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1
Tabuwe, Manka E., Henry Z. Muluh, Enoh Tanjong, Patience Akpan-Obong, Lawrence Sikali, Augustine Ngongban, Ajibike Olubunmi Itegboje, Kibily Demba Samake, and Victor Wacham A. Mbarika. "Gendering Technologies: Women In Cameroons Pink-Collar ICT Work." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 17, no. 4 (September 29, 2013): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i4.8097.
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This paper examines the rise of low-skilled, low-paying, female dominated jobs in Cameroons information and communication technology (ICT) sector. It seeks to understand why and how women (mostly between the ages of 18 and 35) seem to be naturally drawn to these jobs, described in the literature as pink-collar jobs. Through interviews with ICT workers and observations at ICT training centers and call centers in Buea, a major city in the Southwest Region of Cameroon, the paper explores the factors that hinder womens entry into more technical ICT jobs in Cameroon. It concludes that some of these factors, such as the prior income level of female ICT workers and the absence of female instructors at ICT training centers, further reinforce gender-based job classifications and the rise of ghettoization in Cameroons ICT sector.
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Ngamtiate, Amina Vanessa, and Didier Nganawara. "Comprendre le Changement Social de la Fécondité à Travers l’Autonomie des Femmes en Union au Cameroun : Apport des Méthodes de Décomposition." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 35 (December 31, 2023): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n35p78.
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Contexte : Au Cameroun, le niveau de la fécondité reste élevé bien qu’une tendance à la baisse soit observée au cours de ces dernières années. Le nombre moyen d’enfants par femme est passé de 5,1 enfants en 2011 à 4,8 en 2018 (INS, 2018). Objectif : Cet article cherche à identifier les sources de changement social du niveau de la fécondité à travers l’autonomie des femmes en union au Cameroun. Méthodologie : Les données proviennent des enquêtes démographiques et de santé réalisées au Cameroun en 2011 et 2018. Elles sont analysées par la méthode de décomposition pour identifier les sources de changement du niveau de fécondité en fonction de l’autonomie. Résultats : Les résultats de l’analyse montrent que, pour les trois variables de classification retenues, la baisse de la fécondité chez les femmes en union au Cameroun entre 2011 et 2018 est due principalement à un effet de comportement. Cet effet est plus important chez les femmes dont la prise de décision relève du conjoint. Les femmes de niveau d’instruction primaire ont contribué de manière très significative (226,2%) à cette baisse. Il en est de même, pour celles exerçant des travaux domestiques et des activités dans le secteur informel avec respectivement 226,7% et 165,6%. Conclusion : L’autonomie exerce une influence sur la baisse de la fécondité des femmes en union au Cameroun entre 2011 et 2018.
Background: In Cameroon, the level of fertility remains high although a downward trend is observed in recent years. The average number of children per woman increased from 5.1 in 2011 to 4.8 in 2018 (INS, 2018). Objective: This article seeks to identify the sources of social change in the level of fertility through the autonomy of women in union in Cameroon. Methodology: The data come from demographic and health surveys conducted in Cameroon in 2011 and 2018. They are analyzed by the decomposition method to identify the sources of change in fertility level according to autonomy. Results: The results of the analysis show that, for the three classification variables used, the decrease in fertility among women in unions in Cameroon between 2011 and 2018 is mainly due to a behavioural effect. This effect is greater for women whose decision-making is the responsibility of the spouse. Women with primary education contributed significantly (226.2%) to this decline. The same is true for those engaged in domestic work and activities in the informal sector with 226.7% and 165.6% respectively. Conclusion: Autonomy exerts an influence on the decline in fertility of women in union in Cameroon between 2011 and 2018.
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BARLEY, NIGEL. "DESIGNING WOMEN, CAMEROON." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 810, no. 1 Queens, Queen (June 1997): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48135.x.
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Lienjeh, Lueong Nina-Prazil, Canute Ambe Ngwa, and Micheal Kpunghe Lang. "Transmutation of The Reproductive Life of Women in Southern/West Cameroon(S) 1922-1972: A Colonial Manipulation." Social Science and Humanities Journal 8, no. 07 (July 6, 2024): 4225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/sshj.v8i07.1182.
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In all human communities, societal continuity depended on the quality and availability of infant and maternity welfare services. Conscious of the outcomes of infancy care on the productive efficiency of individuals at adulthood, the reproductive life of women and child welfare became an area of European domination during colonialism. Using British Southern/West Cameroon(s) as the theatre, this paper sets out to uncover colonial motives in the transformation of reproductive practices among women as it examines the different strategies and mechanisms employed in extending maternity and infant welfare as a measure of colonial imperialism. Archival information and oral interviews made up primary sources while books, published articles and dissertations constituted the secondary sources. The descriptive historical approach was employed in the analysis of the work. This paper submits that: the British colonial administration in Southern Cameroons had a mask colonial exploitative economic agenda behind the assignment put forth by the League of Nations Mandate Commission in its Article II of the British Mandate agreement. A baseless racial discrimination and cultural domination motivated the transformation of the reproductive life of indigenous women and the extension of basic infant welfare services during the Mandate and trusteeship periods in Southern Cameroons. These services were mostly provided by Western Mission agencies and plantation firms who recognized the independence of Southern Cameroons but withheld the rights to medical autonomy. In some cases, the transfer of rights to manage the medical arm of the different agencies was partially transferred during the last years of the Cameroon federation and in some cases after the abrogation of the Cameroon federation. The British decision to administer Southern Cameroons as a mandate was a conspiracy to enforce the tentacles of colonialism and its diverse arms with hope of greater economic and cultural gains.
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Alusoh, Constantine Nwune, and Dobdinga Cletus Fonchamnyo. "Variation in Household Violence and Maternal Autonomy in Rural and Urban Areas: Their Effect on Child Health in Cameroon." Studies in Social Science & Humanities 3, no. 3 (March 2024): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/sssh.2024.03.07.
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This study examines the variations in household violence and maternal autonomy in rural and urban areas and their effect on child health in Cameroon. Using data from Cameron Demographic Health Survey (CDHS, 2018), a mixed-method approach (Ordinary Lease Square Regression and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method) was used for the analysis. The study found that household violence had an insignificant negative effect on child health while maternal autonomy exhibited a very significant positive effect on child health globally, in rural and in urban areas in Cameroon. Also, the rates of household violence and maternal autonomy are significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas in Cameroon. Policy recommendations includes raising awareness, providing educational and economic opportunities for women, improving health care services and strengthening legal framework to combat violence while strengthening maternal autonomy through educational and economic initiatives which improves their own and child health in both rural and urban settings in Cameroon.
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Tabe, Simon Tabe. "Traditional Law and Discriminatory Customary Practices against Women in Cameroon: A Critical Perspective." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, no. 3 (August 2020): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0321.
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This article highlights the cultural and traditional practices that continue to discriminate against women in Cameroon, given that gender equality has been recognised and guaranteed in the Constitution of Cameroon and all international human rights instruments which Cameroon has ratified, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and its Optional Protocol, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, and all other international and regional conventions and covenants relating to discrimination against women. The article points out that the status of a woman under traditional law is far less than that of a slave. A woman is regarded as an abominable object and subjected to harmful customary practices. Some customs still continue to affect the physical and psychological development of the village woman. It is suggested that the village woman should be empowered financially, economically and socially to fight against customary practices that violate their rights.
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(Ph.D), Bisong Clara Bate Ashu Mbuoben. "Women and Peace Building in Cameroon: Issues and Perspectives." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 1864–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14485.
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Nguindip, N. Ch. "“How can a property own a property” rejecting female right to inheritance under customary law in Cameroon: a continuous frustration platform violating female right to property in Cameroon." Law and Safety 84, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2022.01.1.
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This paper enunciates that women continues to experience rampant violations on their inheritance right to property in Cameroon. The continuous violations of women in Cameroon on their right to inherit property leave us with no doubts in ascertaining truly that the legal explanations protecting women in the country are questionable. In answering the above hypothesis, a doctrinal research method is used. From the established demonstration expounded, one can acclaimed that women right protection in Cameroon is distressing and a painful with the need of an acceptable correctable platform. The various law has to be re-examined and restructured if the objective of the law really should be obtained.
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Doho, Gilbert. "Women Reappropriate Power in Rural Cameroon." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29, no. 2 (January 2004): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379732.
