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Oliver, Kendra H. "The Woman Scientist: Brief Reflections on the Visual Representation of Women." Leonardo 52, no. 3 (June 2019): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01718.
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From a dropped acknowledgment on a publication to the use of women to popularize specific scientific causes, a deeper exploration of women scientists’ role warrants discussion. Here, the author explores this representation of the woman scientist in visual art, framing the discussion from a multifaceted, cross-disciplinary perspective. Through the perspective of various artist’s reflections, the ArtLab exhibition acts as a launching board enabling continued dialogues surrounding the gender perspectives within the scientific community.
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Phillips, Alexandra A., Catherine R. Walsh, Korie A. Grayson, Camilla E. Penney, and Fatima Husain. "Diversifying Representations of Female Scientists on Social Media: A Case Study From the Women Doing Science Instagram." Social Media + Society 8, no. 3 (July 2022): 205630512211130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051221113068.
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In the absence of real-life role models, women scientists portrayed in the media enable young women to imagine themselves as future scientists. Both traditional media and social media have the potential to provide role models, but their representations of scientists reinforce, rather than challenge, long-standing gendered stereotypes. Women Doing Science, a social media effort, was founded by the authors to address this representation gap by sharing daily photos of diverse women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) with accompanying research descriptions in English and in other languages. To date, Women Doing Science has highlighted over 800 scientists to an audience of ~100,000 followers from around the world, who are primarily women in undergraduate and graduate STEM degree programs. Here, we evaluate the success of the Women Doing Science Instagram page in portraying women scientists with diverse racial and national identities. Furthermore, we explore which aspects of posts drive higher engagement from the audience. We find that our Instagram audience has higher engagement with posts featuring Women of Color, multiple languages, and posts that challenge stereotypes associated with women in STEM. In addition, we find that Women of Color are more likely to include additional aspects of their identity in their biographies, and that a primary reason our audience follows the page is because of the diversity portrayed in the posts. These results imply the powerful potential for social media platforms like Instagram to source diverse role models that expand conventional images of STEM professionals and allow international audiences to develop their STEM identities.
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Lemoine, W. "Productivity patterns of men and women scientists in Venezuela." Scientometrics 24, no. 2 (June 1992): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02017912.
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Et, Sümeyra Zeynep, and Esra Kabataş Memiş. "The Perceptions of Five Years Old Group Students’ about Scientists." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 2 (January 12, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i2.2167.
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The purpose of this research is to reveal the perceptions of students of five years old group about scientists. The practice was implemented with 76 students having education in five-age group continuing to various nursery schools located in the center of Kastamonu province. Before starting the practice, the teacher asked the questions of “Who is the scientist?” and made them thought with the aim of ensuring the awareness of students against scientist. Afterwards, the researchers asked the students to narrate their pictures while they collect the drawings. The paintings were coded by the researchers by using the descriptive analysis method. The codification was made individually at first and then together with all the researchers with the aim of ensuring the reliability of research. In the light of collected information, it was generally seen in the pictures of students that the work environment of scientists is constituted by the space and world and their gender is generally men and also, there was a small number of women scientist profile. It was also determined that the students emphasized the extraterrestrial life and drew the scientists as similar to astronauts and they used space crafts and planets in their paintings. In another finding, scientists were seen as the people who mostly conduct research and use potion in general. Another attractive research finding is that; a small number of students draw the scientist as person who use computer and study lesson. In the light of these findings, it can be told that the students were affected extremely from their environment (the movies and cartoon they watched, their families, etc.…).
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Yamaguchi, Ryoko, and Jamika D. Burge. "Intersectionality in the narratives of black women in computing through the education and workforce pipeline." Journal for Multicultural Education 13, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-07-2018-0042.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the narratives of 93 Black women in computing in the USA to identify salient themes that are at the intersection of race and gender in the field of computer science. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a multi-method approach with a survey to describe the sample and a series of focus groups for in-depth analysis of themes. The qualitative methodology uses a grounded theory and consensual qualitative research approach with a research team that includes computer scientists and social scientists to collect and analyze data. Given the highly technical field of computer science and the intersectional experiences of the participants, this approach was optimal to capture and code data through the lens of Black women in computing. Findings The authors found four main themes that represented specific needs for Black women in the computing community. The first is the importance of linking Black women in computing (i.e. their recruitment, retention and career growth) to the bottom line of organizational and personal accountability. The second is effective cultural and educational supports for Black women in computing across pathways, starting in middle school. The third is to provide leadership development as a part of their educational and workplace experience. The fourth is a collection of empirical research and scholarship about and for Black women as a part of the computing literature. Originality/value Black women comprise one of the most underrepresented subgroups in the area of computer science in the USA. There is very little research about Black women in computing. To promote broadened participation in computing, there is a critical need to understand the narratives of successful Black women in the space.
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JADIDI, MOHSEN, FARIBA KARIMI, HAIKO LIETZ, and CLAUDIA WAGNER. "GENDER DISPARITIES IN SCIENCE? DROPOUT, PRODUCTIVITY, COLLABORATIONS AND SUCCESS OF MALE AND FEMALE COMPUTER SCIENTISTS." Advances in Complex Systems 21, no. 03n04 (May 2018): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525917500114.
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Scientific collaborations shape ideas as well as innovations and are both the substrate for, and the outcome of, academic careers. Recent studies show that gender inequality is still present in many scientific practices ranging from hiring to peer-review processes and grant applications. In this work, we investigate gender-specific differences in collaboration patterns of more than one million computer scientists over the course of 47 years. We explore how these patterns change over years and career ages and how they impact scientific success. Our results highlight that successful male and female scientists reveal the same collaboration patterns: compared to scientists in the same career age, they tend to collaborate with more colleagues than other scientists, seek innovations as brokers and establish longer-lasting and more repetitive collaborations. However, women are on average less likely to adopt the collaboration patterns that are related with success, more likely to embed into ego networks devoid of structural holes, and they exhibit stronger gender homophily as well as a consistently higher dropout rate than men in all career ages.
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Chakravarthy, R., A. Chawla, and G. Mehta. "Women scientists at work—An international comparative study of six countries." Scientometrics 14, no. 1-2 (July 1988): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02020242.
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LaFollette, Marcel C. "Eyes on the Stars: Images of Women Scientists in Popular Magazines." Science, Technology, & Human Values 13, no. 3-4 (July 1988): 262–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016224398801303-407.
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Campion, Patricia, and Wesley Shrum. "Gender and Science in Development: Women Scientists in Ghana, Kenya, and India." Science, Technology, & Human Values 29, no. 4 (October 2004): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243904265895.
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Hufsky, Franziska, Ana Abecasis, Patricia Agudelo-Romero, Magda Bletsa, Katherine Brown, Claudia Claus, Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer, et al. "Women in the European Virus Bioinformatics Center." Viruses 14, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071522.
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Viruses are the cause of a considerable burden to human, animal and plant health, while on the other hand playing an important role in regulating entire ecosystems. The power of new sequencing technologies combined with new tools for processing “Big Data” offers unprecedented opportunities to answer fundamental questions in virology. Virologists have an urgent need for virus-specific bioinformatics tools. These developments have led to the formation of the European Virus Bioinformatics Center, a network of experts in virology and bioinformatics who are joining forces to enable extensive exchange and collaboration between these research areas. The EVBC strives to provide talented researchers with a supportive environment free of gender bias, but the gender gap in science, especially in math-intensive fields such as computer science, persists. To bring more talented women into research and keep them there, we need to highlight role models to spark their interest, and we need to ensure that female scientists are not kept at lower levels but are given the opportunity to lead the field. Here we showcase the work of the EVBC and highlight the achievements of some outstanding women experts in virology and viral bioinformatics.
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Habicht, Isabel M., Mark Lutter, and Martin Schröder. "How human capital, universities of excellence, third party funding, mobility and gender explain productivity in German political science." Scientometrics 126, no. 12 (October 29, 2021): 9649–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04175-8.
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AbstractUsing a unique panel dataset of virtually all German academic political scientists, we show that researchers become much more productive due to the accumulation of human capital and third party funding. We also show however, that while universities of excellence have more productive researchers, individuals who go there do not become more productive. Finally, we show how women publish only 9 percent less than men with the same level of prior publication experience, but are about 26 percent less productive over their entire career, as early productivity leads to later productivity, so that women increasingly fall behind. These results cannot be explained through the influence of childbearing. Rather, they support the ‘theory of limited differences’, which argues that small differences in early productivity accumulate to large differences over entire careers, as early success encourages later success. Apart from generally showing why political scientists publish more or less, we specifically identify accumulative advantage as the principal reason why women increasingly fall behind men over the course of their careers.
