation." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-126-143.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the motive of mastery in modern artistic traditionalism. Results. The works of F. Abramov, V. Shukshin, and V. Rasputin as representatives of the socio-moral, existential, and ‘mystical’ lines of development of this movement were chosen for our research. We separate the motif of craft and the the actual creative act, and analyze the effect of luminophany typical to the latter. In Shukshin’s work, the motive of skill correlates with the plot of civilization, the characters leave the countryside in search of wisdom. In the early texts, the city is presented as a promising space for the formation of personality, in the later ones, on the contrary, the image of the city gets a tragic resolution, the master chooses the path of a hired craftsman who repeats other people's patterns. The real hero here is ‘strange’, ‘foolish’, who does not know how to make practical use of the skill. He creates his world as a miracle, a refuge where you can escape from the cruel present. In Abramov’s work, the themes of labor and skill are key, the social efforts of masters are important, they strive to transform the house, the countryside, and Russia here and now. There is an ethicization of labor, labor becomes a commandment, a prayer, the masters themselves belong to the fabulous chronotope, perform the functions of demiurges, opening up to the profane crafts, culture, and the vertical. Women often show skill in men's professions, which is due to the unique traits of the post-war period. The motif of skill in Rasputin's later texts correlates with the motif of death. The theme of the master and his fate unfolds in the story Izba, where the question arises about a new hero who can lead the nation out of the spiritual impasse. Rasputin, disappointed in the possibilities of a patriarchal man, leaves the chance for the renewal of the universe to a woman whose feat is set off by the presence of the master Savelii, whose image is enhanced by the figure of Orpheus. When the masters no longer have a place, in reality, they establish personal contact with time, and Eternity resonates with the question of man. Conclusion. Over the centuries, the experience of searching for ‘secret freedom’, the creation of the master of light, accumulates, is transmitted from generation to generation, which determines the existence of culture.
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Kovtun, Natalia V. "The Motif of Mastery in Modern Traditionalism: Features of the Author’s Representation." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-126-143.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the motive of mastery in modern artistic traditionalism. Results. The works of F. Abramov, V. Shukshin, and V. Rasputin as representatives of the socio-moral, existential, and ‘mystical’ lines of development of this movement were chosen for our research. We separate the motif of craft and the the actual creative act, and analyze the effect of luminophany typical to the latter. In Shukshin’s work, the motive of skill correlates with the plot of civilization, the characters leave the countryside in search of wisdom. In the early texts, the city is presented as a promising space for the formation of personality, in the later ones, on the contrary, the image of the city gets a tragic resolution, the master chooses the path of a hired craftsman who repeats other people's patterns. The real hero here is ‘strange’, ‘foolish’, who does not know how to make practical use of the skill. He creates his world as a miracle, a refuge where you can escape from the cruel present. In Abramov’s work, the themes of labor and skill are key, the social efforts of masters are important, they strive to transform the house, the countryside, and Russia here and now. There is an ethicization of labor, labor becomes a commandment, a prayer, the masters themselves belong to the fabulous chronotope, perform the functions of demiurges, opening up to the profane crafts, culture, and the vertical. Women often show skill in men's professions, which is due to the unique traits of the post-war period. The motif of skill in Rasputin's later texts correlates with the motif of death. The theme of the master and his fate unfolds in the story Izba, where the question arises about a new hero who can lead the nation out of the spiritual impasse. Rasputin, disappointed in the possibilities of a patriarchal man, leaves the chance for the renewal of the universe to a woman whose feat is set off by the presence of the master Savelii, whose image is enhanced by the figure of Orpheus. When the masters no longer have a place, in reality, they establish personal contact with time, and Eternity resonates with the question of man. Conclusion. Over the centuries, the experience of searching for ‘secret freedom’, the creation of the master of light, accumulates, is transmitted from generation to generation, which determines the existence of culture.
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Weiss, Alfred, and Sharon Tettegah. "World of Race War." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgcms.2012100103.
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Stereotypical portrayals of race are common in many modern video games. However, research on games and game environments has often overlooked race as an important consideration when evaluating games for their educational potential. This is particularly true of the educational literature on online games, which has tended to emphasize virtual game spaces as intrinsically exemplary learning environments while deemphasizing the narrative content of the games themselves. This article addresses this oversight. Through a close reading of game communications and fan-created content, the authors examined how developer-produced racial narratives influence players’ experience of the game world. The authors find that players and player communities reproduce and reinforce narrow developer-produced interpretations of race during in-game interactions as well as in player forums and virtual communities beyond the confines of the game world. Because the game environment is not conducive to players’ critical examination of race, the authors conclude that the game does not intrinsically provide a means for players to engage critically with game content. They further conclude that as educational environments these games must be situated and contextualized within the ideologies and discourses of the physical world.