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1
Nizamova, G., and N. Smagulova. "Motivations Analysis of Women Entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/41/40.
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In modern society, women's entrepreneurship has a special role. Woman entrepreneur is the bearer of new thinking, philosophy and lifestyle, values and morality. The female factor is aggressively breaking into the modern picture of the world, demanding a rethinking of the ultimate foundations of a new civilization. The study was based on the analysis of scientific literature on the formation and development of female entrepreneurship, the survey of women involved in entrepreneurial activities, the analysis of statistical reporting. The motives of women’s participation in business are analyzed. The structure of the motives of small business is proposed and the features of the motivations of women entrepreneurs are highlighted. The study identified the types of women entrepreneurs. The article shows the development trends of women’s entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and identified the problems of its development.
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Nziku, Dina Modestus, and John Joseph Struthers. "Female entrepreneurship in Africa." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 25, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2017-0115.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework which combines the strength of weak ties (SWT) concept with an innovative taxonomy for mitigating principal-agent (P-A) conflicts. The taxonomy highlights the mechanisms through which African women can overcome the obstacles faced when setting up businesses. Design/methodology/approach The paper discusses the role of “weak ties” networks in entrepreneurial activities and integrates the concept with the key parameters of the P-A paradigm. The aim is to develop a taxonomy (or scorecard) for mitigating the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Africa from a P-A perspective. Six P-A parameters are analysed, namely, attitudes towards risk; behaviour-based vs targets-based contracts; asymmetric information; risk-sharing; transaction costs; and verification and monitoring costs. Findings With the aid of the taxonomy developed in the paper, the authors analyse the channels through which “SWT” networks may impact in mitigating the problems arising from the P-A paradigm. Some implications for women entrepreneurs in Africa are highlighted. Research limitations/implications The current conceptual study suggests that the “SWT” concept can be used by African women entrepreneurs to mitigate P-A problems. The authors argue that the original P-A taxonomy developed in the paper fills a conceptual research gap in the existing literature. Embedding the SWT concept within a P-A framework will facilitate further research not only to understand African women entrepreneurs’ attitudes (and responses) towards risk and uncertainty, but this will also facilitate greater understanding of the importance women attach to the role of incentives within their businesses. Practical implications The taxonomy presents new insights for understanding the most serious constraints that hinder women entrepreneurs in Africa. The taxonomy will be the basis for a follow-up empirical paper on selected African countries. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the development of an innovative taxonomy which highlights the role of “SWT” social networks towards mitigating the P-A problem among African women entrepreneurs. The paper makes a significant contribution to the literature from a conceptual perspective.
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BILLORE, SONIYA, AHMAD HJ ZAINUDDIN, NORASHFAH HANIM YAAKOP YAHAYA AL-HAJ, and DAPHNE HALKIAS. "FEMALE IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A DEVELOPING SECTOR IN JAPAN'S ENTREPRENEURIAL ECONOMY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15, no. 02 (June 2010): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671000149x.
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The role of women in Japan was traditionally restricted to housekeeping and childrearing. Over the years, changes in Japanese lifestyle and attitudes have created new grounds for women to venture into small businesses. Although this new personality aspect of women has been accepted, by and large, in larger cities of Japan, it is yet to be accepted in rural areas. Given this background, it becomes even more challenging for a foreigner — an immigrant woman entrepreneur — to set up shop and conduct business in Japan. This study looks at the status of female immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan. Through a qualitative study, it explores the experiences and challenges female entrepreneurs must face before they achieve stability in their businesses. It highlights and draws attention to areas where changes in governance structure and social acceptance can be made so a more positive environment can be built up and the relationship between Japan and the immigrant entrepreneurs can be strengthened.
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Hassan, Siti Hasnah, Jusuf Zeqiri, Veland Ramadani, Teo Shao Zhen, Nik Hadian Nik Azman, and Imran Mahmud. "Individual Factors, Facilitating Conditions and Career Success: Insights from Malaysian Female Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 28, no. 04 (December 2020): 375–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495820500168.
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The involvement of female entrepreneurs in the growth of a nation’s economy is an important subject. Despite various opportunities as well as structural and policy financing and support to launch and run businesses, women still face challenges that hamper their chances of success. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine the individual factors and facilitating conditions that have led to female entrepreneurs’ career success. A survey instrument was formulated through questionnaires to obtain feedback from female entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The findings showed that entrepreneur competence, commitment, goal, and knowledge are related to female entrepreneurs’ career success. While human capital was found to be an insignificant factor in determining female entrepreneurs’ career success, the goal was discovered to be the most salient factor that determines a female entrepreneur’s chances of career success. The findings have important practical implications for managers and leaders who wish to motivate their employees to achieve their career milestones. This paper sheds some light on female entrepreneurship in developed economies and recommends further research on female entrepreneurship.
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Osman, Fatima, Noralfishah Sulaiman, and Uzair Bhatti. "Motives and Barriers of Female Entrepreneurship in the Kurdistan Region." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(69).
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The involvement of Kurdish women in nationalistic revolutions has left many astonished. Kurdistan's history is enriched with many women that have had leadership roles in political, religious, and even military positions. This research examined the life of modern working women in Kurdistan that have turned to entrepreneurship to break from societal ties in addition to expressing their creativity and unique skills while continuing to meet their responsibilities as daughters, wives, and mothers. The purpose of this research was to answer questions regarding the motives of female entrepreneurs as well as the general and gender-based barriers that female entrepreneurs face in the Region. According to Al-silefanee (2019), the entrepreneurial ecosystem consists of two significant elements, the entrepreneur and the environment in which the entrepreneur operates. Regardless of how new the idea of entrepreneurship is to KRI, the region has the chance to build-up the entrepreneurship ecosystem by encouraging entrepreneurship through the development of an environment that facilitates entrepreneurial youth and initiate economic growth. Keywords: Female Entrepreneurship; Online Businesses; Entrepreneurship Motives.
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Erwee, Ronel. "Entrepreneurship as a career option for woman: An overview of research." South African Journal of Business Management 18, no. 3 (September 30, 1987): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v18i3.1012.
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Entrepreneurship is seen as a non-traditional career option for women and most of the available research on this career focus on the male entrepreneur. A life-cycle model of career development is used as basis to systematize the review of the few studies of female entrepreneurs. Research on factors influencing the developmental history of women entrepreneurs, namely their education and training, personality traits, childhood family environment, work history, adult developmental history and adult family history, are grouped together for discussion. Factors affecting the women entrepreneurs' current situation are discussed separately. Research on female entrepreneurs in two different cultures are contrasted and areas for research on women entrepreneurs in South Africa are discussed.
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Wang, Qing, and Michael Keane. "Struggling to be more visible: Female digital creative entrepreneurs in China." Global Media and China 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059436420969624.
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Entrepreneurs have become the driving force of China’s economy over the past few decades. With a rapid surge in the growth of digital platforms, and the success of China’s platforms outside China, the aspiration to be entrepreneurial is recognized and celebrated. Increasingly, women are benefitting from this entrepreneurial fever. However, behind the increasing number of emerging women digital entrepreneurs, is the struggle to gain recognition. Drawing on cases studies of female digital startups, the article investigates some of the dilemmas faced when women strive to develop entrepreneurial identities. The article problematizes distinctions between the entrepreneur in a general sense, the creative entrepreneur, and female creative entrepreneurs. Whereas an entrepreneur in China is often conflated with a business owner, the identity of the creative entrepreneur is more precarious and unstable. The article finds that besides the difficulty to sustain a creative-based entrepreneurial identity, the hyper-competitive and masculinist fields of digital entrepreneurship and technical fields, combined with traditional gender roles and family responsibility, results in a devaluation of female entrepreneurship.
