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1
Besada, Donela, Ameena Goga, Emmanuelle Daviaud, et al. "Roles played by community cadres to support retention in PMTCT Option B+ in four African countries: a qualitative rapid appraisal." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (2018): e020754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020754.
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ObjectivesTo explore the roles of community cadres in improving access to and retention in care for PMTCT (prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV) services in the context of PMTCT Option B+ treatment scale-up in high burden low-income and lower-middle income countries.Design/MethodsQualitative rapid appraisal study design using semistructured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) between 8 June and 31 July 2015.Setting and participantsInterviews were conducted in the offices of Ministry of Health Staff, Implementing partners, district offices and health facility sites across four low-income and lower-middle income countries: Cote D’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Malawi and Uganda. A range of individual interviews and FGDs with key stakeholders including Ministry of Health employees, Implementation partners, district management teams, facility-based health workers and community cadres. A total number of 18, 28, 31 and 83 individual interviews were conducted in Malawi, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC and Uganda, respectively. A total number of 15, 9, 10 and 16 mixed gender FGDs were undertaken in Malawi, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC and Uganda, respectively.ResultsCommunity cadres either operated solely in the community, worked from health centres or in combination and their mandates were PMTCT-specific or included general HIV support and other health issues. Community cadres included volunteers, those supported by implementing partners or employed directly by the Ministry of Health. Their complimentary roles along the continuum of HIV care and treatment include demand creation, household mapping of pregnant and lactating women, linkage to care, infant follow-up and adherence and retention support.ConclusionsCommunity cadres provide an integral link between communities and health facilities, supporting overstretched health workers in HIV client support and follow-up. However, their role in health systems is neither standardised nor systematic and there is an urgent need to invest in the standardisation of and support to community cadres to maximise potential health impacts.
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Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. "Ganyu casual labour, famine and HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi: causality and casualty." Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 2 (2006): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06001595.
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Over the past ten years, Malawian peasant farming households have endured a number of material and life-threatening setbacks. The absence of subsidised fertiliser loans to farmers continues to trouble villagers a decade after their removal. Yields of both food and cash crops have been declining. Farming households' earnings from agricultural exports and remittances have decreased. The creeping and then intensified incidence of HIV/AIDS infection has led to widespread debility and death, compounded by a serious famine in 2001–03. During the famine and its aftermath, ganyu casual labour gained in importance as a source of income, especially for women and youth from poor rural households. Field evidence suggests that the highly exploitative contractual terms that employers offered widened the gap between the haves and have-nots, and fuelled the risks of contracting HIV/AIDS. Ganyu, representing an established form of labour based on mutual economic benefit between exchange agents stretching back over a century, has become synonymous with degradation and despair for the working poor.
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Beegle, Kathleen, and Michelle Poulin. "Migration and the Transition to Adulthood in Contemporary Malawi." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 648, no. 1 (2013): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213481329.
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This article investigates the relationship among major life events, household characteristics, and migration among adolescents and young adults in contemporary Malawi. Two main questions are investigated: What are the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of migration? and How do schooling, first marriage, and work relate to migration patterns? The study uses panel data collected from a survey designed specifically to explore socioeconomic and demographic aspects of youths’ transitions to adulthood. Respondents were tracked when they moved. Moves are not uncommon, and the predominant reasons for moves are noneconomic. Although historically ethnic traditions in this area have held that girls and women usually do not move upon marrying, young women are now more likely to move than young men, with marriage being a main reason for doing so. Closer ties to the head of the household are associated with less movement for both women and men.
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Hindin, Michelle J. "Women's input into household decisions and their nutritional status in three resource-constrained settings." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 4 (2006): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005865.
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AbstractObjectiveTo understand the role of women's input into household decisions as a possible factor contributing to women's undernutrition in settings where HIV/AIDS and drought have constrained household resources.Design and settingThree cross-sectional surveys of non-pregnant women in partnerships without a birth in the last 3 months were analysed. Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED), defined as body mass index of < 18.5 kg m−2, were assessed among 1920 women in Zimbabwe, 2870 women in Zambia and 6219 women in Malawi.ResultsPrevalence of CED was 4.2% in Zimbabwe, 13.5% in Zambia and 6.7% in Malawi. In Malawi, women with less input into decisions were more likely to have CED. After multivariable adjustment, each additional decision made by the partner increased the odds of CED in Malawi by 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.15); each additional decision made by the woman decreased the odds of CED by 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.97). Malawian women with all the final say or with partners with no final say had significantly more CED than expected (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88, 95% CI 1.42–5.83 and OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.06–2.52, respectively), and removing these points increased the magnitude and significance of the linear trends. In Zambia, the relationship was found for urban women only and no associations were found in Zimbabwe.ConclusionsInput into household decisions may be a key factor in the cycle of drought and CED. Women with both low input and CED may lose productive capacity, putting them at greater risk of food insecurity and potentially HIV/AIDS in high prevalence settings.
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KENDALL, JACOB, and PHILIP ANGLEWICZ. "Living arrangements and health at older ages in rural Malawi." Ageing and Society 38, no. 5 (2016): 1018–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001422.
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ABSTRACTSub-Saharan Africa's older population is projected to nearly double in size by 2030. At the same time, demographic changes have caused major shifts in the units primarily responsible for the care of older adults: the family and household. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between household composition and health at older ages in rural Malawi. We use data from the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health, which contains detailed information on household and family structure, along with measures of mental and physical health (from the Short Form-12). We focus on several measures of living arrangements that are expected to be associated with health: overall household size, sex composition and kin structure (based on co-residence with offspring and grandchildren). Results show that: (a) older women who co-reside with offspring have better mental and physical health compared to those living only with grandchildren; (b) older men who live in larger households or in households with a higher proportion of females have better physical health.
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Kendall, Jacob, and Philip Anglewicz. "Characteristics Associated With Migration Among Older Women and Men in Rural Malawi." Illness, Crisis & Loss 25, no. 4 (2017): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054137317723102.
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The older population in sub-Saharan Africa is growing rapidly, but little is known about the migration patterns of older individuals in this setting. In this article, we identify the determinants of migration for older individuals in a rural African setting. To do so, we use rare longitudinal data with information for older individuals both before and after migration. We first identify premigration factors associated with moving in the future and then identify differences in characteristics between migrants and nonmigrants after migration. In addition to basic sociodemographic information, we examine differences between migrants and nonmigrants in land ownership, number of lifetime marriages, number of living offspring, previous migration experience, household size, social and religious participation, and religious affiliation. Results show that (a) migration in older age is related to marriage, health and HIV status, household size, and religion; (b) older women who are HIV-positive are more likely to move, and older men with better physical health are more likely to move; (c) older female migrants have worse postmigration physical health; and (d) the relationship between health and migration for older men disappears after migration.
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Hansen, Natasha, Susan Youll, Lia Florey, and Cameron Taylor. "Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy Coverage Estimates from Population-based Surveys: Reliability of Women's Recall Among Women with ANC Cards." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (2021): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1296.
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ABSTRACT. Large household surveys performed to estimate coverage rates for various health interventions, including intermittent preventive treatment, depend on recall. Many studies question the validity of recalled data. Regarding vaccine coverage rates, it is standard practice to validate responses using medical history cards. To validate the coverage rates of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy reported by large household surveys, recalled coverage rates were compared with antenatal care card data in Benin, Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania. The results indicated that recall was comparable to the coverage rates provided indicated by the antenatal care cards. These findings suggest that intermittent preventive treatment coverage rates reported by large household surveys performed using recalled data are valid.
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Sclama, Gregory, and Diego Rose. "Modeling the Potential of Household-Level Maize Processing to Reduce the Burden of Zinc Deficiency Among Women of Childbearing Age in Malawi." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_110.
