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Journal articles on the topic 'Women in cooperative societies'
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A, Oyebamiji B., Adetarami O, Dada O. E, Oyetade O. P, Ijeh M. O, and Sodiya C. I. "ASSESSMENT OF RURAL WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN COOPERATIVE SOCIETY IN AKINYELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA." FUOYE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN ECOLOGY 4, no. 2 (April 21, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.62923/fuojahe.v4i2.134.
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This study assessed rural women participation in cooperative societies, in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from ninety-six (96) respondents using a multi stage sampling procedure. Data were described using frequency counts, percentage, mean, and analyzed using t-test. Results showed that mean age of the co-operators and non- co-operators were 38 and 36 years respectively, while the mean incomes were N308,060 and N83,630 respectively. Participation in cooperative societies increased household food securities, incomes and interpersonal relationship. There was no significant difference (p≤0.05, t = 0.750) in the role of cooperative societies on cooperators and non-cooperators in the study area. The study concluded that participation of rural women in cooperative societies has a positive contribution to the participant’s household, therefore, rural women should be encouraged to join cooperative societies for their households to enjoy the benefits of cooperative society’s incentives.
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Ezemba Nwamalubia Esther, Anigbogu, and Theresa Ukamaka. "Influence of micro business on the economic empowerment of women cooperative societies in anambra state, nigeria." Journal of Management and Science 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.12.53.
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The study examined micro business and economic empowerment of members of women cooperative societies in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the need to determine the influence of micro business on economic empowerment among members of women cooperative societies in Anambra State. The specific objectives are to: identify the socio economic characteristics of the respondents, ascertain the effect of non-registration status of micro business on economic empowerment of members of women cooperative societies in Anambra State, examine the influence of operating capital on economic empowerment of members of women cooperative societies in Anambra State and determine the effect of level of profit on economic empowerment of members of women cooperative societies in Anambra State. The area of study is Anambra State where 391 members of women cooperatives were selected from the population of 725 registered women cooperatives in the study area. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. The study employed regression technique, frequency,and percentage in analyzing the data obtained. The study found out that there is a strong relationship between micro business and economic empowerment at value of (0.970) it also found that business registration status affects the increasing income of members business, it also revealed that operating capital and level of profit on economic empowerment ensures economic contribution, self-confidence, and accountability. The study concluded that micro business has a significant influence on economic empowerment among members of women cooperative societies in Anambra state, Nigeria. The study recommends that women operating micro-businesses need to register their businesses. This is because when registered they stand the chance of accessing funds for expansion from government and donor agencies. Members of women cooperative societies should be financially disciplined and keep proper record which is paramount for operating micro-businesses. Level of profit is found to have a positive and significant effect on the economic empowerment of members of women cooperative societies. Women business owners are urged to be accountable in their businesses by preparing trading account which will enable them track and grow their level of profit among others.
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SATI, REBECCA, IDOMA KIM, and NNAJI COMFORT. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF COORPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, GOMBE STATE NIGERIA." BIMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2536-6041) 6, no. 01 (April 30, 2022): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56892/bimajst.v6i01.319.
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This study assessed the impact of cooperative societies on women empowerment in Gombemetropolis, Gombe Sate Nigeria. The study examined the socio-economic characteristics ofwomen cooperatives in Gombe metropolis, identifies the sources of income of the cooperativesocieties, assessed the impact of cooperative societies on women empowerment and investigatedthe challenges faced by the cooperative societies. Data was gathered from systematically selectedwomen based on Taro Yamene formula with error margin of 0.01 (10%) out of the 19 registeredand functional cooperatives in Gombe metropolis. Descriptive statistics were employed inanalyzing the data which found that the predominant sources of income of the cooperativesocieties was membership contributions (30%), 53% of the respondents said that they benefittedfrom the dividends shared by the cooperatives, which some used in acquiring landed propertiesand payment of children’s school fees (30% and 27%) respectively. Relationship between thesocio-economic characteristics of the cooperators as independent variables and participation incooperatives as dependent variable was tested using chi-square, the result shows that out ofseven independent variables, six were statistically significant. The study concluded that womencooperators have been moderately empowered economically to meet up with basic needs of thefamily. Therefore, the government and development organizations should enhance theeffectiveness of cooperative societies through sustained awareness campaign and financialsupport for sustainable development.Keywords: Assessment, Cooperative, Empowerment, societies, Women
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Ezeokafor, Uche Rose, Francis Obiorah Nwankwo, and Onyekachi Chibueze Onuoha. "Socio-economic activities of cooperative societies and women empowerment in Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Global Economics and Business 2, no. 6 (July 1, 2021): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgeb.v2i6.61.