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WELSH, DIANNE H. B., ESRA MEMILI, EUGENE KACIAK, and SADDIGA AHMED. "SUDANESE WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946713500131.
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The number of female entrepreneurs is growing around the globe. The rate of women's entrepreneurship in Africa is higher than in any other region of the world but no studies have focused on North Sudan. We investigate female entrepreneurs in North Sudan by addressing these questions: (1) What are the major challenges North Sudanese female entrepreneurs face in (a) venture startup, and (b) running their businesses, (2) What are the main support sources enabling North Sudanese female entrepreneurs' (a) venture startup, and (b) successful management of their new ventures?, and (3) Is there family involvement in the North Sudanese female entrepreneurs' businesses; and if so, how? Personal issues, management skills, and obtaining financing are challenges while sources of support include schooling and previous work experience, moral support, and institutional support. Implications are discussed.
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Forson, Cynthia, and Mustafa Özbilgin. "Dot-Com Women Entrepreneurs in the UK." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 2003): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003101299366.
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Drawing on two areas of academic interest, female entrepreneurship and the Internet sector, this paper provides an overview of female entrepreneurship in the Web-based business sector in the UK. Based on a field study of 20 Web-based small Internet companies owned by women, the paper explores why women start up dot-com businesses and presents a typology of dot-com women entrepreneurs. The findings provide interesting and indicative insights into patterns of female entrepreneurship in this growth sector.
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Hodges, Nancy, Kittichai Watchravesringkan, Jennifer Yurchisin, Elena Karpova, Sara Marcketti, Jane Hegland, Ruoh-Nan Yan, and Michelle Childs. "Women and apparel entrepreneurship." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 7, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-07-2014-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to explore strategies used by successful female entrepreneurs to manage the challenges of running a small apparel business. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research design was used. Primary and secondary data were collected on small business in three countries: Russia, South Africa and Thailand. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 11 female small apparel business owners. Businesses ranged from tailoring and custom clothing shops, to small-scale design and production, as well as small apparel retail stores. Findings – Three emergent themes highlight the similarities and differences that surfaced across the participants’ narratives. Key issues within the thematic areas point to the need for these women to be creative in finding resources to start and grow their small apparel businesses, and to manage the competition that they face within this industry. Research limitations/implications – It is difficult to generalize the findings of this study beyond the sample. Implications of the findings for understanding the needs of female apparel entrepreneurs and small business owners are considered. Originality/value – Despite the significance of women to the apparel industry as well as small business ownership, thus far, the role of women as apparel entrepreneurs and small business owners has been under-examined in the literature. This study offers insight into what it is like for women seeking to succeed as apparel entrepreneurs and small business owners.
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Narayanasamy, Kogilah, Devinaga Rasiah, and C. J. Jacobs. "An Empirical Study Of Factors Influencing Gender Differences In Entrepreneurship." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i10.5976.
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The paper examines the difference between male and female entrepreneurs and how those differences can be used towards the future development of entrepreneurship. The sample size consists of 21 entrepreneurs (10 male and 11 female). The interview method using questionnaires was used to obtain the information. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that characteristic differences were major factors found in the root of gender differences. Further, family background and social background were contributory factors in determining the differences of male and female entrepreneurs. Education level of both sexes also influenced the quality of entrepreneurs. Subsequently, Government policies also contributed towards gender differences in the entrepreneurship world. The different capabilities of male and female entrepreneur had significant impact on the entrepreneurship fraternity. Clearly, country and social roles too determine the success of entrepreneurial women.
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Shukla, Tanu, Gajendra Singh Chauhan, and Saumya Saumya. "Traversing the women entrepreneurship in South Asia." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-04-2017-0028.
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PurposeMarginalization of women in STEM sectors is a widely discussed trend that has percolated into the corporate sector. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that act as barriers to entry to female entrepreneurs and to understand the impact of these factors in the context of startup landscape. The scope of this paper covers chiefly first-generation entrepreneurs while elaborating the presence of the Lucite ceiling effect. It aims to categorize and elucidate the responsible variables while developing a model for the same.Design/methodology/approachThe research is an exploratory study that provides a complex picture of how female entrepreneurs understand and experience the work culture at their workplace. The population under consideration is “urban startups”; these have been characterized as technology/non-technology-based and non-agricultural in nature. The sample in the study consists of male and female entrepreneurs of first-generation entrepreneurs belonging to the urban middle class and either founders or co-founders. The exploration presents a groundbreaking examination based on narrative inquiry and semi-structured interviews.FindingsThe research led to distinct findings that can be utilized to improve the condition of female entrepreneurs and encourage their involvement in the ecosystem. The model is proposed on the basis of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, which lead to the Lucite ceiling phenomenon. The causes ranging from family pressure to fulfilling relevant requirements such as financing the venture were classified under these. Ultimately, inferences were drawn as to how these may be affecting the growth of women in the sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThe identified intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been detailed, presenting further opportunities to focus on specific metrics by the stakeholders, namely, the policy-makers and the entrepreneur community. The study has been limited to urban startups to allow for convenience sampling, which is justified considering the issues highlighted in the existing knowledge. While this study has been carried out in the context of urban startups, it leaves scope for extension and extrapolation of the presented model in the rural context.Practical implicationsThe study presents a formally structured representation of the issues faced by female entrepreneurs in a manner which is mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Such a categorization can, in the contemporary times, enable targeted mitigation of the same through well-planned policy initiatives and legislation. In addition, it provides a strong baseline for extensive quantitative research in this field, especially in the context of emerging economies in fast-developing nations.Originality/valueThe framework helps lay a groundwork for thoughtful research on women’s entrepreneurship. The Lucite ceiling phenomenon is a more aggravated version of the “glass ceiling”. The reasons for the prevalence of this effect in this context have not been explored before, thus providing a great scope to be further investigated.
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Waseem, Ansar. "Female Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth: An Institutional Theory Analysis." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.113.
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Women are untapped resources for economic growth. Female entrepreneurs, like their male counterparts, can boast the economic growth of a country. Women owned business creates jobs which results in poverty alleviation and eradication of unemployment. Similarly, women entrepreneurs add diversity to the entrepreneurial mix of a country. Female entrepreneurs intensify competition through creativity and innovation. However, the institutional profile and overall business environment of any country have significant role in women business start-ups. This study attempts to provide a plausible account on how women entrepreneurs increase economic development of a country. It is proposed that women entrepreneurs enhance the national competitiveness level which leads to rapid economic growth. Moreover, the relationship between female entrepreneurship and national competiveness level is moderated by overall business environment of the country. To test this framework, data was collected from different sources. The results of regression analysis support the research hypotheses.
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Ardelean, Dorina, and Loredana Pribac. "Female Versus Male Entrepreneurship within Europe." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 25, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2015-0022.