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Forbang, Loveline Enjoh, Tohnian Nobert Lengha, and Fonteh Athanasius Amungwa. "The Impact of Livestock Extension on the Livelihood of Mbororo Fulani Women in the North West Region of Cameroon." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.17076.
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Mbororo Fulani women are experiencing transformation in their livelihood through livestock farming. This paper investigates the contributions of livestock farming to the wellbeing of the Mbororo Fulani women of the North West region of Cameroon. Mbororo women in the North West region play different roles to contribute to the growth of the livestock sector in Cameroon but lack technological knowledge and extension services to improve on their livestock activities. The study used primary data gotten through structured questionnaires and secondary data from journals, books and work from other researchers. The simple random sampling was used to select 400 Mbororo women for the study and SPSS was used for data analysis. The study reveals that 61% of Mbororo women are engage in livestock farming. 20.4% of the women keep different categories of livestock extension (sheep, goat, poultry etc). 89% of the women do livestock farming for income generation and as a means to increase proteins needs for their families. Therefore, livestock is an important source of revenue to Mbororo Fulani women in the North West region of Cameroon thus Cameroon government should put more efforts to assist these Mbororo women in livestock farming by providing them with modern innovations through extension services and resources needed to expand on livestock farming.
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Yost, Mark T., Kevin J. Blair, McKayla Poppens, Michelle Mallahi, Lauren Eyler Dang, Rasheedat Oke, Melissa Carvalho, et al. "Who seeks care after intimate partner violence in Cameroon? sociodemographic differences between a hospital and population sample of women." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 7 (July 19, 2024): e0003408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003408.
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Introduction Little is known regarding health care seeking behaviors of women in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Cameroon, who experience violence. The proportion of women who experienced violence enrolled in the Cameroon Trauma Registry (CTR) is lower than expected. Methods We concatenated the databases from the October 2017-December 2020 CTR and 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) into a singular database for cross-sectional study. Continuous and categorical variables were compared with Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between demographic factors and women belonging to the DHS or CTR cohort. We performed additional classification tree and random forest variable importance analyses. Results 276 women (13%) in the CTR and 197 (13.1%) of women in the DHS endorsed violence from any perpetrator. A larger percentage of women in the DHS reported violence from an intimate partner (71.6% vs. 42.7%, p<0.001). CTR women who experienced IPV demonstrated greater university-level education (13.6% vs. 5.0%, p<0.001) and use of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) cooking fuel (64.4% vs. 41.1%, p<0.001). DHS women who experienced IPV reported greater ownership of agricultural land (29.8% vs. 9.3%, p<0.001). On regression, women who experienced IPV using LPG cooking fuel (aOR 2.55, p = 0.002) had greater odds of belonging to the CTR cohort while women who owned agricultural land (aOR 0.34, p = 0.007) had lower odds of presenting to hospital care. Classification tree variable observation demonstrated that LPG cooking fuel predicted a CTR woman who experienced IPV while ownership of agricultural land predicted a DHS woman who experienced IPV. Conclusion Women who experienced violence presenting for hospital care have characteristics associated with higher SES and are less likely to demonstrate factors associated with residence in a rural setting compared to the general population of women experiencing violence.
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Nguindip, Nana Charles. "Challenging Domestic Violence under National and International Law: Judging the innumerable Legal Violations Undermining the Protection of Women’s Constitutional Rights in Cameroon." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2022.1.03.
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The notion of violence especially on the rights of women has been plagued with lots of plausible euphoria jeopardizing the initial rational and objective of the human rights placement, that of ensuring that everyone should be treated with respect and fundamental dignity. The situation has become appalling and frustrating as women encounter violations on their various status and rights, making them becoming subjects of ridicule. Willing to ensure the recognition and protection of women, Cameroon has adopted a series of international, regional and national laws aiming at ensuring a safe and secured environment for the protection of women rights and status. Regardless of the various measures set by the country, the notion of domestic violence appears to be more of a pandemic than a curable substance as issues of women protection are concerned.
This article is of the opinion that the concept of domestic violence in Cameroon is accelerating as most women are still treated as an object of commodity in the eyes of many. There is a continuous violation of women rights especially in aspects of sexual violence and discriminatory practices meted on women. This situation has become worrisome, as many question the future of women rights in Cameroon as issues of sexual violence escalate, thus affecting tremendously the prestigious status to be occupied by women in the society. In answering the above question and hypothesis, there will be the need to evaluate the domestic violence environment in Cameroon by questioning the complexities in the country on issues related to combatting domestic violence, and examining the way forward.
It is convenient and an established scourge beyond all reasonable doubt that, the singularity of sexual violence continues to be a hard nut to crack notwithstanding all the remarkable efforts put in place by the government of Cameroon in ensuring its fight. we continue to experience aspect of violations and abuses on the women right making those harmful practices meted on the women to be turned an unrealistic atmosphere. To this set, it is advisable that more efforts, mechanisms and methods should be invested by the government of Cameroon to establish a favorable climate and environment in the protection and preservation of women rights and status in the country.
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Temngah, Joseph N. "Customary Law, Women's Rights and Traditional Courts in Cameroon." Revue générale de droit 27, no. 3 (March 23, 2016): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035782ar.
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This article highlights the controversy over Women's Rights in Cameroon given that women are regarded as a man's property under customary law. The article points out the position of women's rights under statutory law. It compares both rules without settling for either of them. Both rules are sources of Cameroonian law and are administered concurrently by the courts. Again, this article shows the awareness women have demonstrated by challenging the customary law position which considers a woman as an object. Finally, the article settles for the codification of laws notwithstanding the difficulties involved in this exercise, especially in a bi-jural state like Cameroon.
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van Santen, José C. M. "‘My “Veil” Does Not Go With My Jeans’: Veiling, Fundamentalism, Education and Women's Agency in Northern Cameroon." Africa 80, no. 2 (May 2010): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2010.0205.
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This article demonstrates that the struggle over the Muslim ‘veil’ in public schools, which is related to tensions between the norms of secular democracy and principles of religious tolerance, has also become a topic of debate in Cameroon. I take the life of a young woman, Maimouna, whose life I have followed for 22 years, as a point of departure, and place it in the historical and social contexts of her society. I try not only to negotiate presuppositions about women and Islam in order to challenge notions of Muslim women as a homogeneous category, but also to challenge the automatic association of Islam, fundamentalism and the debate on veiling. In this debate it is often taken for granted that women have no say over their own lives. I show not only that the wishes of diverse groups of women living in Muslim societies may vary, but also that in a single woman's life her views may change. I explore how aspects of the new fundamentalist discourse (in which education for women is of importance) – against a background in which political and religious leaders, as in the past, cooperate closely – come to the fore in the subject of veiling. Religious and political councils initiate the foundation of private Islamic schools that are built with money from Saudi Arabian NGOs. In these schools women may wear headgear, which they have to take off in public schools in accordance with the laic prescriptions of Cameroon's constitution. The incessant change of views on veiling is linked to local, national and international contexts, but in a different way at each level. The story of Maimouna indicates that modernity is gendered. In the fundamentalist discourse in Cameroon in which veiling has acquired significance, men opt for another type of school where veiling is allowed, while women opt for education.
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Ojong, Nathanael. "Gender, the state, and informal self-employment." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 1456–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2016-0095.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the intersection of formality, informality, structures of power, gender, and social norms in the mobile telecommunication industry in Cameroon, and to investigate the reasons for the over-representation of informal self-employed women at the base of the mobile telecommunication industry in the country. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study using interviews and observations. Findings Cameroon’s mobile telecommunication industry is a “spaghetti bowl” where formality, informality, gender, structures of power, and social norms are intertwined. In Cameroon’s mobile telecommunication industry, there is no static division between formality and informality, rather, there is a connection between formality and informality to ensure the unity and totality of the airtime credit distribution system. Self-employment in the mobile telecommunication industry is gendered. Originality/value Analysing the intersection of gender, class, formality, informality, social norms, and structures of power in the functioning of the mobile telecommunication industry in the Cameroon is original.
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Jackson, M., S. Walker, JK Cruickshank, S. Sharma, J. Cade, J.-C. Mbanya, N. Younger, TF Forrester, and R. Wilks. "Diet and overweight and obesity in populations of African origin: Cameroon, Jamaica and the UK." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 2 (February 2007): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007246762.
