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1
Iwar, Vivian. "Hygiene Beliefs, Attitudes, and Practices of Suya Producers in Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3786.
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The street food sector continues to grow in Nigeria in a largely unregulated environment. The lack of regulation poses a significant public health risk for consuming unsafe street foods such as suya. Quantitative research has revealed high levels of microbiological contamination of suya, despite qualitative findings that suggest that food handlers are knowledgeable about safe food handling practices. This discrepancy reveals a gap in understanding about what influences safe food handling practices besides knowledge. This qualitative study was therefore designed to gain a deeper understanding of the beliefs and attitudes that influence hygienic practices among suya producers. Guided by the social cognitive theory, a phenomenological design was used to investigate and describe the hygiene phenomenon. Ten suya operators were recruited in Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria, to participate in the study. Data were collected from interviews and observation of participants. Semistructured, open-ended questionnaires were used in face-to-face interviews to elicit participants' views on hygiene. Hygiene practices among participants were also observed. Information gathered was recorded, stored, transcribed, and analyzed using the NVivo software and based on emerging themes. The findings revealed that participants' understanding of hygiene was related to popular culture rather than science. Furthermore, findings also revealed that family, religious, and cultural beliefs, as well as environmental factors such as consumer attitude influenced their hygiene practices. These findings may provide evidence-based guidance for public health interventions for safer suya production processes with positive social change implications for improved consumer health.
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Agwu, Micheal Ezenna. "The health status and lifestyle behaviours of university students in Nigeria by sex and ethnicity." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2014. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3266/.
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Background: The health determinant model indicates that certain sociocultural, sociodemographic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence health status and wellbeing of any population group in any given nation (Dahlgren & Whitehead, 1991). Previous studies have suggested the need for regional and interregional comparison of health inequalities due to the interaction of these factors. However, few studies have undertaken such investigation, especially among university students in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the health status and lifestyle behaviours by sex and ethnicity among university students in Nigeria. Method: The study was cross sectional. Full time university students were recruited from six universities within three ethnic groups in Nigeria for the study. Data collection was both subjective and objective. The subjective data was based on an anonymous questionnaire, while the objective data involved direct measurements of height in (m) weight in (kg), and blood pressure (mmHg). Ultimately, 1549 responses were valid, while 563 responses were rejected for various reasons including missing data especially sex and ethnicity. The variables examined were, socio-demographic, general health, mental health, cognitive resources and lifestyle behaviours. Descriptive tests, chi-square tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted. Results: Regarding regional characteristics in socioeconomic status, the result indicated sex and ethnicity effects, and irrespective of ethnicity, female students had better monthly income than male students did. The result suggested that students from the Hausa ethnic group reported better monthly income than students from the other ethnic groups. There is evidence that income have a significant effect on health determinant factors. For example, income affects the choice of residential location, ability to pay for health care services, register for gym for physical activity, afford healthy lifestyles, (e.g. eating fruits and vegetables), participate in social activities and maintain positive self- esteem (WHO, 2006; Varela-Mato et al., 2012). With regard to social support, the result indicated sex*ethnicity effects, where female students from the Hausa and Igbo ethnic groups reported better social support than male students, in contrast to the Yoruba ethnic group, where male students reported better social support than females. Students from the Hausa ethnic group saw their GPs more often, had regular medications and had depression more than other ethnic groups. In addition, the result indicated higher prevalence of smoking and the use of psychotic drugs among students from the Hausa ethnic group than other groups. On the other hand, the Yoruba ethnic group had the lowest monthly income, saw their GPs few times and had less frequent medication than the other ethnic groups. In addition, students from the Yoruba ethnic group had low consumption of fruits and are more physically inactive compared to other ethnic groups. Regarding sex characteristics, the study suggested that irrespective of ethnicity female students are less healthy when compared to male students. In addition, significant sex *ethnic interaction effects (P < 0.001) were observed, in most variables examined in the study, indicating that the students health and lifestyles are both sex and ethnicity dependent. The study suggested that female students from the Hausa ethnic group reported better income and social support, compared to students from the other ethnic groups; however, they also reported regular medication, overweight or obesity, mental health problems, and poor cognitive health than female students from Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups. In addition, the Hausa male students’ preferred smaller female body size compared to male students from the other ethnic groups. On the other hand, Igbo female students had a better cognitive health and preferred small female body size than female students from the other ethnic groups. The Yoruba female students are less overweight or obese, but had the highest preference for big female body size and are the least depressed group in the sample. With regard to male students, the result suggested that Igbo male students had regular medication and depression more than other male groups. They also preferred bigger female body size and had better cognitive health than other male groups. On the other hand, Yoruba males reported overweight or obese, than the other male groups. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the health of female students in the sample was poorer than the health of male students; with female students from the Hausa ethnic group, demonstrating the worst possible health outcome. The result also suggested that both high and low socioeconomic statuses are associated with health compromising behaviours among university students in Nigeria. The findings indicated that high cognitive health appraisal might be related to students reporting better mental health especially depression in both male and female students. This study is the first to report that there is an interaction between the different layers of health, in the health determinant model proposed by Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991). Secondly, this study has made a major contribution to the understanding that people who live among regions with conflict and violence may report poor health (both physical and mental) compared to those that live in a conflict free zones. Consequently, the results of the present study suggest that conflict and violence be included among the health determinant factors in the health determinant model proposed by Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991).
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Iwot, Isang A. "A comparison of coronary heart disease risk factor prevalence among offshore and onshore workers in the petroleum industry in Nigeria." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98214.
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Thesis (MFamMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.Background: Coronary heart disease is a global public health problem. Formerly considered rare in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence has shown that urbanization and the adoption of more affluent and sedentary lifestyle in subpopulations of this region, may result in increased prevalence. One such subpopulation is workers in the Nigerian petroleum industry and this study examines their risk factors for coronary heart disease. In addition the study compares the risk profile of onshore and offshore workers. Method: This is a descriptive cross sectional study undertaken to determine the level of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease in two groups of male workers of the petroleum industry in Nigeria; the onshore and the offshore workers. Four hundred workers were randomnly selected and invited to participate, with a desired sample size of 234. The data was collected by using an electronic questionnaire to explore life style factors like exercise, diet, and smoking that predispose to this disease. Anthropometric indices included body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio. Biochemical tests included lipid profile and fasting blood glucose. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was also recorded. The prevalence of known hypertension and diabetes as well as the metabolic syndrome were determined. The questionnaire data was analysed and compared with the chi-square test using the software, Epi-info 2008 Windows Version 3.5.1 and the means of the continuous variables were determined and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: 121 onshore and 110 offshore workers participated. Overall the cardiovascular risk profile of onshore versus offshore workers in the oil industry was worse. Onshore workers had increased waist circumference,; though there was no significant difference in the Waist-Hip Ratio, increased rates of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension and were less physically active. Dietary differences were less marked, but more beef and chicken were consumed by onshore while more fish was consumed by offshore workers. Conversely the offshore workers had a higher BMI and lower levels of protective HDL. Overall, in this population, the BMI and the umber of diabetics were higher and the HDL lower than the country figures. Conclusion The obesity profile of the two groups was comparable to that of the Western nations and could become worse. This also reflects the fact that within Nigeria there are sub-populations with cardio-metabolic profiles that depart significantly from the national average. This is most probably due to dietary factors and poor exercise habits and calls for intervention through health promotional activities
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar
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Eze, Jude Ikechukwu. "Modelling HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/642/.
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Nigeria is one of the countries most affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, third only to India and South Africa. With about 10% of the global HIV/AIDS cases estimated to be in the country, the public health and socio-economic implications are enormous. This thesis has two broad aims: the first is to develop statistical models which adequately describe the spatial distribution of the Nigerian HIV/AIDS epidemic and its associated ecological risk factors; the second, to develop models that could reconstruct the HIV incidence curve, obtain an estimate of the hidden HIV/AIDS population and a short term projection for AIDS incidence and a measure of precision of the estimates. To achieve these objectives, we first examined data from various sources and selected three sets of data based on national coverage and minimal reporting delay. The data sets are the outcome of the National HIV/AIDS Sentinel Surveillance Survey conducted in 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005 by the Federal Ministry of Health; the outcome of the survey of 1057 health and laboratory facilities conducted by the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research in 2000; and case by case HIV screening data collected from an HIV/AIDS centre of excellence. A thorough review of methods used by WHO/UNAIDS to produce estimates of the Nigerian HIV/AIDS scenario was carried out. The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) currently being used for modelling the epidemic partitions the population into at-risk, not-at-risk and infected sub-populations. It also requires some parameter input representing the force of infection and behaviour or high risk adjustment parameter. It may be difficult to precisely ascertain the size of these population groups and parameters in countries as large and diverse as Nigeria. Also, the accuracy of vital rates used in the EPP and Spectrum program is doubtful. Literature on ordinary back-calculation, nonparametric back-calculation, and modified back-calculation methods was reviewed in detail. Also, an indepth review of disease mapping techniques including multilevel models and geostatistical methods was conducted. The existence of spatial clusters was investigated using cluster analysis and some measure of spatial autocorrelation (Moran I and Geary c coefficients, semivariogram and kriging) applied to the National HIV/AIDS Surveillance data. Results revealed the existence of spatial clusters with significant positive spatial autocorrelation coefficients that tended to get stronger as the epidemic developed through time. GAM and local regression fit on the data revealed spatial trends on the north-south and east - west axis. Analysis of hierarchical, spatial and ecological factor effects on the geographical variation of HIV prevalence using variance component and spatial multilevel models was performed using restricted maximum likelihood implemented in R and empirical and full Bayesian methods in WinBUGS. Results confirmed significant spatial effects and some ecological factors were significant in explaining the variation. Also, variation due to various levels of aggregation was prominent. Estimates of cumulative HIV infection in Nigeria were obtained from both parametric and nonparametric back-calculation methods. Step and spline functions were assumed for the HIV infection curve in the parametric case. Parameter estimates obtained using 3-step and 4-step models were similar but the standard errors of these parameters were higher in the 4-step model. Estimates obtained using linear, quadratic, cubic and natural splines differed and also depended on the number and positions of the knots. Cumulative HIV infection estimates obtained using the step function models were comparable with those obtained using nonparametric back-calculation methods. Estimates from nonparametric back-calculation were obtained using the EMS algorithm. The modified nonparametric back-calculation method makes use of HIV data instead of the AIDS incidence data that are used in parametric and ordinary nonparametric back-calculation methods. In this approach, the hazard of undergoing HIV test is different for routine and symptom-related tests. The constant hazard of routine testing and the proportionality coefficient of symptom-related tests were estimated from the data and incorporated into the HIV induction distribution function. Estimates of HIV prevalence differ widely (about three times higher) from those obtained using parametric and ordinary nonparametric back-calculation methods. Nonparametric bootstrap procedure was used to obtain point-wise confidence interval and the uncertainty in estimating or predicting precisely the most recent incidence of AIDS or HIV infection was noticeable in the models but greater when AIDS data was used in the back-projection model. Analysis of case by case HIV screening data indicate that of 33349 patients who attended the HIV laboratory of a centre of excellence for the treatment of HIV/AIDS between October 2000 and August 2006, 7646 (23%) were HIV positive with females constituting about 61% of the positive cases. The bulk of infection was found in patients aged 15-49 years, about 86 percent of infected females and 78 percent of males were in this age group. Attendance at the laboratory and the proportion of HIV positive tests witnessed a remarkable increase when screening became free of charge. Logistic regression analysis indicated a 3-way interaction between time period, age and sex. Removing the effect of time by stratifying by time period left 2-way interactions between age and sex. A Correction factor for underreporting was ascertained by studying attendance at the laboratory facility over two time periods defined by the cost of HIV screening. Estimates of HIV prevalence obtained from corrected data using the modified nonparametric back-calculation are comparable with UN estimates obtained by a different method. The Nigerian HIV/AIDS pandemic is made up of multiple epidemics spatially located in different parts of the country with most of them having the potential of being sustained into the future given information on some risk factors. It is hoped that the findings of this research will be a ready tool in the hands of policy makers in the formulation of policy and design of programs to combat the epidemic in the country. Access to data on HIV/AIDS are highly restricted in the country and this hampers more in-depth modelling of the epidemic. Subject to data availability, we recommend that further work be done on the construction of stratification models based on sex, age and the geopolitical zones in order to estimate the infection intensity in each of the population groups. Uncertainties surrounding assumptions of infection intensity and incubation distribution can be minimized using Bayesian methods in back-projection.