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Abstract Objectives Dietary phytate is a potent inhibitor of zinc absorption. Phytate levels of cereals can be reduced by basic household processing techniques such as soaking, germinating, and fermenting. The objective of this study was to model the potential of such techniques to reduce the burden of zinc deficiency in Malawi, where high-phytate maize is a dietary staple. Methods Using nationally representative household consumption data and food composition tables, we estimated daily phytate and zinc intakes for individuals in Malawi. We then applied a mathematical model of zinc absorption based on total dietary zinc and phytate to calculate the apparent absorbed zinc for each individual. Using the Cut-Point method described by the Institute of Medicine, we determined the proportion of each physiological group with absorbed zinc below their mean requirements. We then simulated the reduction in dietary phytate resulting from maize processing and estimated the new burdens of zinc deficiency. We estimated the impact at various coverage levels and compared the results against an alternative model using zinc-biofortified maize. Results Nationally, 34% of females age 14–18 and 23% of females over age 18 were at risk of zinc deficiency. Only 13% of women of childbearing age met the zinc requirement for pregnancy, while less than 4% met the requirement for breastfeeding. The burden of zinc deficiency was highest in the South where maize intake was highest. The simulation of phytate reduction from household processing found that with 40% coverage, the proportion of at-risk females age 14–18 fell below 23%, while the proportion over age 18 fell to 14%. The potential benefits were greatest in the South, where the proportion of women at risk was reduced by over a third. Biofortification also reduced zinc deficiency, however the modeled impact of processing was greater than biofortification for all regions and subgroups. Conclusions Household food processing techniques may be an important strategy to reduce the burden of zinc deficiency among vulnerable women in Malawi. These techniques are low-cost and not widely practiced at present. Behavior change interventions to promote them must consider culture, gender norms, and drivers of food preference. Food-based approaches such as these should be given greater attention in nutrition and health policy and programming. Funding Sources None.
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Sanni, Tajudeen Adebayo. "Determinants of Level of household income utilization and decision making among the educated working married employees in Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara, Uganda." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (2021): 98–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.9878.
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The study determines the level of household income utilization and decision-making among educated working married employees in the Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara, Uganda. The study was guided by Sen’s Cooperative Conflict Theory. The study employed a mixed design of quantitative and qualitative approach. It targeted working educated married employees from MMC with a study sample of 113 respondents consisting of 92 married, educated working employees. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants (21) like the LCs 1,(6) 2(6) and 3(6) mayor,(1) probation officer(1) and legal officers (1) that is in the 6 division in the municipality was interviewed. Qualitative data were analyzed using themes and quantitative data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
The study findings established that age, marital status, religion, educational qualification, years of marriage, monthly income influence the level of income utilization and decision-making among working educated married employees. In addition, patriarchal ideologies, community perceptions of decision making, gender roles, and religion also impacted their income utilization. The findings of this study also show that the level of household income utilization among the educated working married employees in Mbarara Municipality also varies based on the amounts earned by married employees and the difference between the husband and wife’s salaries.
The study concluded that household income utilization in general significantly influences the decision making process and affect the level of income utilization among educated working married employees. This is because the household is a huge contributor to the decision making process in the majority of employees’ homes in Mbarara Municipality. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should intensify effort by providing jobs for men and women to meet the financial obligation in their household.
Keywords: Gender Relations, Educated, Working Married Employees, Mbarara, Uganda
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Kang, Yunhee, Kristen M. Hurley, Julie Ruel-Bergeron, et al. "Household food insecurity is associated with low dietary diversity among pregnant and lactating women in rural Malawi." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 4 (2018): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002719.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between household food insecurity and dietary diversity in the past 24h (dietary diversity score (DDS, range: 0–9); minimum dietary diversity (MDD, consumption of three or more food groups); consumption of nine separate food groups) among pregnant and lactating women in rural Malawi.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo rural districts in Central Malawi.SubjectsPregnant (n 589) and lactating (n 641) women.ResultsOf surveyed pregnant and lactating women, 66·7 and 68·6 %, respectively, experienced moderate or severe food insecurity and only 32·4 and 28·1 %, respectively, met MDD. Compared with food-secure pregnant women, those who reported severe food insecurity had a 0·36 lower DDS (P<0·05) and more than threefold higher risk (OR; 95 % CI) of not consuming meat/fish (3·19; CI 1·68, 6·03). The risk of not consuming eggs (3·77; 1·04, 13·7) was higher among moderately food-insecure pregnant women. Compared with food-secure lactating women, those who reported mild, moderate and severe food insecurity showed a 0·36, 0·44 and 0·62 lower DDS, respectively (all P<0·05). The risk of not achieving MDD was higher among moderately (1·95; 1·06, 3·59) and severely (2·82; 1·53, 5·22) food-insecure lactating women. The risk of not consuming meat/fish and eggs increased in a dose–response manner among lactating women experiencing mild (1·75; 1·01, 3·03 and 2·81; 1·09, 7·25), moderate (2·66; 1·47, 4·82 and 3·75; 1·40, 10·0) and severe (5·33; 2·63, 10·8 and 3·47; 1·19, 10·1) food insecurity.ConclusionsAddressing food insecurity during and after pregnancy needs to be considered when designing nutrition programmes aiming to increase dietary diversity in rural Malawi.
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Schneider, Kate, Luc Christiaensen, Patrick Webb, and William Masters. "The Cost of Nutritious Diets for Individuals and Households in Rural Malawi." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_109.
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Abstract Objectives The affordability of healthy diets is a key concern for policymakers and an active area of research. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to examine the cost of nutritionally adequate diets for all population age and sex subgroups at subnational disaggregation over a 10-year monthly time series as well as to extend the least-cost diet framework from individuals to household units who consume shared meals. Methods We use household survey panel data matched with local food composition data, human nutrient requirements (EARs, ULs and AMDRs), and monthly market food prices. The food price data include a standardized list of 51 items comprising those foods accounting for the vast majority of household food spending, covering all food groups. Household data are from the Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) 3-round panel (2010–2017). Using linear programming, we identify the combination of available foods and quantities that meet the specified nutrient requirements at the lowest total cost. Results Local markets can supply an adequate diet most of the time for some groups but much less often for breastfeeding women and young children, and not at al for children 6–36 months. Where possible, we find that the least-cost individual diet costs 32% of current per capita food spending. For whole households, the local market can meet aggregate nutrient needs 30% of the time. Where possible, it costs 1.8 times household food spending or all total expenditure. Food group analysis reveals households spend more on cereals, meat and roots/tubers, compared to the least-cost adequate diet, but may be under-spending on legumes, milk, fats, and vitamin A-rich fruits. Conclusions Finding a healthy diet in Malawi's local markets is not always possible for all types of individuals or families of varying composition. Children 6–36 months require immediate attention, including increasing access to complete complementary foods. Guiding households to make smart shifts in their food spending could improve diet quality but is insufficient alone given that adequate shared meals are unaffordable for most families. Year-round access to nutritious, affordable diets will require an increase in availability and lower cost of nutrient-dense foods and economic growth to raise incomes. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CANDASA project.
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Artemov, Viktor, and Olga Novokhatskaya. "Everyday activity of rural employees in Siberia." Eastern European Countryside 20, no. 1 (2014): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2014-0009.
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Abstract The article presents the results of the fifth bi-seasonal survey conducted in 2004- 2005 within the framework of the longitudinal study of the time use, everyday activity and living conditions of the rural population. The study is conducted on a sample group of villages representative of the south of Siberia in rather different historical periods. The emphasis is made on changes that have taken place in the rural everyday life and on the use of time during the last two decades; in particular, in the beginning of the new century. It presents the results of the analysis of the time budgets of working women and working men and their answers to questions concerning the facts of reality, their assessments and values. In the early 2000s the working time of men increased, while their time spent on private plot production and housework decreased. Similar situation was observed in the case of women; however, the time spent on household production increased. More pronounced changes were observed among agricultural workers, especially men (increasing working time and decreasing time of housework, sleep and leisure). On the whole, there was a noticeable redistribution of time between work in the house and household production and work in the agricultural enterprise being the source of the material well-being of the rural family. The male-female difference in the total work load and leisure time has decreased.
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Begum, Nasrin Nahar, Md Nazrul Islam Khan, Sk Shafiqur Rahman, and Sheikh Nazrul Islam. "Livelihood status of women workers in shrimp sector at south western region in Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 5, no. 3 (2018): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v5i3.39588.