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AbstractObjectivesTo determine the relationship of diet to overweight and obesity among populations of African origin.Design and settingCross-sectional data were obtained from adults aged 25–74 years in rural Cameroon (n = 686), urban Cameroon (n = 975), Jamaica (n = 924) and Afro-Caribbeans in the UK (n = 257). Dietary data were collected using food-frequency questionnaires specifically designed for each site. Body mass index (BMI) was used as a measure of overweight.ResultsThe expected gradient in the distribution of overweight across sites was seen in females (rural Cameroon, 9.5%; urban Cameroon, 47.1%; Jamaica, 63.8%; UK, 71.6%); however, among males overweight was less prevalent in Jamaica (22.0%) than urban Cameroon (36.3%). In developing countries increased risks of overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg m− 2) were influenced by higher energy (urban Cameroonian men) and protein (Jamaican women) intakes. No dietary variables were associated with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m− 2) in Cameroon or Jamaica. In the UK, energy intakes were inversely related with overweight whereas increased risks of being overweight were associated with higher protein (men) and fat (women) intakes. Similarly, whereas higher protein and fat intakes in UK men and women were associated with obesity, carbohydrate intakes were associated with decreased risks of obesity in men.ConclusionsDiet and overweight were associated in the UK but few dietary variables were related to overweight in Jamaica and the Cameroon. These findings suggest that associations between diet and overweight/obesity are not generalisable among populations.
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Mayin, Kinga, and Dobdinga Fonchamnyo. "Health and Women’s Employment in Cameroon." American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice 6, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajhmn.718.
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Introduction: Housewives report more chronic illnesses than employed women and housewives are more likely to rate their health situation as either poor or fair than employed women. Poor health can deter a woman from seeking or keeping a job and this appears to be a major reason why poor health is reported more frequently by housewives than employed women.
Purpose: This work investigated the influence health bears on women’s employment in Cameroon.
Methodology: It utilized the expo-factor research design. Secondary data from the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) in Cameroon for 1991, 1998, 2004, 2011 and 2018 was also used in this work. The Instrumental Variable Probit Model and Control Function were used to analyze the data.
Findings: Health capture by BMI had a negative and statistical significant effect on women’s employment. Other variables that positively and significantly influenced women employment were education, husband education, husband’s occupation, marital status, region of origin and lifetime sex partners on the one hand. On the other hand, the woman’s age, wealth levels, age at first birth, religion and year negatively and significantly affected the likelihood of her being employed. Factors that positively and significantly influenced women’s health were education, husband’s education, skipping meals and religion. In this vein, Muslims and Animists were significantly associated with lower BMI and better health compared to Catholics. On the other hand; age, husband’s occupation, lifetime sex partners, women’s employment, use of modern contraceptives, husband’s age, age at first birth, respondent’s occupation negatively and statistically significantly influenced women’s health. It was concluded that as women’s health worsens (BMI increase), the likelihood that they were employed reduced.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study recommends compulsory health insurance for all workers especially female workers and the effective implementation of the much talk of universal health coverage in Cameroon.
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Nguindip, Nana Charles. "Combatting Domestic Violence under International Law: Assessing the Various Legal Inconsistencies Frustrating the Protection of Women's Rights in Cameroon." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 31, no. 1 (February 2023): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2023.0436.
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The notion of violence especially on the rights of women has been plagued with lots of plausible euphoria jeopardising the initial rationale and objective of the human rights placement, that of ensuring that everyone should be treated with respect and fundamental dignity. The situation has become appalling and frustrating as women encounter violations of their various status and rights, making them become subjects of ridicule. Willing to ensure the recognition and protection of women, Cameroon has adopted a series of international, regional and national laws aiming at ensuring a safe and secured environment for the protection of women's rights and status. Regardless of the various measures set by the country, the notion of domestic violence appears to be more of a pandemic than a curable substance as issues of women protection are concerned. This article is of the opinion that the concept of domestic violence in Cameroon is accelerating as most women are still treated as an object of commodity in the eyes of many. There is a continuous violation of women's rights especially in aspects of sexual violence and discriminatory practices meted out on women. This situation has become worrisome, as many question the future of women's rights in Cameroon as issues of sexual violence escalate, thus affecting tremendously the prestigious status to be occupied by women in the society. In answering the above question and hypothesis, there will be the need to evaluate the domestic violence climate in Cameroon by questioning the complexities in the country on issues related to combating domestic violence and examining the way forward. It is convenient beyond all reasonable doubt that, sexual violence continues to be a hard nut to crack notwithstanding all the impressive efforts put in place by the government of Cameroon in ensuring its fight. To this end, it is advisable that more efforts, mechanisms and methods should be invested by the government of Cameroon to establish a favourable climate and environment in the protection and preservation of women's rights and status in the country.
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Atanga, Lilian Lem. "A gendered academy – women’s experiences from higher education in Cameroon." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2021, no. 267-268 (March 1, 2021): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0080.
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Abstract Women make up less than 20% of the faculty in Cameroon and continue to work in male-dominated workplaces against a context of patriarchal gendered ideologies. This paper explores women’s experiences in the academy in Cameroon, highlighting the way they navigate these challenges to position themselves in higher education. Through autoethnography and critical discourse analysis, it examines literature within the area of gendered discourse and texts on higher education, and the author’s personal experiences as a female academic in Cameroon. It is argued in this paper that the challenges of women are higher and include rendering content of teaching and research gendered, appropriating gendered identities as women, and asserting themselves in research, publication, and administration. Language is considered as the vehicle for disempowering women in the academy. Thus, women are called upon to demystify stereotypes about femininity and women’s place in the academy through language use. That deconstruction of roles must start with gender-sensitive language use.
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Ageh Agejo, Patrick. "Legal Framework to Gender-Based Violence, Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights of Indigenous Women in Cameroon." African Journal of Legal Studies 11, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340040.
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AbstractMen and women have different health profiles which necessitate different health needs, as a result of their biology and their distinct status in society. Discrimination and harmful traditional practices in many societies in the global south further affect the reproductive health of indigenous women. The paper will highlight discrimination against women in patriarchal indigenous communities in Cameroon. The paper focuses on violations that affect women’s reproductive health. The paper will discuss these violations in light of the country’s commitment to Sustainable Development Goal No. 3 on good health and well-being and Goal No. 5 on gender equality. The paper will also highlight the national and international laws addressing the right to the reproductive health of indigenous women. It will also examine gender-sensitive interventions, legislation and policies put in place by the indigenous community and the Government of Cameroon if any. The paper will end with conclusion and suggestions/recommendations on ways to improve the reproductive health of indigenous women in Cameroon.
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Fonchingong, Charles. "Structural adjustment, women, and agriculture in Cameroon." Gender & Development 7, no. 3 (November 1999): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/741923241.
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Muntoh, Eugene Muambeh, and Lukong Mathilda Yenla Ep Ngoula Ngoula. "THE PLIGHT OF WOMEN IN ARMED CONFLICT: RECOUNTING THE ORDEALS OF WOMEN IN THE ANGLOPHONE ARMED CON-FLICT IN CAMEROON." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2395.
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Armed conflicts over the years have been a major issue affecting many societies across the world. These armed conflicts usually have far reaching consequence on diverse groups in affect-ed societies. Women most often remain the hardest hit as far as the effects of these armed con-flicts are concern. The plight of women remains an issue of major concern in the Anglophone armed conflict in Cameroon. Since the escalation of the Anglophone crisis into an armed conflict in 2017, combat between the state of Cameroon and the non-state armed groups have been evolving. The asymmetrical tactics of the armed groups have been changing based on its capa-bilities. The recent spike in the targeted raid and attack on schools, markets, and state institutions purposely for abduction and kidnapping has affected most women and girls in particular from every facet of life. Due to the depletion of its fighters and gradual loss of support from the mass-es, there has been a surge in mass positioning of people including women and girls as material instruments of warfare: fighters, human shields, bargaining tools, sex slaves, informants, among other things by armed groups. Based on research material from primary and secondary sources, this study seeks to examine the adversities of women and girls in the current trend, and eluci-dates on the impact on their social and economic wellbeing. The study endorses the need for the respect of the UNSCR 1325 in Cameroon which clearly stipulates the need to prevent the violation of womens rights and the protection of women and girls from wartime sexual violence.