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Degge, Hannah Mafo. "Experiences of women with obstetric fistula in Nigeria : a narrative inquiry." Thesis, University of Hull, 2018. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16588.
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Obstetric Fistula is an abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum resulting from prolonged and obstructed labour. It occurs mostly in developing countries and is a neglected maternal health issue in Nigeria. Women’s experiences of living with fistula often reflect gender inequities. This study explored how women attending a reintegration service described their experiences of living with fistula. Using narrative inquiry methodology, 15 women (treated and rehabilitated) were interviewed. Data were analysed using the core story creation and emplotment method of narrative analysis. A reconstructed narrative provided plot headings of ‘fistula ordeal, treatment process, and returning to life’. Fistula formation was linked to the influence of others, geographical remoteness and transport and poor health systems. Fistula survivors and families facilitated access to treatment; aided to cope with incontinence that triggered stigma issues. Negative identity changes through incontinence were: ‘Leaking’ identity, ‘Masu yoyon fitsari’ (the leakers of urine identity), and ‘spoiled’ identity. Attending the repair centre conferred hope and relief through mutual survivors (‘Masu yoyon fitsari’) support. ‘Spoiled’ identity reflected the challenges of the ‘leaking’ identity in the face of ‘failings’ as a woman with respect to sexual and reproductive responsibilities. Reversing the negative identities was pivotal in the women’s resilience in seeking a cure. The ‘improved’ identity achieved after fistula repair and rehabilitation provided continence control and improved financial status. This research is the first known comprehensive empirical study of the experiences of treated and rehabilitated obstetric fistula survivors in Nigeria. The prevalence of fistula in Nigeria reflects inequitable distribution of health care compounded by socio-cultural practices. This research is the first application to women’s health in the African context using Frank’s narrative typology. The study contributes to the empirical evidence of women’s pathway through developing fistula, to treatment, and rehabilitation into family and community life in Nigeria.
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Abdussalam, Auwal Farouk. "Climate influences on infectious diseases in Nigeria, West Africa." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5368/.
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Meningitis and cholera have remained major health burden in Nigeria, especially in the heavily populated northwest region – which is identified as one of the “hotspots” of climate change. The strong sensitivity that both diseases exhibit to climate is raising concern that future anthropogenic climate change may exacerbate the occurrence of the diseases. This thesis aimed at modelling the influences of climate on the incidence of the selected diseases, and assessing their future risk in northwest Nigeria. The aim is achieved by first, investigating and understanding the spatial and time characteristics of both meteorological and diseases conditions in the region. This was followed by developing and validating suites of empirical statistical models capable of explaining and predicting both diseases. Models that are specifically designed for climate change studies were applied to estimate the future impact of climate change, by forcing them with simulations from an ensemble of statistically downscaled Atmosphere-ocean Global Climate Models (AOGCMs), for three different scenarios in the early and late 21st century. Results from developed models indicate the significant roles of both meteorological and socioeconomic factors on incidence of diseases. Evaluation of models developed with 1-month lagged explanatory variables suggest the potential to predict both diseases cases up to a month to aid decision making. Projection results suggest that future temperature increases due to climate change has the potential to significantly increase diseases cases in all scenarios and time slices. It is noteworthy that the projections result represents only the climatological potential for increased cases due to climate change, assuming that the present prevention strategies remain similar in the future.
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Yacelga, Calderon Elva Susana. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning alimentary customs and beliefs of women with children younger than 5 years old, nursing and pregnant mothers, of the following ethnic groups: black, mixed race and natives in three rural regions of the Imbabura province, 1998-1999." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2000. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5453.
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Ecuador, a country of multi-ethnic culture, has very acute health problems, especially in rural areas where two out of every three poverty-stricken Ecuadorians live. 77% of the population under 18 years of age is under the poverty level. The greater part of the indigenous population inhabits the rural areas of the Andes and the Amazon. 76% of children in the rural Andes are poor. Little Afro-Ecuadorian boys and girls also face severe disadvantages where, in the rural areas, poverty climbs above 70% of the population under 18 years of age. Academic desertion is another factor that affects especially the young women, who have to assume agricultural and communitary jobs due to the adult men's migration to the cities. In areas of indigenous population, chronic malnutrition in those who are under five years of age ascends to 65.3% while the national average reaches 49.4%. Another at-risk group is expecting mothers. Of every 1,000 births, 70 will die before living one year, and for every 100,000 births, 198 mothers die. The Province of Imbabura is rich in alimentary production and has hot, cold, and temperate climates which in turn contribute to a diversity of cultivated products. Nevertheless, the polarization of wealth and the existence of classes with low income levels lessen the possibility of acquiring good nutrition. To this is added the individual nutritional customs and beliefs of each culture that do not allow adequate nourishment in communities which are principally indigenous, Mestizo, and Black. Indigenous, Mestizo, and Black communities have very small parcels of land (minifundios or "small farms") which they cultivate with few resources and tools. This destines the majority for living conditions of extreme poverty. The majority of Mestizos are unemployed or semi-employed, have limited health services, and lack a basic sanitary infrastructure. Another minority group is the Blacks, the majority of whom cultivate fruit and legumes, who also have limited health services and a barely acceptable sanitary infrastructure. In addition, all of these people are victims of racism and federal neglect, and claim the highest rates in general, infant, and maternal mortality in the country. This reality makes difficult the development of adequate training activities which bring about the improvement of the nutritional state of the designated at-risk groups: nursing babies, children under five years of age, and pregnant women. Facing this lacerative situation, and thanks to the support of the EZRA TAFT BENSON Institute (Agriculture and Food Institute. Brigham Young University), we designed this study to determine the understanding, attitudes, and practices in nutritional traditions and beliefs of mothers of nursing babies, children under five years old, and expecting mothers. These three groups were analyzed within the three ethnic groups in the communities of Chota, La Gangotena, and Chilcapamba-communities selected randomly and because of their ethnic populations. In the mothers of the three ethnic groups, we found similar beliefs regarding certain foods. But, there are also discrepancies regarding other recommended and prohibited foods. Diets have a lack of indispensable foods such as vitamins and minerals. Even though these goods are produced in the communities, they are not administered due to stronger ancestral traditions and beliefs. This study provides profound knowledge of their nutritional traditions and beliefs, and with the results, an appropriate intervening proposition may be formulated. The proposition will permit the bettering of alimentary and nutritional conditions in nursing babies, children under five years, and pregnant women by ethnic groups. The Universidad Ténica del Norte has complied in this manner with the social commitment assigned by the State for improving the quality of life of Ecuadorians in general and of the groups studied in particular.
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Hameed, Ayisat Titilola. "The National Industrial Court of Nigeria : what future for occupational health and safety." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=226063.
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The importance ascribed by a nation to the subject of occupational safety and health is reflective in the growth, sustainability and the national development of an economy. Besides the economic benefits stood to be derived from an occupational safety and health structure that is constantly nurtured, there is also the human rights issue. Less industrialised nations still grapple with fundamental challenges brought about by occupational health and safety, challenges which more advanced nations seem to effortlessly address. Nigeria falls into the former category, hence, the interest of this thesis. The knowledge of this menace has been in the consciousness of stakeholders in Nigeria particularly in the recent past years. However, no significant action has been taken to alleviate the situation. There are instruments that deal with the subject of occupational health and safety but they all seem to have their attendant issues which make them either inoperable or of insignificant benefit to the situation of workers in Nigeria. The tardy attitude of the Nigerian Law makers also does not help the situation. This thesis is therefore of the view that until the period the Nigerian Government is able to get its bearing right in designing a suitable piece of legislation that shall address the challenges caused by occupational health and safety, it is possible to seek an alternative approach that shall serve as a safety net towards the protection of workers particularly those that are most vulnerable. This alternative approach that the thesis proposes is the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NICN), a Court that recently acquired the status of a superior court of record and conferred with extensive Constitutional powers over occupational safety and health matters amongst others. It is the anticipation of this thesis that the Court shall make a positive impact where legislation had failed to succeed in its bidding.
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Meliala, Andreanyta 1971. "Dietary phytoestrogens and hormone-related health conditions in men and women." Monash University, Monash Asia Institute, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8504.
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Mapis, Gachomo Joanne. "The Dietary Decision-Making Process of Women in Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7696.