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Chmura-Rutkowska, Iwona, Edyta Głowacka-Sobiech, and Izabela Skórzyńska. "Unworthy of History? On the Absence and Stereotypical Images of Women Scientists in Light of the Historical Narrative in Middle and Secondary School Textbooks." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 53 (June 15, 2019): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2019.53.8.
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Our research project “Unworthy of History” focuses on discussing the historical narrative in Polishhistory textbooks that are used in teaching history at the middle school level. The aim is to analyze and describe ways of thinking about as well as presenting the role and place of women and men in history in schools. Research shows that women are portrayed in textbooks as playing a less important role than men – they are almost non-existent in public life. “(...) what is male is universal. What is female is accidental and secondary”. The few women that are mentioned in these textbooks are portrayed in traditional roles, usually family roles, and in those contexts and spheres of life that are culturally considered to be typically feminine. Women are not only under-represented in history textbooks; also, informationabout them is often distorted or simply untrue. The topic of the (in)equality between women and men as well as the history of women’s emancipation movements, which are related to the empowerment of half of humanity, is not considered worthy to be presented in Polish textbooks. Our presentation and study focused on the absence and stereotypical representations of women scientists in Polish history textbooks. The results reveal that although women could be as creative and hard working as men – not exclusively in the fields traditionally associated with women (e.g. Josephine Cochran invented the dishwasher in 1872, and Marion Donovan – disposable diapers in 1950) butalso in those associated with men (e.g. Mary Anderson created windshield wipers in 1903 and Grace Murray found the first computer bug in 1947) – their contribution to the development of societies is marginalised, trivialised or totally omitted by the authors Polish history textbooks. In every textbook analysed, men make up over 90% of characters introduced by name although they were not necessarily widely known. On the other hand, women who achieved professional success in science, art or social development get ignored.
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Quílez-Cervero, César, María Diez-Ojeda, Altamira Alicia López Gallego, and Miguel Ángel Queiruga-Dios. "Has the Stereotype of the Scientist Changed in Early Primary School–Aged Students Due to COVID-19?" Education Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070365.
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The image that students have of scientists and their context appears distorted by multiple factors. The detection and modification of this image is important because this is related to scientific vocations. This research analyzes the drawings made by 128 early primary school–aged students (58 girls and 70 boys) from 6 to 8 years to determine the image they have regarding the scientist, their activity, and their environment, and how the current situation due to COVID-19 may affect this image. The analysis rubric defined in the modified Draw A Scientific Test-prompt was used. Results indicate that the image that the students have, in general, is far from the traditional one. Thus, the students draw both young women and men working in science, the girls being the ones who most habitually represent scenes broader than traditional. In addition, the influence of the COVID-19 crisis is perceived in some of the illustrations.
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Kowal, Marek, and Paweł Filipczuk. "Nuclei segmentation for computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amcs-2014-0002.
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Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. The effectiveness of treatment depends on early detection of the disease. Computer-aided diagnosis plays an increasingly important role in this field. Particularly, digital pathology has recently become of interest to a growing number of scientists. This work reports on advances in computer-aided breast cancer diagnosis based on the analysis of cytological images of fine needle biopsies. The task at hand is to classify those as either benign or malignant. We propose a robust segmentation procedure giving satisfactory nuclei separation even when they are densely clustered in the image. Firstly, we determine centers of the nuclei using conditional erosion. The erosion is performed on a binary mask obtained with the use of adaptive thresholding in grayscale and clustering in a color space. Then, we use the multi-label fast marching algorithm initialized with the centers to obtain the final segmentation. A set of 84 features extracted from the nuclei is used in the classification by three different classifiers. The approach was tested on 450 microscopic images of fine needle biopsies obtained from patients of the Regional Hospital in Zielona Góra, Poland. The classification accuracy presented in this paper reaches 100%, which shows that a medical decision support system based on our method would provide accurate diagnostic information.
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Becker, Joanne Rossi. "Research, Reflection, Practice: Gender and Mathematics: An Issue for the Twenty-First Century." Teaching Children Mathematics 9, no. 8 (April 2003): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.9.8.0470.
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Is gender still a salient equity issue for today's mathematics classrooms? Although considerable progress in women's participation in mathematics has been achieved in the last twentyfive years, inequities still exist. For example, women represent less than fifteen percent of the employed scientists and engineers in computer science, mathematics, agricultural science, environmental science, chemistry, geology, physics and astronomy, economics, and engineering (NSF 1996). Females score an average of thirty points lower than males on the mathematics section of the SAT. Despite more than two decades of intervention, parity remains a vision for the future. This article discusses our role as teachers in giving girls an equitable foundation in mathematics in the elementary grades.
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Munezero, Florence, Charles J. Sossa, Joseph Nyandwi, and Leodegal Bazira. "Provider satisfaction with the health information system based on the electronic health records in Burundi’s hospitals." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222009.
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Background: The computerization of the health record is one of the means to improve the performance of the information system within the hospital and therefore improve the continuity and quality of care and services offered to the population. The objective of this work was to determine the factors associated with the satisfaction of providers with the hospital information system based on the electronic health record.Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study carried out in 11 hospitals in Burundi. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 155 providers. The data analysis was done with STATA 15.Results: The majority were nurses (51%) followed by physicians (23%). Regarding satisfaction, 55.5% of the providers were satisfied with the new EHR-based system. Men were 2.21 times more satisfied with the use of the EHR than women (OR=2.21; CI95%: [1.09-4.46]). Providers who were trained by the project's computer scientists were 4.24 more satisfied than those who were trained by their colleagues (OR=4.24; CI95%: [1.47-12.23]) and 3.69 more satisfied than those who were trained by the hospital's computer scientists (OR = 3.69; CI95%: [1.25-10.89]). Similarly, the use of the software to generate reports and statistics was 2.27 times associated with provider satisfaction (OR=2.27; 95% CI: [1.14-4.49].Conclusions: The sustainability and success of the patient record computerization project depends on taking into account the expectations of the providers during the implementation.
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Parsons, Joanne E., Katie V. Newby, David P. French, Elizabeth Bailey, and Nadia Inglis. "The development of a digital intervention to increase influenza vaccination amongst pregnant women." DIGITAL HEALTH 7 (January 2021): 205520762110121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076211012128.
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Objective Pregnant women and unborn babies are at increased risk of complications from influenza, including pneumonia, yet in the UK, uptake of flu vaccination amongst this population remains <50%. Pregnant women hold beliefs about risks of flu and efficacy of vaccination that consistently predict them to decline vaccination. This study aimed to develop a theory and evidence-based intervention addressing these beliefs to promote flu vaccine uptake. Methods The intervention was developed by behavioural scientists, pregnant women, midwives, clinicians and Public Health professionals, informed by Intervention Mapping. Six predefined steps were performed in line with Intervention Mapping. Results The intervention is an animation addressing beliefs about risks of flu and efficacy of vaccination. Preliminary testing using qualitative methodology indicates the information within the animation is appropriate, and the animation is acceptable to pregnant women. Conclusions This is the first known intervention for pregnant women, aiming to increase flu vaccination through addressing risk and efficacy appraisals. It has been implemented within seasonal flu vaccination campaigns during 2018/19 and 2019/20 within one geographically and ethnically diverse area of the UK.
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Treger, Stanislav, and James N. Masciale. "Domains of similarity and attraction in three types of relationships." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 12, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v12i2.321.
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For decades, social scientists have observed that people greatly desire a partner who is similar to themselves. Less is known, however, about whether particular similarity domains (e.g., music preferences) may uniquely influence relationship formation. We address this gap by examining people’s preferences for 18 similarity domains in three types of relationships: friendships, casual/short-term, and long-term. The most important similarity domains, across the three relationship types, were political views, career goals, food preferences, travel desires, and music preferences. General similarity was most important in long-term rather than in friendships and casual/short-term relationships, with the latter two relationship types not differing from one another. This pattern emerged for all similarity domains with four exceptions: preferences for books, video games, computer brands, and cell phone brands. No sex differences emerged in similarity domains except in preferences in video games and brands of cell phones and computers. Men rated these domains to be more important than did women. All three of these differences were of relatively small effect size. We tie this work into the larger body of research on similarity and preferences for partner traits.
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de las Cuevas, Paloma, Maribel García-Arenas, and Nuria Rico. "Why Not STEM? A Study Case on the Influence of Gender Factors on Students’ Higher Education Choice." Mathematics 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10020239.