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Théodore, Ngoufo Sogang, and Ebai Bakow Abigail. "Bakassi Women in Cross-Border Trade with Nigeria (1963 to 2016): Motivations and Constraints." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 2 (2022): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.92.23.
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Bakassi, a peninsula rich in petroleum and natural gas, is Cameroon’s, after a lingering border dispute over it with Nigeria which saw Cameroon emerging triumphant. As expected, a large extent of the peninsula’s historiography has been pretty conflict-based than otherwise. It is within this basis that the underlying article explores yet an existent but casually exploited field – the experience of cross-border trade in the peninsula. Likewise, Cameroon’s reluctant enthusiasm to make gender-equalized evaluations of trade inspired the spotlight of this research on the female gender. It is in this light that the write-up aims at delving into the reasons why the women of Bakassi (in the Cameroon side), ventured into cross-border trade with Nigeria between the years 1963 and 2016 as well as the different constraints witnessed in doing so. Relying on primary and secondary sources while consuming other disciplines where indispensable, the article depended on the thematic, chronological and descriptive models of analysis accordingly. From the objectives and methods adapted, the results of our findings proved that during the years under reflection, historical relationships, intermarriages, differences in natural resource base, differences in prices, devaluation of the Nigerian currency and the economic crisis of the 1980s all motivated Bakassi women to undertake the trade. As for the obstacles faced in the process, they varied from the economic standpoint to socio-cultural restrains. The economic hindrances included corruption, piracy, theft, fraud, price instability, transport and communication network problems and inadequate capital while the socio-cultural obstructions were mainly illiteracy, inadequate access to information and traditional prejudices.
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Zegeye, Betregiorgis, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, and Sanni Yaya. "Utilization of Deworming Drugs and Its Individual and Community Level Predictors among Pregnant Married Women in Cameroon: A Multilevel Modeling." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 12, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6645336.
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Background. Although deworming pregnant women is one of the strategies to reduce parasites (roundworms and hookworms) causing anemia and related perinatal and maternal complications, utilization of deworming medication among pregnant women in Cameroon is suboptimal. Comprehensive assessment of individual, household (including women’s autonomy), and community-level factors associated with utilization of deworming medication has not been done so far. Therefore, we investigated the individual/household and community-level factors associated with deworming among pregnant married women in Cameroon. Methods. Our study was limited to pregnant women because they have a greater risk due to increased chances of anemia. We used data from the 2018/19 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey. Analysis on 5,013 pregnant married women was carried out using multilevel logistic regression. Odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results. Our findings showed that about 29.8% of pregnant married women received deworming medications. The individual/household level predictors of deworming medications utilization identified in this study were women’s educational level, wealth quintile, and skilled antenatal care. Distance to health facility and region were identified as community-level predictors of deworming medications utilization. Higher odds of receiving deworming medication occurred among educated and wealthier pregnant married women as well as among pregnant married women who had skilled antenatal care or lived in the south region, whereas lower odds were observed among pregnant married women living in the north region. Conclusion. Access to education and economic empowerment of pregnant married women in remote areas and the north region should be the primary focus of the Cameroon government to enhance deworming coverage in the country.
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Keou, F. X. Mbopi, P. Mauclere, A. Andela, E. Tetanye, R. Leke, G. Chaouat, F. Barre Sinoussi, P. Martin, and L. Belec. "Antenatal HIV prevalence in Yaounde, Cameroon." International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922485.
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Summary: From June 1994 to July 1996, 4100 pregnant women living in Yaounde, Cameroon, were tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 and syphilis. The HIV seroprevalence was 4.2 95 confidence interval CI : 3.6- 4.8 , and that of antibodies to Treponema pallidum was 17.4 95 CI: 16.3- 18.6 HIV infection was twice as common in women with positive syphilis serology 7.2 vs 3.6 . Over the study period, the antenatal seroprevalence of syphilis remained stable, while there was an increase in the HIV seroprevalence rate. There was an increase in HIV seropositivity in women uninfected with syphilis between 1994 1995 and 1995 1996 from 2.9 to 4.3 . By the end of the study, HIV infection was no commoner in women with negative compared with positive syphilis serology. It is therefore postulated that HIV infection in Yaounde has entered the general, sexually active female population. We suggest that manage ment of pregnant women in Cameroon should include routine screening for both HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases STDs .
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Okah-Efogo, Françoise, and Gaëlle Tatiana Timba. "Female entrepreneurship and growth in Cameroon." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 6, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-10-2012-0067.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to supplement the literature on the effect of female entrepreneurship on economic growth by bringing new evidence for the case of SMEs owned by women in Cameroon. Design/methodology/approach – Effects of female entrepreneurship on Cameroonian economic growth are analyzed through a simple statistical analysis. Findings – Our results reveal that there is a growing female entrepreneurship in Cameroon, localized in many different sectors of activity. Moreover, these SMEs are opportunity entrepreneurship which contributes to economic growth by considerably reducing unemployment particularly for women, generating revenues for government and enhancing human capital skills. Research limitations/implications – The study suggests an investment in SMEs owned by women and an investment in education and skills of those women in order to positively affect economic growth. Originality/value – Many studies have focussed their attention on the relationship between SMEs and economic growth, but few attempted to evaluate the theoretical assumptions in case studies and in a gender perspective.
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Danadji, Issac, Eric Allara Ngaba, and Christel Mapa. "Does safe delivery depend on antenatal care in Cameroon." African Journal of Health Sciences 35, no. 6 (January 18, 2023): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajhs.v35i6.7.
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BACKGROUNDCameroon had 529 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017. This high maternal mortality rate (MMR) is likely to reduce if the health system identifies earlier the complications related to pregnancy and provides an adequate response. The perinatal period is appropriate to identify some of these complications through antenatal care (ANC). However, little is known about the contribution of the ANC consultation in the improvement of safe delivery. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the effect of ANC on the probability of safe delivery in Cameroon.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study used a cross-sectional Cameroon Demographic Health Survey (CDHS, 2018). This survey comprised women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey aged 15 to 49 years (N = 6463). Women's ANC compliance was assessed by at least one clinic. Safe delivery was measured as whether the woman gave birth at a health facility or home attended to by a skilled health worker or not. The association between women's ANC and safe delivery was analysed using a probit regression model.RESULTSThe results show that women of favoured regions have a comparative advantage to safe delivery compared to the North and extreme North regions of Cameroon. Among women who did not carry out ANC consultation, 81.24% did not use a Safe delivery mode whereas 79.67% of women who carried out ANC consultation used the Safe delivery mode. Finally, the econometrics estimations indicate a positive and significant effect of ANC consultation on the probability safe of delivery.CONCLUSIONThe study confirms a positive and significant dependence of safe delivery on ANC in Cameroon. The main control variables such as education, income levels, living environment and region of residence are also expected to affect the likelihood of safe delivery.RECOMMENDATIONTo increase safe delivery in Cameroon, public policymakers could put in place policies encouraging ANC consultation among pregnant women. These policies could include, improving maternal education and reducing the distance to health facilities.
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Janmohamed, Amynah, Melissa M. Baker, David Doledec, Fatou Ndiaye, Ahmenan Claude Liliane Konan, Amoakon Leonce, Koffi Landry Kouadio, et al. "Dietary Quality and Associated Factors among Women of Reproductive Age in Six Sub-Saharan African Countries." Nutrients 16, no. 8 (April 10, 2024): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16081115.
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The burden of micronutrient malnutrition is high among women of reproductive age (WRA) in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the dietary quality and associated factors for WRA in Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tanzania. Data were collected from women aged 15–49 years using representative Diet Quality Questionnaire surveys. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W), All-5 (key food group) consumption, noncommunicable disease risk (NCD-Risk), and Global Dietary Recommendation (GDR) indicators were assessed. Participants included N = 16,584 women [Cameroon: N = 2073; Côte d’Ivoire: N = 242; Kenya: N = 864; Adamawa State (Nigeria): N = 1283; Benue State (Nigeria): N = 1047; Nasarawa State (Nigeria): N = 1151; Senegal: N = 7232; Tanzania: N = 2692]. The MDD-W ranged from 43.0% in Tanzania to 81.4% in Côte d’Ivoire and was higher in urban, compared to rural, areas in Cameroon, Kenya, Nasarawa, Senegal, and Tanzania (p < 0.001). Increased education and wealth were positively associated with MDD-W in Kenya, Benue, Senegal, and Tanzania. Fewer than half of all women attained All-5 consumption. NCD-Risk scores ranged from 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.17) in Tanzania to 2.28 (95% CI: 2.16, 2.40) in Nasarawa, and women’s GDR scores ranged from 10.47 (95% CI: 10.40, 10.54) in Cameroon to 11.45 (95% CI: 11.25, 11.64) in Côte d’Ivoire. Our findings highlight key aspects of women’s diets in sub-Saharan African settings to enable greater awareness and more targeted responses to the specific areas needing the most improvement.