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Abstract Entrepreneurship is a topic much debated and analyzed by many research institutions and organizations. In recent years, the total number of entrepreneurs has been increasing significantly, female entrepreneurship being the one that has increased a lot. In this study, we are going to present and analyze the results of studies conducted at European level regarding the comparative evolution of male versus female entrepreneurship. The main conclusion that emerges from the analysis of the results obtained is that the number of women entrepreneurs is almost equal to that of men entrepreneurs in many European countries.
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Kumar, Narendra, and Dr L. K. Singh. "Status of Women-entrepreneur in Indian Startups." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2021.v05i02.001.
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Entrepreneurship refers to the process of creating wealth for the society with the entrepreneurial capability not only for the entrepreneur but also for the societal, government, and economy of nation cause by availing the opportunities in a fast-shifting social, political, legal and economic environment. The increasing rate of Start-ups has been registered over a couple of years and in maximum start-ups founders are male. Female entrepreneur is now initiating and performing at the digital platform. Females increasing number of enrolment in schools and higher education has contributed to innovative products and niche market. Women play a vital role in every sphere of life in the family and in building society as well. As far as an entrepreneur is concern there is insignificant participation of women entrepreneurs. In the 21st century, as women empowerment has become the main focus of discussion, the government and societies have identified the potentially women’s participation and their importance but still while creating policies women entrepreneur is ignored. The participation of women is necessary for socio-economic progress and for the large interest of any Nation. Strategy makers must understand the prerequisite for women entrepreneurs and avenues for women’s economic independence. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as “An enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts a challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent.” This study analyses their current status causes that have provoked them to set free their entrepreneurial abilities into start-ups. The study will facilitate in understanding the women-entrepreneurship to researchers, policy-makers, educators and practitioners help them to foster a favourable conducive ecosystem for women-entrepreneur. This research study is based on secondary data where drawbacks in entrepreneurial policy are highlighted and some recommendations are given to promote the healthy growth of women entrepreneurs. As per scheme guidelines, in Entrepreneurship Awareness Programme(EAP) and Entrepreneurship Skill Development Programme (ESDP) there should be overall 40% women participation. This paper tries to analyze the participation of women startups in economic development and to identify various factors responsible for higher numbers of womenstartups. The causes of low female-start-up participation are difficult in access to finance and networks, responsibilities towards family and child-care, low level of confidence in business in women’s skills. This research paper tries to recommend some measures that can assist women’s entrepreneurial empowerment. This study also gives an insight into opportunity and prospect for female-entrepreneur and analyse start-up scheme of government to empower women entrepreneurs and the challenges they face.
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Erogul, Murat Sakir, and Fanny Adams Quagrainie. "Motivation, Networking and Business Growth: Perspectives of Ghanaian Female Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849581750011x.
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This paper explores the experiences of Ghanaian female entrepreneur’s motivation for establishing their own business and the level of support they receive from their personal social network. Findings indicate that both push and pull factors motivate Ghanaian women to start their own business; however, initial motivation for becoming an entrepreneur does not appear to determine characteristics of the dichotomous labelling in relation to networking activity engagement or business growth relationship. This paper seeks to enable decision makers in Ghana to better formulate policy and support programs aimed at creating an environment more accepting of female Ghanaian entrepreneurs, regardless of what may trigger them into pursuing entrepreneurship as a career.
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Sidi Ali, Rabi. "Feminist Theory and its Influence on Female Entrepreneur’s Growth Intentions." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4, no. 3 (2018): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.43.2003.
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Existing results suggest that entrepreneurs vary considerably in their intentions to grow their businesses; that men have more success in pursuing growth than women. Prior investigations on entrepreneurship also suggest female business owners might deliberately choose to keep their business from growing. However, these studies have been conducted in developed countries. Diversity in context and theories could vary by gender, business sectors, and regions of the world. Scholars maintain that feminist perspectives theories are necessary to provide some insights into understanding the phenomena. The goal of this paper is to analyze research findings on the growth aspirations of the female entrepreneurs and offer alternative views of understanding, by employing feminist theories, in explaining why women behave differently in their adaptation of reduced growth intentions. In an attempt to understand the tendencies that might lead to reduced growth intentions in female entrepreneurship, literature was extensively reviewed on female entrepreneurship and growth intentions. The study uses a desk research approach to data collection. An overview of the main issues concerning female entrepreneurs’ growth intentions is presented. The conclusions drawn from the literature provide foundations for policy measures assisting women to overcome their low growth aspirations and measures required to encourage women to grow their businesses. The paper identifies research gaps that continue to exist in female entrepreneurs’ growth intentions research with the aim of encouraging further research in this field.
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Smith, Robert. "The Diva storyline: an alternative social construction of female entrepreneurship." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 1, no. 2 (June 26, 2009): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566260910969698.
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PurposeMany “Divas” despite possessing destructive character traits ironically become successful entrepreneurs thus illustrating an alternative “storied” social construction of entrepreneurship. This influences how female entrepreneurs are perceived in the popular press and can be manipulated as an alternative entrepreneurial reality. The purpose of this paper is to build upon research into entrepreneurial identity introducing the “Diva” concept.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative methodological approach involves an analysis of biographies of famous Diva's to identify common themes; and an internet trawl to identify supplementary micro‐biographies and newspaper articles on “Divas”. This tripartite approach allows rich data to be collected permitting a comparative analysis.FindingsThis empirical paper presents the socially constructed nature of entrepreneurial narrative and the “Diva storyline” demonstrating the influence of journalistic licence upon how successful women are portrayed. The paper adds incremental credence to power of male‐dominated journalistic practices to vilify enterprising behaviour to sell newspapers.Research limitations/implicationsAn obvious limitation to the work is that the sample of articles and biographies selected were chosen via search parameters which mention the word “Diva”. Nevertheless, there is scope for further “more detailed” research into the phenomenon to flesh out the model built in this preliminary paper.Practical implicationsAn important implication for scholars and journalists is the need to reconsider how we tell and decode entrepreneur stories. As researchers, we need to recognise that there are other avenues for women to become entrepreneurs than to become businesswomen and that it is alright for women to reject the “entrepreneur” label.Originality/valueThis paper informs our understanding of the socially constructed nature of how we tell, understand and appreciate entrepreneur stories. It thus makes a unique contribution by illustrating that the storylines which constitute the “Diva cycle” are constructed from the same storylines that we associate with entrepreneur stories but narrated in a different order. It provides another heuristic device for understanding the social construction of gendered entrepreneurial identities making it of interest to feminist scholars of entrepreneurship and to social constructionists alike.
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Banihani, Muntaha. "Empowering Jordanian women through entrepreneurship." Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 22, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrme-10-2017-0047.
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Purpose A strong correlation has been found across several countries between women’s positions in society and economic development, suggesting that there is a relationship between women’s empowerment and countries’ economic development. Despite the impact women have in terms of economic activity and job creation, however, the role of women entrepreneurs is often underplayed and undervalued. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the challenges women entrepreneurs face in Jordan to uncover ways to empower them. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative research used in-depth interviews with 15 women to investigate their perceptions regarding the challenges affecting their businesses. Semi-structured interviews were used to allow participants flexibility in expressing their views and experiences. The results from the interviews were analysed using NVIVO software to identify themes and categories. Findings It was found that women entrepreneurs in Jordan still face many challenges, primarily related to family responsibilities, networking and physical mobility. Research limitations/implications Recommendations for scholars and decision makers are presented to reduce the impact of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Jordan. Originality/value This research contributes to the current entrepreneurial literature as it provides a deeper understanding of the experiences of women entrepreneurs in Jordan. Thus, it heeds the call for more research on women entrepreneurs in developing countries. In shedding light on the experiences of female entrepreneurs in Jordan, this paper provides strong arguments for challenging the traditional social perceptions regarding the roles of women.