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The gender gap in STEM-related job positions is a fact, and it is closely related to the low percentage of women studying STEM degrees. This poses a problem because Europe, as well as the United States and the rest of the developed countries, keep demanding the best engineers and scientists to continue developing innovative products. This problem can thus be approached by answering, firstly, the following question: Why are women not studying STEM degrees? In this paper, we summarize the factors, found in literature, that influence students—both boys and girls—to not study STEM, particularly engineering, computer sciences and technology. We study these influence factors in a sample of N = 338 students from a secondary school placed in the south of Spain; we carry out a survey in order to find out if those students fill out the same answers other researchers have found and published in the related literature. Our main conclusions are as follows: The results confirm that the number of women in technical courses decreases when the level of the course increases; the lack of role models is not an impediment for girls to feel comfortable; unlike boys, girls will not choose engineering, even if their scoring in STEM is good; and we found that girls and women see themselves as not capable of studying an engineering degree more than boys and men do. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the situation regarding the gender gap in STEM fields in ages in which both girls and boys must choose their future studies.
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Okumu, Armstone Kiplangat, and Simon Nyakwara. "Influence of joint liability on enterprise development of rural women in Nyamache Sub-County." East African Journal of Business and Economics 5, no. 2 (November 19, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.5.2.972.
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Group lending has received a great attention from economists and policymakers for its successful delivery of credit to poor borrowers and its role in alleviating poverty in the developing countries. The success of group lending in providing credit to poor borrowers has been attributed to its ability to mitigate the asymmetry of information and enforcement problems in credit markets. The ability of group lending institutions to overcome the asymmetry of information and enforcement problems has been theorized to be the driving force behind their outreach to the poor, their sustainability, and their repayment performance. While there is a host of theoretical models explaining the success of group lending, empirical research has lagged behind. The focus of this study was to explore the determinants of group lending mechanism on enterprise development of rural women in Nyamache sub-county, Kenya. The questionnaires were edited first for accuracy, and completeness. The study used frequency distribution and percentages, and computer software-Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 22 (SPSS v 22) as a tool of analyzing data, and to establish relationships between variables. The study established that, joint liability, training, group representation and loan size positively and significantly influenced enterprise development. The study recommends that; women groups should be strengthened so that they can be in position to jointly access loan for the development of their enterprises, the women groups lending group should organize effectively trainings so as to equip the members with capacity to efficiently manage their business enterprises, the women lending group should share the lending policies with members to understand them foe easy of operation and to minimize misunderstanding and any arising conflict and that the women lending groups should effectively vet group members to enable them access maximum qualified amounts so as they could invest in their businesses for survival and growth.
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Hall, Carol K. "A ChemE Grows in Brooklyn." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 7, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101519-120354.
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I profile my personal and professional journey from being a girl of the 1950s, with expectations typical for the times, to a chemical engineering professor and still-enthusiastic researcher. I describe my family, my early education, my college and graduate school training in physics, my postdoc years in chemistry, and my subsequent transformation into a chemical engineering faculty member—one of the first women to be appointed to a chemical engineering faculty in the United States. I focus on the events that shaped me, the people who noticed and supported me, and the environment for women scientists and engineers in what some would call the “early days.” My initial research activities centered on applications of statistical mechanics to predict phase equilibria in simple systems. Over time, my interests evolved to focus on applying molecule-level computer simulations to systems of interest to chemical engineers, e.g., hydrocarbons and polymers. Eventually, spurred on by my personal interest in amyloid diseases and my wish to make a contribution to human health, I turned to more biologically oriented problems having to do with protein aggregation and protein design. I give a candid assessment of my strengths and weaknesses, successes and failures. Finally, I share the most valuable lessons that I have learned over a lifetime of professional and personal experience.
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Cho, Hyun-Woong, Sanghoon Lee, Kyung-Jin Min, Jin Hwa Hong, Jae Yun Song, Jae Kwan Lee, Nak Woo Lee, and Tak Kim. "Advances in the Treatment and Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Toxicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207792.
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Due to improvements in chemotherapeutic agents, cancer treatment efficacy and cancer patient survival rates have greatly improved, but unfortunately gonadal damage remains a major complication. Gonadotoxic chemotherapy, including alkylating agents during reproductive age, can lead to iatrogenic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), and loss of fertility. In recent years, the demand for fertility preservation has increased dramatically among female cancer patients. Currently, embryo and oocyte cryopreservation are the only established options for fertility preservation in women. However, there is growing evidence for other experimental techniques including ovarian tissue cryopreservation, oocyte in vitro maturation, artificial ovaries, stem cell technologies, and ovarian suppression. To prevent fertility loss in women with cancer, individualized fertility preservation options including established and experimental techniques that take into consideration the patient’s age, marital status, chemotherapy regimen, and the possibility of treatment delay should be provided. In addition, effective multidisciplinary oncofertility strategies that involve a highly skilled and experienced oncofertility team consisting of medical oncologists, gynecologists, reproductive biologists, surgical oncologists, patient care coordinators, and research scientists are necessary to provide cancer patients with high-quality care.
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Gaughan, Monica, Julia Melkers, and Eric Welch. "Differential Social Network Effects on Scholarly Productivity." Science, Technology, & Human Values 43, no. 3 (November 5, 2017): 570–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243917735900.
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Academic productivity is realized through resources obtained from professional networks in which scientists are embedded. Using a national survey of academic faculty in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields across multiple institution types, we examine how the structure of professional networks affects scholarly productivity and how those effects may differ by race, ethnicity, and gender. We find that network size masks important differences in composition. Using negative binomial regression, we find that both the size and composition of professional networks affect scientific productivity, but bigger is not always better. We find that instrumental networks increase scholarly productivity, while advice networks reduce it. There are important interactive effects that are masked by modeling only direct effects. We find that white men are especially advantaged by instrumental networks, and women are especially advantaged by advice networks.
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Kılıç, Tahir, and Alkan Ugurlu. "Investigation of the Effect of Six Weeks Electro Muscle Stimulation Training on Physical Changes in the Sedentary Men and Women." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 9 (July 3, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i9.3347.
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The purpose of this study was to investigation of the effect of six weeks electrostimulation training on physical changes in the sedentary men and women. Electro muscle stimulation (EMS), which is applied since the discovery of contraction under the influence of electrical currents, on the purpose of rehabilitation and treatment purposes, has attracted the attention of coaches, athletes and sports scientists as a popular training method over time. In the present research, 6 weeks, 3 days a week and for 25 minutes in a day of EMS machine training program was applied to the sedentary women n=12 and sedentary men n=12. In order to determine effect of EMS machine training on the physical changes which are body mass, % body fat, fat mass, body mass index, total body water, fat free mass, muscle mass, Tanita (SC-300) Body Composition Analyzer was used as a pre-test and post-test. The results of the Tanita body measurements were analyzed by using SPSS computer program, the standard deviations were calculated, and pre- and post-training statistical paired samples T Test analysis were made. According to SPSS analysis results, there are statistically significant increases in the % body fat, fat mass, soft muscle tissues, extracellular and intracellular liquid weights and cell mass weights (p<0.05). There are increases in other results which is, body mass, BMI, muscle mass, metabolic ages, obesity levels, internal fat, bone mineral weights and skeletal muscle mass, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Only EMS training has increased the maximum power associated with sports, due to the increase in the speed of movement. In addition, the stronger long-term effects of EMS training provide new opportunities, as determined by the duration of the training. The right application of full-body EMS training with dynamic exercise movements is a promising combination for power and speed training.
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Tacheva, Zhasmina. "Tracking a critical look at the critical turn in data science: From “data feminism” to transnational feminist data science." Big Data & Society 9, no. 2 (July 2022): 205395172211129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20539517221112901.
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Through a critical analysis of recent developments in the theory and practice of data science, including nascent feminist approaches to data collection and analysis, this commentary aims to signal the need for a transnational feminist orientation towards data science. I argue that while much needed in the context of persistent algorithmic oppression, a Western feminist lens limits the scope of problems, and thus—solutions, critical data scholars, and scientists can consider. A resolutely transnational feminist approach on the other hand, can provide data theorists and practitioners with the hermeneutic tools necessary to identify and disrupt instances of injustice in a more inclusive and comprehensive manner. A transnational feminist orientation to data science can pay particular attention to the communities rendered most vulnerable by algorithmic oppression, such as women of color and populations in non-Western countries. I present five ways in which transnational feminism can be leveraged as an intervention into the current data science canon.
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Dmitriev, Vlad, and Galina Zvezdina. "Features of the impact of digital technologies on young people." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 10017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127310017.
