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1
Kazi, Shahnaz, and Bilquees Raza. "Households Headed by Women: Income, Employment and Household Organization." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (1988): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.781-790.
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The poverty of households headed by women has emerged as an important development issue in the recent past. Evidence from many developing countries, specially in Latin America and Africa, has underlined the economic vulnerability of this group and predicted an increasing incidence of female•headed households in developing societies [Buvinic and Youssef (1978); Kossaudji and Mueller (1983); Merrick and Schmink (1983)]. Among Asian countries sample surveys have revealed a significant proportion of female-headed households in Sri Lanka, Malaysia and some states in India (Visaria 1980). In the context of Pakistan, research in this area is virtually non-existent. Although the questionnaires of the various censuses do provide information on sex and other characteristics of household heads, this data are not available in tabulated form in any of the census reports. However, a recent survey of 1000 women in Karachi conducted in 1987 makes it possible for the first time to investigate, in detail, the characteristics of female-headed households. The sample of 680 working women and 320 non-working women covered a whole range of social and income classes. Among the 680 working women was included the sub-sample of 100 female heads of households. Combined information was collected on women and their households through a fairly lengthy questionnaire: the interview schedule comprised questions on earnings, ethnic affiliations, education, age, sex, and occupation of all household members, division of domestic responsibilities in the household and employment history of individual women.
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Ghaedrahmati, Safar, and Foad SHahsavari. "Women housing right, affordable housing for female-headed households, case study." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 5 (2019): 952–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2019-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to address housing right for female-headed households in Iran housing plans. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted on female-headed households by a demographic attribute’s analysis. This paper tries to address housing right for female-headed households in housing plans. The analysis is done in the following three steps: (1) demographic variables analysis of female-headed households. Demographic variables include economic, social and health attributes. The statistical information related to the female-headed households in Tehran used in this step is based on the statistics of the Statistical Center of Iran; (2) share of female-headed households in Tehran in proportion to the total households. Also, the activity of female-headed households in Tehran; and (3) share of housing right for female-headed households in Iran Housing Plans. In this step, a questionnaire has been developed for 30 experts in which housing right for female-headed households have been asked for Iran housing plans. Findings The results show that with the increase in female-headed households in Tehran, they spend about 49 per cent of their income on housing, which influences the quality and quantity of other essential requirements of them such as food, clothing, health and education. The lack of adequate housing and increased housing rentals have forced them to live in informal settlements and low-quality homes. Based on Women Housing Right, adequate and affordable housing for them has not been considered in Iran’s housing plans. Social implications In spite of the emphasis on strengthening the position of female-headed households in the fourth, fifth and sixth development plans of Iran, this has not practically happened. The unfavorable status of female-headed households in the housing system is not due to their lack of problem-solving susceptibility, but their systematic exclusion in housing policy and practice in Tehran. Originality/value This paper has not been published in any journal.
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Khan, Ashfaque H., and Umer Khalid. "Consumption Patterns of Male and Female Headed Households in Pakistan: Evidence from PSLM 2007-08." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (2012): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.465-478.
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Recent years have witnessed growing interest in analysing the welfare outcomes of female headed households (FHHs) in the developing world. The theoretical argument for examining female headship and family welfare is underpinned by two important considerations. The first concerns households’ access to resources, while the second pertains to control over the allocation of resources within the household [DeGraff and Bilsborrow (1993)]. A priori female headed households are expected to have access to a lower level of resources than the conventional male-headed households for a variety of reasons.1 However, this lower resource envelop experienced by female headed households may be partially offset by the way resources are allocated within such households. Several studies have revealed that resources under the control of women are more likely to be allocated for productive purposes that promote family welfare as compared to resource allocation under the control of men. In the context of Pakistan, the present paper aims to explore how resource allocation within female headed households differs from male headed households by examining the consumption patterns of both female and male headed households in the country.
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Ngarava, Saul, Leocadia Zhou, and Nomakhaya Monde. "Gendered Water Insecurity: A Structural Equation Approach for Female Headed Households in South Africa." Water 11, no. 12 (2019): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122491.
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Intricacies between women and water are central to achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Gender equality and women empowerment is a key driver in ending hunger and poverty as well as improve water security the study sought to identify and provide pathways through which female-headed households were water insecure in South Africa. Secondary data collected during the 2016 General Household Survey (GHS) was utilised, with a sample of 5928 female-headed households. Principal Component Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were used to analyse the data. The results show dynamic relationships between water characteristics and water treatment. There were also associations between water access and wealth status of the female-headed households. Association was also found between water access and water treatment as well as between wealth status and water treatment. The study concludes that there are dynamic relationships in water insecurity (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity) for female-headed households in South Africa. The study recommends that a multi-prong approach is required in tackling exposures, sensitivities and adaptive capacities to water insecurity. This should include capacity–building and empowering women for wealth generation, improve access to water treatment equipment as well as prioritising improvement of infrastructure that brings piped and safe water to female-headed households.
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Pineda, Javier. "Partners in Women-Headed Households: Emerging Masculinities?" European Journal of Development Research 12, no. 2 (2000): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810008426766.
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Cohen, Marilyn. "Survival Strategies in Female-Headed Households: Linen Workers in Tullylish, County Down, 1901." Journal of Family History 17, no. 3 (1992): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700305.
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Recent scholarship reveals that women's employment patterns in the nineteenth century were more complex than the prevailing family wage ideology might suggest. This was especially true for those women living in female-headed households. Although female-headed households represented a sizeable minority of the working class, there has been little systematic analysis of them in Ireland. This article addresses this gap and contributes to a more differentiated perspective by examining several survival strategies utilized by female-headed households to ensure independence in the Ulster parish of Tullylish, in 1900, including employment patterns, household formation, marriage patterns, literacy, and schooling.
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Eagle, David, Lisa A. Keister, and Jen’nan Ghazal Read. "Household Charitable Giving at the Intersection of Gender, Marital Status, and Religion." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 1 (2017): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764017734650.
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Past research reveals mixed results regarding the relationship between gender and charitable giving. We show gender plays a significant role in giving but only when considered alongside marital status and religion. Using the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, we model a household’s propensity to give and the amount given. We extend past research by disaggregating unmarried households to look at divorced, widowed, and never-married households, and by including multiple religion measures. Results indicate households headed by never-married females have lower giving levels compared with those headed by divorced and widowed women. In households headed by single males, these differences are largely absent. Religious attendance has a stronger association with giving in male-headed households. The respondent’s gender is also related to the amount married households report giving to charity. Future research on giving should consider both gender and marital status to more fully capture increasing diversity in American families.