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Curli, Barbara. "Women Entrepreneurs and Italian Industrialization: Conjectures and Avenues for Research." Enterprise & Society 3, no. 4 (December 2002): 634–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011964.
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This article examines the “state of the art” and the current debates on the subject of women entrepreneurs, presenting some preliminary observations and hypotheses regarding the role of business-women in Italian economic development. Reasons for the new historiographic interest in female entrepreneurship are identified, and the primary methodological difficulties encountered in its historical study—starting with establishing the definition and the statistical parameters of the woman entrepreneur and discussing her social and juridical “invisibility”—are summarized. Finally, suggestions are made about possible directions for research on key historical trends important in shaping female entrepreneurial abilities in the Italian context.
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Ullha, Hafiz, Zulqarnain Muhammad Ahmad, Sheikh Raheel Manzoor, Murad Hussain, and Muhammad Azam Farooq. "Problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Kohat city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 2, no. 1 (January 5, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v2i1.1241.
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The object of this study is to find out different problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Kohat city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. 30 questionnaires were distributed among respondents through simple random sampling method to collect information about female entrepreneurs working in different fields. Results are presented in pie chart form and interpreted through simple average method. Like most of the developing countries, women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and Kohat in particularly face gender base discrimination and suffer from the shortage and little access to resources. Lack of product market information, education and training, assistant from governmental agencies etc. having no encouragement from male family members, and improper networking mechanisms are further problems faced by women entrepreneurs. Key Words: Women, entrepreneur, female entrepreneurship, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, business problems.
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Mulu-Mutuku, Milcah Wavinya, Dolphine Odero-Wanga, and Adijah Ali-Olubandwa. "Female Entrepreneurship in Kenya: How do Female Micro-Entrepreneurs Learn to be Entrepreneurial?" Case Studies in Business and Management 2, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/csbm.v2i1.6809.
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There is renewed interest in female entrepreneurship as policy makers recognize the importance of social inclusiveness in economic development. Women’s involvement in entrepreneurship is applauded as a necessary precursor to economic growth of developing nations despite women under-representation among business owners. Many factors have been blamed for this under-representation among them, socialisation and lack of motivation in choosing entrepreneurship as a career option. In Kenya, women entrepreneurs have low levels of education; are in need of business knowledge and skills yet unable to pay for business development services; and are affected strongly by patriarchal structures especially the role of husbands. Yet, some few women own growing businesses that contribute towards wealth and employment creation. This study sought to determine how women learn to be entrepreneurial and to establish hindrances to female entrepreneurial learning process. A survey was conducted on 106 women micro-entrepreneurs in the Kenyan dairy processing industry. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings showed that majority (76.9%) of the micro-entrepreneurs went into business without any prior business skills. Only 5.5% of them had training in business-related fields before starting their businesses. Another 17.6% had learnt some business skills from previous employment. Social contacts and relations were important sources of business knowledge and skills for 68.7% of them. Rarely did the respondents engage in active search of business knowledge and skills. Probably an entrepreneurship development curriculum weaved through the entire school syllabus would help in entrenching an enterprising culture among women.
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Khan, Shahwali, Mohammad Sohail Yunis, and Fahad Abdullah. "A Fresh Perspective on Female Entrepreneurship: An Insight from Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-iii).41.
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This research explores the dynamics of women entrepreneurs in the context of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Underpinning on contemporary literature on drivers and barriers of women entrepreneurs, this research argues that literature and empirical evidences on negotiations is scarce and underdeveloped. Therefore, capitalizing on an interpretive qualitative assumption, this research collected date through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. Conceptually, this research provides a fresh and novel perspective by providing interesting inside from empirical evidences. This research concludes that women entrepreneurs in Peshawar, Pakistan cultural and social constraints. However, personal motivation and family support helped them to negotiate with these constraints.
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Popović, Blaženka, Tamara Paunović, and Radojka Maletić. "The research on female motivation for entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia." Skola biznisa, no. 1 (2020): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/skolbiz1-25404.
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Modern social development trends, as well as globalization and internationalization, require significant changes in entrepreneurship, with a tendency of increasing involvement of women in business. The main focus of the paper is to determine the significance of different motives that influence women in the Republic of Serbia for entrepreneurship, depending on their age, education, marital status, length of entrepreneurial experience and number of employees. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 162 female entrepreneurs in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis test. The research results indicate that the motivation for entrepreneurship can be grouped into two areas. Non-parametric tests have found that there are differences in the significance of different motivations for women entrepreneurs of different age, education level, marital status, length of service and number of employees. The results of the research confirm that women entrepreneurs differ in terms of motives for entrepreneurship.
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Birley, Sue, Caroline Moss, and Peter Saunders. "Do Women Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?" American Journal of Small Business 12, no. 1 (July 1987): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225878701200102.
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This paper analyzes the characteristics of male and female participants attending pioneering entrepreneurship development programs, which form part of an economic strategy directed at increasing the quality and quantity of new firms. The participants did not need to have a business plan, finance available or formal education, but must have had a “reasonably feasible idea”. The results show significant differences between the characteristics of the male and female entrepreneurs, and the businesses which they form.
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Brush, Candida G., Anne de Bruin, and Friederike Welter. "A gender‐aware framework for women's entrepreneurship." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 1, no. 1 (March 27, 2009): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to offer a new gender‐aware framework to provide a springboard for furthering a holistic understanding of women's entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe paper builds on an existing framework articulating the “3Ms” (markets, money and management) required for entrepreneurs to launch and grow ventures. Drawing on institutional theory, it is argued that this “3M” framework needs further development and “motherhood” and “meso/macro environment” are added to extend and mediate the “3Ms” and construct a “5M” framework to enable the study of women's entrepreneurship in its own right.FindingsIt was found that “Motherhood” is a metaphor representing the household and family context of female entrepreneurs, which might have a larger impact on women than men. The meso/macro environment captures considerations beyond the market, such as expectations of society and cultural norms (macro), and intermediate structures and institutions (meso).Practical implicationsFor the women entrepreneur, this analysis has implications for understanding the sources of the challenges they face by providing insights on the importance of the interplay of both individual and societal factors that impact on their enterprise. For policy makers, it turns the spotlight on the need for an integrated approach for fostering female entrepreneurs that is not blind to overarching institutionalised social structures and gender asymmetries.Originality/valueThe framework helps lay a foundation for coherent research on women's entrepreneurship. It is unique in making explicit the social embeddedness of women entrepreneurs and considers the multiple levels of influence on their entrepreneurial actions.
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USMAN, BUSHRA, and SHEIKH USMAN YOUSAF. "What it Takes to be a Successful Woman Entrepreneur: A Qualitative Insight." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-12.