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The study of the psychological characteristics of gamers is an actual task for scientists associated with the rapid spread of gadgets, an increase in the number of gamers and the number of people with problems with addictive behavior from video games. The aim of this work is to study personality traits in people with different levels of computer gaming activity. The study involved 162 people aged 18 to 30, of whom 36 were women. The respondents were offered an electronic questionnaire, which included the Leonhard-Smishek Characterological Questionnaire, the adapted Chen Internet addiction scale, the Big Five questionnaire, Osgood's semantic differential, and the Behavioral self-regulation questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using the Pearson linear correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney test. Calculations were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics. The results of people with a high level of dependent behavior are characterized by ambivalence: a low level of self-control and responsibility is combined with the presence of pedantry; a subjective assessment of oneself as a kinder, unselfish and honest person is adjacent to the characterization of oneself as more hostile and callous. The results obtained allowed us to make an assumption about the possibility of dividing the group of addicts into two subgroups: open, extroverted, hyperthymic, talkative people with a high rate of withdrawal syndrome and tolerance; people are introverted, closed, silent, with intrapersonal problems and health problems.
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Parikh, Pulkit, Harika Abburi, Niyati Chhaya, Manish Gupta, and Vasudeva Varma. "Categorizing Sexism and Misogyny through Neural Approaches." ACM Transactions on the Web 15, no. 4 (June 11, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457189.
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Sexism, an injustice that subjects women and girls to enormous suffering, manifests in blatant as well as subtle ways. In the wake of growing documentation of experiences of sexism on the web, the automatic categorization of accounts of sexism has the potential to assist social scientists and policymakers in studying and thereby countering sexism. The existing work on sexism classification has certain limitations in terms of the categories of sexism used and/or whether they can co-occur. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on the multi-label classification of sexism of any kind(s). 1 We also consider the related task of misogyny classification. While sexism classification is performed on textual accounts describing sexism suffered or observed, misogyny classification is carried out on tweets perpetrating misogyny. We devise a novel neural framework for classifying sexism and misogyny that can combine text representations obtained using models such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers with distributional and linguistic word embeddings using a flexible architecture involving recurrent components and optional convolutional ones. Further, we leverage unlabeled accounts of sexism to infuse domain-specific elements into our framework. To evaluate the versatility of our neural approach for tasks pertaining to sexism and misogyny, we experiment with adapting it for misogyny identification. For categorizing sexism, we investigate multiple loss functions and problem transformation techniques to address the multi-label problem formulation. We develop an ensemble approach using a proposed multi-label classification model with potentially overlapping subsets of the category set. Proposed methods outperform several deep-learning as well as traditional machine learning baselines for all three tasks.
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Nagorna, Viktoriia, Artur Mytko, Katja Oberhofer, Basil Achermann, and Silvio Lorenzetti. "Gender-specific issues of strength training loads planning for elite female athletes." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss023.
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Introduction
Strength training is a fairly popular topic, both among sports product users and among scientists in Switzerland and other countries around the world. Nevertheless, the analysis of the literature is indicating that there is not enough scientifically based research on gender-specific issues of strength training loads planning for female athletes in sports of higher achievements.
Purpose
The goal of this study was to identify gender-specific issues in the planning of strength training loads for elite female athletes based on the psychophysiological and biomechanical methods of controlling.
Methods
To determine the model characteristics of the optimal psychophysiological state (indicators of the efficiency of attention, volume of voluntary attention, productivity, coefficients of motivational, volitional and typological components, stress resistance) and balance function of elite male and female athletes during practising competitions, we compared two independent groups (women, n = 17 and men, n = 24). All participants were aware of the objectives of the study and agreed to participate. Mathematical and statistical processing and data analysis were carried out using the computing and graphic capabilities of the computer programs “Statistica” (Statsoft, version 7.0) and Microsoft Excel 2010.
Results
The analysed factors and their component indicators to determine the state of psychophysiological functions for women and men. The analysis of the obtained indicators indicates that the manifestation of the characteristics of psychophysiological functions for men and women has its own gender characteristics. For men, it is a predominance of attention, and for women, mobility and strength of nervous processes. As for the quality of the balance function, significantly higher indicators (p < 0,05) are observed for women precisely when performing an attempt with closed eyes.
Conclusions
The sexual peculiarities of the formation of psychophysiological functions of elite athletes, the functional peculiarities of psychomotor and mental activity, as well as the peculiarities of the psychophysiological organization of information processing were revealed. The nuances regarding the indicators of quality of the balance function among elite athletes, depending on gender, are revealed, which is primarily related to the location of the centres of gravity: in women, it is located in the hips, and in men, it is much higher. This will, for example, directly affect the difference in the recommended angle in the knee area for female and male athletes during the strength exercise “squat with a barbell”. In addition, we would like to note that the data of the studied literature sources and our previous studies allow us to formulate a hypothesis regarding the change in the speed of basic training in elite female athletes under the influence of hormonal changes in different phases of their menstrual cycle. This hypothesis will be further investigated in forthcoming research.
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Taylor, Maria, Jacob Hung, Thi Elena Che, Daniel Akinbosede, Katy J. Petherick, and Md Zahidul I. Pranjol. "Laying the Groundwork to Investigate Diversity of Life Sciences Reading Lists in Higher Education and Its Link to Awarding Gaps." Education Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070359.
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This study presents a case for decolonising the life sciences curriculum to improve representation of the Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) scholars—a step in eliminating the race “awarding gap”. Here, we investigated diversity among authors in terms of ethnicity and gender of reading lists at the School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex. We show that the reading lists are not diverse and do not represent the demography of the student body. For instance, a disproportionately high number of authors in the reading lists are white 83.40 ± 5.70% (n = 977 authors), male 75.90 ± 5.40% (n = 878 authors), and of European descent. Additionally, our analysis of the geographical locations of publications reveals that a significantly high number of our materials stem from the USA or the UK, whereas the second highest global output of scientific literature (after the USA) comes from China, which is only featured in 1.02% of the reading list. Moreover, we constructively provide potential solutions to decolonise the curriculum of the University of Sussex’s School of Life Sciences by diversifying their reading lists. This study should help to establish a foundation, along with other work that is being conducted, to address the BAME awarding gap and to better showcase the work of women and ethnically underrepresented scientists in history and in modern day.
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Thomas, Elaine. "A New Approach to Teaching Introductory Computing and Information Technology by Distance Learning – Addressing Key Issues." EDEN Conference Proceedings, no. 1 (June 16, 2019): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.38069/edenconf-2019-ac-0032.
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New introductory level 1 curriculum has been developed for the open-entry Computing and information technology (IT) degree programme in the School of Computing and Communications in the Open University (OU UK). Three key issues in Computing and IT teaching had been identified, namely: student retention, declining participation by women in Computing and IT modules, and the teaching of introductory programming at level 1. Dealing with these issues formed part of the rationale for developing the new curriculum. Computing and IT students at the OU are part-time distance learners and there is a diverse student population with a range of learning needs. Two-thirds of students are in employment, so it is important their work-life balance is considered in the design of new curriculum.Retention of students is an important issue in distance education (Simpson, 2012) as drop-out rates are high. Students study the new level 1 course “TM111 Introduction to Computing and Information Technology 1” first followed by “TM112 Introduction to Computing and Information Technology 2”. Both module production teams engaged in a learning design process to assist with the management of student workload and to ensure coherence and consistency across both modules. The declining rate of participation by women in Computing and IT is a source of concern across both the employment and the higher education sectors (BCS, 2016). In developing TM111 care was taken in the selection of examples and images to ensure that female Computer Scientists were adequately represented so as to provide suitable role models for female students (Frieze Quesenberry, 2019). Students often struggle with computer programming but easing “cognitive load” (Sweller, 1988) may be helpful, especially in a distance learning context. TM111 uses its own customised version of Scratch, called OUBuild, to assist students in acquiring foundational programming skills. TM111 is presented using a blend of traditional print materials plus online learning and also specialised software. The module is designed to appeal to a wide range of students with a variety of study intentions and learning needs, many of whom have few formal qualifications (or none at all).TM111 has proven to be very attractive to students and participation by female students has increased to 24%, at least four percentage points over the previous module. Student responses to the module as a whole and the teaching on programming has been positive overall. More work is needed to evaluate the impact of the new modules in equipping students with the necessary programming skills to succeed with programming at level 2.
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Torres, Anna, Monika Zaborek-Łyczba, Jakub Łyczba, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, and Ewelina Grywalska. "The Importance of Immunological Disorders in the Pathogenesis of Lichen Sclerosus in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214212.
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Lichen sclerosus (LS) is defined as a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease with a localization predominantly to the anus and genitals (vulvar sclerosus (VLS)). Pediatric lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with predilection for the anogenital area that if untreated can lead to scarring. Vulvar LS is characterized by two peaks in incidence: it occurs in prepubertal girls and in postmenopausal women. To date, several mechanisms and risk factors have been proposed in the pathogenesis of pediatric vulvar LS; however, the etiology of this condition is still not fully understood and constitutes a challenge for scientists and clinicians. The presented research aimed to systematically review the existing literature on the pathogenesis of pediatric LS and to identify possible underlying autoimmune mechanisms and molecular networks. The clinical presentation of pediatric lichen sclerosus and available treatment modalities are also presented to acquaint a broader audience with this underdiagnosed and undertreated condition. As a result of our review, we discuss several potential mechanisms, molecules, and pathways that have been recognized in this disease. The purpose of our review was also to summarize what we can induce in further studies, which will ultimately help to identify the mechanism responsible for the disease and aid in the development of new, more effective treatment strategies for diagnosis and treatment by clinicians and researchers.