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The society has created a widening transgenerational disparity in the socio-economic development of the genders in many developing countries including Nigeria. The relevance of cooperatives in bridging this wide difference in mainstreaming gender in economic and social activities as a model for other groups, businesses and organisations have been scarcely explored. The thrust of the study therefore, was to examine the effect of social and economic activities of cooperative Societies on women empowerment. The study adopted a cross sectional survey, a non-experimental, descriptive research method generating primary data from 118 cooperative members from Anambra state. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution and mean scores were used to present data obtained in order to achieve the study objectives. In order to test hypotheses and/or to ascertain the effect of social and economic activities of women cooperatives on empowerment two regression models was estimated. The findings reveal that the identified social and economic activities of women cooperative societies in Anambra state have significant influence on women empowerment. Based on the findings, the recommendations made include that concerted efforts should be made in raising awareness among rural women in the area on the benefits of cooperative societies and Cooperative societies should enhance their economic and social functions to enable the women benefit maximally and thereby elevating the status, social profile and dignity in their communities.
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Chandrashekara, Y. P. "Co-Operative societies and women empowerment in rural provinces." Geo Eye 8, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ge.v8i1.9.
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Empowerment of women is a new ideology for carrying democratic values into the family and society. Empowerment of women means equal status to women. Women and children, equal ownership of productive resources, increase participation in economic and commercial sections, awareness of their rights and responsibilities. Rural women suffer the curse of being both socially and economically ‘invisible’. The civil society organizations work towards making them visible in these areas. Among these organizations, one with an open membership and democratic control, i.e., a cooperative organization will be more effective than other organizations working for the promotion of social and economic development. A dairy cooperative is one such civil society organization which aims at improving the rural people. Dairying has been an agriculture allied sector and indoor economic activity for women living in rural areas. It gives mass employment and thereby helps to promote economic development of the rural masses. Rural landless, small and marginal agricultural farmers and women are involved in the process of milk production. Dairy cooperatives, as workers level socio-economic organizations, have been working for the strengthening of the rural masses. In this context, the present study aims at examining the Social Change and Economic Development of Rural Women through Dairy Cooperatives. The purpose of the study specifies that the socio- and economic background, awareness of dairy cooperatives and participation of rural women members in dairy cooperatives have helped them achieve social change and economic development. Keywords: Women empowerment; Dairy cooperatives; employment and development
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Choudhary, Guneeta. "An Overview of Women Participation in Cooperative Movement- A Case Study of Women Dairy Cooperative Societies of Punjab." International Journal of Governance & Development 02, no. 02 (2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55478/ijgd.2022.2203.
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The present study is conducted to have an overview of women participation in cooperative movement through Women Dairy Cooperative Societies (WDCS) in Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Ludhiana districts of Punjab. For the study, response of 120 women WDCS members (40 members from each district) was taken and analysed. Data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire comprising of different type of questions regarding their participation and level of involvement in the societies. The result of the study reveals that women societies constitute only 19.67% of total societies in the three district and 21.57% at state federation level. Only 0.83% members had ever attended any training programme whereas 11.67% are unaware about it. The result shows that only 22.5% members attended the meetings held at the society level. It has been reported in the current study that members of Hoshiarpur district have no medicine and veterinary services provided by the union. In case of women socio-economic empowerment through decision making or control of finances at household level, the scenario is challenging. Only 33.3% have their personal bank accounts and 37.5% have freedom in expenditure. The results of the research suggest that though progressive steps are taken by the Milkfed, yet for optimum participation of women in cooperatives require more serious efforts through productive meetings and training programmes.
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Dr. Shalini Aggarwal, Rosy Singh,. "Studying Work life balance of rural and urban women working in cooperative society in Punjab." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4842–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1645.
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Purpose –the purpose of the study is to explore the factors affecting work life balance and affective commitment. Further, the study examines whether significant difference occur between the Satisfaction with life scale, family satisfaction, perceived organisational support and affective commitment of rural and urban women working in cooperative societies in Punjab. Social exchange theory is used to support the hypothesised relationships. Design/methodology/approach – The study was done on 410 rural and urban women working in cooperative societies in Punjab. Factor analysis, Regression, t test and Correlation has been used to test the hypotheses. Findings – The study explored 4 factors in totally. 5 statements are related to first factor as “subjective well being”, 7 statements are related to factor 2 as “household factors”, 8 factors are associated with factor 3 as “Perceived organisational support” and 6 statements are associated with factor 4 as “affective commitment”. The study found significant difference between the satisfaction with life scale and household factors of rural and urban women working in cooperatives societies in Punjab (H1). Whereas, no significant difference was found in the Perceived organisational support and affective commitment of rural and urban women working in cooperatives societies in Punjab. Practical implications –With the advent of technological development urban women in Punjab working in cooperative societies have discovered their potential and skills for chipping into the society and nation. They have support from their family that help them to realise their inner strength by leveraging the power of aggregation. They have access to formal sources of finance and credit with the necessary capacity building inputs. To achieve the state of work life balance and affective commitment, it is required that cooperative societies should make employee friendly policies. In contrast, rural women are still prone to shocks of intolerant customs. They keep working like thrall in their own homes, chattels to customary living. Continuously, working at home and at work (cooperative societies) make them over burdened. It impacted their health and creates mental pressure. There is a need for the society to make changes in their thought process. Family should come forward to help these women and support them so that they can work with full zeal and enthusiasm and can help in development of sustainable nation (Beauregard and Henry, 2009).