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In Bangladesh, women are engaging in shrimp sector to support themselves and their family as well. Current study was designed to study the socio-economic and hygienic status of the women working in shrimp sector (employee) in South Western region in Bangladesh (N=150). The study also selected women who are not working in shrimp sector (non-employee) in the same community (N=75) to evaluate impacts of shrimp industry on women. In socio-economic background analysis of the women, medium household size (46% and 65.3%), primary education level (63.3% and 48%), married (79.3% and 97.3%), drinking tube-well water (93.3 % and 92%) and polli electric facility (77.3% and 84%) was dominant in both cases. Average monthly household income and expenditure was found better among the employees (9235 ± 4042 Tk and 765 5± 3032 Tk, respectively) than the non-employees (9068 ± 3113 Tk and 7208 ± 2147 Tk, respectively). In summary, the study observed and suggesting that life style and hygienic condition is better among the women engaged in shrimp sector than the nonemployee in the same community.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(3): 391-397, December 2018
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Kumwenda, M., B.-T. Nyang'wa, B. Chikuse, et al. "The second sputum sample complicates tuberculosis diagnosis for women: a qualitative study from Malawi." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 21, no. 12 (2017): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.17.0146.
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SETTING: District hospital and peripheral health care facilities in Balaka District, Malawi.OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers encountered by women in submitting a second sputum sample.DESIGN: Focus-group discussions and semi-structured interviews.RESULTS: Women encounter barriers at several levels: personal, cultural, socio-economic and health care system. Personal, cultural and socio-economic barriers include the fear of a tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, the perception and condition of the patient, the distance and cost of travel to a health care facility, the subordinate position of women in household decision-making and the social support that women receive. Barriers at the health care system level include high patient numbers, staff shortages, the duration of the TB diagnostic process as well as the uncaring attitude and poor communication of health care workers. These barriers may apply not only to the submission of the second sample, but to health care access in general.CONCLUSION: Women face multiple barriers in submitting a second sputum sample. These do not operate in isolation but instead compound each other. Although potential solutions to overcome these barriers are recognised, some have yet to be adopted. To improve TB case finding, innovative and community approaches should be adopted more rapidly.
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Ragasa, Catherine, Noora-Lisa Aberman, and Cristina Alvarez Mingote. "Does providing agricultural and nutrition information to both men and women improve household food security? Evidence from Malawi." Global Food Security 20 (March 2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.12.007.
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BRODISH, PAUL HENRY. "AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND HIV PREVALENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (2013): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201200082x.
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SummaryThis paper investigates whether ethnic diversity at the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) cluster level predicts HIV serostatus in three sub-Saharan African countries (Kenya, Malawi and Zambia), using DHS household survey and HIV biomarker data for men and women aged 15–59 collected since 2006. The analysis relates a binary dependent variable (HIV positive serostatus) and a weighted aggregate predictor variable representing the number of different ethnic groups within a DHS Statistical Enumeration Area (SEA) or cluster, which roughly corresponds to a neighbourhood. Multilevel logistic regression is used to predict HIV prevalence within each SEA, controlling for known demographic, social and behavioural predictors of HIV serostatus. The key finding was that the cluster-level ethnic diversity measure was a significant predictor of HIV serostatus in Malawi and Zambia but not in Kenya. Additional results reflected the heterogeneity of the epidemics: male gender, marriage (Kenya), number of extramarital partners in the past year (Kenya and Malawi, but probably confounded with younger age) and Muslim religion (Zambia) were associated with lower odds of positive HIV serostatus. Condom use at last intercourse (a spurious result probably reflecting endogeneity), STD in the past year, number of lifetime sexual partners, age (Malawi and Zambia), education (Zambia), urban residence (Malawi and Zambia) and employment (Kenya and Malawi) were associated with higher odds of positive serostatus. Future studies might continue to employ multilevel models and incorporate additional, more robust, controls for individual behavioural risk factors and for higher-level social and economic factors, in order to verify and further clarify the association between neighbourhood ethnic diversity and HIV serostatus.
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Nofitasari, Solehati, and Supianto Supianto. "Perlindungan Hukum bagi Perempuan Ekonomi Lemah dalam upaya Pencegahan Terjadinya Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Tegalgede Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember." JURNAL RECHTENS 8, no. 1 (2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/rechtens.v8i1.487.
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The household is a small part of a society. A person's goal in fostering a home is to be happy,safe and secure. In realizing this, it depends on each individual in a household, especially inthe attitude, behavior and self-control of everyone in the household. the factors that cause themost domestic violence is caused by economic factors, this is because the Tegalgede Villageis one of the urban areas in the urban area so that the needs are quite a lot but their incomedoes not match the expenditure. This is because their husband's job is only constructionworkers and shop employees. While obstacles in law enforcement in the event of acts ofviolence in the household namely due to violence in the household is still considered a familydisgrace that should not be told or conveyed to other parties. So many victims of domesticviolence, especially women, are reluctant to tell or report violence that has happened to him.Prevention efforts that they do is just to accept the violence that occurred against him.Keywords : Legal Protection, Poor Women, Domestic Violence
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Small, Gillian, and Gillian M. Raab. "On-the-Job Training in Scotland: Its Contribution to Social Exclusion." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 8, no. 2 (2003): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jace.8.2.2.
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Recent results from the Scottish Household Survey show that at any one time over 18 per cent of Scottish employees are engaged in some form of on-the-job training. The majority of this training is unaccredited and is not recorded in any official education statistics. Overall rates for men and women are similar. After initially high rates of training for the youngest employees, rates for men decline steadily whereas those for women remain stable into middle age, perhaps as a result of retraining for returners. The employees who receive most on-the-job training are full-time, in managerial or professional occupations and already have some formal qualification. The self-employed, the part-time, the unskilled and the unqualified miss out. Training on-the-job could have a role in promoting social inclusion for the least-advantaged employees. But more research is needed to learn what training is being delivered and what policy levers could be pulled to influence who receives it.
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Sarfraz, Mudassira, Zubaria Andlib, Muhammad Kamran, Noor Ullah Khan, and Hanieh Alipour Bazkiaei. "Pathways towards Women Empowerment and Determinants of Decent Work Deficit: A South Asian Perspective." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030080.
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This research aims to assess the household and individual-level factors, specifically education, that affect the probability of women being engaged in decent work activities in the labor market. The study utilized the most recent labor force survey data from Pakistan with a sample size of 64,009 women. The research exploits the multinomial logit model (MNL) for data analysis. Several studies exist on the causes of female labor force participation nationally—in Pakistan—and internationally. However, there is a lack of research exploring the link between women’s access to decent work and various household and individual-level characteristics. This study intends to fill this literature gap by exploiting the largest nationwide labor force survey and exploring how household and individual-level factors, specifically focusing on women’s education level, relate to women’s employment status categories. The study’s findings reveal that education plays an essential role in uplifting women for better employment opportunities, i.e., educated women are more likely to be engaged in decent labor market activities such as paid employees and employers. The findings of the study propose some significant policy implications. E.g., (i) since education is the key to open better and decent work opportunities, it is crucial for women and their household heads to invest in education and vocational training; (ii) there is a dire need to have a policy shift in providing women access to at least a higher secondary (HS) level of education in Pakistan. The rationale is that less educated and illiterate women are concentrated in vulnerable employment; and (iii) at a micro level, there is a need to bring awareness among male household heads, specifically in rural areas, to realize that working women should not be considered a social stigma for the household.
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He, Zhifei, Ghose Bishwajit, Sanni Yaya, Zhaohui Cheng, Dongsheng Zou, and Yan Zhou. "Prevalence of low birth weight and its association with maternal body weight status in selected countries in Africa: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (2018): e020410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020410.
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ObjectivesThe present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), and to investigate the association between maternal body weight measured in terms of body mass index (BMI) and birth weight in selected countries in Africa.SettingUrban and rural household in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda.ParticipantsMothers (n=11 418) aged between 15 and 49 years with a history of childbirth in the last 5 years.ResultsThe prevalence of LBW in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda was, respectively, 13.4%, 10.2%, 12.1%, 15.7% and 10%. Compared with women who are of normal weight, underweight mothers had a higher likelihood of giving birth to LBW babies in all countries except Ghana. However, the association between maternal BMI and birth weight was found to be statistically significant for Senegal only (OR=1.961 (95% CI 1.259 to 3.055)).ConclusionUnderweight mothers in Senegal share a greater risk of having LBW babies compared with their normal-weight counterparts. Programmes targeting to address infant mortality should focus on promoting nutritional status among women of childbearing age. Longitudinal studies are required to better elucidate the causal nature of the relationship between maternal underweight and LBW.
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Schmid, Flurina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Switzerland over Time." Swiss Journal of Sociology 42, no. 3 (2016): 442–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2016-0020.