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Baydar Arican, Hacer Ozge. "Metaphorical Perceptions of Academicians and Engineers on the Conceptions of Game and Exercise: The Case of Boston, Massachusetts." Journal of Educational Issues 7, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i2.19218.
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Games and exercises, which have an important place in the life of the individual in every developmental period of humans as a social being contribute to the communication and interaction of the individual with the environment, to the development of social cognitive skills such as problem-solving, analytical thinking, creative thinking, and reasoning as well as positively affecting the physical and mental development. Individuals, who try to survive in a mentally and physically challenging and demanding work pace or by being inactive for a long time in front of a computer screen, spend their energy through games, exercises, and physical activities, and can be discharged by relaxing. In this respect, it is possible to evaluate the entire games, exercises, and physical activities as a driving force to gather energy again after a tiring work tempo or as a source of motivation to move away from mental and physical fatigue. It is considered that performing activities such as exercises and playing games by individuals, considering them as a way of life and evaluating the factors, which keep individuals away from these activities, can be possible by explaining individual perceptions on these issues. In the light of these data, the meanings and values associated with the concepts of games and exercises by academics and engineers who live in different cultural structures, who cannot allocate adequate time for games and exercises in a compulsory work tempo, or who can acquire internal and external motivation via games and exercises as well as exercise frequency and playing times. The present study was conducted to examine the perceptions of academics and engineers on the concepts of game and exercise via metaphor analysis in June 2019 with the participation of scientists, academicians, and engineers who participated in the 2019 International Microwave Symposium (IMS) at the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center in Boston, MA, USA, which was held with the participation of many scientists, academicians, and engineers from all over the world as a total of 135 participants, 56 women and 79 men, who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily, made up the study group. The metaphor analysis form that was prepared by the researcher was used in obtaining the data to reveal the perceptions of the participants about the concepts of game and exercise. The participants were asked to complete the statements with the statements of “Game is like … because …” and “Exercise is like … because …” in addition to their age, gender, nationality, residence, occupation, perceived income status, and educational status. After the data were analyzed, various metaphors for the concepts of game and exercise were detected. Also, different game playing times and exercise frequencies emerged as a result of the self-evaluation of each participant.
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Cheryan, Sapna, Victoria C. Plaut, Caitlin Handron, and Lauren Hudson. "The Stereotypical Computer Scientist: Gendered Media Representations as a Barrier to Inclusion for Women." Sex Roles 69, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2013): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0296-x.
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Starr, Christine R., Barrett R. Anderson, and Katherine A. Green. "“I’m a Computer Scientist!”: Virtual Reality Experience Influences Stereotype Threat and STEM Motivation Among Undergraduate Women." Journal of Science Education and Technology 28, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10956-019-09781-z.
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Gemmati, Donato, Barbara Bramanti, Maria Luisa Serino, Paola Secchiero, Giorgio Zauli, and Veronica Tisato. "COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-Chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103474.
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In December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the city of Wuhan, China. Rapidly, it became an epidemic in China and has now spread throughout the world reaching pandemic proportions. High mortality rates characterize SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19), which mainly affects the elderly, causing unrestrained cytokines-storm and subsequent pulmonary shutdown, also suspected micro thromboembolism events. At the present time, no specific and dedicated treatments, nor approved vaccines, are available, though very promising data come from the use of anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria, and anti-coagulant drugs. In addition, it seems that males are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than females, with males 65% more likely to die from the infection than females. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese scientists show that of all cases about 1.7% of women who contract the virus will die compared with 2.8% of men, and data from Hong Kong hospitals state that 32% of male and 15% of female COVID-19 patients required intensive care or died. On the other hand, the long-term fallout of coronavirus may be worse for women than for men due to social and psychosocial reasons. Regardless of sex- or gender-biased data obtained from WHO and those gathered from sometimes controversial scientific journals, some central points should be considered. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 has a strong interaction with the human ACE2 receptor, which plays an essential role in cell entry together with transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2); it is interesting to note that the ACE2 gene lays on the X-chromosome, thus allowing females to be potentially heterozygous and differently assorted compared to men who are definitely hemizygous. Secondly, the higher ACE2 expression rate in females, though controversial, might ascribe them the worst prognosis, in contrast with worldwide epidemiological data. Finally, several genes involved in inflammation are located on the X-chromosome, which also contains high number of immune-related genes responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Other genes, out from the RAS-pathway, might directly or indirectly impact on the ACE1/ACE2 balance by influencing its main actors (e.g., ABO locus, SRY, SOX3, ADAM17). Unexpectedly, the higher levels of ACE2 or ACE1/ACE2 rebalancing might improve the outcome of COVID-19 in both sexes by reducing inflammation, thrombosis, and death. Moreover, X-heterozygous females might also activate a mosaic advantage and show more pronounced sex-related differences resulting in a sex dimorphism, further favoring them in counteracting the progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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White, Jeffry L., and G. H. Massiha. "The Retention of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: A Framework for Persistence." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v5i1.4515.
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<p>Women make up 47% of the total U.S. workforce, but are less represented in engineering, computer sciences, and the physical sciences. In addition, race and ethnicity are salient factors and minority women comprise fewer than 1 in 10 scientist or engineer. In this paper, a review of the literature is under taken that explores the many challenges women encounter when pursing a career in the sciences. It includes a review of the national landscape and discussion of the guiding general retention theories. Finally it proposes a conceptual framework for persistence and proffers a number of research questions designed to delve deeper into the under representation phenomenon.</p>
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Harvey, Claire, Emily Holtzman, Joy Ko, Brooks Hagan, Rundong Wu, Steve Marschner, and David Kessler. "Weaving Objects: Spatial Design and Functionality of 3D-Woven Textiles." Leonardo 52, no. 4 (August 2019): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01780.
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3D weaving is an industrial process for creating volumetric material through organized multiaxis interlacing of yarns. The overall complexity and rarity of 3D weaving have limited its market to aerospace and military applications. Current textile design software does not address the ease of iterating through physical trialing so necessary for designers to access this medium. This paper describes the development of a series of volumetric textile samples culminating in the creation of a fully formed shoe and the collaboration with computer scientists to develop a visualization tool that addresses the consumer accessory design opportunities for this medium.
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Pandala, CR Narayanan, and Dr Janardhanan K.A. "A Study on Women Empowerment of Privaie Banks at Tirunelveli." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19069.
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Women empowerment is giving a particular degree of delegate freedom and commitment in regards to making decisions concerning their specific progressive destinations. The essential inspiration driving this audit is to choose the effect of ladies strengthening philosophy which is completed by the association. Being an elucidating study, the review system was taken from data to discover the components. The expert used this assessment arrangement is to find the truth of respondent's points of view and decisions about ladies strengthening. The goal of the review is to realize the association effectively urges ladies to face challenges and open doors and Women strengthening assists organizations with growing better. Information were inspected by using the Chi-square method and ANOVA in SPSS programming. The review inspected the effects of various methods embraced by the administration for ladies strengthening. The scientist presumes that ladies' strengthening in the association is at a healthy level.
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Shalmanov, Anatoly, Vitaly Skotnikov, Elena Lukunina, and Janis Lanka. "EFFICIENCY OF SNATCH TECHNIQUE IN HIGH LEVEL WEIGHTLIFTERS." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2, no. 97 (2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v2i97.85.