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Mohamad Fazli Sabri, Thinagaran Moga Dass, Nik Ahmad Sufian Burhan, Husniyah Abdul Rahim @ Abdul Wahab, Rusitha Wijekoon, and Megawati Simanjuntak. "Determinants of Life Satisfaction among Female-Headed Households in Malaysia." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 1 (2021): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3175.2021.
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Female-headed households in Malaysia have been a financially vulnerable community in the society where their life satisfaction becomes a question. Therefore, this study aims to determine the factors affecting life satisfaction among female-headed households in Malaysia. A total of 527 respondents who are single, divorced, separated or widowed women, with children in the home including those on public assistance participated in this study which adapted a multi-stage sampling method using self-administered questionnaire. The results show that locus of control, religiosity, financial capability, and financial vulnerability have positive significant relationships with life satisfaction. The multiple regressions show that locus of control, religiosity, financial capability, and financial vulnerability are significant determinants of life satisfaction among female-headed household in Malaysia. More knowledge, and enhancement through financial workshops could be helpful to empower female-headed household on the use of modern financial instruments. Hence, able to increase financial capability and reduce financial vulnerability of female-headed households in Malaysia towards a better life satisfaction.
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Appleton, Simon. "Women-headed households and household welfare: An empirical deconstruction for Uganda." World Development 24, no. 12 (1996): 1811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(96)00089-7.
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SENDA, TRINITY S., DON PEDEN, SABINE HOMANN-KEE TUI, GIVIOUS SISITO, ANDRÉ F. VAN ROOYEN, and JOSEPH L. N. SIKOSANA. "GENDERED LIVELIHOOD IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (2011): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000943.
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SUMMARYScarcity, lack of access, and ineffective and inefficient use of water in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe, threaten agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to augment understanding of opportunities to increase livestock water productivity (LWP) in Nkayi District by taking into account key differences in the capacities, opportunities, and needs of women and men. There are two important types of female-headed households, de facto and de jure. The results from this study showed that male-headed and de facto and de jure female-headed households share much in common. They all had similar areas of cropland and access to education, finances, veterinary and extension services, and transportation and markets. Households of all types had similar herd sizes. All were desperately poor with incomes much less than a dollar a day. To rise out of poverty, the knowledge, skills and effort of all household heads will be needed. In spite of severe poverty, household heads of all types are literate and have sufficient education that can help enable adoption of intervention options that can lead to increased agricultural production and improved livelihoods. The results also showed that major differences exist in terms of the roles of men and women in ownership, management and decision making related to livestock keeping and animal production. Men clearly dominate in both ownership and decision making even though women play a major role in animal management. Only in de jure female-headed households were women more likely than men to own cattle and goats. They were also more likely to be involved in farming as a primary livelihood activity. Surprisingly, men were more likely to be involved in animal management in these de jure female-headed households. Women were also excluded from water users' and livestock producers' associations although a minority of men was members. By not involving the already-developed capacity of women, the community loses out on a significant opportunity to increase LWP and animal production more widely. Greater inclusion of women in decision making will be an important part of future efforts to improve livelihoods through livestock development.
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Barrington, Linda, and Cecilia A. Conrad. "At What Cost A Room of Her Own? Factors Contributing to the Feminization of Poverty Among Prime-Age Women, 1939–1959." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (1994): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014510.
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This article investigates the feminization of poverty prior to 1960 by focusing on three factors that contributed to the increase in the propensity to form female-headed households and to the poverty rate among such households. Compared with 1939, households headed by prime-age women in 1959 included fewer adults, thereby reducing earnings potential. The earnings level at which such women formed independent households was lower relative to the poverty line; and although higher earnings allowed more women to form independent households, the increase was not large enough to lift some of these households out of poverty.
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Tsvuura, S., M. Mudhara, and M. Chimonyo. "Gender-Differentiated Contribution of Goat Farming to Household Income and Food Security in Semi-arid Areas of Msinga, South Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 9 (2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n9p73.
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Small-scale goat farming can significantly contribute to livelihoods, particularly in semi-arid areas where rainfall is erratic and crop farming is too risky. The study investigated the gendered-differentiated contribution of goat farming to household food income and food security in the semi-arid area of Msinga in South Africa using focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey of 241 households. Using the Household Food Insecurity and Access Scale to measure the household food security of goat farming households, descriptive statistics and the Chi-square statistics, results showed a significant relationship between food security and the household socio-economic parameters such as the education level of the household head (p < 0.05), the gender of the household head (p < 0.05) and the total household income (p < 0.01). The Tobit regression model showed that the main factors determining food security at the household level were education levels, gender and the total household income. Female-headed households were less food secure than male-headed households because they did not have reliable employment to provide adequate and nutritious food for their households. Therefore, empowering women is crucial to ensuring food security because unstable employment opportunities lead to households’ failure to cope with food insecurity adequately. Goat farming did not contribute to household food security because it generated little income as goat sales were generally low, with a mean of 2.1 for male headed-households and 1.0 for female headed-households in 12 months (p < 0.05). Farmers obtained little income from goat farming because goat flock sizes for most households did not increase due to poor nutrition, diseases, predation, and theft. With the household food basket cost reported to be ZAR3 400/US$188, a household would need to sell up to four goats each month to survive solely on goat farming. However, where goat flock size was small, households limited goat sales to maintain the potential to increase their flock size. Empowering women by promoting rural education may increase their chances of being exposed to better management options, acquiring a better understanding of goat management practices, and making informed decisions, thereby contributing to the improvement of food security. Enhancing goat production is essential to increase flock sizes, as this enables farmers to make more sales, thereby improving food security. Therefore, extension workers need to help farmers better manage and utilize goat farming to their full potential. Finally, rural households need to reduce their autonomy and dependency on supermarket goods and become more agri-oriented.
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Charati, Eisa, Jamileh Esfandiarpour, Mohammadreza Nezaratizadeh, and Masomeh Shahabi. "Attitudes of women heads of households to remarriage." Environment Conservation Journal 16, SE (2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2015.se1604.
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One of the important factors that threaten the family structure, it is a single parent, especially if children are in families headed by mothers live. Functionalist vision of a single parent family is a disorder for any reason, but especially the second marriage for women is challenging. Social and cultural factors vary from society to society, with the dramatic effects of the marriage or remarriage of women heads of household. This article is the result of a survey of female-headed households non married (divorced and husband died) through interviews with 93 women heads of households between 26 and 40 years who had at least one dependent child is doing.Results showed that the female heads of households, number of children from his previous marriage to remarriage in attitude level is a major obstacle. The thosearound's attitude toward remarriage (72%) has a direct impact on the attitudes of female heads of households. In 63% of cases, the women have a higher status in terms of employment and social, were less likely to remarriage her probably the to avoid loss of its economic position or lack of need. The sense of commitment and loyalty to the late spouse in the a lack of female heads of households tend to remarry influence and the number of suitors, as a potential factor stimulus in front strong tradition, is not effective in changing attitudes on female heads of households is than to remarriage.