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Cherry Suzanne Kengne, Christian Ngounouh Taheu, Julienne Louise Ngo Likeng, Lucien Koumdji Kouakam, Martinobrie Hermione Weladji Cheubou, Edouard Francky Nganti Mebenga, and Philippe Salomon Nguwoh. "Intestinal parasitic infections among pregnant woman at Bafang district hospital, west region of Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1314.
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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remains a serious public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). IPIs caused by helminths and protozoan parasites are common among pregnant women. Data on the national pooled prevalence of IPIs and associated factors during pregnancy is not well documented in Cameroon. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of IPIs and associated factors among pregnant women at the Bafang district hospital (BDH) in the West region of Cameroon. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study from May, 30th to Jun, 24th 2022 among pregnant women aged between 14 to 48 years old (mean age: 27.41 ± 6.67 years old) at BDH in the West region of Cameroon. Stool samples were freshly collected from each pregnant woman in a clean container and examined fresh, then concentrated with 10% formalin-ether to increase the yield of the eggs and larvae. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info v. 7 and IBM SPSS version 20 software with any value of p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 156 pregnant women examined, 13.46% (n=21) were infected and among them, 90.48% were mono-infected and 9.52% were double-infected. The species mainly found were Entamoeba histolytica (5.77%) for protozoa and Strongyloides stercoralis (1.28%) for helminths. The prevalence of IPIs was high in pregnant women aged <30 years (66.67%), in those with a secondary education (90.48%) and in single (42.86%). In addition, the prevalence of IPIs was more in the second trimester (42.86%) as compared to the first (28.57%) and the third trimester (28.57%) of pregnancy (p<0.05). No association was found between the prevalence of IPIs and associated factors. Conclusion: The results of this study show a high prevalence of IPIs among pregnant women at the BDH with Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis as the majority species in circulation.
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Różański, Jarosław. "Kościół wobec tzw. kryzysu anglofońskiego w Kamerunie." Annales Missiologici Posnanienses 26 (December 30, 2021): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/amp.2021.26.5.
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After the unification of Anglophone and Francophone regions of Cameroon in 1961, English-speaking Cameroonians have accused the central authorities in Yaoundé of marginalizing this part of the country. In 2016, expressions of discontent in this part of Cameroon gained momentum, and on October 1, 2017, the most extreme factions declared the independence of Cameroon’s two Anglophone regions and the birth of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia. This contributed to escalating tensions in the two English-speaking regions and led to strikes and bloody fighting. The central government and the separatists have taken irreconcilable positions. According to estimates, at least 4,000 people have died in the conflict and more than one million have been internally displaced. Most of the internally displaced are women and children. The Catholic Church has taken on the difficult task of finding ways of reconciling the hostile sides. The Church’s action is significant. The Church is one of the most influential non-governmental institutions throughout the country, including in English-speaking regions.
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Nguindip, Nana Charles. "Re-evaluating the Legal and Institutional Complications Affecting the Protection of Women's Rights in Cameroon: The Need to Remedying the Odds." Pancasila and Law Review 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/plr.v5i1.3186.
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Several complex legal and institutional issues beset preserving women’s rights in Cameroon. Women’s rights refer to a wide range of ideals and entitlements intended to guarantee gender equality and encourage women’s full involvement and empowerment in all spheres of society. These rights include freedom from violence, equality, education, health, and body autonomy, among other things. However, even with the modern conception and advancement of today's society, women continue to be treated inhumanely, uncaringly, and pitilessly, thereby affecting their status and rights acquired in today´s society, with the numerous legal instruments wavering from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Maputo Protocol, the African Charter on the Welfare of the Child, and hosts of other condemning the illegal practices experienced by women on the international scene. The increase in violations continues to be rampant. With all the praiseworthy struggles instigated and affected by these instruments, the degree of violation of women's rights is increasing and increasing in Cameroon. Women continue to experience violations of their rights, especially those related to Female Genital Mutilation, Sexual Abuse, Rape, widow practices, and many other harmful practices. The query one would be posing here is in searching why Cameroon is considered a State of Law, devouring great efforts in certifying that women anguishing from the effect of violence should be protected, continue to experience an increase in cases of women's rights violations. In this vane, it will be sufficient for us to assess the various legal and institutional dispositions put in place by the State of Cameroon in handling cases of violence done against women. It is surprising that with all the laws initiated by the State of Cameroon from the Constitution, the Penal Code, the Labour Code, the Civil Status Registration Ordinance, and the Civil Code enacted to deal with cases of violence done on Women, there exists no concrete and concise law handling matters of violence against women. The situation of child marriage, Female Genital Mutilation, Breast Ironing, Widow Practices, and Property Discrimination continue to be a nightmare and a pandemic to eradicate in the country, irrespective of the efforts introduced by competent authorities. There is a need to redress the situation for a better protective climate for women and their societal statuses.
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Ardener, Shirley. "Microcredit, money transfers, women, and the Cameroon diaspora." Afrika Focus 23, no. 2 (February 25, 2010): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02302004.
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The paper introduces the topic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) and several other forms of microcredit institutions, variations of which are found in most communities around the world, and considers the impact on them of the current financial crisis. For many women and men, poor and wealthy alike, these institutions have been economic and social lifelines. Among many African peoples, they provide the main source of rural and urban credit, both for sustainable living and entrepreneurial endeavour. This paper draws on the experience of contemporary Cameroonians, including those in the diaspora, in particular that of Dr Bridget Teboh. Social anthropologists have espoused ROSCAs for many decades. This paper cites the increasing attention such institutions now get from governments, NGOs, bankers and economists, and considers the impact of the current worldwide financial crisis on the behaviour of those who save in them.
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Njabanou, Noella M., Julius Atashili, Dora Mbanya, Enow R. Mbu, George M. Ikomey, Charles A. Kefie, Thompson N. Kinge, Dorothee Etogo, Adaora A. Adimora, and Peter M. Ndumbe. "Sexual Behavior of HIV-Positive Women in Cameroon." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 12, no. 2 (September 27, 2011): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545109711421640.
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Ngefor, Silvian, and Patrick Van Damme. "An Analysis of the Evolution of Forestry Reforms and Women’s Rights to Forest Use, Ownership and Management in Cameroon." Afrika Focus 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-35010008.
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Abstract Changes in forestry policies in Cameroon have often been initiated by different stakeholders in line with their respective interests, political and/or economic power, capacities and views. Consequently, communities, and especially women, inhabiting forest areas have faced difficulty using and managing forests, for cultural, social, economic and institutional reasons that limit their rights regarding the forest. This paper argues that institutional changes in Cameroon around ownership, use and management of forest resources have had far-reaching impacts on women who are dependent on these forests. We use secondary and primary data to support our analyses. Our findings reveal that over time, forestry reforms in Cameroon have been gender-blind or gender-neutral, with no clauses in forestry reforms that consider women’s vulnerabilities, needs and responsibilities. These reforms continue to impose secondary roles on women. By using gender-inclusive success stories from Nepalese forest communities, this research presses on policymakers to be more gender-inclusive when enacting forestry policies. Raising awareness and enforcing accountability that supports women will both improve the standards of living for everyone in forest communities and enhance sustainable forest management.
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Budhwani, Henna, Kristine Ria Hearld, Jodie Dionne-Odom, Simon Manga, Kathleen Nulah, Michelle Khan, Thomas Welty, Edith Welty, and Alan Thevenet Tita. "HIV Status and Contraceptive Utilization among Women in Cameroon." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 18 (January 1, 2019): 232595821982659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219826596.