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Background. Rich theoretical and experimental evidence on the biomechanics of weightlifting exercises has currently been collected (Bauman, Gross, & Quade, 1988; Garhammer, 1991; Gourgoulis, Aggelousis, & Mavromatis, 2000; Isaka, Okada, & Funato, 1996; Шалманов, Скотников, & Панин, 2012). Most of the studies were mainly carried out in laboratory settings, with long-term treatment of the obtained data. In recent years, scientists’ interest has shifted to the study and evaluation of the technical mastery of athletes in the setting of the highest level competition, in the extreme conditions of sport fight. This was facilitated by the development of specialized hardware and program sets (Шалманов & Скотников, 2013; Шалманов, Скотников & Ланка, 2013), opening the possibility for biomechanical control of athletes technical and speed-strength fitness both during the technical training process and competition. One of the ways of evaluating the effectiveness of techniques is based on the idea of using motor capacity by an athlete, which is called efficiency of realization. Methods. To register the trajectory of the bar and calculate kinematic and dynamic parameters of its movement a specialized hardware-program complex (APC) has been developed. In the APC, a photo-video camera “Canon” is included; a marker is fixed on the end of the bar as well as a computer with software. Recording was carried out during major competitions (Cup of Russia, the Russian Championship, and the XХVII World Summer Universiade) in 2012–2014. The total number of athletes surveyed was 331 people (184 men, 147 women). The paper presents the results obtained in the snatch in men. Results. The regularities in the change of kinematic and dynamic bar movement parameter with an increase in weight category and sport result were determined. The main indicator determining sports result in a classic snatch was the absolute maximum power developed by the athlete during acceleration of the bar in the final phase of its lifting: r = .75, p < .001. The indicator of absolute power is the most informative to assess the level of athlete speed- strength fitness, realized due to the efficiency of sports technique and prediction of sports result. Conclusions. The regression equation between the result in the snatch and the maximum absolute power in the final acceleration of the bar give a possibility to evaluate the technique of the effectiveness of each athlete: if it is better or worse than the average one and to what extent. This analysis gave one more possibility – to compare the set up performance with the performance that the athlete, taking into account their level of physical conditioning (maximal power), would achieve if they improve their technique.
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Saranjam Baig, Salma Nusrat, and Salma Bano. "Socio-economic and Socio-demographic Determinants of Women Empowerment: Empirical Evidence From the Districts of Ghizer and Gilgit, Northern Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i1.1031.
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Women empowerment has remained the most deliberate subject and many social scientists have explored this subject in their respective fields. Women empowerment has assorted dimensions, however this study focuses only on two dimensions’ women decision making and women participation. Primarily, this study constructs two indices of women empowerment which are women decision making index and women participation index based on different components computed using principal component analysis. This research uses primary data, where the data is collected from households of the respective regions using two-stage cluster sampling technique. Secondly, this paper scrutinizes the socio-demographic and economic causes of women empowerment in Gilgit and Ghizer districts of Gilgit-Baltistan using structural equation model. The scores of women empowerment indexes indicate that in terms of decision making, women of Ghizer district are more empowered as compared to Gilgit district whereas in terms of women participation women of Gilgit are more empowered. Amongst the socio-economic and demographic variables, education level shows significant and positive association with both indexes of empowerment. Correspondingly, standard of living of the household demonstrates a significant relationship with women decision making showing that the better the standard of living the more empowered will be the women. Moreover, household size shows a positive and significant relationship with women participation, having more people at home can augment the empowerment of women in terms of participation whereas asset index shows a negative association with women participation.
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Bozhenko, Victoria. "Tackling corruption in the health sector." Health Economics and Management Review 3, no. 3 (2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2022.3-03.
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Corruption in the health sector is unique because it includes abuse by public officials and unscrupulous behavior by other actors (drug manufacturers, health professionals, patients, etc.). The urgency of solving the scientific problem lies in the fact that financial relations in the medical field arise between a wide range of persons who can act as initiators of corruption decisions and/or their executors. The study’s main goal is to analyze the forms of corruption in the healthcare system and their consequences for society, as well as to assess the degree of interrelationship between the level of corruption and indicators of financial support in the healthcare sector. The methods of structural and comparative bibliometric analysis and correlation analysis became the methodical tools of the conducted research. The object of research is 140 countries in the world. The conducted bibliometric analysis testified to the permanent growth of the study of the issue of corruption in medicine in the scientific environment. Scientists from the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have implemented the largest number of works on a certain topic. The conducted correlation analysis also empirically confirmed that an increase in the level of corruption in the country leads to an increase in the share of household expenses for financing their own medical needs. The article founds that the population in countries with a low level of corruption (the corruption promotion index is closer to 100) has a higher level of provision of vital medical services (reproductive health, health of women, newborns, and children, infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases and opportunities provision of services and access to them). Countries with a high level of anti-corruption and coverage of medical services include Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Great Britain. The results of the research can be useful for state regulatory bodies, specialized organizations in the field of health care, as well as public organizations.
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Dunietz, Galit, Kerby Shedden, Kara Michels, Ronald Chervin, Xiru Lyu, Joshua Freeman, Ana Baylin, et al. "0305 Irregularities in Sleep Duration and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease across the Menstrual Cycle." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A137—A138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.303.
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Abstract Introduction Irregular sleep duration may disrupt circadian rhythms necessary for optimal cardiovascular function. Yet, few studies have examined irregular sleep duration in relation to cardiovascular health, particularly among diverse cohorts of reproductive-age women. This study examined associations between sleep duration irregularities across the menstrual cycle and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in a cohort of healthy, premenopausal women. Methods We utilized the BioCycle micro-longitudinal cohort study of 259 regularly menstruating women aged 18–44 years. This measurement-intense study collected cardiovascular disease biomarkers at key reproductive time-points along the menstrual cycle (approximately days 2,7,12,13,14,18,22,27 of a 28-day cycle) across two cycles. Specifically, we assessed serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Women recorded sleep duration in daily diaries concurrently. We computed a system of four mathematical measures, the L-moments, robust versions of location, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis for series of recorded sleep durations. Using linear mixed models with random intercepts and inverse probability weighting we estimated associations between irregular sleep duration and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in all women and within a subset of non-white women. Adjusted analysis accounted for baseline characteristics and time-varying hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle. Results Woman-specific mean sleep duration ranged from 4.4 to 10.6 hours. A one-hour increase in dispersion of sleep duration was associated with a lower mean LDL and higher mean HDL for non-white women (-19.4%, 95%CI -30.9,-6.0% and 24.7%, 95%CI 8.2,43.0, respectively). Unbalanced (skewed) sleep duration, frequent short or long hours, was associated with higher mean CRP for all women and non-white women (99.3%, 95%CI 17.2,238.9 and 126.7%, 95%CI 3.1,398.2, respectively), but lower total cholesterol (-10.9%, 95%CI -19.9,-1.0). Finally, irregular sleep durations, extreme short and long sleep bouts (kurtosis), were associated with reduced mean HDL for all women, and non-white women (-17.1%, 95%CI -31.1,-0.2 and -25.4%, 95%CI -39.5,-8.0, respectively). Conclusion This micro-longitudinal study of premenopausal women found associations between irregularities in sleep duration and differences in CRP, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol, but not with triglycerides. These data suggest that even in young and healthy women, irregularities in sleep duration could have a potential impact on cardiometabolic health. Support (If Any) Dr. Dunietz was supported by a Mentored Research Scientist Development Award from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K01 HL144914). This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (authors KAM, JRF, EFS, SLM; The BioCycle Study was funded under the following intramural contracts: HHSN275200403394C HHSN275201100002I, and Task 1 HHSN27500001).
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Pransky, Joanne. "The Pransky interview: Dr. Tessa Lau, Founder and CEO of Dusty Robotics." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 5 (August 3, 2020): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-03-2020-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry PhD-turned successful business leader, regarding the commercialization and challenges of bringing technological inventions to market. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Dr Tessa Lau, an experienced entrepreneur with expertise in AI, machine learning, and robotics, who thrives on the challenges of creating startups. She is currently Founder/CEO at Dusty Robotics, whose mission is to address construction industry productivity by introducing robotic automation on the jobsite. In this interview, Lau discusses her technical and business insights from the startups she built. Findings Dr Lau received her BA and BS from Cornell University in computer science and applied & engineering physics; and an MS and PhD degree in computer science from University of Washington. Prior to co-founding Dusty in April 2018, she was CTO/co-founder at Savioke, where she orchestrated the deployment of 75+ delivery robots into hotels and high-rises. Previously, Lau was a research scientist at Willow Garage, where she developed simple interfaces for personal robots. She also spent 11 years at IBM Research working in business process automation and knowledge capture. Originality/value Dr Lau, known as the Chief Robot Whisperer, is a robot industry disruptor who is passionate about pioneering technology that gives people super-powers. Lau has built two businesses, large, successful venture capital-funded companies. Lau was named 2017 Woman of Influence by The Silicon Valley Business Journal and one of the most creative business people by Fast Company in 2015. Over the years, Lau has served on program committees for various major HCI and AI conferences and on the board for the CRA-W – the committee for the status of women in computing research.
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Ahn, Eun-Joo. "Finding the Invisible Workers in Astronomy." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 52, no. 5 (November 1, 2022): 555–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2022.52.5.555.