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Okonya, Joshua Sikhu, Netsayi Noris Mudege, Anne M. Rietveld, et al. "The Role of Women in Production and Management of RTB Crops in Rwanda and Burundi: Do Men Decide, and Women Work?" Sustainability 11, no. 16 (2019): 4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164304.
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This paper evaluates the determinants of decision-making in relation to the production of four crops (banana, cassava, potato, and sweet potato). Understanding the division of labor and decision-making in crop management may lead to designing better interventions targeted at improving efficiency in smallholder agriculture. In 2014, the research team conducted a quantitative household survey with heads of households involving 261 women and 144 men in Burundi and 184 women and 222 men in Rwanda. Most of the decisions and labor provision during the production of both cash crops (potato and banana) and food crops (sweet potato and cassava) were done jointly by men and women in male-headed households. Higher values for ‘credit access’, ‘land size’, and ‘farming as the main occupation of the household head’ increased the frequency of joint decision-making in male-headed households. A decline in the amount of farm income reduced the participation of men as decision-makers. A reduction in total household income and proximity to the market was correlated with joint decision-making. Gender norms also contributed to the lower participation of women in both decision-making and labor provision in banana and potato cultivation. Although a large proportion of decisions were made jointly, women perceived that men participate more in decision-making processes within the household during the production of cash crops. Increased participation by women in decision-making will require an active and practical strategy which can encourage adjustments to existing traditional gender norms that recognize men as the main decision-makers at both the household and community levels.
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Lemke, S., HH Vorster, NS Jansen van Rensburg, and J. Ziche. "Empowered women, social networks and the contribution of qualitative research: broadening our understanding of underlying causes for food and nutrition insecurity." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 8 (2003): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003491.
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AbstractObjective:To investigate underlying causes for food and nutrition insecurity in black South African households and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to better nutrition security, with emphasis on household organisation, gender and intra-household dynamics and social networks.Design, setting and subjects:Within a larger cross-sectional survey that investigated the impact of urbanisation on the health of black South Africans, 166 people, mostly women, were interviewed on household food security. Methods used were structured face-to-face interviews, in-depth interviews, observation, interviews with key informants and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Information was collected from 1998 to 2000 in 15 rural and urban areas of the North West Province, South Africa.Results:Three-quarters of households in this sample are chronically food-insecure. Families are disrupted, due to migrant work, poverty and increasing societal violence, and half of households are female-headed. Certain categories of female-headed households and households based on partnership relationships, despite more limited resources, achieve a better or an equal economic status and better nutrition security than those households led by men, with the latter often being considered an economic liability. The reliance on and fostering of social ties and networks appear to be of central significance.Conclusion:Gender and intra-household relations, as well as social networks and income from informal sector activities, are often not uncovered by conventional statistical methods. Qualitative research can reveal the unexpected and furthermore empowers people, as their voices are heard.
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Jung, Natália Miranda, Fernanda Souza de Bairros, Marcos Pascoal Pattussi, Sílvia Pauli, and Marilda Borges Neutzling. "Gender differences in the prevalence of household food insecurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 5 (2016): 902–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002925.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present review aimed to identify and synthesize literature on household food insecurity with respect to whether the respondent was male or female.DesignA systematic review of prevalence studies followed by a meta-analysis was conducted between 28 August 2014 and 19 October 2014 in seven electronic databases. The search was updated in April 2016. The included studies used experience-based measures to assess household food insecurity. Dichotomous measures of food insecurity were used. Pooled odds ratios of household food insecurity prevalence in women v. men were obtained through random-effect modelling. Quality assessment, publication bias diagnostics and subgroup analysis were also performed.SettingPopulation-based studies (i.e. non-clinical populations).SubjectsParticipants aged 18 years or over.ResultsOut of the 5145 articles initially identified, forty-two studies with a total population of 233 153 were included. In general, results showed that the odds for household food insecurity was 40 % higher in studies where women were the respondent (95 % CI 1·27, 1·54; P<0·001). Besides, subgroup analysis revealed that female-headed households were 75% (95 % CI 49–96%) more likely to be food insecure than male-headed households.ConclusionsOur results confirm the existence of gender differences in reporting household food insecurity. Furthermore, they indicate that households headed by women constitute a segment of the population that is particularly vulnerable to food insecurity.
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Pulla, Venkat, and Tulshi Kumar Das. "Coping and Resilience: Women Headed Households in Bangladesh Floods." International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice 3, no. 5 (2015): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ijrh.2015.030502.
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Z, Taghizadeh, and Khoshnam Rad M. "Sexual and Reproductive Health Challenges of female-headed Households, a Qualitative Study in Iran." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (2021): 1412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211551412.
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Background: Female-headed households are families in which the female is the main provider in the household. The reproductive and sexual health needs of women heads of households have been marginalized due to the high pressures that they endure. Aim: To investigate the Iranian female-supported households' sexual life challenges. Materials: This study was a qualitative study with the content analysis approach that was done amongst women head of household in Alborz, Iran. Sixteen married females participated and were interviewed deeply in a 7 months period in 2020. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed in verbatim. Data were collected and recorded and were encoded, then transcript and analyzed. Result: Females recruited in this study were of different socioeconomic levels. On average they have been lived 5 years with their husbands. Five key themes were extracted including unmet sexual needs, role conflict, concern about sexually transmitted diseases, unrestrained sexual activity due to irresponsibility of husbands, and sexual abuse from others under the guise of support. Conclusion: From the results, it could be concluded that not only the reproductive health needs of these women not met, but also these women's sexual life are associated with worry, threats, and discrimination. This requires serious measures to be taken by the authorities and policymakers. Keywords: Female-headed households, Challenges, Reproductive health, Qualitative study.
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Wondim, Yetimwork Anteneh. "Gender Dimension on the Living Conditions of Poor Household Heads in Sefene-Selam Sub-City, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 9, no. 4 (2020): 30–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2020100103.