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Improving women entrepreneurship is about improving the societies and economies. Women across the globe have impactful participation in the field of entrepreneurship yet they receive relatively lesser attention from entrepreneurship researchers. The field lacks in its own theories and measures hence, employs borrowed ones. Further, most of the researchers use the same tools to measure entrepreneurial performance and success for both male and female entrepreneurs while ignoring the basic differences of their motives to become entrepreneurs. Similarly, women centric success measuring instruments have not been given due attention in past studies and it remained a big gap in research. This study aims to reveal what success is for women entrepreneurs and develops a success measuring tool. Hermeneutic Phenomenology approach was used to attain these objectives. Interviews were conducted from Malaysian female entrepreneurs. The study explored first, second and broader constructs to understand the true meanings of success which is found to be a multifaceted phenomenon having its roots embedded in the dimensions of autonomy, intrinsic-satisfaction, customer-base, business-growth, family, networking and business-performance. Furthermore, it develops a success measuring instrument for women entrepreneurs based upon identified themes. The devised success instrument may practically contribute in gauging women entrepreneurship success for academicians, researchers, women entrepreneurs, policy makers and others. Women entrepreneurship can significantly contribute in economic development and understanding/measuring their perceived success would assist all related stakeholders. Keywords: Women Entrepreneurship, Success Instrument, Hermeneutic Phenomenology.
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Yunis, Mohammad, Hina Hashim, and Alistair Anderson. "Enablers and Constraints of Female Entrepreneurship in Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan: Institutional and Feminist Perspectives." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010027.
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Entrepreneurship is often considered a male-gendered concept, and carries masculine connotations. However, the importance of women entrepreneurs and their contribution to the economy has recently been realized. Nonetheless, there is limited research about female entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship in the developing countries context. This paper challenges the implicit masculinism of the traditional entrepreneurship research, and aims to explore the enablers and constraints of female social entrepreneurship within the context of a developing country. Our theoretical focus is based on institutional and feminist perspectives, thus developing logic through reconciling predictions from these two competing theories. This integration contributes by offering novel insights about social entrepreneurship. Utilising an interpretive qualitative research approach, data from in-depth interviews with ten female social entrepreneurs of KP, Pakistan were analyzed using thematic analysis. Empirically, we identify and discuss a number of interesting and explanatory themes affecting female entrepreneurship such as “women empowerment, patriarchal culture, role of culture and societal norms, religious extremism and terrorism, forced entrepreneurs, change creators, unique institutional constraints, institutional corruption and security issues”. The findings highlight female entrepreneurs’ struggle for sustainability, and explain how this occurs. The paper also provides an interesting insight into how context determines social entrepreneurship in KP, Pakistan.
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LOH, JENNIFER M. I., and RAYINI DAHESIHSARI. "RESILIENCE AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT: A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INDONESIAN WOMEN." Journal of Enterprising Culture 21, no. 01 (March 2013): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495813500052.
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The development of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia is an integral part of Muslim women's economic contributions and empowerment. However, there is a lack of reliable research about female entrepreneurship and how gender may affect the experiences of business ownership in Indonesia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the challenges encountered by these women entrepreneurs on a daily basis. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 female Indonesian entrepreneurs. Participants were recruited using theoretical and maximum variation sampling techniques. Content analysis was then used to analyze the data. Results revealed high levels of variations, both within and between women, suggesting that the quality of business entrepreneurship and success depended largely on the personal characteristics of these women, rather than on any system of formal education or training. This study also found that many women displayed resilient coping strategies when dealing with business failures. As a consequence, they were able to thrive despite restrictive social, cultural and political constraints. The paper highlights the importance of the experiences of female entrepreneurs in a developing country and the need to integrate the development of female entrepreneurship as a part of women empowerment effort.
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Nguyen, Cuc, Howard Frederick, and Huong Nguyen. "Female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam: an exploratory study." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-04-2013-0034.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of governmental support policies and socio-cultural influences on female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam. As such, the study addresses an important literature gap concerning female entrepreneurship within rural communities in South East Asia. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with six female entrepreneurs and six female non-entrepreneurs in northern Vietnam to examine the influence of various environmental factors on female entrepreneurship in a rural setting. Findings – The results suggest that government pro-entrepreneurship policies, together with private sector interventions, have had an impact on rural Vietnam. Yet females in rural and remote Vietnam are still constrained by societal prejudices, financial limitations, and limited entrepreneurship educational opportunities. Originality/value – The paper's originality lies in its review of the circumstances confronting women in rural Vietnam and its findings concerning the impact of environmental factors on female entrepreneurship in this setting.
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Nikina, Anna, Lois M. Shelton, and Séverine LeLoarne. "An examination of how husbands, as key stakeholders, impact the success of women entrepreneurs." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 22, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-01-2012-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore: How do changes in the role of the husband affect the marriage of a woman entrepreneur? How do changes in the marriage affect the woman entrepreneur and her relationship with her business? Design/methodology/approach – A novel theoretical approach based on marriage contract theory, gender role ideology and psychological contracts was used. Qualitative methodology included analysis of multiple cases based on rich interview data gathered from 12 Scandinavian couples. Findings – Research revealed that the pattern of dominance between the husband and wife, the gender role ideologies of the two spouses, and the interaction between this pattern and the gender role ideologies, and overall level of marital harmony were key determinants of husbands’ spousal support. Research limitations/implications – Sample size and geographical limitations. Future research: exploring other cultural settings, further application of marriage and psychological contracts in female entrepreneurship; studies of the impact areas of the husband in the wife’s business – also from the perspective of implicit contracts. Practical implications – Research sheds light on how women run their businesses and how the changing roles of the spouse alter marriage dynamics and influence the wife-business relationship. Social implications – Findings benefit female entrepreneurs considering the launch of a business, couples in which the wife currently owns a business, state and governmental policymakers, business consultants, and entrepreneurship instructors. These findings can help couples better prepare for the demands of entrepreneurship. Originality/value – For scholars: expanded understanding of the work-family interface of female entrepreneurs via novel theoretical approach. For business practitioners: understanding the impact of a spouse on life and career of female entrepreneur.
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Sima, Violeta, and Ileana Georgiana Gheorghe. "Women Entrepreneurship in Romania." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 6, no. 3 (July 2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2017070103.
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Worldwide, since the mid-1970s, entrepreneurship is a vector of economic and social development, stimulating innovation and change. In the first part, after the literature review, a general overview of the Romanian labor market and female employment and management and women entrepreneurs on it was performed. Concerning the business, the developments and the labor market in Romania, the authors find that women are underrepresented compared to the share they hold in total. In this respect, in addition to specific policy, measures to stimulate entrepreneurship are required.
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Hohl, Lennard, Peter M. Bican, Carsten C. Guderian, and Frederik J. Riar. "Gender Diversity Effects in Investment Decisions." Journal of Entrepreneurship 30, no. 1 (March 2021): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971355720974821.
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This study examines the gender gap in investment decisions in a prominent setting: the American TV show Shark Tank. Our study is based on a sample of 895 pitches from 10 seasons comprising 222 episodes from 2009 to 2019. Contradicting prior research, our findings suggest that female entrepreneurs are not discriminated against in pitch success rates, independent of their respective industrial settings. We find that the valuations from the entrepreneurs themselves (males overvalued their ventures by 57.19%) and final deal valuations (male deals were overvalued by 50.50%) are significantly lower for females, hinting towards a self-imposed gender gap in entrepreneurship and angel investing. As the gender gap in entrepreneurship and angel investment seems to result from a lower rate of entrepreneurial intentions by women, we suggest fostering female entrepreneurship by raising the number of female entrepreneurs and business angels who may serve as role models among those potential female entrepreneurs and business angels at the brink of becoming actual entrepreneurs, as demonstrated in Shark Tank. Particularly, in teams, mixed founder teams consisting of males and females may support the creation of promising start-ups with viable business models.