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Abstracts This article analyzes the gender wage gap in Switzerland, using data from the Swiss Household Panel. The results show that women in Switzerland earn still less than men with the same endowments. One of the main reasons for this gap is occupational segregation: women and men working in femaledominated occupations have lower wages than those in integrated and male-dominated occupations. In order to have equally distributed job categories, 40% of the male or female employees would need to change jobs. But the “preferences” for jobs between genders seem to have been frozen for decades. The gender wage gap is particularly large within part-time employees working below 50%. Younger cohorts, however, seem less exposed to gender wage differentials.
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Ward-Peterson, Melissa, Kristopher Fennie, Sarah Baird, Stefany Coxe, Mary Jo Trepka, and Purnima Madhivanan. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HIV AWARENESS FACTORS, HEALTH FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS AND RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN ZOMBA DISTRICT, MALAWI." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 6 (2018): 853–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000694.
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SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the association between multilevel factors related to HIV awareness and risky sexual behaviour among young women in Zomba district, Malawi. Secondary analyses of the Schooling, Income, and Health Risk (SIHR) study were undertaken. Four outcomes related to risky sexual behaviour were examined among young women: if participants had ever had sex, consistent condom use and two scores measuring risk related to partner history and age during sexual activity. Independent variables included individual-level factors such as education and rural/urban residence, as well as higher-level factors such as household’s highest level of education and health facility characteristics. Regression models with cluster-robust standard errors and multilevel regression models were used to estimate associations; analyses were stratified into two strata by school enrolment status, i.e. whether the women were in school (N=1407) or had dropped out of school (N=407) at baseline of the SIHR study. For both strata, increasing age and residing within 16 km of an urban centre (‘near rural’ residence) increased the odds of ever having sex; lower educational achievement was associated with lower age during sexual activity. A history of pregnancy was associated with lower odds of condom use and riskier partner history. For women in school at baseline, lower household education was associated with higher odds of ever having sex (OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.07); near-rural and far-rural (≤16 km and >16km from urban centre, respectively) residence were associated with decreased odds of condom use (OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.78; and OR=0.27; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.65, respectively). For those not in school at baseline, lower household education was associated with lower age during sexual activity (β=0.31, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.58). Also for women not in school, the use of private or non-governmental health facilities was associated with decreased odds of condom use (OR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.67) and higher age during sexual activity (β=−0.30, 95% CI: −0.52, −0.09). While individual factors were associated with risky sexual behaviour in both strata, contextual factors differed.
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Iscan, Omer Faruk, and Atilhan Naktiyok. "Attitudes towards Telecommuting: The Turkish Case." Journal of Information Technology 20, no. 1 (2005): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000023.
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Examines the effects of demographic characteristics (gender, marital status), household attributes (small children, largeness of home and distance of home and workplace), support factors (supervisor, colleague and technological-bill support), and perceived advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting to individuals, organizations and society on individuals’ attitudes towards telecommuting. The sample comprised 664 IT professionals working in several internet (portal) companies in Turkey. Results suggest that women, married employees, employees who have children less than five years old, employees whose house is big enough, employees whose house is relatively farther to the workplace, and those who perceived more advantages accruing from telecommuting, to themselves, to their organization or to the society, have a more favorable attitude towards telecommuting. On the other hand, employees who perceived more disadvantages accruing from telecommuting to themselves or their organization have a less favorable attitude towards telecommuting. In addition, colleague support and technological-bill support positively influence the attitudes of employees towards telecommuting.
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Khoza, Sizwile, Dewald Van Niekerk, and Livhuwani David Nemakonde. "Understanding gender dimensions of climate-smart agriculture adoption in disaster-prone smallholder farming communities in Malawi and Zambia." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (2019): 530–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-10-2018-0347.
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Purpose Through the application of traditional and contemporary feminist theories in gender mainstreaming, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to emergent debate on gender dimensions in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption by smallholder farmers in disaster-prone regions. This is important to ensure that CSA strategies are tailored to farmer-specific gender equality goals. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory-sequential mixed methods research design which is qualitatively biased was applied. Key informant interviews and farmer focus group discussions in two study sites formed initial qualitative phase whose findings were explored in a quantitative cross-sectional household survey. Findings Findings shared in this paper indicate the predominant application of traditional gender mainstreaming approaches in CSA focusing on parochial gender dichotomy. Qualitative findings highlight perceptions that western gender approaches are not fully applicable to local contexts and realities, with gender mainstreaming in CSA seemingly to fulfil donor requirements, and ignorant of the heterogeneous nature of social groups. Quantitative findings establish that married men are majority adopters and non-adopters of CSA, while dis-adopters are predominantly de jure female household heads. The latter are more likely to adopt CSA than married women whose main role in CSA is implementers of spouse’s decisions. Access to education, intra-household power relations, productive asset and land ownership are socio-cultural dynamics shaping farmer profiles. Originality/value By incorporating African feminisms and intersectionality in CSA, value of this study lies in recommending gender policy reforms incorporating local gender contexts within the African socio-cultural milieu. This paper accentuates potential benefits of innovative blend of both contemporary and classic gender mainstreaming approaches in CSA research, practice and technology development in disaster-prone regions.
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Kalizinje, Frank. "A woman’s work is never done: fiscal policy and women’s labour supply in Malawi." African Multidisciplinary Tax Journal 2021, no. 1 (2021): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/amtj/2021/i1a3.
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The study sought to identify factors that fiscal policy can target to induce beneficial female labour force participation (FLFP) in formal wage, casual (ganyu) and agricultural labour. To achieve this, the study first used the Multinomial Logit Model on Malawi’s Second Integrated Household Survey dataset (IHS2) to predict the occupational distribution and to test for differences in the factors associated with the choice among the three labour outcomes. This helped to identify channels through which gender-responsive fiscal policies can target and enhance FLFP and in turn uplift women’s welfare. The empirical results revealed that when women are poor, residing in rural areas, not married or are heads of households and are least educated, they are more likely to supply casual and/or agricultural labour compared to formal wage labour. Therefore, to enhance women’s welfare through FLFP, gender-sensitive spending programmes should target women with such characteristics. The study further recommended increased gender-sensitive spending on farm credit and inputs, literacy education, girls’ education and public-works programmes. It further encouraged strict adherence to gender budgeting at national and local government level. To finance these proposals the study suggested introducing a levy on alcohol and tobacco the revenue of which should strictly be used to empower girls and enhance women’s labour supply.
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Kasteng, Frida, Joanna Murray, Simon Cousens, et al. "Cost-effectiveness and economies of scale of a mass radio campaign to promote household life-saving practices in Burkina Faso." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 4 (2018): e000809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000809.
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IntroductionChild health promotion through mass media has not been rigorously evaluated for cost-effectiveness in low-income and middle-income countries. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of a mass radio campaign on health-seeking behaviours for child survival within a trial in Burkina Faso and at national scale.MethodsWe collected provider cost data prospectively alongside a 35-month cluster randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso in 2012–2015. Out-of-pocket costs of care-seeking were estimated through a household survey. We modelled intervention effects on child survival based on increased care-seeking and estimated the intervention’s incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted versus current practice. Model uncertainty was gauged using one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We projected the ICER of national-scale implementation in five sub-Saharan countries with differing media structures. All costs are in 2015 USD.ResultsThe provider cost of the campaign was $7 749 128 ($9 146 101 including household costs). The campaign broadcast radio spots 74 480 times and 4610 2-hour shows through seven local radio stations, reaching approximately 2.4 million people including 620 000 direct beneficiaries (pregnant women and children under five). It resulted in an average estimated 24% increase in care-seeking for children under five and a 7% reduction in child mortality per year. The ICER was estimated at $94 ($111 including household costs (95% CI −38 to 320)). The projected provider cost per DALY averted of a national level campaign in Burkina Faso, Burundi, Malawi, Mozambique and Niger in 2018–2020, varied between $7 in Malawi to $27 in Burundi.ConclusionThis study suggests that mass-media campaigns can be very cost-effective in improving child survival in areas with high media penetration and can potentially benefit from considerable economies of scale.Trial registration numberNCT01517230; Results.
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Chandola, Tarani, Cara L. Booker, Meena Kumari, and Michaela Benzeval. "Are Flexible Work Arrangements Associated with Lower Levels of Chronic Stress-Related Biomarkers? A Study of 6025 Employees in the UK Household Longitudinal Study." Sociology 53, no. 4 (2019): 779–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038519826014.