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Nigerians have been opting for a more processed Western diet. These changes in dietary choices have aligned with obesity and undernutrition, attributable to micronutrient deficiencies or malnutrition. Many scholars have presented varying intervention strategies ranging from consumption of a variety of foods containing the necessary micronutrients to food fortification. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the perceptions of women in an urban city in Nigeria on indigenous foods and Western dietary influences to determine social interactions, the consequence of the interactions, and the women’s current perceptions of food choices. The social-ecological model was used to explore the interaction between a woman and her environment. Women between the ages of 20 to 30 from the urban city of Jos, Nigeria, constituted the population of interest, and 12 women were chosen for the sample. From the in-depth interviews, a thematic analysis was employed to provide sociocontextual reasoning for changes in diet that have led to the loss of interest in traditional foods and cultures. This study found that Jos has a variety of foods, yet women choose the same staple foods to feed their families. Additionally, despite a marginal understanding of the health impact of diet, most women choose the convenience and palatability of Western options, citing cost as the rationale for choosing to cook staple Western-inspired meals at home. Understanding media, convenience, and cost can impact social change by enlightening communities on the interconnectedness of human health, cultures, and industrialization. Health care providers can monitor the outcomes of those who consume a variety of indigenous foods to see how such a practice could influence the overall health status of Nigerian families.
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Oha, Augustina. "Impediments of Self-Managed Type 2 Diabetes in Mgbidi Women, Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4879.
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Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia that affects fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. Researchers have identified that for individuals with Type 2 diabetes, staying on interventions for diabetes self-management is sometimes difficult and challenging. It is an increasing public health concern, especially in certain minority populations and in many developing and developed nations. This is especially true for the population of women 40 years and older in Mgbidi, Nigeria. In the Enugu State of Nigeria, women bear most of the burden of Type 2 diabetes when compared to the males in the state. This study explored and evaluated the impediments to self-managed Type 2 diabetes among Mgbidi women in the Enugu State of Nigeria, West Africa, using a qualitative phenomenological approach. The concept of impediments influencing cultural behavior was used as the guiding framework. The participants were a group of 9 women 40 years and older who live with Type 2 diabetes. Face-to-face in-depth structured and unstructured interviews were used for the data collection. The responses of the participants were recorded using a tape recorder with their consent. Their responses were analyzed using aspects of Hycner's and Colaizzi's approach for analyzing phenomenological data. The result of this study supported and expanded on the findings of the current literature review. Individual and social challenges and barriers came to light; such as lack of or non-functioning care centers, lack of diabetes related education, and misconceptions like ignorance, social support and medications behaviors. The use of the concept of impediments influencing culturally sensitive self-management behavior of type 2 Diabetes strengthened the study. The findings could help to enhance cultural sensitive diabetes education for this population and other populations who have diabetes in this community.
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Hunt, Kate. "Understanding gender and health : systematically comparing the health and health experiences of men and women." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/99/.
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Gender differences in health are the product of a complex interaction between biology and the social world. Our ascribed sex and how this is interpreted in the culture within which we live (gender) have life-long consequences for our life chances, including our health. For many years the aphorism that ‘men die quicker but women are sicker’ was presumed to encapsulate gender differences in health. The first paper presented in the thesis challenged this dominant paradigm. First, an analysis of morbidity in two British data sets showed more similarity than difference between men and women. Secondly, we highlighted earlier research with similar results which had been overlooked and failed to shake the ‘gender orthodoxy’. Thirdly, we stressed the ahistoric and decontextualised way in which research on gender and health had been conducted or reported. The remaining papers in the thesis share two underlying principles; all make systematic comparisons between men and women, and all attempt to also examine diversity within gender. All but one of the papers utilise data from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study, a study of the social patterning of health in three age cohorts. The second paper examined the impact of paid and unpaid work on symptoms, treating each domain as being relevant in principle to the health of both women and men. The experience of paid work was the predominant influence on malaise symptoms, and unpaid work in the home did not explain any variation in men’s symptom scores. Similar associations were seen between most aspects of paid work and malaise symptom scores in both genders. The paper highlighted the dearth of literature that had compared systematically either the conditions of men’s and women’s paid work, or the health effects of the paid and unpaid work environment for men and women. Men’s ‘under-usage’ of health care is often constructed as a problem, potentially reinforcing an assumption that women ‘over-use’ health care. On average, women have more consultations with their general practitioner, but this excess is mostly apparent in the reproductive years. The third paper examined whether these gender differences exist when taking account of the underlying nature and perceived severity of illness. Women were no more likely than men to have consulted their GP in the past year amongst those reporting morbidity in any of the five condition groups, and men were more likely to have consulted amongst those who reported digestive conditions. The fourth paper takes as its starting point the strong patterning of cigarette smoking by gender (and class) throughout the twentieth century. In it we examined the relationship between ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ scores using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI, an instrument developed within social psychology in the 1970s). No relationship was seen between either score and smoking in the youngest cohort, nor amongst men in the middle cohort, and in the oldest cohort there was only a suggestion of an association between higher femininity scores and smoking in men. The strongest relationship was seen between ‘femininity’ score and smoking amongst women born in the 1950s who also had a somewhat elevated risk associated with higher ‘masculinity’ scores. Suicide and suicidal behaviours are strongly patterned by gender, and the dramatic rise in suicides amongst young males in the late 1980s and 1990s in several countries was often attributed to a ‘crisis’ in masculinity. The fifth paper examines the association between serious suicidal thoughts and the same measures of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ and a measure of gender traditionalism. In both men and women in early and late middle age, we found a negative association between higher ‘masculinity scores’ and serious suicidal thoughts, and a positive association between more traditional gender role attitudes and serious suicidal thoughts at older ages. No such associations were seen in early adulthood, and no relationship was seen between serious suicidal thoughts and ‘femininity’ scores at any age. Gender differences in the pattern of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality have been described as enigmatic and one of the most striking features of cardiovascular mortality in the twentieth century. In an analysis controlling for many of the classic risk factors for CHD (smoking, blood pressure, body mass index, mental health), we found that higher ‘femininity’ scores (using continuous scores from the BSRI) were associated with a decreased risk of CHD mortality in men. No such association was seen in women, and the continuous ‘masculinity’ scores were unrelated to mortality in both women and men. Some advantages and problems with using these measures of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ in sociological research on gender and health are discussed. Previous research on one distressing side effect of some cancer treatments, chemotherapy-induced hair loss, has almost exclusively focussed on women. The final paper compares young adults’ experiences of hair loss following chemotherapy. Hair loss was a challenging aspect of the experience of cancer for both women and men which made them acutely aware of their vulnerability and visibility as a ‘cancer patient’. Both recounted negative reactions to their altered image, challenging social norms of interaction. However, there were two notable gender differences: it was only men who discussed the loss of body hair below the eyeline; and only women who spoke of being encouraged to wear wigs or offered ice helmets to delay or disguise hair loss. These differences are discussed in relation to social constructions of hair as a marker social identity, including gender. I argue that the gender-comparative approach taken reveals important commonalities across gender, highlighting a greater need for more support for men with chemotherapy induced alopecia, and makes what is not said in the women’s interviews as revealing as what is said in men’s. The concluding remarks highlight the challenges in researching gender and health, and discuss the complex ways in which gender can influence health and vice-versa.
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Henshaw, Atim. "Breaking the Silence| Postpartum Depression Among Reproductive-aged Women in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10623837.
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Postpartum depression (PPD) is internationally recognized as one of the most prevalent and severe but neglected maternal mental health complications of childbirth. Previous studies have indicated that there is a high burden of disease associated with PPD in both developed and developing countries. However, there remain gaps in the current literature regarding the recognition and management of PPD in remote parts of the developing world. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of health professionals towards PPD and examine the factors that either facilitated or hindered its recognition and management in a remote setting in Nigeria. The pen-3 cultural model was the conceptual framework used in this study. The study focused specifically on professionals with regard to the recognition and management of PPD in a rural hospital in Nigeria. Ten semi structured qualitative interviews were conducted with doctors and nurses from a rural hospital in Nigeria. Data were analyzed via phenomenological interpretative analysis. Results from the study revealed that health professionals in a remote setting in Nigeria have a working knowledge of PPD and perceived the condition as a serious public health concern, but were faced with numerous barriers from the institutional, organizational, and community level that hindered their ability to recognize and manage PPD in a timely manner. These results make an important contribution to the existing literature and can enhance social change initiatives through the enhancement of awareness of PPD, and the need for improvement of policies on comprehensive maternal mental health in remote parts of Nigeria.
14
Carango, Kathryn Price. "An analysis of President Barack Obama's Global Health Initiative within the framework of a women-centered approach to the socialdeterminants of health." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45170757.
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Oreyomi, Olabosipo O. "Barriers to Utilization of Malaria Preventive Measures in Rural Nigeria Among Pregnant Women." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6468.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria is a mosquito transmitted tropical disease that accounts for more cases and deaths in Nigeria than in any other country worldwide. Globally malaria accounts for 300,000 deaths among young children and pregnant women annually. The promotion of the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) to reduce pregnant women's contact with mosquitoes has been the focus of malaria prevention efforts in Nigeria. However, the use of ITNs during pregnancy has been inexplicably low in Nigeria. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted to examine barriers to the utilization of ITNs among pregnant women in rural Nigeria. The social ecological model was utilized to analyze secondary data from a 2015 survey conducted in Nigeria in which 4,834 pregnant women between 15 to 49 years of age participated. The relationship between the use of ITNs and the knowledge of ITNs, traditional medicine, education, and family income was examined using multiple logistic regression modeling. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between the knowledge of ITN (p = 0.000), family income (p = 0.000), education of pregnant women (p = 0.000) and the use of ITN among pregnant women in rural Nigeria. However, there was no relationship between the use of traditional medicine (p = >0.5), and the use of ITN, perhaps because most of the women surveyed did not respond to the question about use of traditional medicine. Results of the study have important implications for positive social changes among pregnant women in Nigeria. These findings will inform strategies to increase the uptake of ITNs during pregnancy in Nigeria, improving birth outcomes, increasing maternal and child survival, and decreasing the economic burden due to malaria morbidity and mortality in rural Nigeria.
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Plugge, Emma. "A longitudinal study to investigate how imprisonment affects the health of women." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670157.
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Caruth, Fran. "The health of Canadian women in the workforce : a comparison between homemaker women, workforce women and workforce men based on the 1979 Canada health survey." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26181.
Full textAbstract:
In the past twenty-five years there has been a marked increase in the number of women in the paid labour force, especially among women with young children. Time studies have shown that when a woman has a young family plus a position in the paid labour force, she works a very long day and has little time for recreational or leisure pursuits.
This thesis therefore poses the following questions:
1. Do women who participate in the paid labour force report poorer health status than their counterparts who are homemakers?