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Objective: We examined patterns of contraceptive utilization by HIV status among women in Cameroon, hypothesizing that women living with HIV would utilize contraception at higher rates than their HIV-negative peers. Methods: Deidentified, clinical data from the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (2007-2013) were analyzed (N = 8995). Frequencies compared outcomes between women living with HIV (15.1%) and uninfected women. Multivariate analyses examined associates of contraceptive utilization and desire to become pregnant. Results: Contraceptive utilization was associated with higher education, living with HIV, monogamy, and higher parity ( P < .001). Women living with HIV had 66% higher odds of using contraceptives than their negative peers (odds ratio [OR]: 1.66, confidence interval [CI]: 1.45-1.91, P < .001). Polygamous women had 37% lower odds of using contraceptives compared to monogamous women (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.52-0.75, P < .001). Conclusion: Increasing contraceptive utilization in resource-constrained settings should be a priority for clinicians and researchers. Doing so could improve population health by reducing HIV transmission between partners and from mother to child.
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Gomseu, Boris E. D., Rajneesh Dadwal, Jean-De-D. Tamokou, Rakesh Yadav, Wiliane J. T. Marbou, Jules R. Kuiate, and Sunil Sethi. "Molecular detection and genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis circulating in women of Western Cameroon: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214989.
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Background: In Cameroon, C. trachomatis screening is not routinely practiced, and its epidemiology is still unexplored. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection, its risk factors and the genotypes circulating in the West Cameroon region.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst patients in five district hospitals in the West region of Cameroon. Endocervical samples were collected from women visiting the hospitals forantenatal, prenuptial and contraception consultations and at least 18 years old, sexually active, and non-menstruating. The molecular detection of C. trachomatis was performed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of the ompA gene.Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was determined to be 11.47%. Having sex for the first time between the ages of 15 and 17 (OR=1.683, 95% CI: 1.1-2.5), non-usage of condom (OR=1.622, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), being single (OR=1.263, 95% CI: 1.0-1.5) and age range 18-30 years (OR=1.426, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8) were risk factors for C. trachomatis infection. Three genotypes of C. trachomatis circulated in West Cameroon viz. D (49%), E (29.4%) and G (21.6%).Conclusions: This study revealed that, three genotypes; D (dominant), E and G were identified circulating in the population of the study area. This information may be important for controlling the dissemination of C. trachomatis infection in West Cameroon as well as strategizing the therapeutic approach.
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Richard, Tagne Simo, Lydiane C. C. Ndopwang, Paul F. Seke Etet, Armel H. Nwabo Kamdje, Halmata Mohamadou, Telefo Phelix Bruno, and Charlette Nangue. "Breast Cancer Awareness and Detection of Asymptomatic Cases Using Breast Palpation and Fine-needle Aspiration in Bafoussam, Cameroon." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2020.5.1.61-66.
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Background: Breast cancer, the deadliest cancer in women worldwide, is often diagnosed at late stage in Cameroon, with high mortality and dire socioeconomic consequences. We investigated the reasons for breast cancer late diagnosis in Cameroon. Methods: Women (412) were randomly recruited in various locations in the city of Bafoussam, West Region, Cameroon. They self-administered a questionnaire assessing breast cancer awareness. Then, they underwent breast palpation, followed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) when a nodule was found. Results: 65% of the study participants were above 30 years; 80.9% had at least a secondary education; 94.4% had heard about breast cancer and the main source of information was the media (57.3%). Most participants were either uninformed or ill-informed (up to 72%) about breast cancer risk factors, signs, and screening methods, in particular breast self-examination (BSE). Of the 17 women with nodules and other suspect signs, only 6 accepted fine needle aspiration (FNA). Three of the 6 had malignant nodules indicative of Invasive ductal carcinoma low grade (one case) and high grade (2 cases).Conclusions: Women living in Bafoussam are poorly aware of breast cancer screening methods, in particular BSE, and of the importance of early detection. BSE followed by FNA in women with nodules is a simple, yet good screening method to improve early detection and reduce the burden of breast cancer.
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Pilapil, Mariecel, Lee Morris, Kohta Saito, Francine Kouya, Vivian Maku, Rene Kwalar, Nancy Palmer, Pius Muffih Tih, and Jennifer Jao. "Retrospective analysis of the prevalence of and factors associated with condom use among young HIV-infected women in Cameroon." SAGE Open Medicine 4 (January 1, 2016): 205031211562643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312115626432.
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Objectives: Young women are more likely to be infected with HIV globally, in sub-Saharan Africa, and in Cameroon. Despite its clear clinical and public health benefits, condom use among HIV-infected women continues to be low. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of inconsistent condom use among HIV-infected women in Cameroon and the factors associated with it. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected young women aged 17–26 years from three semi-urban HIV clinics in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. This study was a subgroup analysis of a previously reported study on inconsistent condom use in HIV-infected and -uninfected youth. Inconsistent condom use was defined as reporting “sometimes” or “never” to questions regarding frequency of condom use. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine factors associated with inconsistent condom use. Results: A total of 84 participants were recruited and submitted completed questionnaires for analysis. Median age was 24 years (interquartile range = 22–25) and the median age at HIV diagnosis was 21 years (interquartile range = 20–23). Fifty percent of the participants reported no prior schooling or only primary school education. Overall, 61/84 (73%) reported inconsistent condom use. After adjusting for potential confounders, education to the secondary school level was protective against inconsistent condom use (odds ratio = 0.19; confidence interval: 0.04–0.95), and having ≥2 pregnancies was associated with inconsistent condom use (odds ratio = 7.52; confidence interval: 1.67–34.00). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of inconsistent condom use among young HIV-infected women in Cameroon, which appears to be associated with lower levels of educational attainment and higher parity. Further larger studies assessing the factors associated with poor condom use in this population are warranted and may inform public health policy in resource-limited settings with high HIV prevalence.
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Christian, Zamo-akono. "Disability and Labour Force Participation in Cameroon." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v3i2.3497.
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This paper examines the effect of disability on labour force participation using the Cameroon 2007 Household Survey. Statistical and econometric tests indicate that disability represents a barrier to employment in the Cameroon labour market. For instance, disability status reduces men’s probability of getting into the labour market by 0.8% for the public sector, 0.05% for the formal private sector and by 2.9% for the informal sector. Other noteworthy results are the fact that women face greater constraints in entering the labour market and investments in general and specific human capital increase the probability of getting a job in the Cameroon.
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Mbah, Clarisse Engowei, Amy Jasani, Kristal J. Aaron, Jane-Francis Akoachere, Alan T. N. Tita, William M. Geisler, Barbara Van Der Pol, Jodie Dionne-Odom, and Jules Clement Assob Ngeudia. "Association between Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis and Secondary Infertility in Cameroon: A case-control study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): e0263186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263186.
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Objective Data on the prevalence and etiology of infertility in Africa are limited. Secondary infertility is particularly common, defined as the inability of a woman to conceive for at least one year following a full-term pregnancy. We describe a prospective study conducted in Cameroon designed to test the hypothesis of an association between common treatable sexually transmitted infections (STI): Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and secondary infertility in women. Methods In this case-control study, we enrolled women in Fako Division, Cameroon between November 2017 and December 2018 with secondary infertility (cases) or current pregnancy (controls). We conducted a baseline survey to collect sociodemographic, and sexual and medical history information. Nucleic acid amplification testing using Aptima (Hologic, San Diego, CA, US) was performed on endocervical swabs for CT, NG, MG, and TV. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between active STI and secondary infertility. Results A total of 416 women were enrolled: 151 cases and 265 controls. Compared to controls, cases were older (median age 32 vs 27 years) and had more lifetime sexual partners (median 4 vs 3) (p<0.001). Cases were more likely to report dyspareunia, abnormal menses, prior miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy (all p<0.05). STI positivity was not significantly different among cases and controls (2.7% vs 5.4% for CT, 1.3% vs 2.9% for NG, 6.0% vs 7.0% for MG, respectively), with the exception of TV which was more common in pregnant controls (0.7% vs 5%; p = 0.02). Conclusion Study findings did not support an association between active STI and secondary infertility in Cameroon. Given high rates of pre-existing tubal damage, routine STI screening and treatment in younger women may be more impactful than costly STI testing during infertility assessments.
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Tassang, Andrew, Nana Njamen T, Assop, Tassang Thierry, Njamen Nana CJ, Ngum Fru Paulette, and Cho Frederick Nchang. "Early Appraisal of Option B+ In Tiko Health District- Cameroon." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 08 (August 24, 2020): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i08.mp03.