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Lourenço, Fernando, Natalie Sappleton, Akosua Dardaine-Edwards, Gerard McElwee, Ranis Cheng, David W. Taylor, and Anthony G. Taylor. "Experience of entrepreneurial training for female farmers to stimulate entrepreneurship in Uganda." Gender in Management: An International Journal 29, no. 7 (September 30, 2014): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-05-2013-0054.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success of a scheme, supported by the Ugandan Agribusiness Initiative Trust, to fund gender and entrepreneurship training for women farmers in the north of Uganda (Gulu District and Lira District). Moreover, this paper reflects upon our experience of delivering training for women farmers and highlights key observations related to women’s entrepreneurship in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach – A practitioner-based reflection which shares the experiences of the process of developing and delivering gender and entrepreneurship training for women in Uganda. Findings – Through the experience of running gender and entrepreneurship training for women farmers in Uganda, a series of barriers to female rural entrepreneurs are highlighted: lack of access to credit, gender inequality, poor infrastructure, lack of access to knowledge and education, negative attitudes towards women and few initiatives to facilitate economic and business success. Originality/value – This paper provides reflection of the experience gained from the delivery of training and interaction with women farmers and entrepreneurs in Uganda.
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Cavada, Martha Cantú, Vito Bobek, Hazbo Skoko, and Anita Maček. "Cultural Foundations of Female Entrepreneurship in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2018-0004.
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Abstract This paper analyses possible challenges and opportunities that Mexican female entrepreneurs face during the establishment of new enterprises. Based on in-depth interviews with female entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship experts, authors researched opportunities in the form of governmental and non-governmental institutional support, growing entrepreneurship, social awareness and women empowerment. However, lack of credibility, fear of vulnerability to criticism and social pressure are some challenges associated with gender egalitarianism. In such, the authors proved that Mexican culture impacts women in some ways more than the others. Institutional collectivism was the cultural dimension with higher positive impact on women, followed by gender egalitarianism with a neutral to positive impact and the power distance with a neutral influence on women.
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., Kadambari, and Chanderjeet . "A Study on Women Entrepreneurship: Opportunities and Challenges." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 8, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.3.2707.
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Women devote and commit the family, which leads to society and Nation. Social as well as the economic development of women is necessary for the overall development of any society as well as the nation. Entrepreneurship is an inbuilt state of mind of every female individual but not been capitalized in the proper way in which it should be. This research paper on women entrepreneurship has been highly inspired by gender equality issues and development. Today researchers and policies have been more and more fuelled with the idea for women entrepreneurs’ importance for economic growth. Women entrepreneurs are assumed to face the experience of gender inequality and also experience hurdles when starting up and running a business than their male counterparts. The purpose of this empirical study is addressed to find out various motivating and de-, motivating internal and external factors. Reviews the main obstacles facing the female entrepreneurs, also suggest the way for elimination and reduction of such hurdles for development.
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Kalafatoglu, Tugba, and Xavier Mendoza. "The impact of gender and culture on networking and venture creation." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 24, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 332–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-04-2016-0090.
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Purpose To date, little research has been focused on the nature and dynamics of female entrepreneurial networking activity. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine how gender and culture affect business creation, how women perceive social capital, and how important their personal networks are for their businesses, especially in the context of patriarchal societies. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women entrepreneurs living and operating businesses in Turkey and in four countries of the Middle East and North African region, namely, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Egypt. Findings The results indicate that being a woman entrepreneur in a highly patriarchal society limits entrepreneurial activities due to culture and social norms. However, networking appears as the key factor for these women entrepreneurs to overcome the barriers that they face, such as access to capital, financial information, resources, and new business opportunities. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations that tend to be commonly found in exploratory studies, so you cannot make generalizations. However, the findings lay the groundwork for future studies to examine the role of networking activity in female entrepreneurship in the context of patriarchal societies. Practical implications The findings are helpful for policymakers and other social groups interested in improving the conditions for female entrepreneurship. Governments and other economic actors need to provide training in both management and networking skills, encourage local businesses and associations to provide their venues for networking opportunities, and also provide support to women business organizations. Social implications Women’s entrepreneurship is growing, but still there is a scarcity of scholarly literature on the women entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value This research provides empirical evidence of the nature and dynamics of female entrepreneurial networking activity in the context of patriarchal societies.
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Aidis, Ruta, and Julie Weeks. "Mapping the gendered ecosystem." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 330–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-12-2015-0044.
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Purpose There is a growing understanding that gender-blind business support measures do not assist women’s enterprise development to the extent that they assist its male equivalent. Focusing efforts specifically on women’s enterprise development, and measuring the impact of those efforts, is paramount. This paper aims to assess the evolution of two indices that analyze high-impact female entrepreneurship development: the Gender-Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) and the 2015 Global Women Entrepreneur Leaders Scorecard. Both utilize data from reliable data sources, yet are limited by the quality and availability of sex-disaggregated data. However, they differ in terms of variable choice, methodology and results. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors assess the evolution of two indices that analyze high-impact female entrepreneurship development. High-impact female entrepreneurship is defined as firms headed by women that are market-expanding, export-oriented and innovative. The assessment is focused on two new indices, the 2013 and 2014 Gender-GEDI and, the newly created measurement tool, the 2015 Global Women Entrepreneur Leaders Scorecard. Findings Both indices rely on existing data from reliable, internationally recognized data sets, yet are limited by the sex-disaggregated data that are currently available. However, they differ in terms of variable choice, methodology and results. Originality/value There is an increasing need by researchers and policy makers alike to consolidate existing data to better understand the existing barriers for women entrepreneurs and to be able to benchmark change. This paper assesses two indices that provide insights into the conditions for high-impact women entrepreneurs in a country comparative way.
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Outsios, Georgios, and Seemab Ara Farooqi. "Gender in sustainable entrepreneurship: evidence from the UK." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-12-2015-0111.
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Purpose Existing research highlights gender as an important dimension for entrepreneurship theory and practice. This study aims to explore the differences between female and male sustainable entrepreneurs in the areas of previous professional experiences, their performance and growth, their use of financial resources and their overall attitude to risk. Design/methodology/approach Through a feminist perspective and on the basis of empirical evidence gathered through a series of 20 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with male and female sustainable entrepreneurs in the UK, thr authors analyse differences between male and female sustainable entrepreneurs. Findings The findings suggest that female role models play a significant role in the emergence of women sustainable entrepreneurs who start from the same experience levels as men, show strong feminist attitudes and are conscious of their contribution to global sustainability. Sustainable entrepreneurship offers women professional development and a limited flexibility to balance work and family commitments. Lack of funding appears to be a major constraint applying to both female and male participants, while the authors argue that business pragmatism in a difficult investment environment triggered women’s reluctance to take on debt. Nonetheless, female sustainable entrepreneurs were found to have developed and used their professional and social networks to a greater extent than their male counterparts. Originality/value This study offers a new gender perspective to the research of sustainable entrepreneurship and, at the same time, contributes with findings from research on sustainable entrepreneurs to the study of gender in management.