2. Do women who participate in the paid labour force exhibit lifestyle patterns significantly different from their homemaker counterparts?
3. Do women in the paid labour force exhibit health care utilization patterns significantly different from their homemaker counterparts?
and 4. Do women's lifestyles, reported health status and health care
utilization patterns differ from those of their male counterparts in the paid labour force?
Data from the 1978-79 Canada Health Survey (C.H.S.), which had asked a wide cross-section of Canadians about their lifestyle, health status and use of the health care system, were used to explore these questions. A model was then developed for this study which linked health risk behaviours, health status and health care related behaviours, and which used the variables available in the C.H.S. data base. Multiple Classification Analyses were carried out to determine the best predictors of women's health risk behaviours, health status and health care related behaviours. The three study groups were then standardized using the top two predictors and the rates of the various states and behaviours were compared.
First, in the prediction of women's health risk behaviours, the demographic variables included in the model were not effective as only 3-4% of the variance in the scores could be explained. Secondly, in the prediction of health status scores, the composite health risk scores developed for each subject plus the demographic variables were able to explain 4 - 11% of the variation. Thirdly, in the prediction of women's health care related behaviours the composite health risk scores, the health status scores and the demographic variables were together able to explain 14 - 27% of the variance.
When the standardized rates for high health risk behaviours were compared, there were significant differences between the three groups but no group was consistently better or worse than any other. The men's group however, consistently reported better health and less use of the health care system. The women's groups reported similar health states but women in the paid labour force reported a higher use of medications and fewer days in hospital.
The C.H.S. was designed to address issues which affect the whole population. The questions therefore, were not always sufficiently specific to describe the special circumstances of women, especially for example in their childbearing and nurturing years. The rapidly changing social and economic circumstances of women and their families, as women enter the paid labour force, plus the need for more information on their health risk behaviours - what these behaviours are, and what predisposes women to engage in them - point to the need for more research focused specifically on this section of the population.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Carter, Alice Powers. "Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Health among Older Women." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277811/.
Full textAbstract:
Older adults are more vulnerable to the ill effects of life stress due to physiological changes associated with aging that result in decreased immunocompetence. Stressors interacting with an aging immune system may produce further declines in health. Variables shown to modulate the effect of stressors on neuroendocrine and immune function and health include social support, personality, coping style, and health locus of control. A comprehensive model is proposed that includes: life stressors, social resources, psychological resources, interaction between stressors and social resources, neuroendocrine and immune function, and symptomatology. This model was evaluated using structured equation modeling. Participants were 97 active, community dwelling, older women, ranging in age from 60 to 93 years.
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Odekina, Daniel Aromeh. "Social Determinants of Health Inequality and Life Expectancy Among Women of Edo State, Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1859.
Full textAbstract:
Health inequality conflates a huge number of economic, social, and political issues. These issues, together described as social determinants, determine a population's health through influencing health status and life expectancy. The research purpose of this study was to examine how social determinants affected the life expectancy of the women of Edo State, based on secondary data from Nigeria's 2008 demographic and health survey (NDHS). The theories that guided the study were self-efficacy beliefs of the social cognitive theory and physical self-concept of the health belief model. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined the associations between socioeconomic status, nutritional status, literacy/educational attainment, access to household sanitation facilities, and life expectancy. The dependent variables were health status and life expectancy (assessed using parity and age at first delivery). The independent variables were employment, ability to read and write, listening to the radio, type of place of residence, and persons responsible for reproductive health decisions. The analysis was based on data from 950 completed face-to-face interviews in the 2008 NDHS covering 846 households in Edo State selected using a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling design. Regression analyses showed that listening to the radio, persons responsible for decisions on reproductive health issues, employment, and type of place of residence had significant positive effects on parity and age at first delivery. Employment was the best predictor of both dependent variables. Ability to read and write had a negative relationship with the age at first delivery. The social change implications include the attainment of longer lives in Edo State, Nigeria, through effective policies on employment and education.
20
Cooper, Diane. "Women's social position and their health : a case study of the social determinants of the health of women in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14955.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.This thesis examines the social determinants of women's health status, health knowledge and knowledge and use of health services in a peri-urban area, using Kbayelitsha in Cape Town, South Africa as a case study. It argues for the importance of women's health as a specific focus, looks at some trends in women's health internationally over the past two decades and reviews the main factors affecting women's health. Some key issues in women's health of special relevance to developing countries such as South Africa are discussed. There is a special focus on newly urbanised women in peri-urban areas. Against this background the results of a community-based survey, preceded by indepth interviews, and conducted amongst 659 women in Kbayelitsha in 1989 and 1990 are presented. Data collected were statistically analysed using unIvariate,, bivariate and multivariate analysis. A number of priority social and health problems are identified: poverty; poor environmental conditions; lack of education, partlcularly skills training appropriate for finding work and the subordinate social status of women. Major health concerns included reproductive tract infections, especially sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, contraceptive use and ante-natal care during pregnancy. There were inadequacies in cervical screening conducted by health services and deficiencies in respondents' knowledge of AIDS. cervical smears and where to obtain various health services . Young, newly urbanised women, living in the poorly serviced and unserviced informal housing areas were partlcularly vulnerable in their socio-economic and health status within a peri-urban African community such as Khayelitsha. They also had poorest health knowledge and least knowledge of where to acquire health services. Some recommended interventions focussing on certain of these areas are suggested. It is argued that changes in the provision of women's health services within a primary health care setting can only be part of the process of improving women's health. Improvements in women's economic status and their social status are fundamental to any initiatives to improve their health status.
21
Fong, Choi-ching, and 方賽貞. "Factors affecting influenza vaccination among pregnant women : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193774.
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Objective: Pregnancy has been recognized as a risk factor for severe pandemic influenza illness and this “vulnerable” group is suggested to be heightened alertness to the disease by WHO. This systemic review aims to identify the factors affecting the uptake of influenza vaccination among pregnant women as the immunization uptake among this particular group of population is low or suboptimal worldwide.
Methods: Systematic literature reviews were conducted by using MEDLINE and PubMed with the key words: “influenza vaccination uptake” and “pregnant women” in the period of January 2004 to January 2013. It was further supplemented by a manual search for literatures and articles on the WHO website, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, Google Scholar, and reference lists of reviews captured by initial searches.
Results: Of the 222 articles identified, 10 studies were found to be relevant in this system literature review. Influenza vaccine coverage among pregnant women was highly diverse (6.2-76%) among the 10 studies. Overall, pregnant women were more likely to take the vaccination against influenza if they: (1) believed the benefits of the vaccine outweighed the potential barriers, (2) believed the influenza was severe and they were highly susceptible to the disease, and (3) were influenced by the positive cues to action such as recommendation from health care professionals and the experience of the influenza vaccination uptake.
Conclusion: Overall, greater emphasis on vaccine effectiveness and safety, and the recommendation from health care providers is needed to increase the number of pregnant women influenza immunization in the future public health campaigns.published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health
22
Nnajiofor, Chinyere Fidelia. "HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma and Discrimination Toward Women Living With HIV/AIDS in Enugu, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10143549.
Full textAbstract:
HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination (S&D), lack of social support, poverty, and gender inequalities have been identified as factors in the increased prevalence rate of HIV transmission in Enugu, Nigeria, especially among women ages 15 to 49 years. Despite the funding of reduction programs, HIV/AIDS-related S&D remain a major driving force in the increased rate of new HIV cases in Enugu. This study addressed a perceived need for behavioral change intervention approaches that span all societal factors to reduce the HIV infection rate in Enugu Nigeria. The study was guided by Goffman’s (1963) social S&D theory. The sample was composed of 132 women living with HIV/AIDS WLWHA ages 21 to 54 years, purposefully sampled from the 4 HIV and AIDS comprehensive initiatives care centers in Enugu, Nigeria. Fifteen WLWHA were interviewed and 114 participated in an online survey. The descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression analysis and comparison revealed a convergent significant relationship between the S&D determinants (social, political, psychological, environmental, and cultural) and HIV/AIDS-related S&D towards WLWHA in Enugu F (4,109) = 45.09, p <.001). It also revealed that the cultural determinant of S&D was a significant predictor of HIV/AIDS-related S&D towards WLWHA in Enugu (? = 0.81, p < 0.001). The implications for positive social change include providing public health professionals evidence-based data to inform policy change, plan and to implement programs that will change societal attitudes and mobilize broad-based community actions to eradicate HIV/AIDS–related S&D toward WLWHA in Enugu, Nigeria, and in Sub-Saharan African Countries.
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Roussy, Joanne Marie. "How poverty shapes women's experiences of health during pregnancy, a grounded theory study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0028/NQ38967.pdf.
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Blair, Susan Heather Ruth. "The relationship among self-esteem, health locus of control, and health-promoting behaviours of midlife women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28765.
Full textAbstract:
This descriptive correlational study was designed to increase the knowledge needed to understand the relationship among health-related variables that facilitate or sustain health-promoting behaviours of midlife women. Specifically, this study investigated the relationship among self-esteem, health locus of control, and health-promoting behaviours of women in this age group. Pender's (1982) original Health Promotion Model provided the theoretical framework to structure this study. The sample included 84 midlife women volunteers who were current or prospective members of a Vancouver-based social networking group for mature women. Data were collected using the Rosenberg (1965) Self-Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale -Form A, and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlations, and stepwise multiple regression. Three significant predictors, self-esteem, chance health locus of control, and powerful others health locus of control, explained 24.5% of the variance for engaging in health-promoting behaviours. The study findings supported Pender's Model which postulated that individual perceptions of self-esteem and health locus of control, among other personal factors, influence one's likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behaviours. The findings also supported Pender's contention that selected demographic variables, as modifying variables, have an impact on health-promoting behaviours.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
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Hanusaik, Nancy Anna. "Association of measures of functional status with fat-free mass in frail elderly women." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27333.