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Introduction: Cameroon in 2014 had a HIV prevalence rate of 4.6 %. It is estimated that about 90% of new infections occur as a result of heterosexual relations. In 2010 in Cameroon, 7,300 babies were estimated to be born HIV positive due to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Faced with these realities, Cameroon has been stepping up its response steadily from Option A then B and now Option B+. To have an early appraisal of the Option B+ approach as far as the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) is concerned in the Tiko health district- Cameroon.
Methodology: This cross-sectional hospital based study was carried out in Tiko from the 1st of December 2015 to the 31st of August 2016. With the use of a questionnaire, a total of 111 women whose infants underwent the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test at six weeks were surveyed. Univariate and bivariate data analysis were performed with CDC- Epi-Info 7.2.2.6.
Results: Out of 111 women included in this study, only 2 (1.8%) babies had a positive PCR test. Two cases of infected babies were realised in the study, 1 in each of the first two trimesters of pregnancy. It could probably be due to the fact that, these women got infected while they were already pregnant or maybe before their introduction to the Option B+. However, the infectious rate was similar to that of women on tritherapy. Interventions like the use of Antiretroviral (ART) drugs by infected pregnant women, safe delivery practices and safe infant feeding helped reduce the risk of transmission to infants (from 40% to 5%).
Conclusion: The infection rate of 1.8 % is similar to those of women who are on tritherapy in many studies. Despite the fact that the implementation of option B+ looks more onerous, the long term benefits as far as cost effectiveness is concerned looks laudable. Thus this strategy should be adopted in resource restricted countries.
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Ewane, Emmanuella Ekwelle Esunge, Comfort Beyang Oben Ojongnkpot, Stephen Ambe Mforteh, and Samuel Onuigbo. "Speech Acts and Communication Practices in Anglophone Cameroon Women Associations’ Interactions." International Journal of English Language Studies 4, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2022.4.4.10.
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This study set out to explore the illocutionary forces of communicative acts and their functions in group interactions of some selected women associations from the Anglophone Regions of Cameroon. It also explored the extent to which the illocutionary acts used during groups events mirror women's communication practices. Through collective case design, with random and purposeful sampling techniques, non-participant observation, unstructured, open-ended interviews, audio recorded events of two categories of women associations (faith-based, consisting of Catholic Women’s Association and Christian Women Fellowship, and development-based, consisting of One Hand Cannot Tie a Bundle, Cameroon Gatsby Foundation and Biwon Self-Reliance Farmers’ and Traders’ Union) were explored through content analysis. The findings of this study reveal that interactions in Anglophone Cameroon women’s gatherings are not only geared towards the content of the talk but members’ feelings and welfare are also taken into consideration. Illocutionary acts such as invitations, requests and advice (directives), and greetings, offers, rejoicing and appreciations (expressives) were frequently used. However, threats and refusal (commissives), as well as complaints and criticisms (expressives), were equally used, especially in Development-Based events. These illocutionary acts were used to carry out mostly positive reactions and attempted answers to the interaction process, with minimal negative reactions and questions communicative acts, which indicate cooperation, connection, support, closeness and understanding.
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Bodjongo, Mpabe, and Mathieu Juliot. "Poverty, beliefs about HIV-AIDS transmission, and the gap in HIV-AIDS testing among women between rural and urban areas in Cameroon." Journal de gestion et d'economie de la santé 39, no. 3-4 (October 29, 2021): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54695/jdds.039.03-4.6721.
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The objective of this study is to examine the effects of income poverty and beliefs about HIV-AIDS transmission on the gap in HIV-AIDS testing among women between rural and urban areas in Cameroon. The analysis is based on a sample of 7,464 women from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 5) of Cameroon (NIS, 2015). Based on the literature on the demand for preventive health care, econometric results obtained using a decomposing differencesmodel based on Yun method, reveal that the HIV-AIDS screening rate of women living in rural areas is lower than that of women living in urban areas. Improvements in the level of economic well-being, demonstrated knowledge about HIV-AIDS, and education levels of rural women are likely to reduce this gap. On the other hand, having a child, knowing where to get tested for HIV-AIDS, or being an elderly person does no help reduce this gap.
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Sepewou Henri, Simo, Honoré Mimche, and Hamidou Kone. "Influence Du Statut De La Femme Sur L’enregistrement A L’etat Civil Des Enfants De Moins De 5 Ans Au Cameroun." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 11 (March 31, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n11p269.
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Avoir légalement un nom, une identité, être enregistré à sa naissance est un droit dont doit bénéficier tout enfant. Ce principe est énoncé dans divers instruments des droits de l’homme, notamment la Convention Internationale relative aux droits de l’enfant (articles 7 et 8) et la Charte Africaine des droits de l’enfant. Malheureusement, malgré les initiatives prises au niveau national et international ces dernières années, plus de 33% des enfants de moins de 5 ans ne sont pas enregistrés à l’état civil au Cameroun (INS, 2015). Par ailleurs, au Cameroun, bien que la femme ait un rôle primordial dans la prise en charge des enfants et leur accès aux services sociaux de base, malgré qu’elle soit plus proche d’eux que son partenaire, la littérature mettant en lien le statut de celle-ci et l’enregistrement à l’état civil des naissances reste peu reluisante.
Cette étude veut contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes par lesquels le statut de la femme pourrait influer sur l’enregistrement des enfants de moins de 5 ans à l’état civil. Pour y parvenir, les analyses à la fois bivariée, multivariée descriptive et explicative ont été faites en utilisant les données de l’EDS-MICS réalisée au Cameroun en 2011.
Les résultats montrent que le statut de la femme influence directement et positivement l’enregistrement des naissances à l’état civil, ou indirectement à travers l’âge de l’enfant, son lien de parenté avec le chef de ménage et le lieu d’accouchement. Cette influence dépend du niveau de vie du ménage qui lui-même dépend de la région et du milieu de résidence. Les enfants enregistrés à l’état civil sont des enfants nés à l’hôpital, dont les mères résident en zone urbaine, dans les régions des haut-plateaux, du sud-forestier ou de Yaoundé-Douala. Ils sont nés des mères de statut élevé ou moyen et vivent dans des ménages de niveau de vie riche ou moyen.
Au regard des résultats, il est important de mettre sur pied au Cameroun, plus de programmes visant l’amélioration des conditions des femmes, en leur garantissant un meilleur statut qui sans doute permettra d’augmenter la proportion de celles qui enregistrent leurs naissances à l’état civil. Cette action doit se faire en ciblant les femmes rurales de statut faible, qui vivent dans les ménages pauvres et qui n’accouchent pas à l’hôpital. Il serait tout aussi important de privilégier celles qui résident dans les régions du septentrion.
Having a legal name, an identity, being registered at birth is a right that every child must enjoy. This principle is stated in various human rights instruments, notably the International Convention on the Rights of the Child (Articles 7 and 8) and the African Charter on the Rights of the Child. Unfortunately, despite initiatives taken at the national and international level in recent years, more than 33% of children under 5 are not registered in Cameroon's civil status (INS, 2015). In addition, in Cameroon, although women have a key role in the care of children and their access to basic social services, despite being closer to them than their partner, the literature linking the status of the latter and the registration of births in civil status remains bleak.
This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the status of women could influence the registration of children under 5 years old in the civil registry. To achieve this, both bivariate,
descriptive and explanatory multivariate analyzes were carried out using data from the DHS-MICS carried out in Cameroon in 2011.
The results show that the status of the woman directly and positively influences the registration of births in the civil status, or indirectly through the age of the child, its relationship with the head of household and the place of residence. Child birth. This influence depends on the standard of living of the household which itself depends on the region and the place of residence. Children registered in the civil registry are children born in hospitals, whose mothers live in urban areas, in the highlands, southern forest regions or Yaoundé-Douala. They are born to mothers of high or middle status and live in households of rich or middle standard of living.
In view of the results, it is important to set up in Cameroon, more programs aimed at improving the conditions of women, by guaranteeing them a better status which will undoubtedly make it possible to increase the proportion of those who register their births in the first place marital status. This should be done by targeting low-status rural women who live in poor households and who do not give birth in hospitals. It would be equally important to favor those who reside in the northern regions.