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Men and women in general, male house heads and female house heads in particular experience poverty in different ways and use different mechanisms to overcome it. This is mainly because of the different roles they play in their community, which exposes them to different constraints, opportunities, and needs. Therefore, men and women experience poverty differently. Therefore, the very purpose of this study was to assess the gender dimension in the living condition of poor female and male-headed households in Sefen-Selam Sub-city, Bahir Dar. To meet these objectives, the study used a Sequential Explanatory Mixed Method design. Survey questionnaires and Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Descriptive and thematic analysis was used for quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The analysis of the study was based on 175 households, of which 129 were female-headed and 46 male-headed households. Accordingly, the monetary and non-monetary poverty indicators pointed out the poor living condition of the study population in general. Nevertheless, problems were found to be more severe among households headed by women. Therefore, the national, regional, and local poverty reduction programs and strategies should give special attention to the poor in general and the female-headed families in particular for its success.
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Gbadegesin, Adeniyi. "Management of forest resources by women: a case study from the Olokemeji Forest Reserve area, southwestern Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 2 (1996): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038492.
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SummaryThe environmental impact of the Nigerian economic Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the livelihood of the rural dwellers has been little studied. A study was conducted amongst 10 villages in the Olokemeji area of Oyo State, Nigeria using standardized interviews of 200 household heads.The oil boom of the 1970s in Nigeria drove many male heads of households in the study area to the cities, but the collapse of the urban unskilled labour market in the 1980s brought men back to the villages. However, by 1990, renewed dominance of female-headed households in the study area has followed further male emigration. Changing roles of women in managing the forest environment are indicated over the three time periods and I argue that female-headed households attempt to conserve and improve the state of the environment more than their male counterparts. This is achieved through the cultivation of less nutrient-demanding crops such as cassava and yam, and using environmentally-friendly farming systems such as terracing and taungya.
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Lightman, Naomi, and Claire Link. "Gender, Class and the Cost of Unpaid Care: An Analysis of 25 Countries." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 52, no. 2 (2021): 206–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs-52-2-004.
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This article examines the relationship between gender, class and unpaid care for children and elderly household members across twenty-five countries. Using the microdata files of the 2015–2017 Luxembourg Income Study, we demonstrate that household income quintile shapes the relationship between resident caregiving and a) women’s diminished share of household income and b) the associated “wage penalty” women experience in paid employment, examining dual-headed heterosexual households and grouping countries at varying levels of GDP per capita. Our analyses demonstrate that both eldercare and childcare have a negative impact on women’s economic outcomes, yet the effects of both types of unpaid care vary across class. Overall, childcare has a larger impact for women in lower income households, while eldercare has a larger impact for women in higher income households. However, the wage penalties experienced by wealthier women due to either type of potential care responsibilities are considerably less than those experienced by women in poorer households. Together, these data suggest that unpaid resident caregiving has effects that are both highly gendered and highly classed, leading to intersectional disadvantages for women performing unpaid care within poorer households across countries, and with effects that, in some cases, are further amplified within low-GDP countries.
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Ahmed, Meherun, Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed Chowdhury, and Samanta Sharmin Laskar. "Domestic Violence in Relation to Women Empowerment and Women Household Headship: A Case in Nigeria." Nile Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 7 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejbe.v3i7.118.
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<p class="Default">Domestic Violence against women is very common in both developing and developed countries and is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. However, global developments have yet to be systematically assimilated into theories around violence against women. This study seeks to examine the associations between domestic violence against women household headship and women empowerment in Nigeria. The study used data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression method was used to assess the association among the study variables. The analysis showed that domestic violence is usually more where there are women-household headships in case of Nigeria changing the general idea of having less domestic violence in women headed households. There should be strict and effective laws against domestic violence. Men or women whoever is domestically violating another woman should have to deal with legal consequences; otherwise, this trend of domestically violating women will go on forever.</p>
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Adam, Rahma I., Maria da Luz Quinhentos, Pauline Muindi, and Jessica Osanya. "Gender relations along the maize value chain in Mozambique." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 2 (2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019888661.
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This article offers insights into gender relations at every node of the maize value chain in rural Mozambique. Data were collected using mixed methods, including a survey of 295 households, key informant interviews with 29 individuals (breeders, agro-dealers, traders, and processors), and 12 sex-disaggregated focus group discussions with smallholder farmers. The findings show that in terms of the gender division of labor in maize production, there is no significant difference between male-headed and female-headed households concerning the participation of men, women, children, and hired labor. In addition, due to their culturally prescribed role as head of household, men are responsible for maize marketing and for making decisions both at the farm level and across the higher nodes of the value chain. Moreover, cultural restrictions on women’s mobility and gender disparities in access to transportation tend to exclude women from participating in the markets. However, women from matrilineal villages are shown to have more autonomy than those from patrilineal villages in making decisions about the quantity of maize to sell, participation in the market, and control of revenue. Finally, whether the woman belongs to the patriarchal or matriarchal system, she still faces challenges as she accedes to the higher nodes of the value chain, for example, participating as a trader, because of her dual roles as mother/homemaker and business woman.
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Kaur, Simrit, and Cheshta Kapuria. "Determinants of financial inclusion in rural India: does gender matter?" International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 6 (2020): 747–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2019-0439.
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PurposeSince finance is an efficacious instrument for economic development, social inclusion and women empowerment, the present paper examines the determinants of accessing institutional and non-institutional finance across male- and female-headed households in rural India.Design/methodology/approachMultinomial logistic regression is applied for categorizing households' accessing finance in four categories, namely Only Institutional Finance (IF), Only Non-institutional Finance (NIF), Both Sources of Finance (BF) and Neither Source of Finance (N). Both household and state-level determinants have been analysed. Household data set is sourced from the Situation Assessment Survey (NSSO, 70th round) and state-level data sets from Basic Road Statistics 2016, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2016, Rainfall Statistics of India 2014, database on Indian Economy RBI and Census 2011. Econometric regressions have been evaluated for female-headed households (FHHs), male-headed households (MHHs) and overall pooled households (HHs).FindingsFour important findings emerge. First, FHHs have a lower probability of accessing IF and a higher probability of accessing NIF vis-a-vis MHHs. Second, in general, education levels, monthly household consumption expenditure, land size holding, irrigated area and penetration of scheduled commercial banks favourably influence FHHs accessing IF. Third, FHHs belonging to socially disadvantaged castes have a lower probability of accessing IF. Fourth, a substantial proportion of FHHs accesses neither IF nor NIF relative to MHHs.Practical implicationsThe paper thoroughly addresses the issue of accessing finance by FHHs and MHHs, which will further assist policymakers in formulating holistic financial policies for rural India.Social implicationsThe paper recommends increasing women's access to financial services as an effective tool for reducing poverty and lowering income inequality in rural India.Originality/valueThis article contributes to the scant empirical literature on finance and gender.