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Debates around the benefits of flexible work arrangements for employee well-being are limited by a lack of empirical analyses on whether flexible working enables employees with work or family stressors to cope with their levels of stress. This study examines whether the availability and use of different flexible work arrangements are associated with lower allostatic load (an index of chronic stress-related biomarkers) in a large representative study of UK adults. Male and female employees who made use of reduced hours working arrangements had lower levels of allostatic load. Among women caring for two or more children aged under 15, there was a difference of almost one unit of the allostatic load index (an additional biomarker risk) between women who used reduced hours flexible work and those without such arrangements. Reduced hours flexible work arrangements could enable women who combine work and family roles to reduce their levels of chronic stress.
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GHOSH, DURBA. "Household Crimes and Domestic Order: Keeping the Peace in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1770–c. 1840." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (2004): 599–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03001124.
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During the early years of British expansion in Bengal, from the 1770s to the 1840s, British courts ruled on at least three dozen domestic violence cases. In the process of ruling on crimes in which native women were victims of burglary, rape, and murder at the hands of European men, judges on the Supreme Court of Calcutta became intimately involved with enforcing domestic peace and containing the social threat posed by interracial conjugal relationships between lower-class European soldiers and merchants and the native women with whom they cohabited or married. While high-ranking, upper-class men may have also physically abused native women with whom they were intimate, these relationships were rarely the subject of judicial scrutiny. Through criminal trials of domestic crimes or ‘intimate violence’, British judges and magistrates, who were among the highest status positions in the civil service, managed the sexual and familial transgressions of lower-ranking European soldiers, merchants and civil employees, thereby ‘making empire respectable,’ while simultaneously enabling lower-ranking men to enjoy continued sexual access to local women.
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Ba, Djibril M., Paddy Ssentongo, Duanping Liao, Ping Du, and Kristen H. Kjerulff. "Non-iodized salt consumption among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa: a population-based study." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 15 (2020): 2759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019003616.
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AbstractObjective:To identify countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that have not yet achieved at least 90 % universal salt iodization and factors associated with the consumption of non-iodized salt among women of reproductive age.Design:A cross-sectional study using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The presence of iodine in household salt (iodized or non-iodized), which was tested during the survey process, was the study outcome. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine independent factors associated with the consumption of non-iodized salt among women of reproductive age.Setting:There were eleven countries in SSA that participated in the DHS since 2015 and measured the presence of iodine in household salt.Participants:Women (n 108 318) aged 15–49 years.Results:Countries with the highest rate of non-iodized salt were Senegal (29·5 %) followed by Tanzania (21·3 %), Ethiopia (14·0 %), Malawi (11·6 %) and Angola (10·8 %). The rate of non-iodized salt was less than 1 % in Rwanda (0·3 %), Uganda (0·5 %) and Burundi (0·8 %). Stepwise multivariable logistic regression showed that women were more likely to be using non-iodized salt (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) if they were poor (1·62; 1·48, 1·78), pregnant (1·16; 1·04, 1·29), aged 15–24 years (v. older: 1·14; 1·04, 1·24) and were not literate (1·14; 1·06, 1·23).Conclusions:The use of non-iodized salt varies among SSA countries. The higher level of use of non-iodized salt among poor, young women and pregnant women is particularly concerning.
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Hedija, Veronika. "Do Women Really Face Wage Discrimination on the Labour Market? An Analysis Using Intra-household Specialization." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 6 (2014): 1279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061279.
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This study aims to estimate the gender pay gap, cleansed at least partially of the effect of intra-household specialization on productivity. The estimate is based on EU-SILC data for 19 member countries of the European Union. We use an estimate of the average treatment effect on the treated, supplemented by a matching procedure to estimate the unexplained part of the gender pay gap and use a subsample of employees earning more than their partners, thus minimizing the impact of child- and family-care on the gender pay gap. We conclude that the unexplained gender pay gap amounts approximately 10 percent working to the disadvantage of women. If we assume that the dominant role in family- and child-care is taken up by the partner earnings a lower wage, then this difference could neither be explained by differences in the observed personal and company characteristics nor by the dominant role of women in care for the household and children and could actually be due to wage discrimination against women.
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Korotkov, P. A., A. B. Trubyanov, E. A. Zagaynova, and A. I. Zverev. "Changes in the Suicide Rate under the Influence of Daily Activities in EU Countries." Statistics and Economics 17, no. 6 (2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-6-54-63.
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The article examines the impact of daily activities on the suicide rate on the basis of data from the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization and the Harmonized European Time Use Survey.Purpose. To evaluate the relation between the suicide rate and duration of the main daily activities of employees in the spheres of work, household and leisure activities in terms of the multifactor models. Materials and methods. Daily activities are understood as time spent on work, household and leisure activities. In order to analyze the relation between the variables an end-to-end linear regression model arranged by all years and countries is used; the panel data structures are not taken into account in the model (as we have to deal with pseudo panel data). In addition, in order to weaken prerequisites of parametric models, a non-parametric estimate is used. The calculations are made in the econometric package STATA IC 16. The source of the data on the suicide rate (total, men, women) at the ages of 15-74 is the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization; the source of the data on time spent on the main daily activities of employees in the spheres of work, household and leisure activities and the level of employees’ occupation is Eurostat.Results. The analysis revealed that with the increase in time spent on TV and video the suicide rate increases for the employed men; and with the increase in time spent on housekeeping the suicide rate increases for the employed women. In addition, during working days employed men are expected to be at risk of suicide due to the time spent on work, related activities and travel to and from work; employed women remain at risk due to the time spent on housekeeping. The duration of TV and video watching and housekeeping is a referent of suicide risk factors – loneliness and retreat from the society. It has been established that a possible shift to a four-day working week with an increase in the working hours while maintaining weekly hours leads to the suicide rate increase. Conclusion. In order to reduce the suicide rate in European countries, it is necessary to have such an organization of labour, daily routine and leisure activities, which will allow male employees to reduce their working hours to a minimum of 7.4 hours and to displace watching TV and video on the periphery of the hierarchy of occupations, primarily on weekends, as well as to eradicate "kitchen slavery" among female employees. While evaluating the possible shift to a four-day working week, it is necessary to conduct more research on the impact of the number (ratio) of working days and full days off on the suicide rate.
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Lawoko, Stephen. "Factors Associated With Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: A Study of Women in Zambia." Violence and Victims 21, no. 5 (2006): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.5.645.
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Demographic, social, and empowerment factors associated with attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) were investigated in a random sample of women (n = 5,029) aged 15–49 years in Zambia. Data was retrieved from the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002 (2003). The findings indicated demographic, social, and structural differences in attitudes toward IPV. Married/previously married and less educated women, employees in the agricultural sector, and women with a history of IPV were more likely to tolerate IPV. In addition, structurally disempowered women (i.e., women lacking access to information and autonomy in household decisions) were more likely to justify IPV than more-empowered peers. Most variables remained significant even when possible confounding was adjusted for using a logistic regression. The findings are discussed and implications for prevention as well as methodological issues considered.
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Kalimbira, Alexander A., Carolyn MacDonald, and Janis Randall Simpson. "The impact of an integrated community-based micronutrient and health programme on anaemia in non-pregnant Malawian women." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 9 (2009): 1445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991820.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of an integrated community-based micronutrient and health (MICAH) programme on anaemia (Hb < 120 g/l) among non-pregnant rural Malawian women aged 15–49 years from communities that participated in the 1996–2005 MICAH programme.DesignProspective study of two large-scale cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2000 and 2004 as part of programme evaluation in MICAH and Comparison areas.SettingRural areas across Malawi. The MICAH programme implemented a comprehensive package of interventions to reduce anaemia, based on a broad range on direct and indirect causes in Malawi. The project approaches included: Fe supplementation; dietary diversification and modification; food fortification; and strengthening primary health care.ParticipantsNon-pregnant women of childbearing age (15–49 years old, n 5422), from randomly selected households that responded to a household questionnaire, had their Hb measured from finger-prick blood samples using the HemoCue®.ResultsIn 2000, there was no significant difference in Hb concentration between MICAH and Comparison areas (mean (se): 117·4 (0·4) v. 116·8 (0·5) g/l, P > 0·05) and the corresponding prevalence of anaemia (53·5 % v. 52·9 %, P > 0·05). By 2004, Hb concentration had increased significantly in MICAH but not in Comparison areas (mean (se): 121·0 (0·4) v. 115·7 (0·6) g/l, P < 0·001), and the prevalence of anaemia had declined significantly in MICAH areas (53·5 % to 44·1 %, χ2 = 28·2, P < 0·0001) but not in Comparison areas (52·8 % to 54·0 %, χ2 = 0·3, P = 0·6).ConclusionsThe MICAH programme was an effective public health nutrition programme that was associated with significant reductions in the prevalence of anaemia among non-pregnant rural Malawian women.
