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Academic literature on the topic 'Women household employees – Malawi'
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Journal articles on the topic "Women household employees – Malawi"
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Besada, Donela, Ameena Goga, Emmanuelle Daviaud, et al. "Roles played by community cadres to support retention in PMTCT Option B+ in four African countries: a qualitative rapid appraisal." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (2018): e020754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020754.
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ObjectivesTo explore the roles of community cadres in improving access to and retention in care for PMTCT (prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV) services in the context of PMTCT Option B+ treatment scale-up in high burden low-income and lower-middle income countries.Design/MethodsQualitative rapid appraisal study design using semistructured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) between 8 June and 31 July 2015.Setting and participantsInterviews were conducted in the offices of Ministry of Health Staff, Implementing partners, district offices and health facility sites across four low-income and lower-middle income countries: Cote D’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Malawi and Uganda. A range of individual interviews and FGDs with key stakeholders including Ministry of Health employees, Implementation partners, district management teams, facility-based health workers and community cadres. A total number of 18, 28, 31 and 83 individual interviews were conducted in Malawi, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC and Uganda, respectively. A total number of 15, 9, 10 and 16 mixed gender FGDs were undertaken in Malawi, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC and Uganda, respectively.ResultsCommunity cadres either operated solely in the community, worked from health centres or in combination and their mandates were PMTCT-specific or included general HIV support and other health issues. Community cadres included volunteers, those supported by implementing partners or employed directly by the Ministry of Health. Their complimentary roles along the continuum of HIV care and treatment include demand creation, household mapping of pregnant and lactating women, linkage to care, infant follow-up and adherence and retention support.ConclusionsCommunity cadres provide an integral link between communities and health facilities, supporting overstretched health workers in HIV client support and follow-up. However, their role in health systems is neither standardised nor systematic and there is an urgent need to invest in the standardisation of and support to community cadres to maximise potential health impacts.
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Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. "Ganyu casual labour, famine and HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi: causality and casualty." Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 2 (2006): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06001595.
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Over the past ten years, Malawian peasant farming households have endured a number of material and life-threatening setbacks. The absence of subsidised fertiliser loans to farmers continues to trouble villagers a decade after their removal. Yields of both food and cash crops have been declining. Farming households' earnings from agricultural exports and remittances have decreased. The creeping and then intensified incidence of HIV/AIDS infection has led to widespread debility and death, compounded by a serious famine in 2001–03. During the famine and its aftermath, ganyu casual labour gained in importance as a source of income, especially for women and youth from poor rural households. Field evidence suggests that the highly exploitative contractual terms that employers offered widened the gap between the haves and have-nots, and fuelled the risks of contracting HIV/AIDS. Ganyu, representing an established form of labour based on mutual economic benefit between exchange agents stretching back over a century, has become synonymous with degradation and despair for the working poor.
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Beegle, Kathleen, and Michelle Poulin. "Migration and the Transition to Adulthood in Contemporary Malawi." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 648, no. 1 (2013): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213481329.
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This article investigates the relationship among major life events, household characteristics, and migration among adolescents and young adults in contemporary Malawi. Two main questions are investigated: What are the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of migration? and How do schooling, first marriage, and work relate to migration patterns? The study uses panel data collected from a survey designed specifically to explore socioeconomic and demographic aspects of youths’ transitions to adulthood. Respondents were tracked when they moved. Moves are not uncommon, and the predominant reasons for moves are noneconomic. Although historically ethnic traditions in this area have held that girls and women usually do not move upon marrying, young women are now more likely to move than young men, with marriage being a main reason for doing so. Closer ties to the head of the household are associated with less movement for both women and men.
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Hindin, Michelle J. "Women's input into household decisions and their nutritional status in three resource-constrained settings." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 4 (2006): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005865.
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AbstractObjectiveTo understand the role of women's input into household decisions as a possible factor contributing to women's undernutrition in settings where HIV/AIDS and drought have constrained household resources.Design and settingThree cross-sectional surveys of non-pregnant women in partnerships without a birth in the last 3 months were analysed. Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED), defined as body mass index of < 18.5 kg m−2, were assessed among 1920 women in Zimbabwe, 2870 women in Zambia and 6219 women in Malawi.ResultsPrevalence of CED was 4.2% in Zimbabwe, 13.5% in Zambia and 6.7% in Malawi. In Malawi, women with less input into decisions were more likely to have CED. After multivariable adjustment, each additional decision made by the partner increased the odds of CED in Malawi by 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.15); each additional decision made by the woman decreased the odds of CED by 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.97). Malawian women with all the final say or with partners with no final say had significantly more CED than expected (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88, 95% CI 1.42–5.83 and OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.06–2.52, respectively), and removing these points increased the magnitude and significance of the linear trends. In Zambia, the relationship was found for urban women only and no associations were found in Zimbabwe.ConclusionsInput into household decisions may be a key factor in the cycle of drought and CED. Women with both low input and CED may lose productive capacity, putting them at greater risk of food insecurity and potentially HIV/AIDS in high prevalence settings.