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Isoto, Rosemary Emegu, and David Simon Kraybill. "Gender disaggregated effects of microcredit on capital accumulation in rural households." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 2 (2019): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2017-0034.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on microcredit impacts by quantifying the gender disaggregated effects of long-term borrowing on capital accumulation in order to address the existing gap. Separate models are estimated for male-headed and female-headed households to determine if the effects of microcredit differ between these gender types. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts the method proposed by Deaton (1990) in which he specifies a model without borrowing restrictions whereby the household maximizes an inter-temporal utility function. To account for self-selection and endogeneity of micro credit, the fixed effects instrumental variable approach is used. Data are disaggregated by gender and analyzed separately. Findings The paper finds that micro credit indeed increases productive assets and human capital but has no significant effect on non-productive assets. One striking result is that after disaggregating the data by gender, the authors find no effect of micro credit on women-headed households. Practical implications The paper provides an empirical evidence for the need to address gender issues in finance and lending. Furthermore, targeted lending particularly to women makes a great difference in the fight against poverty. Originality/value This paper fills the gap on gender and micro credit impacts on capital accumulation in a developing country context.
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Ready, Elspeth. "Who, Being Loved, is Poor?: Poverty, Marriage, and Changing Family Structures in the Canadian Arctic." Human Organization 77, no. 2 (2018): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259-77.2.122.
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In Kangiqsujuaq, Nunavik, household composition has changed drastically over the past half-century. Although the cooperative division of labor between married couples was a cornerstone of the traditional Inuit economy, a large proportion of households in Kangiqsujuaq today are headed by single women with dependents. Examination of factors associated with marriage at the individual level and of patterns of wage labor participation within households shows that economic cooperation between married or common-law partners is associated with considerable advantages in the mixed cash/subsistence economy, particularly for households where both partners have steady, well-paying jobs. Married households have lower rates of food insecurity and are more invested in traditional harvesting and sharing than the households of unmarried individuals. Despite these benefits, there are significant challenges to forming successful households based on economic cooperation between men and women. The lower economic status of married households with only one primary wage earner, particularly in terms of per capita income, suggests that a domestic partnership may not provide any economic benefit if a prospective spouse or common-law partner is unemployed. In the current context of high unemployment in Kangiqsujuaq, this tradeoff may help explain the high prevalence of unmarried household heads and has important consequences for cultural transmission and mental health in Inuit communities.
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OYEDEPO, E. O. "GENDER ANALYSIS OF ASSET INEQUALITIES WITHIN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts 12, no. 1 (2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jhssca.v12i1.1857.
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This article examines the evidence available on the distribution of assets by gender in rural households in Ogun State, Nigeria. One of the contributions of feminist economics has been to demonstrate that household and individual welfare are not necessarily the same. Relatively very little work has been done to show gender disparity in ownership of assets in rural Nigeria though gender asset distribution have been found to impact household decisions, women’s wellbeing and poverty alleviation. Primary data was collected from a total of 260 households selected through a multistage sampling procedure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study finds that an average rural household in the sample was made up of six persons and households were predominantly headed by males (88%). The mean worth of households’ physical assets was ₦ 1,218,308.20, about 15% of which was owned by women. Based on these findings the study recommends that the economic situation of women should be enhanced by promoting their access to productive assets through indigenous savings, credit associations and micro financing. This will enable our society attain the sustainable development goals of gender equality and maternal wellbeing.
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Amo-Adjei, Joshua, and Derek Anamaale Tuoyire. "TIMING OF SEXUAL DEBUT AMONG UNMARRIED YOUTHS AGED 15–24 YEARS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 2 (2017): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000098.
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SummaryThis study aimed to contribute to the evidence on the timing of sexual debut in young people in sub-Saharan African countries. Data were extracted from 34 nationally representative surveys conducted in the region between 2006 and 2014. The study sample comprised unmarried women (n=167,932) and men (n=76,900) aged 15–24 years. Descriptive techniques and Cox proportional regression models were used to estimate the timing of sexual debut, and Kaplan–Meier hazard curves were used to describe the patterns of sexual debut in each country by sex. For the countries studied, sexual debut for both women and men occurred between the ages of 15 and 18 years, with median ages of 16 for women and 17 for men. Overall, education and household wealth provided significant protection against early sexual debut among women, but the reverse was found among men for wealth. Women in rural areas, in female-headed households and in Central, South and West Africa reported higher hazards of early commencement of sexual activity than their counterparts in urban, male-headed households and East Africa. However, the impact of these variables on male sexual debut did not follow a consistent pattern. Varied timing, as well as country-specific risk factors associated with sexual debut for young women and men across sub-Saharan Africa, were identified. Sexual health programmes and interventions for young people may require different approaches for young women and men.
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BONIFACE NGAH EPO and FRANCIS MENJO BAYE. "DECOMPOSING POVERTY-INEQUALITY LINKAGES OF SOURCES OF DEPRIVATION BY MEN-HEADED AND WOMEN-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN CAMEROON." Journal of Economic Development 41, no. 1 (2016): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35866/caujed.2016.41.1.004.
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Badstue, Lone, Patti Petesch, Cathy Rozel Farnworth, Lara Roeven, and Mahlet Hailemariam. "Women Farmers and Agricultural Innovation: Marital Status and Normative Expectations in Rural Ethiopia." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 9847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239847.
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Sustainable agricultural development depends on female and male smallholders being effective farmers. This includes the ability to access or control resources and make the best decisions possible agro-ecologically, economically, and socially. Traditionally, gendered studies on innovation practice focus on female- versus male-headed households. In this paper, we focus on married women in acknowledged male-headed households and women heading their own households to examine how marital status influences women’s capacity to innovate in their rural livelihoods. Using data from eight community case studies in Ethiopia, we used variable-oriented and contextualized case-oriented analysis to understand factors which promote or constrain women’s innovative capacities. We use Kabeer’s Resources–Agency–Achievements framework to structure our findings. Single women are more likely to own land and experience control over their production decisions and expenditures than married women, but engage in considerable struggle to obtain resources that should be theirs according to the law. Even when land is secured, customary norms often hamper women’s effective use of land and their ability to innovate. Still, some single women do succeed. Married women can innovate successfully provided they are in a collaborative relationship with their husbands. Finally, we find that gender-based violence limits women’s achievements. The article concludes with recommendations.