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Why do we remember some scientists while forgetting others who participated in the same knowledge-making process? Mount Wilson Observatory was founded in 1904 by George Ellery Hale near Pasadena in Southern California and is perhaps most famous for astronomer Edwin Hubble and his observations made with the 100-inch reflector telescope, which suggested that our universe is expanding. Moving away from the prominent astronomers, intellectual ideas, and telescopes at Mount Wilson Observatory, this article focuses on the work done by some of the forgotten participants such as human computers, who were mostly women, and telescope assistants, who were men, during the first two decades since its founding. By regarding Mount Wilson Observatory as a factory observatory that carried out specialty production, I narrate scientific knowledge-making from the perspectives of these workers by examining their labor and the products that came out of their labor. These highly skilled individuals carried out various tasks, yet the degree of their participation in scientific activities depended on the supervisor, gender, and geographical space. Efficiency was the primary driving factor in how astronomers delegated work at Mount Wilson Observatory, and gender facilitated the managerial practice of using geographical space to achieve efficiency. Such practice effectively created a glass ceiling only for women, and the gendered workspace may also have contributed toward an epistemic preference by astronomers for observation over computation.
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Rassokhin, V. V., A. V. Samarina, N. A. Belyakov, T. N. Trofimova, O. V. Lukina, P. V. Gavrilov, and O. A. Grinenko. "Epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnostics, assessment of the severity of the disease COVID-19." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 12, no. 2 (August 12, 2020): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-2-7-30.
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The analysis of the epidemic process associated with COVID-19 is carried out, possible scenarios of the development of events are presented. The most common anamnestic data, symptoms of infection, clinical picture and possible complications are described in detail. The features of the COVID-19 course in risk groups and the algorithms of administrative and medical actions that should underlie the provision of medical care to patients with cardiovascular, oncological, rheumatological diseases, pregnant women, etc. The section of diagnostics and examination features is of particular importance, since it includes not only the definition of the causative agent of the disease, but also the main indicators that determine the severity of the clinical picture, prognosis, the nature and extent of medical care. Considerable experience is presented in the clinical practice of computed tomography of the lungs, the method, the primary and early method for identifying not only lung lesions, but also the underlying disease — COVID-19. Information is presented from literary sources based on the experience of overcoming this formidable disease and its consequences by our colleagues, as well as the experience of domestic clinicians and scientists.
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Nguyen, Mytien, Sarwat I. Chaudhry, Emmanuella Asabor, Mayur M. Desai, Elle Lett, Jose E. Cavazos, Hyacinth R. C. Mason, and Dowin Boatright. "Variation in Research Experiences and Publications During Medical School by Sex and Race and Ethnicity." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 10 (October 25, 2022): e2238520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38520.
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ImportanceDiverse research teams are critical to solving complex health problems and producing high-quality medical research.ObjectiveTo examine the associations of student sex and racial and ethnic identity with publication rates during medical school.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study assessed individual-level data of US MD graduates from medical school who matriculated in academic years 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016. Data were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges and analyzed from October 2021 to January 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes of interest included students’ self-reported participation in unique research experiences, number of publications, and computed publications per research experience. Poisson regressions were constructed to determine the association of sex and racial and ethnic identity with research outcomes using adjusted rate ratios (aRRs).ResultsAmong 31 474 graduates, 15 159 (48.2%) identified as women and 4344 (13.8%) identified as underrepresented in medicine by race and ethnicity (URIM; including American Indian, Alaska Native, Black, Hawaiian Native, Hispanic/Latinx, and Pacific Islander individuals). Students who attended National Institutes of Health (NIH) top 40 research-ranked schools reported higher number of research experiences and publication counts, resulting in a higher publication rate compared with students from non–top 40 schools (median [IQR] 1.60 [1.00-3.00] vs 1.25 [0.50-2.33]; P &lt; .001). Women reported a higher number of research experiences than men but a significantly lower number of publications (top 40 schools: aRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90; non–top 40 schools: aRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.92-0.95). This resulted in a significantly lower publication rate among women (top 40 schools: aRR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.83-0.86; non–top 40 schools: aRR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.90-0.92). Compared with White students, Asian students had higher publication rates at both NIH top 40 schools (aRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.12) and non–top 40 schools (aRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08), while lower publication rates were reported among Black students (top 40 schools: aRR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80-0.86; non–top 40 schools: aRR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.95) and Hispanic students attending non–top 40 schools (aRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.95).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings illustrate that inequities in the physician-scientist workforce began early in training and highlight key areas for intervention, such as funding support and mentorship training during undergraduate medical education, that may promote the future success of a diverse physician-scientist workforce.
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Gunter, Barrie, Nelya Koteyko, and Dimitrinka Atanasova. "Sentiment Analysis: A Market-Relevant and Reliable Measure of Public Feeling?" International Journal of Market Research 56, no. 2 (March 2014): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2014-014.
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This paper critically examines emergent research with sentiment analysis tools to assess their current status and relevance to applied opinion and behaviour measurement. The rapid spread of online news and online chatter in blogs, micro-blogs and social media sites has created a potentially rich source of public opinion. Waves of public feeling are vented spontaneously on a wide range of issues on a minute-by-minute basis in the online world. These online discourses are continually being refreshed, and businesses and advertisers, governments and policy makers have woken up to the fact that this universe of self-perpetuating human sentiment could represent a valuable resource to guide political and business decisions. The massive size of this repository of emotional content renders manual analysis of it feasible only for tiny portions of its totality, and even then can be labour intensive. Computer scientists have however produced software tools that can apply linguistic rules to provide electronic readings of meanings and emotions. These tools are now being utilised by applied social science and market researchers to yield sentiment profiles from online discourses created within specific platforms that purport to represent reliable substitutes for more traditional, offline measures of public opinion. This paper considers what these tools have demonstrated so far and where caution in their application is still called for.
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Wieleba, Irena, Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk, Paweł Krawczyk, and Janusz Milanowski. "Clinical Application Perspectives of Lung Cancers 3D Tumor Microenvironment Models for In Vitro Cultures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042261.
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Despite the enormous progress and development of modern therapies, lung cancer remains one of the most common causes of death among men and women. The key element in the development of new anti-cancer drugs is proper planning of the preclinical research phase. The most adequate basic research exemplary for cancer study are 3D tumor microenvironment in vitro models, which allow us to avoid the use of animal models and ensure replicable culture condition. However, the question tormenting the scientist is how to choose the best tool for tumor microenvironment research, especially for extremely heterogenous lung cancer cases. In the presented review we are focused to explain the key factors of lung cancer biology, its microenvironment, and clinical gaps related to different therapies. The review summarized the most important strategies for in vitro culture models mimicking the tumor–tumor microenvironmental interaction, as well as all advantages and disadvantages were depicted. This knowledge could facilitate the right decision to designate proper pre-clinical in vitro study, based on available analytical tools and technical capabilities, to obtain more reliable and personalized results for faster introduction them into the future clinical trials.
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Giostra, Alessandro. "Stanley Jaki: Science and Faith in a Realist Perspective." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 74, no. 1 (March 2022): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-22giostra.