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The association of functional status with fat-free mass (FFM) was examined cross-sectionally in a sample of 30 frail elderly women $(81.5 pm 7$ years) to evaluate potential outcome indicators for nutritional interventions. FFM, determined using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, was lower in this frail group than in previous reports for "younger" elderly females. All measures of muscle strength (handgrip, biceps, quadriceps) were significantly correlated with FFM $ rm (r ge 0.45, p le 0.02),$ while the measures of global function (Timed "Up & Go" Test and walking speed) as well as self-perceived health were not. The measures of muscle strength and global function were found to have good reliability based on measurements taken on two occasions separated by one week $ rm (ICC ge 0.80).$
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Bartholomew, Michelle L. "Health experiences of older African Caribbean women living in the UK." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2012. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/17501/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines older (60-75 years) African Caribbean migrant women‟s experiences of health and the extent to which these connect with identity across the life-course. It draws on their accounts to consider how gender, migrant and ethnic identity are produced and constructed in later life. The thesis considers the religious experiences of older African Caribbean women and how these influence health and well-being. The relationship between past and present homeland experiences, traditions and homeland produce such as food and medicine, is further examined. The aim here is to identify how the maintenance of ethnic and cultural identities influences their perceptions of health, western healthcare and medical practices. The key theories examined relate to identity construction and how identity categories are inter-dependant, constantly changing and made up of boundaries that are not totally fixed. In addition to this, the formation of religious identity is examined to see the extent to which religion and its practices are contained within certain parameters and constraints which can structure the nature of both self-representation and subjectivity. The gendered nature of knowledge is also examined to ascertain how knowledge influences individual power and how power can influence the connections between the body, surveillance and health. A qualitative and in depth interpretative analysis guided by feminist epistemological and ontological thought is used. A methodological aim was to deconstruct the universal categories of women‟s experiences, in order to enable insight into the different types of regulation that define the individual experiences of older migrant African Caribbean women living in the UK. A second aim within the research process was to explore how the researcher‟s biography influences and is influenced by the biographies of the research participants. The key findings suggest past experiences have impacted on the health and well-being of African Caribbean women in later life. For instance, life-course inequalities had a direct impact on their health and life-fulfilment as they grew older. The experiences of older African Caribbean women link to the construction of both their ethnic and cultural identity, and these identities are constructed in such a way as to maintain the self and identity boundaries. Religion and its practices are of immense importance to older African Caribbean women. It is through such activities that many were able to cope with hardship and the effects of multiple oppressions. These have influenced how older African Caribbean women perceive and maintain their health and well-being. In understanding the lives of older African Caribbean women, it is important to consider the ways in which cultural, migratory and social experiences shape their experiences of health and well-being in later life; in order to acknowledge diversity through the recognition and acceptance of difference.
27
Cheek, Rita Elaine. "The relationship between sleep hygiene practices and nocturnal sleep for midlife women with and without insomnia /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7207.
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Hammond, Marsha V. "Breast Cancer Screening Health Behaviors in Older Women." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278973/.
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Health beliefs of 221 postmenopausal women were assessed to predict the Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors of breast self-examination (BSE) and utilization of mammography. Champion's (1991) revised Health Belief Model (HBM) instrument for BSE, which assesses the HBM constructs of Seriousness, Susceptibility, Benefits, Barriers, Confidence and Health Motivation, was utilized along with her Barriers and Benefits instrument for mammography usage. Ronis' and Harel's (1989) constructs of Severity-Late and Severity-Early were evaluated along with Cuing and demographic variables. These exogenous latent constructs were utilized in a LISREL path model to predict Breast Cancer Screening Behavior.
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Lorimer, Karen. "Non-medical approach to screening young men and women for chlamydia trachomatis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1338/.
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The aims of this PhD study were to assess the feasibility of accessing non-medical settings within which to offer chlamydia screening, to ascertain the knowledge of chlamydia and young men’s and women’s views towards non-medical screening, and to assess relative willingness to be screened for chlamydia by young men and women. Results: Eighty-four percent of age eligible users approached participated in education, health and fitness and workplace settings (n=126, n=133 and n=104, respectively). Of all sexually active people 113 (32%) were willing to be tested for chlamydia in non-medical settings. Uptake of testing was highest in the health and fitness setting (50% uptake for both women and men compared with 20% in education and 30% in workplace settings). In each setting young men were more willing than women to accept the offer of a chlamydia test. Overall, 40% of men approached provided a sample compared with 27% of all women. Disease prevalence was 4.4% (4.9% in men; 3.8% in women). Interview data suggests young men’s willingness to be tested for chlamydia in non-medical settings is due to convenience and raised awareness of the largely asymptomatic nature of chlamydia infection. Whilst 94% of men screened had never been tested for chlamydia before, one in three young women screened had previous screening experience. Women’s lower uptake of screening was due to concerns about the public nature of the settings leading to stigma. Conclusions: Increasing opportunities for the take-up of screening in non-medical settings could be an effective approach to reaching young men and have a significant impact on the incidence and prevalence of this easily treated STI, thereby reducing the future burden of unwanted reproductive health sequelae.
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Stone, Sharon Ann. "The relationship between self-esteem and health promoting behaviors in working women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28952.
Full textAbstract:
To date, the undertaking of health promoting behaviors in working women is an issue which has not been explored in any depth. This issue has become particularly important because of two parallel phenomena - the rapid expansion of the numbers of women in the workforce, and the growing interest in health promotion - which have emerged in Canada in the last twenty years or so. As well, factors which may relate to the undertaking of health promoting behaviors have been hypothesized and investigated to some extent, but have not yet been fully determined.
Self-esteem has been proposed as one motivational factor in the undertaking of health promoting behaviors. The present study has sought to determine the extent to which self-esteem, working conditions, and demographic factors, are related to the undertaking of health promoting behaviors in working women. The conceptual model used is a modified version of Pender's (1982) Health Promotion Model in which a feedback mechanism operates, reinforcing the performance of health promoting behavior as self-esteem levels grow, and equally, reinforcing self-esteem levels according
to the extent to which health promoting behaviors are undertaken.
Subjects of a random sample of 500 female union members working in the greater Vancouver area were mailed a questionnaire package. The questionnaires asked for data on present levels of self-esteem, health promoting behaviors presently undertaken, and demographic and working condition factors. Following a repeat mailing, the final number of responses available for analysis was 229 (46%).
Simple linear regression analysis revealed that self-esteem was predictive of health promoting behaviors in a global sense, and, in particular, of self-actualization, health responsibility, exercise, and nutrition. However, neither demographic variables, nor the number of hours worked per week, were found to be predictive of health promoting behaviors.
Although the study suffered from a limitation due to a low response rate, the sample was determined to be broadly representative of the union population. Therefore, these study results may be generalized to other urban, unionized females sharing similar demographic characteristics.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Olorunfemi, Christianah Oluseyi. "Perspectives on HIV/AIDS: American-Based Nigerian Women Who Experienced Polygamy in Rural Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1350.
Full textAbstract:
Traditionally, in Nigeria women play a subservient role in relation to men. While a man can practice polygamy by marrying many wives, women cannot marry more than one husband at a time. Although researchers have documented the effects of polygamy on the spread of HIV/AIDS, little is known about the experiences of polygamy by Nigerian women who stopped practicing polygamy by immigrating to the United States without their husbands. It is important to know the experiences of these women as they pertain specifically to the spread of HIV/AIDS so as to develop a preventive intervention for HIV/AIDS among Nigerian women in polygamy. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perspectives on HIV/AIDS held by 10 Nigerian women who practiced polygamy in Nigeria before immigrating to the United States. Recruitment was done through purposive sampling at a faith-based organization. Guided by the health belief model, interview transcripts from the 10 women were analyzed to reveal recurrent themes that expressed the women's lived experiences in polygamy with their perspectives on HIV/AIDS. Findings revealed that these women had a basic knowledge of the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS by engaging in polygamy but needed to comply with the terms of sexual encounters as dictated by their husbands; therefore, they were at risk for HIV/AIDS. The results of this study can be used to increase awareness among Nigerian women in polygamy and Nigerian health policy makers regarding the transmission of HIV/AIDS and the preventive measures available for HIV/AIDS. Understanding the experiences of women in polygamy may lead to greater understanding of the impact of polygamy on HIV/AIDS and may help to decrease the prevalence of this disease.
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Philips, Sarah Kasham. "Heroes or Victims: The Lived Experiences of Women on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Northwestern Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2998.
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The custom of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a traditional practice inimical to women's health with profound implications. There is a gap in the literature on the lived experiences of women who have undergone FGM/C and their statuses within their communities. Guided by the social cognitive theory and the ecological model, this qualitative study aimed at explicating the attitudes and perceptions of women in the northwest region of Nigeria towards the practice of FGM/C, to illuminate how the women view themselves in their society and the inspiration for the continued practice of FGM/C. Interview and observation data were gathered from 10 women, ages 18 to 59 who had undergone FGM/C. Participants were voluntarily recruited using purposeful snowball sampling techniques. Data were analyzed through inductive coding techniques to extract and compare recurrent themes and patterns. Four major themes emerged: (a) traditional beliefs; (b) pain, happy, and approval; (c) pain, distress, and disapproval; and (e) ignorance of the law. Results indicated that ethnocultural beliefs, religion, and customs had a strong influence on the decision to undergo FGM/C. Women who viewed themselves as heroes of the practice strongly supported the continuation of FGM/C. The women who viewed themselves as victims of FGM/C disapproved the practice as an instrument to instill fear and control. The potential for social change could improve the knowledge of public health professionals, international organizations, federal, state, and local governments to influence policies on decreasing FGM/C without undermining the culture of communities regardless of any personal belief that sees FGM/C as detrimental to women.
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Germain, J. S. "One size does not fit all : a qualitative study exploring unlicensed weight loss drug use in women." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9617/.
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The pervasive demand and desire for an ideal body evident in today's society has led to the normalisation of beautification and enhancement treatments. Unlicensed weight loss (UWL) drugs which comprise of 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP), sibutramine and rimonabant are just one method used in enhancing and improving the body in line with social expectations. However, previous research exploring the use of these drugs has been confined to male dominated bodybuilding communities, despite women experiencing increasing pressures to look a certain way. This doctoral research explores the use of UWL drugs by women, focusing specifically on attitudes and perceptions of UWL drug use, motivations for use, experiences of use and self-reported adverse effects. This qualitative research involved an online forum analysis. Online discussion forms (n=10) were selected based on their levels of popularity, the proportion of female users accessing them and because they contained relevant UWL drug discussion. All threads (470) relating to UWL drug discussion were downloaded and analysed using thematic analysis conducted through the software package NVivo version 10. Four forum moderators and three female UWL drug users were also recruited, with their interviews presented as case studies. Online communities can provide a raft of knowledge concerning hidden or hard to reach populations. This research however advocates for greater consideration to be given to the methodological and ethical implications of online research and reflects on what is public information, the protection of anonymity and protecting online users from harm. This research also identified that removal of a license from a drug does not prevent use, but once outside regulatory control or medical supervision, UWL drugs are often purchased online with risks to the user of potential drug interactions, adulteration and contamination. UWL drug user engagement needs to be reclaimed as part of a wider health agenda, something that has been lacking due to the unlicensed status of the drugs. However, the findings highlighted the diverse motivations for why women use UWL drugs as well as differences in experiences, drugs used, willingness to take risks and adverse effects and argues against there being a typical female UWL drug user. Given this heterogeneity, a one size fit all model for harm reduction may be ineffective. Additionally the rapid changes in online communities as well as the diffusion of these drugs into different populations creates another challenge for public health in identifying and targeting specific groups. Online discussion of these drugs focuses on user experience and anecdotal evidence. Education on the different types of drugs as well as the risks and harms of using them is therefore warranted for all online communities as well as a focus on specific harm reduction strategies including harm minimisation, engagement with health care practitioners and peer to peer education. However, further consideration is needed concerning how this information should be disseminated, identifying those who have authority within the community, but also have the appropriate credentials, knowledge, skills and desire to offer advice.