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Thomas, M., and S. E. Terblanche. "The impact of backyard gardening on livelihoods of households in Sedibeng District Municipality in Gauteng Province, South Africa." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 49, no. 1 (2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2021/v49n1a10776.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of backyard gardening on the livelihoods of households in Sedibeng District Municipality in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Data were drawn from 60 household vegetable producers. A structured questionnaire was used to conduct one-on-one interviews to gather data which were then analysed to compare variables and the level of livelihoods of household vegetable production. The results suggested that variables such as gender, household size, marital status and household income influence vegetable production. Women, as the primary caretakers of children, were found to be more involved in vegetable production than men. The vegetable production increased when households were headed by females. Households indicated that the implementation and evaluation of the programme under study, which was successfully undertaken with the assistance of Agricultural Advisors from Gauteng’s Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD), did impact their livelihoods positively. In conclusion, the study found that household vegetable projects can assist in alleviating poverty, create job opportunities and improve livelihoods of the community of Sedibeng District Municipality.
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Jiri, Obert, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Pauline Chivenge. "Building climate change resilience through adaptation in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid Zimbabwe." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, no. 2 (2017): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2016-0092.
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Purpose This study aimed to determine factors that increase resilience and cause smallholder farmers to adapt better to climate change and vulnerability. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors used the vulnerability to resilience model and binary logit model to analyse the factors influencing household decisions to adapt. Findings Households with increased access to climate information through extension services were likely to have better adaptation abilities. It was also shown that younger farmers were likely to adapt to climate change given their flexibility to adopt new techniques and their access and use of modern information and technology. Larger households were found to have higher probability of adapting as most adaptation strategies are labour intensive. Household’s possession of livestock and access to credit significantly enhanced adaptation. However, households with higher farm income have lesser incentives to adapt to because their current farming practices might already be optimum. Research limitations/implications Given that most of the smallholder farmers are vulnerable, such as women-headed households and the elderly, who are labour constrained, there is need for research and development of labour saving technologies to increase resilience to climate change and vulnerability. Originality/value These findings underscore the importance of enabling farmer access to information and better technologies which enable them to increase adaptive capacity and resilience.
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Kabir, MS, M. Oliujjaman, MA Rahman, and R. Akther. "Rural women and food security in Mymensingh district." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12, no. 1 (2014): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21399.
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The study was undertaken to determine the key factors relevant to rural women enhancing food security which have great contribution to their family and community. A sample size of 80 women was drawn from Char Ishawrdia village of Mymensingh Sadar upazila. The findings showed that most of the respondents were economically active but not well educated. It was found that the yearly average income and expenditure of the households were Tk.66656.25 and Tk.67238.75 respectively. It was also found that yearly average income of the respondents was only Tk.7600.00. Rural women of the study area were involved in harvesting crops, crop production, livestock rearing, homestead forestry and gardening, post-harvest operation, cooking, cleaning house, washing clothes and caring children. It was found that women headed households food security is affected by some socioeconomic factors. In functional analysis, the Log Linear model was fitted best. Result shows that the household food security was significantly influenced by education of respondent, family size, household income, access to credit, and social participation. Women were found highly empowered in the study area and empowered women had great contribution to ensure the household food security. With the process of empowering women, women have a chance to increase their income, to participate in decision making process, to build up their health and nutritional knowledge, control over capital and participate in social and political activities through which they can easily ensure food security. Findings of the study suggest that government should provide different types of facilities to rural women which will help them to ensure households food security. Government should also take attempts to change the social attitudes towards the rural women. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21399 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(1): 105-110, June 2014
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Solhi, Mahnaz, Marziyeh Shabani Hamedan, and Masood Salehi. "Relationship between Quality of Life of Women-Headed Households and Some Related Factors in Iran." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 10 (2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p250.
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<p><strong>BACKGROUND & AIM</strong><strong>:</strong> Women heading their households are the ones who lead their life alone. Burden of life probably decreases the quality of life of women-headed households. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between quality of life of women-headed households and some related factors in Iran.</p><p><strong>METHODS</strong><strong>:</strong> The study was a cross-sectional study and 180 women-head households were selected from Welfare Organization, Tehran Province, using stratified random sampling method in 2015(January up to April). Social World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire was used to gather information. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (15) and suitable descriptive and analytical methods were applied.</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Quality of life was moderate in the studied women. The <em>highest mean score </em>(50.35) <em>was</em> related to the physical aspect and the lowest <em>mean </em>(37.82) was about the environmental aspect.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Quality of life of the studied women is not desirable; so, it is necessary to design appropriate interventions to improve their quality of life.</p>
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Llorente-Marrón, Mar, Montserrat Díaz-Fernández, Paz Méndez-Rodríguez, and Rosario González Arias. "Social Vulnerability, Gender and Disasters. The Case of Haiti in 2010." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (2020): 3574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093574.
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The study of vulnerability constitutes a central axis in research work on sustainability. Social vulnerability (SV) analyzes differences in human capacity to prepare, respond and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. Although disasters threaten all the people who suffer from them, they do not affect all members of society in the same way. Social and economic inequalities make certain groups more vulnerable. Factors such as age, sex, social class and ethnic identity increase vulnerability to a natural disaster. Ten years after the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, this work deepens the relationship between natural disasters, SV and gender, exploring the unequal distribution of the SV in the face of a seismic risk. The source of statistical information has been obtained from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), developed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Multicriteria decision techniques (TOPSIS) and the differences in differences (DID) technique are used to analyze variations in gender inequality in SV as a result of the catastrophic event. The results obtained reinforce the idea of the negative impact of the disaster on the SV. Additionally, an intensification of the negative effects is observed when the household is headed by a woman, increasing the gap in SV between households headed by women and the rest of the households. The conclusions obtained show additional evidence of the negative effects caused by natural disasters on women, and important implications for disaster risk management are derived that should not be ignored.
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Chairiawaty, Chairiawaty. "Pemaknaan Perempuan Kepala Keluarga Tentang Pesan-Pesan Pada Radio Komunitas Pekka FM." Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu komunikasi 3, no. 2 (2019): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v3i2.5785.