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Agussani. "Are Women The Dominant Entrepreneurs In Indonesia?" International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 05 (May 12, 2020): 5935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i05.01.
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Research evidence has confirmed that women entrepreneurship is crucial to the growth and development of national economies as well as the global economy. For example, the businesses that women own and manage in a country are a major source of employment for many youths. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to determine whether there are more women entrepreneurs than men entrepreneurs in Indonesia. The relevant articles for the study were identified using a defined search strategy and predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the initial search, a total of 54,800 articles were found suitable for the review. Nevertheless, a further refined search identified a sample of 49 articles. Data were extracted from the included studies, and the following themes were identified: definition of entrepreneurship, male and female entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs in Indonesia, the challenges facing Indonesian women entrepreneurs, the trend of women entrepreneurship in Indonesia, and the preference for informal business. The evaluation of the studies showed that in Indonesia, about 26% of women are actively involved in entrepreneurial activities. Moreover, it was also confirmed that approximately 60% of the micro-sized, small-sized, and medium-sized firms in the country are women-owned. Although there has been an increase in the number of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia, especially in the informal sector, this group still faces challenges such as discrimination, the gap in wages, and prejudice. Moreover, the survey also revealed that the majority of men entrepreneurs are found in the formal sector and are the owner of large modern businesses. It is suggested that to address the gender difference between the male and female entrepreneurs in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy, and the Indonesian government should develop and implement policies designed to empower women in different ways.
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Lock, Rachel, and Helen Lawton Smith. "The impact of female entrepreneurship on economic growth in Kenya." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-11-2015-0040.
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Purpose – This study aims to provide a better understanding of the barriers and constraints that are faced by women entrepreneurs in starting and running a business in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach – The study draws on primary research conducted through face-to-face interviews with female entrepreneurs in Kenya in a wide range of sectors, each having their own micro enterprise. It draws on the framework of Bates et al. (2007) and Baughn et al. (2006) to look at the entrepreneurship landscape in Kenya and the barriers and constraints faced by women entrepreneurs, as well as the support and opportunities available. Findings – It was found that female entrepreneurs in Kenya face far fewer barriers to starting micro-enterprises now than ever before. It is proving to be a widely successful model, which they use to lift themselves and their families out of poverty. There remain, however, a number of barriers to growth within the micro-enterprise sector. On the basis of these, the paper argues that for female entrepreneurship to have a greater impact on economic growth within Kenya, the country needs to introduce more effective policies, regulation of the informal sector and further support to women entrepreneurs. For example, support could take the form of business training, mentoring and financial support. Originality/value – The paper presents original research on the growing phenomenon of female entrepreneurship in Kenya as a means of alleviating poverty. It considers how this trend relates to the growing availability of microfinance.
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Rugina, Sanita. "Female entrepreneurship in the Baltics: formal and informal context." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-05-2018-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to review female entrepreneurship in a (post) transition context, analysing its almost three-decade development in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Little research has focussed to date on female entrepreneurship in the Baltic countries. Using an institutional perspective, this paper aims to explain the unique interplay of formal and informal contexts that have shaped the development of female entrepreneurship in (post-) transition contexts. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on an institutional reading and analysis of secondary data: statistical data, international reports and previous studies on female entrepreneurs. Findings There are more than 130,000 female entrepreneurs in the Baltic countries who share many common features and challenges. While the formal entrepreneurship environment is considered to be very developed in the Baltic countries, women are under-represented among the population of entrepreneurs, and there is gender-based sectoral segregation of female entrepreneurs in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This indicates a need to recognise the diversity of patterns in entrepreneurial development, reflecting different inheritances from the Soviet past and the inertial character of some informal institutions, not to mention the differences in the pace of change during the transition period following the Soviet era. Practical implications This research can be used for academics, professionals, researchers and policymakers working in the fields of small business and entrepreneurship. Its data can furthermore be used to develop evidence-based policy and actions that would foster the participation of women in entrepreneurship in Baltic countries. Originality/value So far, little research has focussed on female entrepreneurship in the Baltic countries. The paper attempts to investigate that Baltic countries with their history of emphasis on gender equality on one hand and the award-winning business and entrepreneurship system on the other hand demonstrate relatively low levels of women’s entrepreneurship. This paper aims to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship, illustrating how entrepreneurship is linked to its social context.
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TEIXEIRA, AURORA A. C., and HALIMA ABDI SHARIFU. "FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ACCESS TO BANK LOANS IN TANZANIA: A DOUBLE-HURDLE MODEL APPROACH." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 22, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946717500194.
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The present study assesses the perceptions of female entrepreneurs in Tanzania regarding the access to bank loans and the difficulties experienced in the process of financing their businesses. Focusing on small-scale businesses, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 75 female entrepreneurs from the Dar es Salaam area. Resorting to double-hurdle estimation models, we conclude that: 1) women who perceive higher discrimination and/or inequality in accessing bank loans, but who also recognize that female entrepreneurs often lack relevant business skills, tend to apply more often for bank loans; 2) women running larger business, operating in the tailoring industry, face fewer difficulties; 3) although highly educated female entrepreneurs apply less for bank loans, formal education acts as a shield to the difficulties faced by women when applying to bank loans; 4) more autonomous and money seeking female entrepreneurs are less likely to report difficulties during the bank loan application process.
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Paoloni, Paola, and John Dumay. "The relational capital of micro-enterprises run by women: the startup phase." VINE 45, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 172–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/vine-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how relational capital contributes to the startup phase of women-owned micro-enterprises. The motivation for the study stems from the fact that micro-enterprises are key drivers of economic growth and that woman entrepreneurs are key developers of these businesses. Design/methodology/approach – To gather data for our study, a qualitative research methodology was adopted using a case study approach based on examining current events of real life in depth (Yin, 2009). Nine cases of micro-enterprises run by women are analysed, focusing on the management of the start-up phase to investigate the nature and role of the relationships that are activated by the entrepreneurs. Findings – The paper develops the CAOS model of micro-entrepreneurship, examining the personal characteristics of the female entrepreneur (C); the environment in which the micro-enterprise operates (A); organizational and managerial aspects (O); and the motivations for starting a new business (S). Using this model, the authors’ are able to link these factors and classify different types of connections, it is possible to identify the kind of existing relations. From the analysis, it was found that a predominant use of networks characterized by informal and permanent relations, supporting the need to reconcile work and family and to involve relatives and friends in the network. This emphasizes the lack of strategy in the female-run micro-enterprises. Originality/value – Given that female entrepreneurship is regarded as central to the development and welfare of economies, the deepening of knowledge of how women entrepreneurs manage the start-up of her business can contribute to improving the effectiveness policies aimed at promoting the participation of female entrepreneurs in the economy.
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Radović-Marković, Mirjana, and Priscilla Achakpa. "Employment Women Through Entrepreneurship Development and Education in Developing Countries." JWEE, no. 1-2 (June 29, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/jwee18.12.pp17-30.