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Falade, Bankole Adebayo. "Vaccination resistance, religion and attitudes to science in Nigeria." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/911/.
Full textAbstract:
The 2003 to 2004 revolt against the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in Nigeria provides a case study for investigating how a new scientific phenomenon becomes part of common sense in a culture with high levels of religiosity. Moscovici’s Social Representations Theory about how society familiarises itself with the unfamiliar provides a framework for the research which includes two media analyses, historical texts, online and paper administered surveys and interviews. The media analyses examine the OPV controversy and science in the media. Correspondence analysis provides a geometric tool for visualising how the variables in both media analyses position themselves for the construction of genres of science news. Factor analysis groups the attitude items in the survey while logistic regression predicts outcomes controlling for other variables. The media analyses found coverage of science in the period under review was generally positive and grew continually. The coverage of the OPV controversy was also generally positive but did not always mirror faithfully public opinion. Just as some Parisians in Moscovoci’s study likened psychoanalysis to a “symptom of an American invasion”, the initial description of the OPV by the people of northern Nigeria was a “western conspiracy against Muslims.” The survey found different levels of trust in public institutions with scientists and religious leaders similarly rated. Pessimism, fear and progress characterise the attitude variables but the association with knowledge is not linear and confirms the influence of cultural values. Interviewees also confirm survey findings in that they simultaneously have faith in religion and in science. Common sense in Nigeria is a mixture of science and religiosity and the public hold both in reverence: a phenomenon Moscovici refers to as cognitive polyphasia. The study also supports Durkheim’s view that science (in Nigeria) depends on public opinion.
35
Warren, Ann Marie. "Partner abuse: Health consequences to women." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5534/.
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Intimate partner violence is endemic in the United States. According to the American Medical Association (1992), one-fifth to one-third of women will sustain violence from a partner or ex-partner in their lifetime. The relevant literature was organized by ICD-9-CM categories. This study examined the health consequences of partner abuse in a sample of community women using a sample consisting of 564 women in three ethnic groups. Because prior research has failed to account for variations by type of abuse on health consequences, this study assessed psychological abuse, violence and sexual aggression by women's partners. To determine whether or not different types of abuse had an effect on women's health, hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The regression equations were calculated for women within each ethnic group to facilitate identification of similarities and differences and to control for ethnic differences in risk for specific diseases. The results were consistent with past research on health consequences of abuse and extended the prior literature by showing that psychological abuse had a pervasive effect on health conditions, distress and use of health care resources. Additionally, ethnic differences emerged. As expected, ethnicity appeared to function as a moderator. Clinical implications and recommendations are made for future research, suggesting the development of a new assessment tool for partner abuse screening.
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Wong, Susan Carol. "Cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy and its relationship to outcome." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25154.
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In order to determine the effects of aerobic fitness on pregnancy and the newborn 20 primigravid subjects were studied throughout their gestational period and immediately post-partum. The subjects were classified as trained (T=10) or untrained (UT=10) based on the heart rate response to submaximal cycle ergometry testing done in each trimester. Case room reports were reviewed after delivery. There was no difference between groups in the length of gestational period (T=40.75;UT=40.75 weeks) nor weight gained versus prepregnancy
measures (T=13.92; UT=13.30 kgs). The first stage of labour was extended in the UT, 13hrs.58.8min. vs 1lhrs.18.Omin. UT had a longer second stage, 90.57 vs 70.0 mins. for T. Stage 3 was also prolonged in UT, 15.17 vs 7.43 mins. In both groups analgesia and/or anaesthesia was used equally. Two of the 10 T females had caesarean sections vs 3 of the 10 in the UT group. The mean apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were: T=7.70, 9.20; UT=7.90, 9.33, respectively. The birth weights of the T babies were marginally larger than the UT newborns (3733.00 vs 3679.97 gms). The T newborns were 8 males and 2 females, and the UT were 5 males and 5 females. All babies were healthy and without apparent abnormalities. There appears to be no positive or negative effects of maternal fitness on the newborn. The reduction in the active stage of labour in the T group may reflect their improved fitness levels.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Ibitoye, Olabisi Fatimo. "Developing a culturally congruent continuous labour support framework for women in South-West Nigeria." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5494.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDChildbirth is a multifaceted experience that is usually influenced by several factors that could result in an unsatisfactory or satisfactory childbirth experience. These factors include quality of support during labour of which Continuous Labour Support (CLS) is a part; it has been identified as a positive contributor to maternal health. Although CLS has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), lack of a framework has also been an impediment to its implementation in Nigerian hospitals. The purpose of this study is to develop a culturally congruent Continuous Labour Support framework for women in Nigeria. The study adopted a concurrent mixed method design to gain information from various dimensions for the study. The study populations included pregnant women, nurse-midwives and health policy-makers in Ondo state, Nigeria, who were selected through simple random sampling using computer-generated tables for the quantitative strand of the study. For the qualitative strand, participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 focused on the assessment of the perceptions, attitudes and preferences of all groups of participants. Collected quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 21. Qualitative data was analysed using Tesch's Method of Content Analysis. Findings the study shows that the pregnant women had positive perceptions and attitudes towards CLS from a familiar, close and trusted person, in public health facilities. Findings from the midwives revealed that pregnant women's family members are not usually involved in women's care during labour in public health facilities. However, nurse-midwives expressed satisfaction with the few occasional/discretional occasions on which the practice had been implemented, and the majority showed positive perceptions and attitudes to the introduction of CLS from a person of the woman's choice, in public health facilities. Findings from interviews with the policy-makers affirmed family support system during labour as a cultural expectation and a traditional practice at home but alien to the hospital. The policy-makers also expressed a positive standpoint on the introduction of CLS by persons of the woman’s choice from her social network, in the public hospital. Phase 2 of the study involved the development of the culturally congruent Continuous Labour Support framework for women in south-west Nigeria. The framework was developed using the Model Development Approach by Walker and Avant (2005, 2011). Findings from processes with all stakeholders in Phase 1 of the study were synthesised with literature review, using concept identification and classification. The concepts in this study were identified, described and developed through synthesis of data from questionnaire, the focus group and individual interviews of all stakeholders. Concept classification, description and validation was achieved through the six vantage points of surveying activity listed by Dickoff et al, (1968) in consultation the selected expert reviewers in maternal and child care. The developed framework was followed by a detailed description, and validation of the framework was done through consensus agreement with four experts.
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Montgomery, Elsa. "Voicing the silence : the maternity care experiences of women who were sexually abused in childhood." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349089/.
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Childhood sexual abuse is a major, but hidden public health issue estimated to affect approximately 20% of females and 7% of males. As most women do not disclose to healthcare professionals, midwives may unwittingly care for women who have been sexually abused. The purpose of this study was to address the gap in our understanding of women’s maternity care experiences when they have a history of childhood sexual abuse with the aim of informing healthcare practice. This narrative study from a feminist perspective, explored the maternity care experiences of women who were sexually abused in childhood. In-depth interviews with women, review of their maternity care records and individual and group interviews with maternity care professionals were conducted. The Voice-centred Relational Method (VCRM) was employed to analyse data from the in-depth interviews with women. Thematic analysis synthesised findings, translating the women’s narratives into a more readily accessible form. The main themes identified were: narratives of self, narratives of relationship, narratives of context and the childbirth journey. Medical records provided an additional narrative and data source providing an alternative perspective on the women’s stories. Silence emerged as a key concept in the narratives. This thesis contributes to ‘Voicing the silence’. The particular contribution of the study is its focus on the women’s voices and the use and development of VCRM to listen to them. It highlights where those voices are absent and where they are not heard. Women want their distress to be noticed, even if they do not want to voice their silence. The challenge for those providing maternity care is to listen and respond to their unspoken messages and to hear and receive their spoken ones with sensitivity.
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Strauss, Johannes Albertus de Wet. "Faktore wat die prestasie en gesondheid van vroue-atlete kan beinvloed." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53423.