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The Female Headed Household Association (Pekka Union) accompanies poor women conducting roles and responsibilities as breadwinners, household managers and decision makers in the family by setting five main themes in their empowerment programs, namely: Economy, Education, Law, Politics, and Media Communication. In communication media development, Pekka Unions in the regions built Radio Community. As a participatory media that requires community involvement in it, Radio Community aims to improve education and increase community capacity. The research is focused on "How do female headed households interpret messages on Pekka FM Radio in Batumulik, Lombok?" The interpretation of Female headed households about empowerment messages on Pekka FM Radio, covers the following: (1) female headed household’s knowledge about broadcast on Pekka FM radio, (2) Frequency of listening, (3) most preferred radio broadcasts, (4) benefits obtained from listening to Pekka FM radio , and (5) changes that occur to female headed household after listening to Pekka FM radio broadcasts. This research used a phenomenological approach to find out the experiences and inter-subjective interpretations of Pekka taken from the in-depth interviews and participatory observation. The results showed that the interpretation of Pekka to messages on Pekka FM Radio resulted in a model called the Meaning of Change Model.Serikat Perempuan Kepala Keluarga ( Serikat Pekka) mendampingi perempuan miskin yang melaksanakan peran dan tanggung jawab sebagai pencari nafkah, pengelola rumah tangga, dan pengambil keputusan dalam keluarga dengan menetapkan lima tema utama dalam program pemberdayaannya yaitu: Ekonomi, Pendidikan, Hukum, Politik, dan Media Komunikasi. Dalam pengembangan media komunikasi, Serikat Pekka di daerah membangun Radio Komunitas. Sebagai media partisipatif yang mensyaratkan keterlibatan komunitas didalamnya Radio Komunitas bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendidikan dan peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat. Penelitian difokuskan pada “Bagaima Perempuan Kepala Keluarga Memaknai Pesan-Pesan Pada Radio Komunitas Pekka FM di Dusun Batumulik, Lombok?” Pemaknaan perempuan kepala keluarga tentang pesan-pesan pemberdayaan di Radio Pekka FM, meliputi tentang : (1) pengetahuan perempuan kepala keluarga tentang siaran-siaran di radio Pekka FM, (2) Frekuensi mendengarkan, (3) siaran radio yang paling diminati/disukai, (4) manfaat yang diperoleh dari mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio Pekka FM, dan (5) perubahan yang terjadi pada perempuan kepala keluarga tersebut setelah mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio Pekka FM. Melalui pendekatan fenomenologi diungkap pengalaman dam interpretasi subjektif para Pekka interpretasi data dari hasil wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipatoris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemaknaan Pekka terhadap pesan-pesan di Radio Pekka FM mengahsilkan sebuah model yang disebut Model Makna Perubahan.
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Kumar, Harshitha D., and Madhu Prasad V. L. "Development of a Scale to measure Family Farming Efficiency of Women Headed Households." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 6, no. 3 (2019): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.006.03.2598.
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This study sought to develop a scale to measure the family farming efficiency of women-headed households. Likert, Edwards and Paul et al. method were employed to development of the scale. Six relevant dimensions and 154 statements were screened through literature review and discussions with experts. Statements were mailed to 130 judges in the agricultural extension other related fields and 60 were received back. Further, the “Relevancy Percentage” “Relevancy weightage” and “Mean Relevancy Score” were worked out. The final scale comprising of six dimensions and 66 statements was standardized for administration. The scale developed was administered to 30 respondents in the non-sample area for measuring family farming efficiency. The results revealed that the reliability coefficient and validity of the scale appeared 0.8925 and 0.94 respectively, which is higher than the standard value (0.70).This certitude the reliability and validity of the developed scale. Thus, the scale can be useful explicitly to measure the family farming efficiency of Women Headed Households.
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Ali, Ahmed Mustofa. "Household Energy Use Among Female-Headed Households in Urban Ethiopia: Key Issues for the Uplift of Women." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 3 (2020): 460–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020967897.
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This article examines the linkages between cooking energy and gender based on a study conducted in Arba Minch town of southwestern Ethiopia. It primarily investigates cooking energy end-use within female-headed households (FHHs) residing in the town and specifically focuses on women who disproportionately suffer the impacts of energy accessibility. This study reveals that commercial cooking fuels are increasingly scarce and expensive, and the costs of modern cooking appliances are beyond the purchasing ability of most urban FHHs. Meeting the energy requirements in sustainable manner, thus, continues to be a major challenge that hinders FHHs’ efforts to improve their living situations. The results further show that though the income is an important factor, it is not the only powerful determinant in the consumption of cooking fuels within FHHs. Other socioeconomic characteristics were found to have a significant impact too. This study further examines the relevance of the “fuel stacking” model and finds that the majority of the FHHs, regardless of their economic status, depend on wood fuels as their primary cooking energy source. Even when family incomes rose, complete transition to cleaner fuels has not taken place; instead, it added fuels in the fuel stacking process.
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Bueno, Xiana, and Elena Vidal-Coso. "Vulnerability of Latin American Migrant Families Headed by Women in Spain During the Great Recession: A Couple-Level Analysis." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 1 (2018): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18804584.
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One of the outcomes of the Great Recession has been the emerging pattern of households maintained exclusively by women. The analysis of intracouple characteristics is crucial in the context of job segregation by gender and by immigrant origin, such as in Spain. Using the panel version of the Spanish Labor Force Survey from 2008 to 2015, we analyze the transition of dual-earner couples to female-earner couples among Latin American and Spanish-born households. Our results suggest that migrant vulnerability is not only a consequence of a segregated labor market by gender and origin but is also the result of the partners’ relative occupational and family characteristics. We show that, unlike Spanish-born couples, the risk of Latin American families becoming female-headed is higher for those couples in which the female partner has the weakest position in the occupational scale and for those with children in the household.
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Harshitha, D., V. L. Madhu Prasad, and Sanjay Yadav. "Correlates of Family Farming Efficiency of Women Headed Households in Tumakuru District, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (2019): 1573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.811.182.
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Salmanpour, Sedigheh, Horye Bayramnejad, and Fahime Rajabi. "Effectiveness of Psychological Empowerment in Promotion of General Health in Women-Headed Households." Journal of Asian Scientific Research 6, no. 7 (2016): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.2/2016.6.7/2.7.120.127.
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Due, Jean M., and Christina H. Gladwin. "Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female‐Headed Households." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73, no. 5 (1991): 1431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242398.
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Carey, James W. "The ethnographic context of illness among single‐women‐headed households in rural Peru." Health Care for Women International 14, no. 3 (1993): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399339309516049.
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Doctor, Henry V. "Layers of Socioeconomic Vulnerability in Malawi in the Context of the Millennium Development Goals." ISRN Economics 2013 (January 31, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/346750.
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Millennium Development Goal 1 focuses on the eradication of poverty and hunger by 2015. While progress towards achieving this goal is promising in many developing countries, it is estimated that 920 million people would still be living under the adjusted poverty threshold of US$1.25 per day. This study employed data from the Malawi 2010 Demographic and Health Survey to examine the relative ranking of women ( 23,020) across the wealth index scale by identifying the characteristics of women which influence their likelihood of belonging to “poor” or “rich” households. Results from the ordered probit model show that older women and those with some formal schooling were likely to fall within the higher categories of the wealth status index. Belonging to households headed by females was associated with lower categories of wealth status than those headed by males. We interpret these results in line with the current development strategies aimed at reducing poverty and hunger by 2015 and the need to identify and respond appropriately to the layers of socioeconomic vulnerability in Malawi.