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KENDALL, JACOB, and PHILIP ANGLEWICZ. "Living arrangements and health at older ages in rural Malawi." Ageing and Society 38, no. 5 (2016): 1018–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001422.
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ABSTRACTSub-Saharan Africa's older population is projected to nearly double in size by 2030. At the same time, demographic changes have caused major shifts in the units primarily responsible for the care of older adults: the family and household. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between household composition and health at older ages in rural Malawi. We use data from the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health, which contains detailed information on household and family structure, along with measures of mental and physical health (from the Short Form-12). We focus on several measures of living arrangements that are expected to be associated with health: overall household size, sex composition and kin structure (based on co-residence with offspring and grandchildren). Results show that: (a) older women who co-reside with offspring have better mental and physical health compared to those living only with grandchildren; (b) older men who live in larger households or in households with a higher proportion of females have better physical health.
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Kendall, Jacob, and Philip Anglewicz. "Characteristics Associated With Migration Among Older Women and Men in Rural Malawi." Illness, Crisis & Loss 25, no. 4 (2017): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054137317723102.
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The older population in sub-Saharan Africa is growing rapidly, but little is known about the migration patterns of older individuals in this setting. In this article, we identify the determinants of migration for older individuals in a rural African setting. To do so, we use rare longitudinal data with information for older individuals both before and after migration. We first identify premigration factors associated with moving in the future and then identify differences in characteristics between migrants and nonmigrants after migration. In addition to basic sociodemographic information, we examine differences between migrants and nonmigrants in land ownership, number of lifetime marriages, number of living offspring, previous migration experience, household size, social and religious participation, and religious affiliation. Results show that (a) migration in older age is related to marriage, health and HIV status, household size, and religion; (b) older women who are HIV-positive are more likely to move, and older men with better physical health are more likely to move; (c) older female migrants have worse postmigration physical health; and (d) the relationship between health and migration for older men disappears after migration.
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Hansen, Natasha, Susan Youll, Lia Florey, and Cameron Taylor. "Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy Coverage Estimates from Population-based Surveys: Reliability of Women's Recall Among Women with ANC Cards." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (2021): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1296.
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ABSTRACT. Large household surveys performed to estimate coverage rates for various health interventions, including intermittent preventive treatment, depend on recall. Many studies question the validity of recalled data. Regarding vaccine coverage rates, it is standard practice to validate responses using medical history cards. To validate the coverage rates of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy reported by large household surveys, recalled coverage rates were compared with antenatal care card data in Benin, Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania. The results indicated that recall was comparable to the coverage rates provided indicated by the antenatal care cards. These findings suggest that intermittent preventive treatment coverage rates reported by large household surveys performed using recalled data are valid.
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Sclama, Gregory, and Diego Rose. "Modeling the Potential of Household-Level Maize Processing to Reduce the Burden of Zinc Deficiency Among Women of Childbearing Age in Malawi." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_110.