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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although it is common knowledge that regular exercise has many beneficial effects on the human body, it is also true that many highly competitive athletes neglect their health for the sake of performance. With this as a general objective for the study, women athletes of the Matie Athletics Club were recruited as subjects and were monitored and tested for several health-related parameters. Current results indicate that, although the average total cholesterol (TC) concentrations of the group were within normal ranges, quite a number of the sprint and field athletes had TC values regarded as a cardiovascular risk (> 5.2 mmol.l"). Serum testosterone levels of the sprint and field athletes were also higher than those of the distance athletes, but a correlation between TC and testosterone was not established. In general, cholesterol intake of women athletes was within the recommended daily allowance (RDA) prescriptions. The high-density lipoprotein fraction was also within the norm, but a better chemical pathological range had been expected. All haematological parameters were within the normal ranges of distribution, but the red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were on average lower than the standard average for females. Athletes, quite often, have higher plasma volumes than average and this can disguise normal haematological values and is described as sport anaemia. The current study has also indicated an iron deficiency (83% RDA) in the diet of female athletes in general. Thus the relatively low observed red blood cell count could not necessarily be attributed to sport anaemia. The energy intake was also poor and did not comply with the energy needs of the athletes. Bone mineral density (BMD) and plasma electrolytes were normal. Distance athletes had a higher BMD of the hip compared to the lumbar spine area. This is probably related to the stress to the hip associated with running. A correlation was observed between TC and BMD of the hip of eumenorrheal and amenorrheal athletes, which had not been observed before. The influence of the phase of the menstrual cycle on the immune system is controversial, and the results of the thesis confirm those of other studies that indicated no influence. In addition, it has been shown that the exogenous ingestion of glutamine, before the onset of exercise, can increase the plasma concentration thereof, and that the formerly observed decline (also seen in the current study) after intense exercise can be totally neutralized. This had not been reported before. The physiological significance of this has not been established, but the assumption is that a continuous adequate supply of glutamine will benefit the immune cells with regard to its reaction to pathogens. As reported by others, it has been shown that the ingestion of 5% glucose during long duration exercise eases the stress on the immune system, as both leucocytes and cortisol levels were attenuated compared to intake of a placebo. A new discovery, however, was that the ad libitum ingestion of glucose was not enough to produce desired significant results. The importance of this finding may have practical implications with regard to desirable amounts of glucose supplementation during races. In conclusion: Female athletes of club performance level are on general in a healthy condition, but are not excluded from the risk with regard to cholesterol. The screening of TC alone is insufficient with regard to competitive athletes, unless the sub-fractions are screened as well during routine medical examinations. Adjustments with regard to the energy and iron content of the diet are suggested. Supplementation of glutamine and glucose before and during exercise could be beneficial to the immune system. More studies with regard to the association of cholesterol with BMD are recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel dit algemeen bekend is dat oefening groot voordele vir die gesondheid van die liggaam inhou, is dit ook so dat atlete wat hoogs kompeterend is hul gesondheid kan verwaarloos ten koste van prestasie. Dit was die oorkoepelende doel van hierdie studie om vroue-atlete van die Maties Atletiekklub as proefpersone te toets en te monitor vir verskeie gesondheidsverwante parameters. Huidige resultate dui daarop dat alhoewel die gemiddelde totale cholesterol (TC) van die groep binne die normale grense was, 'n hele aantal van die naelloop- en veldatlete het TC gehad wat oor die grens was wat as 'n risiko (> 5.2 mmol.l") vir kardiovaskulêre verwante siektes beskou kan word. Serumtestosteroon-konsentrasie van die naelloop- en veldatlete was ook hoër as dié van die langafstandatlete, maar dit het nie gekorrileer met TC nie. In die algemeen was die cholesterolinname van vroue-atlete binne die aanbevole dieettoelaag (ADT) voorskrifte. Die hoë-digtheid-lipoproteïenfraksie was ook binne die normale, maar nie volgens verwagting in 'n meer gunstige chemies-patalogies gebied van verspreiding nie. Alle hematologiese parameters was binne die normale grense, maar die gemiddelde rooibloedseltelling en hemoglobienkonsentrasie, asook die hematokrit was deurgaans laer as die standaard gemiddeld vir dames. Atlete het heel dikwels hoër plasmavolumes as normaal en dit kan normale hematologiese tellings verbloem en word beskryf as sportanemie. Die huidige studie het egter ook getoon dat 'n ystertekort (83% ADT) in die dieet algemeen in vroue-atlete kan voorkom en daarom kan die relatief lae rooiseltellings nie noodwendig aan sport anemie toegeskryf word nie. Die energie-inname was ook laag en het nie aan die energiebehoeftes voorsien nie. Beenmineraaldigtheid (BMD) en plasma-elektroliete was normaal. Langafstandatlete het 'n hoër BMD van die heupbeen teenoor die werwelkolom getoon wat waarskynlik verband hou met die stres wat deur hardloop op die heupbeen geplaas word. 'n Verband is ook gevind tussen die BMD van die heup en TC van eumenorreale en amenorreale atlete wat nie vantevore waargeneem is nie. Die invloed van die fase van die menstruale siklus op die immuunstelsel is kontroversieel en die bevindinge in die tesis dra by tot die stawing van studies wat geen invloed bevind het nie. Voorts is getoon dat die eksogene inname van glutamien voor die aanvang van oefening, plasmaglutamien kan verhoog en dat die verlaging daarvan, wat voorheen (asook in die huidige studie) na intense oefening waargeneem word, geheel en al teengewerk kan word. Dit is nog nie vantevore waargeneem nie, en mag 'n fisiologiese voordeel inhou vir die immuunselle ten opsigte van hul reaksie op patogene. Dit is huidig, ook soos voorheen, aangetoon dat die inname van 5% glukose tydens langdurige oefening die stres wat op die immuunsisteem geplaas word, verminder word. Dit, omrede beide die leukosiete en kortisolkonsentrasies laer was in vergelyking met 'n plaseboproefneming. 'n Nuwe bevinding is egter dat die onvoorgeskrewe inname van glukose nie genoegsaam is om dieselfde insiggewende resulaat te toon nie. Die belang van hierdie bevinding mag praktiese gevolge hê vir die gewenste voorskrifte van glukose-inname tydens wedlope. In opsomming: Vroue-atlete van klubprestasiegehalte is oor die algemeen gesond, maar is nie vrygespreek van risiko in terme van cholesterol nie. Die monitering van TC alleenlik is onvoldoende in kompeterende atlete en die subfraksies moet derhalwe deel wees van roetine ondersoeke. Dieetaanpassings ten opsigte van die energie- en ysterinhoud kan aanbeveel word. Supplementasie van glutamien en glukose voor en tydens oefening respektiewelik, kan voordelig wees vir die immuunsisteem. Verdere studies word aanbeveel in terme van die verbande tussen cholesterol en BMD.
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Dotimi, Doris Atibinye. "Lived Experiences of Women from the Odi community in Nigeria of Female Genital Mutilation." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2282.
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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a public health challenge because it jeopardizes the health of women and girls. FGM is condemned worldwide but, it is still practiced in the Odi community of Nigeria. The literature on women's lived experiences of FGM in other parts of the world was reviewed, but knowledge is lacking on the lived experiences of women from Odi community in Nigeria. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore their lived experiences, their perspectives on the current legislation for the prevention of FGM, and their perspectives on the cultural myths surrounding the practice. The phenomenological lens was used both as the study design and as the theoretical framework which states that humans know the world through their experiences. This theory guided the study on how the women of Odi community attached meaning to their experiences with FGM. Nine women, 18 and older, who had experienced FGM, were recruited through a snowball technique. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth, face-to-face interviews. Colaizzi's method was used for data analysis. Five major themes emerged: (a) FGM is a traditional rite, (b) challenges of FGM, (c) FGM cultural myth instills fear, (d) ignorance of legislation against FGM, and (e) needs government intervention to halt FGM. Participants recommended the enforcement of the legislation against FGM. The findings of this study will be communicated to stakeholders of FGM in the Odi community and in public health journals to serve as a basis for further research. The implication for social change is that maternal and child health will be improved.
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Wong, Wing-yu Valerie, and 王詠瑜. "A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention to improve influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209503.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the World Health Organization identifying pregnant women as the highest priority group for seasonal influenza vaccination, many pregnant women remain unaware of the recommendation and have substantial concerns about the adverse effects of the vaccine on them and their unborn foetuses. Few interventions have been conducted to improve influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women. Among these studies, the results are inconsistent and the quality is generally low. Brief education has been previously shown to improve women’s health practices during pregnancy.
An open-label randomized control trial was conducted to assess the effect of providing brief education on influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women. A total of 163 unvaccinated pregnant women in at least their second trimester were recruited from antenatal clinics of four public hospitals in Hong Kong. They were randomized to receive standard care or a one-to-one brief education session that provided an overview of the safety and benefits of the vaccine to both pregnant women and their foetuses. Participants were followed up by telephone at two to three weeks postpartum to ascertain vaccination status. The primary study outcome was the influenza vaccine uptake rate and the second study outcomes were the proportion of participants initiating discussion about influenza vaccine with their health care providers, the proportion attempting to be vaccinated, and their knowledge of influenza infection and vaccination.
A total of 163 participants were recruited with 155 (95%) participants completing follow-up. The overall influenza vaccine uptake rate was 17.8%. When compared with those receiving standard care, the vaccination rate was higher among participants who received the intervention (23.5% vs. 12.2%; p=0.06). In addition, the increase in the rate of self-initiated discussion with HCPs before and after the intervention was significantly higher in intervention group (26.7% vs. 9.3%; p<0.001) but not in standard care group (13.3% vs. 8%; p=0.481). Among participants who did not receive influenza vaccine, pregnant women in intervention group were substantially more likely to have made an unsuccessful attempt to be vaccinated (39.3% vs. 9.2%; p<0.001). Almost one-third of the pregnant women who had attempted to receive the vaccine (n=13) reported they received advice against vaccination during pregnancy from HCPs. If participants had not been advised against influenza vaccine and were successfully vaccinated, the overall difference in the vaccine uptake rate between the two treatment groups would have been statistically significant (34.6% vs. 18.3%; p=0.02).
Brief education can be one strategy to improve vaccination uptake rates among pregnant women. In addition, it is clear from this and other studies that recommendations from HCPs substantially influence vaccination behaviours among pregnant women, both positively and negatively. Therefore, multicomponent approaches should be considered in future vaccination programmes and the synergistic effect of both brief education and HCP recommendations should be further evaluated.published_or_final_version
Nursing Studies
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Dunk, Pamela Wakewich. "My nerves are broken : the social relations of illness in a Greek-Canadian community." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64074.
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Bocchino, Lisa. "The effects of exercise on serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women." Scholarly Commons, 1989. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2190.
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A lot of attention has been focused on reducing cholesteric problems before individuals reach middle age, but is it not possible to reduce the risk factors for CHD after middle age? This study was initiated to determine id moderate exercise had an effect on the serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Plasma concentrations of glucose, triglyceride (TRIG), TC, HDL, and LDL were measured before and after a monitored regime of moderate exercise.
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Hardy, Jean Ann. "AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF FEMALE URINATION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275306.
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Bell, Lisa Anne. "The effects of dietary restraint and red meat avoidance on the occurrence of eating disorder attitudes and behaviour in a non-clinical female sample." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/141344.
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Boonyaprapa, Sathon. "Self-care in pregnancy and breastfeeding : views of women and community pharmacists in Thailand." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11605/.