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Begum, Nasrin Nahar, Md Nazrul Islam Khan, Sk Shafiqur Rahman, and Sheikh Nazrul Islam. "Women employment in agricultural sector: Effects on livelihoods." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 3 (2019): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i3.43218.
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Women in Bangladesh are involved with agriculture in planting, harvesting and post-harvest processing. Present study investigated the socio-economic, hygienic and maternal health of the women working in agricultural sector (employee) and women who are involved in other works (non-employee) in the same community to evaluate impacts of agriculture on women life style. Data was collected from Chittagong, Dinajpur and Mymensingh district using questionnaire survey. The survey results revealed that medium household size (61.9% and 57.8%), primary education (51.4% and 49.1%), married (93.6% and 91.4%) was dominant among employee and non-employee women, respectively. Average monthly household income and expenditure of the employees were Tk. 11532 and Tk. 8926, respectively while in non-employee women were Tk. 9686 and Tk. 7848, respectively. Most of the employee and non-employee women had facilities for drinking tube-well water (91.9% and 81.5%) and use polli electricity (69.9% and 68.2%) in the areas. This indicates that higher income from agriculture has a positive impact on life style of employee women. Clean house, hand washing, garbage disposal and ingredients wash before cooking constituted highest percentage of the respondents in both cases. Current study revealed that health check during pregnancy, T.T. coverage and normal delivery process was good among the employee women. Body Mass Index (BMI) results revealed that 68.2% employee women was under normal weight while 42.8% non-employee women was underweight. Besides, obesity rate was significantly higher among the non-employee women (25.4%) which is only 2.9% among the employee community. The study observed and suggesting that employee women in agriculture have better life style, more income, hygiene practice, good maternal health and better nutritional status than the non-employee women in the same community.
J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 375–379, 2019
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Lucchini, Mario, and Egidio Riva. "The Effect of the Work-Life Interface on Insomnia: A Longitudinal Analysis of Male and Female Employees in Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Sociology 46, no. 3 (2020): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2020-0021.
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AbstractThis study draws on the Swiss Household Panel and employs specific panel data methods to investigate whether work-life conflict – decomposed into time-, and strain-based conflicts – and lack of recovery during off-job time (i. e. psychological detachment from work) cause insomnia. The findings indicate that, when adequately accounting for individual hetero geneity and the relative importance of multiple causal factors, recovery and recuperation processes appear crucial to the experience of insomnia, while the significance of perceived work-life conflict recede, for both men and women.
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Militaru, Eva, Madalina Ecaterina Popescu, Amalia Cristescu, and Maria Denisa Vasilescu. "Assessing Minimum Wage Policy Implications upon Income Inequalities. The Case of Romania." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (2019): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092542.
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Starting from the consideration that excessive income inequalities could hamper sustainable growth, our paper aims to evaluate the impact of the minimum wage policy upon wage and income distributions. Using the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database with national representative sample of households, an income distribution analysis was conducted for the case of Romania based on two microsimulation approaches. The first one assumed building a counterfactual income distribution under the hypothesis of no change in minimum wage, while the second one implied a decomposition of the Gini coefficient of income inequalities based on main income determinants, including the minimum wage level and the share of minimum wage earners in the total number of employees. Both approaches pointed to similar findings, indicating a positive effect of the minimum wage on wage inequalities reduction for both genders, although higher for women, as they are more present among lower paid employees. The minimum wage policy can reshape the wage distribution, by enlarging the share of minimum income earners and narrowing the middle. Moreover, the household disposable income becomes less unequal when minimum wage increases, meaning that the income gain spreads over the entire household as most minimum wage earners come from poor households with numerous children.
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Williams, Anne M., Sherry A. Tanumihardjo, Elizabeth C. Rhodes, et al. "Vitamin A deficiency has declined in Malawi, but with evidence of elevated vitamin A in children." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 113, no. 4 (2021): 854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab004.
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ABSTRACT Background Reduction of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in Malawi coincided with introduction of vitamin A-fortified staple foods, alongside continued biannual high-dose vitamin A supplementation (VAS). Objective We describe coverage of vitamin A interventions and vitamin A status in the 2015–2016 Malawi Micronutrient Survey. Methods Food samples and biospecimens were collected within a representative household survey across 105 clusters. Retinol was measured using ultraviolet excitation fluorescence (sugar) and photometric determination (oil). Preschool children (PSC, aged 6–59 mo, n = 1102), school-age children (SAC, aged 5–14 y, n = 758), nonpregnant women (n = 752), and men (n = 219) were initially assessed for vitamin A status using retinol binding protein (RBP) and modified relative dose response (MRDR). Randomly selected fasted MRDR participants (n = 247) and nonfasted women and children (n = 293) were later assessed for serum retinol, retinyl esters, and carotenoids. Analyses accounted for complex survey design. Results We tested sugar and oil samples from 71.8% and 70.5% of the households (n = 2,112), respectively. All of the oil samples and all but one of the sugar samples had detectable vitamin A. National mean retinol sugar and oil contents were 6.1 ± 0.7 mg/kg and 6.6 ± 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. Receipt of VAS in the previous 6 mo was reported by 68.0% of PSC. VAD prevalence (RBP equivalent to <0.7µmol retinol/L) was 3.6% in PSC, and <1% in other groups. One woman and no children had MRDR ≥0.060 indicating VAD. Among fasted PSC and SAC, 18.0% (95% CI: 6.4, 29.6) and 18.8% (7.2, 30.5) had >5% of total serum vitamin A as retinyl esters, and 1.7% (0.0, 4.1) and 4.9% (0.0, 10.2) had >10% of total serum vitamin A as retinyl esters. Serum carotenoids indicated recent intake of vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables. Conclusions Near elimination of VAD in Malawi is a public health success story, but elevated levels of vitamin A among children suggests that vitamin A interventions may need modification.
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Mulenga, Haswel, AM Mwangwela, J. Kampanje-Phiri, and B. Mtimuni. "Influence of gendered roles on legume utilization and improved child dietary intake in Malawi." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 03 (2021): 17764–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.98.18205.
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The relationship between gender roles, legume production, utilization and child feeding practices in rural smallholder households of Dedza and Ntcheu districts in Malawi was investigated and analyzed. A cross-sectional research study was conducted with legume farming households with children aged 6-23 months who were part of the Africa RISING ‘mother trial’ or ‘baby trials’ for two farming seasons (2014/2015 to 2015/2016). Africa RISING project encourages smallholder farmers to grow legumes namely,groundnut (Arachis hypogaea),cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)and soya bean (Glycin max) as one way of improving the wellbeing of smallholder farmers. The key objective of the research was to assess the influence of gender roles,legume production, utilization and infant and young child dietary intake.In total, 291 households with children 6-23 months were targeted. Eight focus group discussions (FDGs) for in-depth qualitative data were conducted. Two 24-hour dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires were used to collect data on infant and young child feeding (IYCF)practices. Data collected were extracted, arranged, recorded and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. About 18% of children aged 6-23 months received a minimum dietary diversity(the consumption of four or more food groups from the seven food groups), 2.5% received a minimum acceptable diet(indicator measures both the minimum feeding frequency and minimum dietary diversity, as appropriate for various age groups)and 37.5% of children received a minimum meal frequency(frequency of receiving solid, semi-solid, or soft foods at the minimum numbers of two and three times for children aged 6–8 months, and 9–23 months,respectively). Control on use of income by women had a positive and significant association with minimum dietary diversity (P<0.05), minimum meal frequency (P<0.05) and minimum acceptable diets (P<0.05) among children of both sexes. Children aged 6-23 months from households where women were actively involved in partial processing and budgeting of legumes met minimum dietary diversity than children from non-participating households. Women farmers were more knowledgeable about legumes; played an important role in seed selection, storage and processing; however, the findings signal an opportunity to increase women’s income by involving them in market information. Increasing legume production at household level does not mean increasing the nutritional status among children (6-23 months). Several factors related to gender roles, markets accessibility and legume utilization have an effect on infantand young child feeding practices.