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Abstract Objectives Dietary phytate is a potent inhibitor of zinc absorption. Phytate levels of cereals can be reduced by basic household processing techniques such as soaking, germinating, and fermenting. The objective of this study was to model the potential of such techniques to reduce the burden of zinc deficiency in Malawi, where high-phytate maize is a dietary staple. Methods Using nationally representative household consumption data and food composition tables, we estimated daily phytate and zinc intakes for individuals in Malawi. We then applied a mathematical model of zinc absorption based on total dietary zinc and phytate to calculate the apparent absorbed zinc for each individual. Using the Cut-Point method described by the Institute of Medicine, we determined the proportion of each physiological group with absorbed zinc below their mean requirements. We then simulated the reduction in dietary phytate resulting from maize processing and estimated the new burdens of zinc deficiency. We estimated the impact at various coverage levels and compared the results against an alternative model using zinc-biofortified maize. Results Nationally, 34% of females age 14–18 and 23% of females over age 18 were at risk of zinc deficiency. Only 13% of women of childbearing age met the zinc requirement for pregnancy, while less than 4% met the requirement for breastfeeding. The burden of zinc deficiency was highest in the South where maize intake was highest. The simulation of phytate reduction from household processing found that with 40% coverage, the proportion of at-risk females age 14–18 fell below 23%, while the proportion over age 18 fell to 14%. The potential benefits were greatest in the South, where the proportion of women at risk was reduced by over a third. Biofortification also reduced zinc deficiency, however the modeled impact of processing was greater than biofortification for all regions and subgroups. Conclusions Household food processing techniques may be an important strategy to reduce the burden of zinc deficiency among vulnerable women in Malawi. These techniques are low-cost and not widely practiced at present. Behavior change interventions to promote them must consider culture, gender norms, and drivers of food preference. Food-based approaches such as these should be given greater attention in nutrition and health policy and programming. Funding Sources None.
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Sanni, Tajudeen Adebayo. "Determinants of Level of household income utilization and decision making among the educated working married employees in Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara, Uganda." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (2021): 98–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.9878.
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The study determines the level of household income utilization and decision-making among educated working married employees in the Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara, Uganda. The study was guided by Sen’s Cooperative Conflict Theory. The study employed a mixed design of quantitative and qualitative approach. It targeted working educated married employees from MMC with a study sample of 113 respondents consisting of 92 married, educated working employees. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants (21) like the LCs 1,(6) 2(6) and 3(6) mayor,(1) probation officer(1) and legal officers (1) that is in the 6 division in the municipality was interviewed. Qualitative data were analyzed using themes and quantitative data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
 The study findings established that age, marital status, religion, educational qualification, years of marriage, monthly income influence the level of income utilization and decision-making among working educated married employees. In addition, patriarchal ideologies, community perceptions of decision making, gender roles, and religion also impacted their income utilization. The findings of this study also show that the level of household income utilization among the educated working married employees in Mbarara Municipality also varies based on the amounts earned by married employees and the difference between the husband and wife’s salaries.
 The study concluded that household income utilization in general significantly influences the decision making process and affect the level of income utilization among educated working married employees. This is because the household is a huge contributor to the decision making process in the majority of employees’ homes in Mbarara Municipality. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should intensify effort by providing jobs for men and women to meet the financial obligation in their household.
 Keywords: Gender Relations, Educated, Working Married Employees, Mbarara, Uganda
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Kang, Yunhee, Kristen M. Hurley, Julie Ruel-Bergeron, et al. "Household food insecurity is associated with low dietary diversity among pregnant and lactating women in rural Malawi." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 4 (2018): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002719.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between household food insecurity and dietary diversity in the past 24h (dietary diversity score (DDS, range: 0–9); minimum dietary diversity (MDD, consumption of three or more food groups); consumption of nine separate food groups) among pregnant and lactating women in rural Malawi.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo rural districts in Central Malawi.SubjectsPregnant (n 589) and lactating (n 641) women.ResultsOf surveyed pregnant and lactating women, 66·7 and 68·6 %, respectively, experienced moderate or severe food insecurity and only 32·4 and 28·1 %, respectively, met MDD. Compared with food-secure pregnant women, those who reported severe food insecurity had a 0·36 lower DDS (P<0·05) and more than threefold higher risk (OR; 95 % CI) of not consuming meat/fish (3·19; CI 1·68, 6·03). The risk of not consuming eggs (3·77; 1·04, 13·7) was higher among moderately food-insecure pregnant women. Compared with food-secure lactating women, those who reported mild, moderate and severe food insecurity showed a 0·36, 0·44 and 0·62 lower DDS, respectively (all P<0·05). The risk of not achieving MDD was higher among moderately (1·95; 1·06, 3·59) and severely (2·82; 1·53, 5·22) food-insecure lactating women. The risk of not consuming meat/fish and eggs increased in a dose–response manner among lactating women experiencing mild (1·75; 1·01, 3·03 and 2·81; 1·09, 7·25), moderate (2·66; 1·47, 4·82 and 3·75; 1·40, 10·0) and severe (5·33; 2·63, 10·8 and 3·47; 1·19, 10·1) food insecurity.ConclusionsAddressing food insecurity during and after pregnancy needs to be considered when designing nutrition programmes aiming to increase dietary diversity in rural Malawi.