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During pregnancy and breastfeeding, women are concerned about the health and safety of themselves and their baby. They undertake many activities in order to maintain good health, manage minor ailments and improve their lifestyle, including seeking help and advice from pharmacies. Community pharmacists have an important role in selecting appropriate medicines and encouraging good health behaviours. The Thai population can purchase medicines from pharmacies without a prescription, and self-treatment or self-medication is commonly used and important to the health status of Thai people. In addition, culture, family and relatives have an influence on health behaviours in Thailand. There have been very few previous studies about self-care behaviours including self-medication in Thailand focused on healthy women during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and the views of community pharmacists in self-medication and self-care during pregnancy and breastfeeding. In addition, the modern lifestyle and accessible health information might be affected by the current attitudes and behaviours of women during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Therefore, an investigation of self-care behaviours in pregnant and breastfeeding women was needed to explore their recent behaviours in terms of maintaining health and well-being as well as managing minor ailments. Views and experiences of community pharmacists about self-care in pregnancy and breastfeeding were also explored. This study contributes to the understanding of self-care behaviours and indicates the actual situation in community pharmacies regarding self-care and self-medication in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Two in-depth interviews in the Thai language were held with 43 women in Chiangmai about their self-care experiences and behaviours during pregnancy (>34-weeks gestation) and 35 out of the 43 women in the breastfeeding period (>four weeks following birth). Audio-taped interviews were transcribed, translated and analysed by using interpretative analysis. In addition, a postal questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 198 full-time community pharmacists in Chiangmai province. The first mailing was sent in April 2006 and a reminder was posted in June 2006. The completed questionnaires were returned from 110 pharmacists and the response rate was 56%. The majority of pregnant women tended to change their habits and adopt activities that they thought could make them and their babies healthy. They tried to consult their doctor rather than self-medicating. The traditional beliefs still had a very strong influence on most women interviewed during both pregnancy and postnatal period. The majority of pharmacists strongly agreed that self-care is important for both pregnant and breastfeeding women and they believed they provided good support for these women. Some pharmacists, however, still lacked the confidence to provide appropriate advice for these women and appeared to need more support with up-to-date information. Regarding the implications of this study, some self-care activities are harmful to women and their babies, so their dangers should be widely advertised in appropriate places. Furthermore, health professionals should consider a balance between safe traditional beliefs and modern health systems to ensure the best self-care practices for both women and their babies. In addition, continuing education and up-to-date information will help to increase the pharmacists’ confidence in providing appropriate advice to pregnant and breastfeeding women.
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Salsman, Jill R. "An examination of proposed risk factors in bulimic symptomatology among college women." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1379126.
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General relationships between the proposed risk factors of perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, depression, and interoceptive awareness and the presence of bulimic symptoms were examined in this study. Interactions between these risk factors presented by previous theoretical models were also explored through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. A sample consisting of 200 female undergraduate students completed the following measures: The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD). Taken together, the proposed risk factors of perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, depression, and interoceptive awareness were found to make a difference in predicting the presence of eating disorder symptoms. Body dissatisfaction served as the strongest predictor of bulimic symptoms in college women of all risk factors tested in this study. Direct relationships between perfectionism and depression, depression and body dissatisfaction, and body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms were supported by the current study's data. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Clark, Lauren. "Mormon women and the role of religion in obtaining relevant health care." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276791.
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Using the qualitative methodology of grounded theory, decision-making about health and illness situations was studied in a sample of six women members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons). The purpose of the study was to identify the process used by Mormon women in deciding when to use available healing alternatives, namely self care, the laying on of hands, biomedical practitioners expertise, and social support networks. The identified process, called the "Mormon Woman's Decision-Making Road-Map to Health," is composed of the categories of Protecting Health, Diagnosing a Problem, Considering Possible Treatment Actions, and Evaluating Treatment Effectiveness. The process described in the Road Map to Health model is helpful to health care professionals who seek to understand and influence the health care decision-making of their clients.
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Ainsworth, Marie K. "Feminine Discourse and the "Frequently Neglected Area" of Mental Hygiene in 1950s Ontario Elementary Health Textbooks." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23515.
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This thesis examines how mental hygiene principles were adopted for a student audience through the elementary-level health textbooks series, Health and Personal Development, used in Ontario schools from 1952 until 1963. In particular, I explore the didactic messages pertaining to mental hygiene as they related to girls. The results of this analysis demonstrate that healthy mental hygiene and personal development for girls, according to the textbooks, meant becoming wives, mothers, and homemakers, as their own mothers model. While these roles required many skills and responsibilities, and provided women with a certain amount of agency in the female-dominated sphere, girls were represented in the textbooks as having a limited set of options in life: to emulate their mothers’ feminine domesticity, or to risk a life marred by poor mental hygiene.
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Walter, Cheryl Michelle. "Physical activity in the lives of two generations of black professional women in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/664.
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The association between physical inactivity, adverse health and hypokinetic diseases has been widely researched. There is an increased risk of being overweight, and of developing certain chronic diseases and suffering premature death associated with physical inactivity (Young, Miller, Wilder, Yanek & Becker, 1998). Recent surveys and studies have revealed that the majority of the South African population has moved extensively along the epidemiological transition towards a disease profile related to Western lifestyle, where deaths due to chronic diseases of lifestyle is a great cause for concern (Steyn, 2006). Black women, in particular, have been identified as a high risk group with the highest levels of inactivity and the highest levels of overweight and obesity in the country (SADHS, 1998; WHO, 2005). Although there is a growing body of knowledge and research on physical activity in general, there is still a lack of data on the determinants and barriers to participation in physical activity (Lambert & Kolbe-Alexander, 2006). Cultural patterns and economic, political and ideological orders affect the participation of women in sport (Hargreaves, 1994:5). Black women in South Africa have been disadvantaged by the past government’s policy of apartheid, and have also been marginalized and oppressed in their own patriarchal societies. The first democratically elected government in 1994, however, committed itself to gender equality and women’s emancipation, with constitutional guarantees on equality and an affirmative action policy to address gender inequalities. In order to evaluate the extent of the beneficial impact of these political changes in women’s lives, this study proposed to investigate physical activity patterns in the lives of two generations of black professional women (teachers, nurses, social workers and public managers) from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. The objectives that guided the research were: • To describe and compare the physical activity patterns and health status of two generations of black women through questionnaires, physical activity records and mechanical devices. • To explore and describe the psychosocial context and socio-cultural influences on physical activity in the lives of the participants. xi • To explore and describe the participants’ perceptions and attitudes, motivations and constraints relating to physical activity. • To use the research findings to compile guidelines to promote physical activity participation among black women. A mixed method approach using both quantitative and qualitative methods was selected to achieve an holistic understanding of physical activity in the lives of black South African women. The older generation (OG) of professional women was comprised of community teachers, nurses, social workers and public managers (n=111, aged 35 to 45 years, mean age = 39.87 years). These women, through their occupations, were in constant contact with the community and could be regarded as role models who influence community lifestyle, attitudes and behaviour. The younger generation (YG) (n=69, aged 18 to 21 years, mean age = 20.12 years) was comprised of teaching, nursing, social work and public management students in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. The objective of the quantitative section of the study was to provide baseline information on the physical activity patterns and health status of these two generations of black professional women. Physical activity and health questionnaires were administered and the ActiGraph GT1 accelerometer was used to provide an objective measure of energy expenditure. The objective of the qualitative data collection was to explore and describe the psychosocial context and socio-cultural influences on physical activity in the lives of the participants, and to investigate their attitudes to and perceptions of physical activity, and their motivations and constraints related to it. In-depth qualitative interviews were held with the participants who wore the ActiGraph, and a group of 47 were interviewed (sample size determined by data saturation from the interviews). An explorative-descriptive research design was used in the study. The sampling method was purposive and criterion-based. The younger generation of students were mostly selected from the various campuses of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, while additional student nurses were recruited from the Lilitha Nursing College in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. The older generation of professionals were recruited from schools and clinics in the areas of New Brighton, Kwa-Zakhele, Zwide, Motherwell and Kwa-Nobuhle (all historically black areas), the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development, non-government organizations and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. xii The quantitative data were analysed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. The qualitative data was analysed according to the steps described in Creswell (2003). The results of the quantitative data indicated that prevalence of overweight and obesity among both the YG and OG was high. The mean BMI for the YG and OG were 24.71 kg/m2 and 31.27 kg/m2, respectively, with 41% of the YG and 86% of the OG falling into the overweight/obesity category. BMI was significantly greater (p<.05) for the OG than for the YG. In addition, both the OG and YG had satisfactory scores for the health-related behaviour measures (the Belloc and Breslow Lifestyle Index and the HPLP). All the physical activity measurements (the FIT Index of Kasari, the GPAQ and the ActiGraph data) confirmed that both the YG and OG were not sufficiently physically active. They did not meet the Centre of Disease Control (CDC) and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendation of engaging in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, or preferably all, days of the week. The YG were significantly more active than the OG in all the physical activity measuring instruments. They were still, however, not reaching the health enhancing physical activity (HEPA) level (≥7 days of any combination of moderate and vigorous activity, ≥ 3000 METmins/week). Pearson Product Moment correlations were calculated to determine the relationship among the various measurements of physical activity o the one hand and the relationship between the measurements of physical activity and the health-related behaviour measurements on the other hand. The correlational analyses highlighted a good cross-validation of the various measures of physical activity. There was a significant correlation between the measures of leisure time physical activity, that is the FIT Index, and the leisure domain of the GPAQ. There was also a significant relationship in the area of walking or steps taken, that is the ActiGraph steps and the GPAQ transport domain. There was also a significant relationship between the overall measures of physical activity, that is the GPAQ total score, and the ActiGraph calories. The correlations between the various physical activity and health related behaviour measures revealed that only the leisure related physical activity measurements, that is, the FIT index and the GPAQ leisure domain, had a significant correlation with the two health related behaviour measures, namely the Belloc and Breslow Lifestyle Index and the HPLP, respectively. xiii The results from the qualitative data revealed that both the OG and YG had positive attitudes towards physical activity participation (displayed by their awareness of the many benefits, their expressed intention to start exercising, the encouragement given to their children in relation to physical activity participation), even though the majority of them were not active on a regular basis. Participants recognized the educational, recreational and developmental importance of being physically active, a shift in attitude from their own upbringing and lifestyles. Regardless of how firmly people may believe that physical activity is beneficial to their health, there are many barriers, whether real or perceived, that represent significant potential obstructions to the adoption, maintenance, or resumption of participation in physical activity (Booth et al., 1997). Three sub-themes were identified in relation to the barriers to physical activity participation, namely personal factors, environmental factors and socio-cultural factors. The personal factors included time constraints, stress and tiredness, lack of motivation, negative school experiences, negative associations with exercise and financial constraints. The environmental factors included residential areas, availability of recreation and sports facilities, and safety. The socio-cultural factors were lack of social support, exercise “not being a part of African culture”, traditional roles of males and females, dress code, exercise associated with the young, exercise associated with undesirable weight loss and negative comments by the community. On the basis of research findings, guidelines were drawn up for the promotion of physical activity participation among black women.