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Women entrepreneurship is today one of the major factors contributing to a country’s prosperity and to the global market in general. However, females still own and manage significantly fewer businesses than men. Especially, women in developing countries face disadvantages and discrimination. Compared to their male counterparts, women in developing countries have a lower level of education and skill training. Another important challenge for female entrepreneurs in developing countries is the issue of safety and protection of women, especially those operating in the informal economy. The most female entrepreneurs in developing economies are motivated to start their businesses out of necessity, reflecting lack of employment alternatives or dissatisfaction with existing employment. The overall nature and extent to which female entrepreneurship can develop in developing economies is greatly influenced by project to strengthening them. In line with this, the aim of our research was to explore the impact of one of these programmes -GWIN project and its effect to empowering women in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was concluded that GWiN project plays a significant role in the economic development of women in Nigeria through the benefits of various supports to them.
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Vadnjal, Mateja, Jaka Vadnjal, and Alenka Bernik Dermol. "Proposal of a new research construct in female entrepreneurship." Management 25 (November 27, 2020): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30924/mjcmi.25.s.6.
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Entrepreneurship has been a gender-defined phenomenon for several decades. It has been presented as a typically male domain which for its demanding performance requires typical male characteristics. In this paper, we follow the suggestions of researchers of female entrepreneurs and focus on the research of three groups of female entrepreneurs. We propose that female entrepreneurs in different life stages have distinguished forms of human and social capital, and we apply the factors of those capitals to be measured. We observe the influence of parents, maternity as a metaphor for family involvement and family responsibilities, friends, and the broader environment on social capital. We discussed female entrepreneurship using two functions - as emotional support and incentives and as an instrumental social capital that provides access to information, resources and business partners. We added previous entrepreneurial experience, the level of education attained, business knowledge acquired at school and specific training, industry experience, previous managerial experience to the human capital function. With our model, we introduced the theory of life expectancy of women into entrepreneurship theory, which brings us closer to understanding the external influences on entrepreneurial aspirations and motivations of women of different ages.
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Cabrera, Ezilda María, and David Mauricio. "Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of literature." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-01-2016-0001.
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Purpose Women entrepreneurship has grown significantly all over the world, and it is widely established that entrepreneurship is important for economic growth and wealth. Despite those facts, women’s participation in entrepreneurship is lower than men’s in almost all societies. Those phenomena get the attention of scholars from diverse disciplines, all of them interested in the behaviour and profile of female entrepreneurs and their business success rates. Several isolated factors were studied, with positive and negative effects on each stage of the entrepreneur process, for women entrepreneurs, so the purpose of this research is identify, classify by their impact and organise those factors in relation to the stages of the entrepreneur process. Design/methodology/approach The literature on factors affecting female entrepreneurship produced since January 2010 until October 2015 is analysed to define entrepreneurial success, identify factors affecting success at each stage of the entrepreneurial process and propose and organise those factors at individual and environment levels. Findings Several factors affecting female entrepreneurial success at each stage of the entrepreneurship process were found and organised at the internal (individual), micro, meso and macro environment level. In the literature reviewed, the most considered factors are: at the internal level, human capital, education and experience, with effects on the opportunity identification stage of the entrepreneurial process, and at the micro environment level, access to resources with effects on the opportunity recognition, acquiring resources and entrepreneurial performance stages, both with influence on quantitative and qualitative indicators of success. Originality/value This paper proposes an integrated classification and an array for all those factors that have an influence on women’s entrepreneurship and its success, relating those to the entrepreneurship process.
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Dal Mas, Francesca, and Paola Paoloni. "A relational capital perspective on social sustainability; the case of female entrepreneurship in Italy." Measuring Business Excellence 24, no. 1 (November 17, 2019): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-08-2019-0086.
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Purpose Female entrepreneurship has been part of the political agenda internationally. Public entities should promote entrepreneurship in general, and female entrepreneurship in particular, with dedicated resources and programs. Female entrepreneurs are considered a key asset for developing economic growth. However, women experience much more difficulties than men in opening their own ventures. Relational capital is particularly relevant when it comes to female entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the opening of new ventures and the role of relational capital in female entrepreneurship, taking into consideration the Italian context during the financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a mixed-method approach analyzing data from a regional program to enhance the creation of new companies, trying to understand the issues of potential entrepreneurs in general and women in particular. A single case is then investigated using the characteristics – ambience – organization – sustainability model of micro-entrepreneurship and the network relationship model by Paoloni (2011). Findings The analysis highlights how women face much more difficulties in starting new ventures concerning their previous experience if their employment condition finds an extended period of inactivity. Additionally, potential female entrepreneurs are more sensitive to the complexity of the initiative, concerning the required investment and the number of employees, compared to male entrepreneurs. Relational capital is a crucial asset in fostering the success of the venture, especially in the start-up phase. Originality/value The purpose of the study is to contribute to the debate regarding the issues affecting the opening of new companies, as well as the link between relational capital and female enterprises. The paper offers some insights about a program covering a well-sized population during the financial crisis.
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SEQUEIRA, JENNIFER M., SHERRHONDA R. GIBBS, and NORMA A. JUMA. "FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WOMEN’S VENTURE SUCCESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 21, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946716500011.
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Although the body of literature on female entrepreneurs is relatively small when compared to that of men; the majority of articles that have focused on female entrepreneurs and issues surrounding them center on women in developed countries. Few studies place emphasis on female entrepreneurs in developing countries. Guided by the resource-based view of human and social capital, the article explores the relationship among individual and entrepreneurial factors, institutional factors and women’s venture success in developing countries. Hypotheses are tested with a sample of 350 female entrepreneurs using individual and country level data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database and the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom. Female entrepreneurs were chosen from six developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, Hungary, India, Mexico and South Africa. Results indicate certain factors (i.e. household income, knowing an entrepreneur, and country of origin) play a role in venture success for female entrepreneurs in developing countries. Secondary analyses demonstrated that the developing country’s economic freedom, cultural norms, financial support and government supportiveness may also impact women’s venture success.
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Nhuta, Stephen, and Ellen Mukumba. "Empowerment of Zimbabwean Women through Entrepreneurship an Economic and Social Perspective." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p1.
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<div><p><em>The objectives of the study were to<ins cite="mailto:usr" datetime="2017-03-14T09:40"> </ins>identify socio-economic characteristics of female entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe and to ascertain the relationship between women empowerment in entrepreneurship and economic/social development. The research looked at economic and social independent variables that affect women empowerment in entrepreneurship. Literature covered but not limited to, power in households, decision making, ownership of property, access to capital, networking and freedom of movement. This study adopted a mixed research methodology that combined the positivism and the interpretivism paradigms. With regard to this study, the target population was the female entrepreneurs in Harare, Zimbabwe. </em><em>Non-probability was chosen as the sampling technique for this study because it is quicker, easier and cheaper. Convenience and judgmental sampling techniques shall were employed. The questionnaire was used to collect primary data for this study.</em><em>The study revealed that married female entrepreneurs continue to be absent from the household decision-making that shapes the allocation of the economic and financial resources, which further perpetuates gender inequality. The study also confirmed that education and training as well as previous work experience are important success characteristics for empowerment, required by emerging female entrepreneurs as they start and grow their business. The study also confirmed that the lack of access to capital exacerbated by lack of collateral and high interest rates is one of the major deterrents for empowering women through entrepreneurship. Recommendations include coalition among female entrepreneurs, mentoring schemes and changing entrenched patriarchal cultural norms.</em></p></div>