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STANLEY JAKI: Science and Faith in a Realist Perspective by Alessandro Giostra. Rome, Italy: IF Press, 2019. 144 pages. Paperback; $24.24. ISBN: 9788867881857. *The subject of this short introduction--Father Stanley L. Jaki (1924–2009), a giant in the world of science and religion--is more important than this book's contents, a collection of conference papers and articles published between 2015 and 2019. *Readers of this journal should recognize Jaki, a Benedictine priest with doctorates in theology and physics, 1975–1976 Gifford lecturer, 1987 Templeton Prize winner, and professor at Seton Hall University, for his prolific, valuable work in the history of the relations between theology and science. He sharply contrasted Christian and non-Christian/scientific cosmologies and unfortunately, often slipped into polemics and apologetics. The title of Stacy Trasanco's 2014 examination of his work, Science Was Born of Christianity, captures Jaki's key thesis. Science in non-Christian cultures was, in Jaki's (in)famous and frequent characterizations, "stillborn" and a "failure" (e.g., see Giostra, pp. 99, 113). Incidentally, Giostra seems unaware that various Protestant scholars shared Jaki's key thesis and arguments. *The Introduction begins with a quotation from Jaki that so-called conflicts between science and religion "must be seen against objective reality, which alone has the power to unmask illusions." Jaki continued, "There may be clashes between science and religion, or rather between some religionists and some scientists, but no irresolvable fundamental conflict" (p. 15). *This raises two other crucial aspects of Jaki's approach: his realist epistemology and his claim that, properly understood, science and Christian theology cannot be in conflict. Why? Because what Jaki opposed was not science itself--which he saw as specific knowledge of the physical world that was quantifiable and mathematically expressible--but ideologies that were attached to science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, that is, materialism, naturalism, reductionism, positivism, pantheism, and atheism. *For Jaki, the real problem for Christian approaches to the natural world was the scientism which dismissed theology, especially Catholicism, as superstition, dogmatism, and delusion. Jaki followed the groundbreaking work of Pierre Duhem in arguing that the impetus theory of the fourteenth-century philosopher John Buridan was the first sign of the principle of inertia, the first law of Newtonian physics. One of the foundational shifts in the birth of a new "revolutionary" science in the Christian West was a post-Aristotelian understanding of bodies in motion (both uniform and uniformly accelerating: see chapter three for more details). *The first chapter is a bio- and bibliographical essay by an admiring Antonio Colombo that traces and situates Jaki the historian as a man of both science and faith. Chapter two lays out Jaki's critical realism and theses about the history of science and theology, in contrast to scientisms past and present that claim scientific reason as the sole trustworthy route to legitimate knowledge. The roles played by the doctrine of creation ex nihilo and the Christology of the pre-existent Logos in Jaki's cosmological thinking are also outlined. *Many readers will be most interested in the third chapter which surveys Jaki's writing about the notorious case of Galileo, condemned by the church in 1633 for defending Copernicus. Jaki detected scientific and theological errors in the positions of both Galileo and the church. For instance, Galileo did not provide proof of the motion of the earth around the sun. Nor did the church understand errors in Aristotelian science. Galileo was right, however, in arguing that the Bible's purpose was not to convey scientific knowledge; while the church's rejection of heliocentric cosmology was correct, given the dearth of convincing evidence for it. *Chapter four is of wider interest than its title, "The Errors of Hegelian Idealism," might suggest. Jaki's belief that only Christian theology could give birth to the exact sciences is reviewed, along with his rejection of conflict and concord models of faith and science. His critiques of Hegelian and Marxist views of the world are thoughtfully discussed. *Jaki was unrelentingly hostile to all types of pantheism, and Plato was the most influential purveyor of that erroneous philosophy. Chapter five outlines Jaki's objections to Platonism, as well as to Plotinus's view of the universe as an emanation from an utterly transcendent One, and to Giordano Bruno's neo-Platonic animism and Hermeticism. *Jaki's interpretation of medieval Islamic cosmologists is the subject of the fifth chapter, in which the Qur'an, Averroes, and Avicenna are examined and found wanting. Monotheism by itself could not lead to science. Incorrect theology blinded those without an understanding of the world as God's creation or of Christ as Word and Savior from seeing scientific truth. This chapter is curious in several respects. On page 98, Giostra equates Christ as the only begotten Son with Jesus as the only "emanation from the Father." Emanationism is a Gnostic, Manichaean, and neo-Platonic concept; it is not, to my knowledge, part of orthodox Catholic Trinitarian discourse. On pages 101–2, the presence of astrology in the Qur'an disqualifies it as an ancestor of modern science. But astrology then was not yet divorced from astronomy. Astrological/astronomical imagery and terminology were integral to ancient cosmologies and apocalypses, including Jewish, Christian, and Muslim ones. Lastly, pages 104–5 feature quotations in untranslated Latin. *Chapter seven is a review of the 2016 edition of Jaki's Science and Creation; this is one more example of content repeated elsewhere in the book. "Benedict XVI and the limits of scientific learning" is the eighth and final chapter. The former pope is presented as a Jaki-like thinker in his views of science and faith. Strangely, Benedict does not cite Jaki; this absense weakens Giostra's case somewhat. *Jaki--whose faith was shaped by the eminent French theologian and historian of medieval thought, Etienne Gilson--was a diehard Roman Catholic, wary of Protestant thought, defender of priestly celibacy and of the ineligibility of women for ordination. On the other hand, his study of both Duhem and Gilson probably sensitized Jaki to ideological claims made by scientists. *As a historian of science, Jaki was meticulous and comprehensive in his research with primary documents. His interpretations of historical texts were as confident and swaggering as his critiques of scientists and scientism were withering. Among Jaki's more interesting and helpful contributions to scholarship are his translations and annotations of such important primary texts as Johann Heinrich Lambert's Cosmological Letters (1976), Immanuel Kant's Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (1981), and Bruno's The Ash Wednesday Supper (1984). *Personally, I have found much of value in Jaki's The Relevance of Physics (1966); Brain, Mind and Computers (1969); The Paradox of Olbers' Paradox (1969); The Milky Way (1972); Planets and Planetarians (1978); The Road of Science and the Ways to God (1978); Cosmos and Creator (1980); Genesis 1 through the Ages (1998); The Savior of Science (2000); Giordano Bruno: A Martyr of Science? (2000); Galileo Lessons (2001); Questions on Science and Religion (2004); The Mirage of Conflict between Science and Religion (2009); and the second enlarged edition of his 1974 book, Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe (2016). *Jaki also published studies of figures whose life and work most impressed him personally. These include three books (1984, 1988, 1991) on the Catholic physicist and historian of cosmology, Pierre Duhem, author of the ten-volume Système du Monde, and studies of English converts to Catholicism, John Henry, Cardinal Newman (2001, 2004, 2007) and G. K. Chesterton (1986, new ed., 2001). *Among Jaki's books not mentioned by Giostra but of interest to readers of this journal are The Origin of Science and the Science of its Origin (1979), Angels, Apes, and Men (1988), and Miracles and Physics (2004). For a complete Jaki bibliography, see http://www.sljaki.com/. *No translator is identified in the book under review; my guess is that Giostra, an Italian, was writing in English. Although generally clear and correct, the book contains enough small errors and infelicities to suggest that the services of a professional translator were not used. Not counting blank, title, and contents pages, this book has but 128 pages, including lots of block quotations. *For those unfamiliar with Jaki's work and not too interested in detailed studies in the history and philosophy of science and religion, this introduction is a decent start--and perhaps an end point as well. I strongly encourage curious readers to consult Jaki's own books, including his intellectual autobiography A Mind's Matter (2002). For other scholarly English-language perspectives on his work, see Paul Haffner, Creation and Scientific Creativity: A Study in the Thought of S. L. Jaki (2nd ed., 2009); Science and Orthodoxy [special issue of the Saint Austin Review on Jaki], vol. 14, no. 3 (2014); and Paul Carr and Paul Arveson, eds., Stanley Jaki Foundation International Congress 2015 (2020). *Reviewed by Paul Fayter, a retired pastor and historian of Victorian science and theology, who lives in Hamilton, Ontario.
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DABAS, J. P. S., NISHI SHARMA, S. K. DUBEY, AMBRISH SHARMA, LAKHAN SINGH, and A. V. DUBEY. "Utilizing cow dung and slurry for energy sufficiency of farms and households: Experiences of field studies across three Indian states." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 8 (August 21, 2018): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i8.82538.
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Studies were undertaken at the appraisal phase (2003), concurrent stage (2005-2010) and terminal phase (2012). At the appraisal stage, PRA exercise was done by a multi-disciplinary team of scientists in the villages of Ureeka and Pipli of Chirawa Tehsil of Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan; Achhej and Pahripur of Jhajhar district in Haryana and Nekpur , Siriyal, Chak and Jahagirpur of Bulandshahar district in Uttar Pradesh (UP). Data were collected from the above eight (8) villages on longitudinal basis, i.e. during pre-project stage (appraisal stage), ongoing snowballing of the intervention (i.e. concurrent stage) and after the closer of the project (i.e. terminal stage). Data were collected from 250 biogas users on the parameters of most acceptable technical requirements for the unit, output analysis of biogas, use analysis of biogas slurry, economic analysis of the unit, the intangible benefits from biogas and also the constraints experienced therein. These data were collected from individual farmers as well as from their group to arrive at most agreeable information. The simple statistics of average, percentage and unitary derivations were worked out to draw meaningful conclusions. Results indicated that in general farmers across the three states preferred the smaller size (3.0 m3) of the plant which required the lower cow dung quantity (75 kg/day). The cost of construction of thesmaller unit was found to be affordable in three states which ranged from Rupees 14-15 thousand/unit. The quantity of usable quantity of gas produced from the unit ranged from 40-45 kg/month/household. The quantity of gas produced was estimated to be equivalent to three LPG cylinders/household/month which was sufficient for meeting the kitchen and other requirements of the family on daily basis. From the gas produced, every household could utilize the light energy equivalent to 300 watts for 4 hr every day and even the small engine of 15 HP could also be operated for an hour every day. Another very important output of such smaller unit was estimated to be quantity of usable slurry produced in every house and this was observed to the extent of 145-150 l of slurry every day which if stored properly could be around 1000 l every week. Thus, by investing the Rupees 15000 in installation and running of the family size unit of bio-gas, there was saving to the extent of Rupees 33000 per family per year and the net profit in the first year was 120% higher (Rupees 18000) of the operational cost whereas in the second year and subsequent years, the net profit was computed to be 200% higher of the investment. Other intangible benefits of biogas as experienced by the respondents were reduction in drudgery among the women and lessoning the pollution at the household level. Few constraints were also delineated by the users of the biogas.