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Kruger, Daniel J., and Sarah B. Vanas. "Local Scarcity of Women Predicts Higher Fertility among Married Couples and More Single Father Households." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 3, no. 2 (2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2012.21.
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Because the reproductive strategies of men and women are somewhat divergent, influences of the sex ratio on the intensity of mating competition and selectivity for partners produce different outcomes in female biased and male biased populations. Male mating opportunities are enhanced by scarcity and incentives for long-term commitment are diminished, encouraging serial and simultaneous polygyny. Paternal investment is lower in these populations, as indicated by higher divorce rates, more out-of-wedlock births, and a greater proportion of single mother households. Scarce females are able to more effectively secure commitment from partners as well as demand higher levels of resource investment. Women marry earlier in these populations. Although single father households are relatively uncommon, we expect to see higher proportions of households with children headed by single fathers where women are scarce. We also expect to see higher fertility among married couples, both because women may have greater bargaining power in reproductive decision-making and the role of woman in childbearing may be more salient to and valued by men. Data from the 2000 U.S. Census across 318 Metropolitan Statistical Areas supported these hypotheses.
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Pottier, Johan. "Coping with urban food insecurity: findings from Kampala, Uganda." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 2 (2015): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1500018x.
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ABSTRACTResearch carried out in two densely populated wards of Kampala in 2012 shows that food-insecure households dropped, or significantly decreased, their consumption of matoke, the plantain staple, soon after its availability declined and the market price rose. They shifted to a diet for which the base was a stiff maize porridge (posho), eating just one meal a day. Many such households were headed by grandparents, single grandmothers especially. For the full set of household heads interviewed (118), access to rural family land (kibanja) stood out as critical for achieving year-round urban food security. With few exceptions, households that farmed ‘at home’ – about half the sample – saw themselves as food secure. Access negotiations, however, could be difficult, especially for women. The growing number of grandparents responsible for raising grandchildren and nieces/nephews, many of whom were orphaned, has given rise to a new discourse whereby care is increasingly given to maternal grandchildren.
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Othniel Yila, Jummai, and Bernadette P. Resurreccion. "Gender perspectives on agricultural adaptation to climate change in drought-prone Nguru Local Government Area in the semiarid zone of northeastern Nigeria." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 3 (2014): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-12-2012-0068.
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Purpose – This paper aims at understanding how smallholder farmers are adapting to drought and what shapes their vulnerabilities and ability to adapt. Considering that their capacity to adapt to climate change has been undermined not only by the natural vulnerabilities due to their geographic location but also by the social context, gender and institution that interact to influence and determine household and individual vulnerability and responses to drought. Design/methodology/approach – Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected by use of structured questionnaires from 128 male-headed households and 122 female-headed households in eight villages in the Nguru Local Government Area, as well as from key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Findings – Climate change is not a concept recognized by most farmers and does not have standard translation in the local language; farmers believe the term refers to change in weather. Drought and crop failure are causing despair and frustration, and farmers reported that they are struggling to adapt. The resources and support inputs required for responding to climate change and variability are socially differentiated by gender, women’s and men’s responses to drought impacts as well as their access to adaptation resources and support differ significantly. Women are in particular unable to access the favored adaptation strategies promoted by Yobe State Agricultural Development Programme as a government support institution assigned with the responsibility of helping farm households adapt to climate change in ways that will increase their adaptive capacity. Originality/value – These findings are essential for informing policy decisions by ensuring that the experiences of both women and men and the context in which they operate are embedded into policy design.
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Sasmita, Siska. "Peran Perempuan Suku Minangkabau yang Menjadi Kepala Keluarga (PEKKA) bagi Penciptaan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Padang Timur." Humanus 10, no. 1 (2012): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jh.v10i1.489.
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Segment of the third world's poorest people live in households headed by women, because in these households there is no man who can give income. When female heads of families are in a poor position then their ability to meet food needs for family members bear is also questionable. For the case of West Sumatra, although women are culturally Minangkabau tribe, has a fairly dominant position in the division of inheritance, which means has the advantage economically, but not necessarily female heads of families in West Sumatera is able to create and maintain a stable food security for the household, especially if fosterage family not just the nuclear family only. The power and intervention of ‘mamak’ is very strong in the decision making of high inheritance. This phenomenon indicates that the Minangkabau women actually do not have control over resources, such as land and other high inheritance. Moving on from the facts presented above writer is interested to dig further in research on women's roles Minangkabau tribe who became head of the family for the creation of household food security, with the focus of study in the Eastern District of Padang. Kata kunci: perempuan kepala keluarga, ketahanan pangan rumah tangga
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Schramm, Stine, Jannie Nielsen, Felix O. Kaducu, Ceaser L. Okumu, Emilio Ovuga, and Morten Sodemann. "Post-conflict household structures and underweight: a multilevel analysis of a community-based study in northern Uganda." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 15 (2018): 2725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001581.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between household-level characteristics and underweight in a post-conflict population.DesignNutritional status of residents in the Gulu Health and Demographic Surveillance Site was obtained during a community-based cross-sectional study, ~6 years after the civil war. Household-level factors included headship, polygamy, household size, child-to-adult ratio, child crowding, living with a stunted or overweight person, deprived area, distance to health centre and socio-economic status. Multilevel logistic regression models examined associations of household and community factors with underweight, calculating OR, corresponding 95 % CI and intraclass correlation coefficients. Effect modification by gender and age was examined by interaction terms and stratified analyses.SettingRural post-conflict area in northern Uganda.SubjectsIn total, 2799 households and 11 312 individuals were included, representing all age groups.ResultsLiving in a female-headed v. male-headed household was associated (OR; 95 % CI) with higher odds for underweight among adult men (2·18; 1·11, 4·27) and girls <5 years (1·51; 0·97, 2·34), but lower odds among adolescent women aged 13–19 years (0·46; 0·22, 0·97). Higher odds was seen for residents living in deprived areas (1·37; 0·97, 1·94), with increasing distance to health services (P-trend <0·05) and among adult men living alone v. living in an average-sized household of seven members (3·23; 1·22, 8·59). Residents living in polygamous households had lower odds for underweight (0·79; 0·65, 0·97).ConclusionsThe gender- and age-specific associations between household-level factors and underweight are likely to reflect local social capital structures. Adapting to these is crucial before implementing health and nutrition interventions.
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O'laughlin, Bridget. "Missing men? The debate over rural poverty and women‐headed households in Southern Africa." Journal of Peasant Studies 25, no. 2 (1998): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159808438665.
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