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Triwardhani, Ike Junita, and Wulan Tri Gartanti. "Supportive Communication In Developing Housewife’s Entrepreneurial Of Home-Based Industry." MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 34, no. 1 (2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v34i1.3107.
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The role of women in the family is very important. In addition of taking care their household, women are also able to perform variety of other jobs, such as supporting the household economy by opening a home-based business. The effort to increase a home-based business’ success can be supported by the ability to build relationships with others. Supportive communication is a communication style at interpersonal communication level when someone wants to build a relationship. This study is based on framework of ethnography of communication and housewife’s entrepreneurial. Research method used is qualitative method with ethnographic communication approach. The subject of this research is housewife entrepreneurs of home-based industry. As home-based industry entrepreneurs, they always try to build relationships with employees, consumers, or suppliers as partners. Building and maintaining relationships to develop the business require good communication skills. Supportiveness becomes a key requirement of communication to develop the relationship. The supports are given by delivering a good motivation for self and business partner, developing creativity according to the typical of each relationship, and also improving communication skills in marketing the products.
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Semlali, Salma, and Abderrahman Hassi. "Work–life balance: how can we help women IT professionals in Morocco?" Journal of Global Responsibility 7, no. 2 (2016): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-07-2016-0017.
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Purpose The present study aims to understand how Moroccan women working in information technology (IT) perceive the roles they fulfill in both their private and professional lives and assess their Work–life balance (WLB). Design/methodology/approach Existing research about WLB in Morocco focuses mainly on the public sector. As the present study is the first of its kind to deal with the private sector and more specifically IT, it is exploratory in nature while adopting a qualitative methodology. Twenty Moroccan women working in IT companies in the city of Casablanca were interviewed. Collected data were analyzed using a content analysis approach. Findings It emerged from the data analysis that adhering to the cultural assumption of being the pillar of the household and to the culture of respondents’ organizations seems to be a key factor in employee WLB. Three main recommendations stemmed from the current research, namely, increased maternity leave duration, workplace nurseries and telework, may help IT female employees improve their WLB and well-being. Research limitations/implications First, the study participants were selected by one individual, which may create a “sampling bias”, where one specific profile of IT specialist could be selected. Second, only IT workers took part in the study and no IT employers were interviewed, which may yield having only “one side of the story”. Practical implications The results that emerged from the current study, particularly the three main recommendations made by the 20 interviewees (increase of maternity leave duration, workplace nurseries and telework) may be used by different IT companies in the hopes of improving female employees’ WLB and well-being. Overall, employers ought to put in place measures and accommodate employees to help them reconcile their work and personal life commitments. Social implications It has been documented that lack of WLB can result in increased stress, deleterious effects on psychological and physical well-being and increased family and marital tensions (Burchell et al., 2001; Lewis and Cooper, 1999; Scase and Scales, 1998). Therefore, various stakeholders, in addition to employers, such as the government and IT employees’ families should work collaboratively to implement meaningful WLB arrangements and, in turn, prevent the negative effects of work–life imbalance through, among others, government policy interventions. Originality/value The present study is the first of its kind that looked into the perception of WLB among Moroccan women operating in the IT industry. It offers valuable insights about how to assist female Moroccan IT workers to reconcile their work and personal life commitments.
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Kumagai, Narimasa. "Valuation of health losses of women with multiple roles using a well-being valuation approach: Evidence from Japan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251468.
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Unpaid housework among married working couples is largely done by women in Japan, causing health losses due to work-to-family conflict. However, monetary values for the poor health condition of working mothers with multiple roles have not been explored. The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of health conditions on life satisfaction (LS) among middle-aged Japanese men and women and attach a monetary value to self-assessed poor health (SAPH). The well-being valuation approach applied monetary values to health losses among middle-aged working persons, using a total of 6,779 married workers drawn from a nationwide 6 wave (2007, 2009, 2011–2014) longitudinal data from the Japanese Life Course Panel Survey of Middle-aged Persons. Female workers having multiple roles as employees and housewives, who spent at least 35 hours per week on market work are defined as women with multiple roles. LS was used as a proxy of individuals’ subjective well-being. Considering the endogeneity between SAPH and LS, I used the two-stage residual inclusion approach with generalized residuals. Major findings are (1) health losses of women with multiple roles were 1.47 times of the equivalent household income; larger than those of men with multiple roles, and (2) health losses of women with multiple roles can be reduced by around 9.5% of the equivalent household income if the spouse shares the housework by engaging in frequent cleaning of the house. Taking health losses of women with multiple roles into consideration, middle-aged men should reconsider the allocation of work attributable to the attitudes toward gender roles.
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Salmela, Jatta, Tea Lallukka, Elina Mauramo, Ossi Rahkonen, and Noora Kanerva. "Body Mass Index Trajectory–Specific Changes in Economic Circumstances: A Person-Oriented Approach Among Midlife and Ageing Finns." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (2020): 3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103668.
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Economic disadvantage is related to a higher risk of adulthood obesity, but few studies have considered whether changes in economic circumstances depend on a person’s body mass index (BMI) trajectory. We identified latent BMI trajectories among midlife and ageing Finns and captured individual-level changes in economic circumstances within the BMI trajectories utilizing sequence analysis. We used the Helsinki Health Study cohort data of initially 40–60-year-old Finnish municipal employees, with four survey questionnaire phases (2000–2017). Each survey included identical questions on height and weight, and on economic circumstances incorporating household income and current economic difficulties. Based on computed BMI, we identified participants’ (n = 7105; 82% women) BMI trajectories over the follow-up using group-based trajectory modeling. Four BMI trajectories were identified: stable healthy weight (34% of the participants), stable overweight (42%), overweight to class I obesity (20%), and stable class II obesity (5%). Lower household income level and having economic difficulties became more common and persistent when moving from lower- to higher-level BMI trajectories. Differences in household income widened over the follow-up between the trajectory groups, whereas economic difficulties decreased equally in all trajectory groups over time. Our study provides novel information on the dynamic interplay between long-term BMI changes and economic circumstances.
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Suryawan, I. Made Yuda, Ni Luh Tut Tri Ratnawati, and Jonathan Jacob Paul Latupeirissa. "Conflict Analysis of Balinese Women on Equality in Work, Family and Social Life." Journal of Humanities, Social Science, Public Administration and Management (HUSOCPUMENT) 1, no. 1 (2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51715/husocpument.v1i1.5.
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Currently, women play an active role in operational implementation. Therefore, women are also required to spend most of their time working. Of course this will create a dual role conflict for women as a housewife and also as a person who works. Apart from that, social life also has its own demands in daily life. This research was conducted at the Secretariat Office of the Traditional Village of Legian. This office is located at Jl. Legian No. 447, Kuta District, Badung Regency, Bali Province. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method with case studies. The informants in this study were the Head of the Traditional Village of Legian, the Head of Governmental Affairs for the Traditional Village of Legian and 8 Balinese women workers who were married and had children. Data analysis conducted in this study was to analyze the results of observations, interviews, and documentation obtained from the study. The results showed several things that could lead to multiple role conflicts experienced by female employees, including the lack of or even no time for family which ultimately resulted in neglect of household chores, neglect of children and even husbands; the absence of time to socialize which results in women not socializing with neighbours and can make relations with neighbours not harmonious; the use of holidays for work so that when the holidays that should be used and spent with the family are instead used for work which makes all preparations for the holidays not optimal; problems in work that often carry over to the house; problems in the family, and complaints from family members regarding the work undertaken by female employees and the absence of support from the closest people, either husband, parents-in-law or parents.
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Stolarska, Alicja. "NON-AGRICULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF RURAL WOMEN AS A FACTOR ELIMINATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES AND INFLUENCING RURAL AREA DEVELOPMENT." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (2019): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5658.
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On the basis of unpublished data from GUS (Central Statistical Office), in the years 2014-2016, as well as a review of literature, an analysis of the socio-economic situation of rural women, who make a living by running own non-agricultural businesses, was conducted. Income stemming from various sources of earnings was compared with reference to the situation on the labour market. Rural women were characterized on the basis of various types of self-employment undertaken, underlining the major role of such forms of labour in levelling out opportunities and the development of rural areas. Their average age was 45 and the number of people in the family 3.8. Only 2.4% of female entrepreneurs were from single-person households. Types of non-agricultural entrepreneurship were presented, where trade prevailed and 25.9% of entrepreneurs also employed other employees. By applying the coefficient of variation, many differences in the household income of female entrepreneurs were noted.