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Tagne Simo, Richard, Erika Myriam Baiguerel, Armel Hervé Nwabo Kamdje, Paul Faustin Seke Etet, Mohamadou Ahmadou, Charlette Nangue, and Phelix Bruno Telefo. "Awareness of Breast Cancer Screening among the Medical and General Population of the North Region of Cameroon." International Journal of Breast Cancer 2021 (July 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6663195.
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Breast cancer has become a real public health problem in Cameroon, particularly in rural areas due to late diagnosis, resulting partly from the absence of national screening programs. This work is aimed at assessing breast cancer awareness in the North Region of Cameroon. Participants were selected in six health centers surrounding the rural area of Garoua, North Region, Cameroon, and administered a questionnaire aimed at assessing their awareness about breast cancer risk factors and screening. Out of the 475 women (including 37 medical personnel) interviewed, 45.5% attended at least secondary school; 91.3% were aware of the disease with the main sources of information from those around them (64.8%), media (46.5%), and health professionals in health facilities (42.7%). 23.3% had misconceptions and myth-based ideas on the origin of the disease. Ignorance was the main reason preventing the performance of breast self-examination, and the high cost prevents individuals from going for mammography. The highest awareness rate was observed in employed women with higher level of education. Our study highlights the need to raise awareness among the populations in North Region, Cameroon, about the risk factors and clinical signs of breast cancer and the importance of screening practice for early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Zegeye, Betregiorgis, Bight Opoku Ahinkorah, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mpho Keetile, and Sanni Yaya. "Determining Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors in Cameroon: A Multilevel Analysis." BioMed Research International 2021 (November 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9912549.
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Background. Anemia constitutes a major public health concern, which is associated with maternal and perinatal mortality. In low- and middle-income countries, the burden of anemia is profoundly high. Cameroon, as one of the low- and middle-income countries, has a disproportionate anemia burden. Factors associated with anemia prevalence are largely unknown in Cameroon. Hence, we determined the prevalence of anemia and its individual/household and community-level factors among adult women in Cameroon. Methods. We derived data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey for analysis in this study. Using the Stata version 14 software, univariate multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to select variables that had significant association with anemia at p < 0.05 . Statistically significant variables were included in a multivariable multilevel logistic regression modelling to examine their associations with anemia. Results were reported using adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. A total of 6,809 women aged 15-49 years were involved in this study with a mean age 30 ± 11.87 years. Approximately two-fifths of women were anemic. Of them, 0.8% were severely anemic, while 17.4% and 21.5% were moderately and mildly anemic, respectively. Current employment status (yes AOR = 0.77 , 95% CI; 0.61-0.96) and parity (1-2 children AOR = 0.61 , 95% CI; 0.44-0.86) were the main individual level factors associated with anemia, whereas region (Douala region AOR = 2.65 , 95% CI; 1.61-4.36, North-West region AOR = 0.53 , 95% CI; 0.28-0.99) was the community-level factor associated with anaemia. Conclusion. Empowerment of women through employment opportunities as well as focusing special attention in region where high prevalence of anemia could be crucial to decrease the burden of anemia and related maternal and perinatal mortality in the country.
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Woodhouse, Howard, and Theresa M. Ndongko. "Women and science education in Cameroon: Some critical reflections." Interchange 24, no. 1-2 (March 1993): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01447345.
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Ajieh, Ntoko Henry. "Leadership Strategies of Successful Women-Owned Businesses in Cameroon." Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research 05, no. 02 (2023): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajbsr.2023.5201.
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Lack of leadership skills in women led businesses can result in high business failure rates. Women business owners who do not know how to improve their leadership skills could face difficulties in succeeding in business. Grounded in the transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that women business owners in the events planning business use to improve leadership skills to succeed in business beyond 5 years. The study participants included 5 women in the events planning business in Cameroon, Central Africa who have successfully developed the strategies needed to improve leadership skills to succeed in business beyond 5 years. Data were collected from semistructured interviews, publicly available documents, and observations of participants’ business facilities. Yin’s 5-step data analysis process was used to analyze the data. Three themes emerged: embracing leadership attributes, acquiring leadership capabilities, and conceptualizing the playing field.
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Masong, Makia Christine, Godlove Bunda Wepnje, Ntsinda Tchoffo Marlene, Victoria Gamba, Marie-Therese Mengue, Estelle Kouokam, J. Russell Stothard, and Albert Legrand Same Ekobo. "Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) in Cameroon: A formative epidemiological and socioeconomic investigation in eleven rural fishing communities." PLOS Global Public Health 1, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): e0000007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000007.
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Background Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is most often caused by presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs lodged in the female reproductive tract which results in chronic fibrosis and scarring. In Cameroon, despite high community prevalences of urine-patent S. haematobium infections, FGS has yet to be studied in depth. To shed light on the clinical prevalence and socioeconomic effects of FGS, we undertook a formative community-based epidemiological and qualitative survey. Method A cross sectional multidisciplinary study of 304 girls and women from 11 remote rural fishing communities in Cameroon was undertaken using parasitological sampling, clinical colposcopy, and interviews. The lived experiences of those with FGS were documented using a process of ethnography with participant observation and in-depth interviews. Result Amongst 304 women and girls aged >5 years (Median age: 18; Interquartile range: 9.6–28), 198 females were eligible for FGS testing and 58 adult women were examined by clinical colposcopy. Of these, 34 were positive for FGS (proportion: 58.6%; 95% CI: 45.8–70.4), younger girls showing a higher FGS prevalence, and older women not shedding eggs showing a pattern for cervical lesions from earlier infection. In a subset of women with FGS selected purposively (12/58), in-depth interviews with participant observation revealed out-of-pocket expenditures of up to 500USD related health spending for repeated diagnosis and treatment of gynecological illnesses, and 9 hours daily lost reproductive labour. Psychosocial unrest, loss in social capital, and despair were linked with sub-fertility and persistent vaginal itch. Conclusion With our first formative evidence on prevalence, socioeconomic effects and experiences of FGS amongst women and girls in Cameroon, we have clarified to a new level of detail the deficit in provision of and access to peripheral health services in remote areas of Cameroon. Using this information, there is now strong evidence for national programs and services on women’s health and schistosomiasis to update and revise policies targeted on prevention and management of FGS. We therefore stress the need for regular provision of Praziquantel treatment to adolescent girls and women in S. haematobium endemic areas, alongside better access to tailored diagnostic services that can detect FGS and appropriately triage care at primary health level.
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Ranale, Tsi Nsoh Faith, Mary Chia Garba, Fointama Emmanuel Ngoinangeh, and Ejoh Richard Abah. "Understanding Maternal Nutrition Insights from Pregnant Women in Bamenda, Cameroon." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 16, no. 3 (March 22, 2024): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i31402.
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The foundation for good physical health is good nutritional status. Nutritional status of pregnant women is directly affected by the foods they eat and their nutrient content. Nutritional knowledge is positively associated with diet quality. The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status and nutrition education knowledge of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Bamenda Health District (BHD).
Study Design: This study was carried conducted in BHD in the North West Region of Cameroon, with pregnant women aged 13 to 49 years recruited from public hospitals.
Place and Duration of Study: BHD including (Bamenda Regional Hospital, Azire Integrated Health centre, Atuakom Integrated Health Centre, Ntambag Integrated Health Centre) between April 2022 to September 2022.
Methodology: This was a cross sectional study carried out in four health facilities BHD. Random sampling technique was done to target the sample size of 354 pregnant women. A questionnaire was developed to collect socio-demographic information and clinical records of the pregnant women. Anthropometric parameters, biochemical and dietary assessments of the women were determined using standard techniques. Data collected was analysed by MS excel and SPSS Statistics version 20.0. Results were considered at significance level P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The mean age of the study population was 26.4±5.5years and the average intake of servings of meals per day was suboptimal in the consumption of vegetables (2±1.9), fruits (0.6± 1.3) and milk (0.4 ±0.6) food groups. Women consumed diets that met less than 50% of energy needs. There exists a significant difference in mean energy requirements 1828.8 ± 152.9 Kcal compared to mean energy intake 1192.0 ± 344.6 Kcal which is below the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) of 2400 kcal for pregnant women. Ignorance still existed in dietary knowledge and 18.1% of the women were anaemic.
Conclusion: There was an overall suboptimal approach to dietary intake among the pregnant women, inadequate food intake, poor food choices and limited healthy dietary knowledge. Thus pregnant women in BHD still need more access to information on dietary information.