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Anglewicz, Philip, Mark VanLandingham, Lucinda Manda-Taylor, and Hans-Peter Kohler. "Cohort profile: internal migration in sub-Saharan Africa—The Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) study." BMJ Open 7, no. 5 (2017): e014799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014799.
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PurposeThe Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) study focuses on a key challenge in migration research: although it has long been established that migration and health are closely linked, identifying the effect of migration on various health outcomes is complicated by methodological challenges. The MHM study uses a longitudinal panel premigration and postmigration study design (with a non-migrant comparison group) to measure and/or control for important characteristics that affect both migration and health outcomes.ParticipantsData are available for two waves. The MHM interviewed 398 of 715 migrants in 2007 (55.7%) and 722 of 1013 in 2013 (71.3%); as well as 604 of 751 (80.4%) for a non-migrant reference group in 2013. The total interviewed sample size for the MHM in both waves is 1809. These data include extensive information on lifetime migration, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, marriage, household/family structure, social networks and social capital, HIV/AIDS biomarkers and other dimensions of health.Findings to dateOur result for the relationship between migration and health differs by health measure and analytic approach. Migrants in Malawi have a significantly higher HIV prevalence than non-migrants, which is primarily due to the selection of HIV-positive individuals into migration. We find evidence for health selection; physically healthier men and women are more likely to move, partly because migration selects younger individuals. However, we do not find differences in physical or mental health between migrants and non-migrants after moving.Future plansWe are preparing a third round of data collection for these (and any new) migrants, which will take place in 2018. This cohort will be used to examine the effect of migration on various health measures and behaviours, including general mental and physical health, smoking and alcohol use, access to and use of health services and use of antiretroviral therapy.
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Gudeta, Konjit Hailu, and Marloes L. van Engen. "Work-life boundary management styles of women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia – “choice” or imposition?" Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 25, no. 3 (2018): 368–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-02-2017-0073.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the work-life boundary management experiences and challenges women entrepreneurs face in combining their work-life responsibilities. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia using a grounded theory approach to investigate how they manage the boundaries between their work-life roles, the challenges they face and how these challenges affect their boundary management experiences. Findings Integration, as a work-life boundary management strategy, is imposed on women as a result of normative expectations on women to shoulder care and household responsibilities, as well as to fulfil societal roles and obligations. In addition, challenges related to managing employees at home and at work frequently require women to combine work and life roles, forcing them to integrate even more. Practical implications The findings of this study underline the need to recognise the work-life interface challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and to develop programmes and hands-on training to help them adopt work-life boundary management tactics. In addition, it is hoped that the findings will inform policies and women entrepreneurship development programmes designed by the government, development partners and other stakeholders. Originality/value This paper contributes to the work-family literature by highlighting the contextual and environmental factors imposing work-family boundary management styles on women entrepreneurs in the Sub-Saharan country of Ethiopia.
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Wang, Yingqi, and Tao Liu. "The “Silent Reserves” of the Patriarchal Chinese Welfare System: Women as “Hidden” Contributors to Chinese Social Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (2020): 5267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155267.
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Scholars of social inequality in China have commonly concentrated on strata-related social welfare systems that divide the population into urban and rural dwellers, and additionally, into different welfare classes such as civil servants, employees, and migrant workers. Following Esping-Andersen, Siaroff, Sainsbury, and others, this paper brings the perspective of “gendering welfare” into the study of Chinese social policy. Focusing upon two major social policy branches in China—the old age pension insurance system and care services within the household—it discusses the role of Chinese women in these two fields. Through a gender-sensitive analysis, this paper elaborates the social phenomenon of “silent reserves” (namely, women) within the Chinese welfare regime. While women assume a crucial role in intrafamily care services, constituting the chief contributors of long-term care and childcare, their care contributions at home are not recognized as “social achievements” and are not monetarily compensated by the patriarchal Chinese welfare state. In addition, this paper argues that women are systematically disadvantaged by pension insurance arrangements. Furthermore, the individualization of care services in the intrafamily context weakens the pension entitlements of women, since their unpaid care constrains their ability to maintain full-time jobs in the labor market.
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Lee, Jihye, Yeonpyo Hong, and Weonyoung Lee. "Prevalence of Insomnia in Various Industries and Associated Demographic Factors in Night-Shift Workers Using Workers’ Specific Health Examination Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (2021): 6902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136902.
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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of insomnia in various industries and the associated demographic factors. We searched the nationwide night-shift Workers’ Specific Health Examination (nsWSHE) data extracted in 2015 information on factors associated with insomnia, including sex, age, and the number of workers in the workplace. The prevalence of moderate insomnia in the total industry was 4.6%. Industries with a high prevalence of insomnia included the arts, sports, and recreation-related services industry, followed by the activities of household as employers industry, financial and insurance activities industry, human health and social welfare industry, and accommodation and food services activities industry. The prevalence of insomnia was higher in women. Age was a significant factor. In general, insomnia was highest among those aged ≥60 years. Insomnia was highest in small-sized companies with fewer than five employees compared to large enterprises with more than 1000 employees. This study is the first to analyze the prevalence of insomnia among night-shift workers who participated in the WSHEs. The findings of this study can be used to prioritize intervention policies for insomnia among night-shift workers.
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Phiri, Mackwellings Maganizo, Effie Makepeace, Margaret Nyali, et al. "Improving pathways to care through interventions cocreated with communities: a qualitative investigation of men’s barriers to tuberculosis care-seeking in an informal settlement in Blantyre, Malawi." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (2021): e044944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044944.
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IntroductionMen have a higher prevalence of undiagnosed tuberculosis (TB) than women and can spend up to a year longer contributing to ongoing transmission in the community before receiving treatment. Health outcomes are often worse for patients with TB living in informal settlements especially men. This study aimed to understand the barriers preventing men from seeking care for TB and cocreate interventions to address these barriers.MethodsWe used qualitative research methods including in-depth interviews and participatory workshops. Researchers worked with women and men living in Bangwe, an informal settlement in Blantyre, Malawi to develop interventions that reflected their lived realities. The study took place over two phases, in the first phase we undertook interviews with men and women to explore barrier to care seeking, in the second phase we used participatory workshops to cocreate interventions to address barriers and followed up on issues emerging from the workshops with further interviews. In total, 30 interviews were conducted, and 23 participants joined participatory workshops. The team used a thematic analysis to analyse the data.ResultsThree interconnected thematic areas shaped men’s health TB seeking behaviour: precarious socioeconomic conditions; gendered social norms; and constraints in the health system. Insecurity of day labour with no provision for sick leave; pressure to provide for the household and a gendered desire not to appear weak and a severely under-resourced health system all contributed to men delaying care in this context. Identified interventions included improved patient–provider relations within the health-system, improved workers’ health rights and broader social support for households.ConclusionImproving mens’ pathways to care requires interventions that consider contextual issues by addressing individual level socioeconomic factors but also broader structural factors of gendered social dynamics and health systems environment.
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Katengeza, Samson P., Julius Juma Okello, and Noel Jambo. "Use of Mobile Phone Technology in Agricultural Marketing." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 2, no. 2 (2011): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2011070102.
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The mobile phone technology is an important tool to enhance farmers’ access to better paying agricultural markets. The study reports the results of a household study in Mwanza, Dedza and Mzimba Districts of Malawi. The study assesses drivers of adoption of mobile phone technology for agricultural marketing by smallholder farmers. The study used regression techniques to identify drivers and extent of mobile phone use. Results show that use is positively affected by literacy, distance to local market, land size, current value of assets, crop income, and region variations but negatively influenced by access to electricity. Intensity of use is conditioned by gender, participation in agricultural projects, ownership of a mobile phone, current asset value, distance to nearest public phone services, and region variations. Asset endowment plays a critical role in enhancing adoption of mobile phone technology. Gender disparities significantly affect adoption as most women have limited access to assets. The study suggests the need to improve farmers’ access to mobile phones for agricultural marketing. It recommends that government, in collaboration with mobile network operators, should reduce calling tariffs to enhance use, gender disparities in accessing assets should be minimised, and investment in supporting infrastructure must be enhanced.