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Oluwatoyin Kayode, Ajoke, Sijuwade Adebukola Adebayo, Adeseye Oluwasikemi Awoyemi, and Mayowa Orimoloye. "Factores que influyen en la participación de mujeres agricultoras en las cooperativas agrícolas del estado de Ondo, Nigeria." Perspectivas Rurales Nueva Época 22, no. 43 (June 27, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/prne.22-43.7.
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Cooperative societies provide channels for sharing of input where women farmers can pool their limited resources together to maximize agricultural output and food security in rural areas. This study, therefore, analyzed factors influencing women farmers participation in agricultural cooperatives in Ondo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the research were to describe socio-economic characteristics of women farmer’s participation in agricultural cooperative societies, determine the level of participation of women farmers in agricultural cooperatives and examine factors that motivate participation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Likert type scale, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The results revealed that women farmers in the study area were average aged (42.9 years) and mostly possessed tertiary education (38.3%), mean annual income (₦777,846) with farm size (0.8 hectares). The level of participation in agricultural cooperative is high (60.4%). Accessibility to loan (M. S= 3.50), getting information (M. S= 3.42) and input facility (M. S= 3.40) were top most factors that influenced participation in cooperatives among the women. At P< 0.05, Age, marital status and income realized per annum were positively significant to the level of participation in cooperatives. The study recommends the timely provision of loan to enable women farmers expand the scope of their farming activities, increased access to training programs for women farmer leaders in cooperatives as well as extension education should also be intensified.
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Joshua, F. Y. and Bashir, M. F. "ASSESSMENT OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE IN ZARIA AND ENVIRON, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v3i1.106.
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The study assessed women participation in agricultural cooperative society in Zaria environment of Kaduna State Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of women participating in agricultural cooperative society; identify the business activities that women engage in as co-operative members; evaluate the annual income of members of the cooperative society and identify the challenges faced by women as members of the cooperative. A survey research design was adopted and four (4) women agricultural cooperatives societies were purposively selected. In each of the cooperative societies, 25 members were randomly selected given a total of 100 respondents and the data was collected using structured questionnaire. Out of the 100 questionnaires distributed to respondents only 95 were retrieved and used for data analysis. Simple descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (Chi-Square) were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that 41.05% of women in agricultural cooperative were within the age of 26-35 years and 71.58% were married with 36.84% having a family size of 10 and above. On the type of business activities, majority (93.68%) indicated that they were engaged in crop production. The result on the annual income of members showed a significant difference before and after joining the cooperative. Yet, insufficient capital, poor market and low level of education were identified as the major challenges faced by members of the cooperatives. The study recommended that the Government and non-governmental organization should partner with women agricultural cooperative society to improve their capital base, cooperative members should organized adult education programme, seminar or workshop to improve the members’ education and entrepreneurial skills.
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O I, Ettah, Uwah E D, Agbachom E E, Igiri J A, and Ettah. "Cooperative Membership By Rural Women Farmers In Cross River State, Nigeria." Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 23, no. 1 (July 6, 2024): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v23i1.8.
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The study examined cooperative membership by rural women farmers and agricultural production in Cross River State, Nigeria with the following specific objectives: analyze the socio-economic characteristics of rural women in the area, describe the determinants of participation by rural women farmers in cooperative societies in the area and describe the factors affecting rural women farmers participation in cooperative societies in the area. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 180 respondents. Descriptive statistics and Logistic regression were employed to analyze the data of the study. Result of analysis showed that forty percent (40%) of the respondents aware of the existence of such society and literacy level (24.4%) respectively as major determinants of level of participation in cooperative society. Others like societal norm, farm business activities, membership formalities also determined participation in cooperative societies by rural women farmers in the area. Furthermore, result of the Logistic regression indicated that household size (1.5643), education (2.1777), access to cooperative society (1.5643), income of rural women farmers (1.4161) and business size (1.5460) where all positively signed and significant at different levels of significance. Eighty six percent of the variation in level of participation in cooperative society was explained by the explanatory variables in the model.Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made: extension services by government should be encouraged, rural women farmers should be accorded more education and training to create awareness for participation in cooperative societies, government should intervene in some obnoxious societal norms limiting rural women farmers socialization.
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Sarker, Dr Manish, and Kowshik Datta. "The Role of Women Dairy Cooperative Society in the Socio- Economic Empowerment of Women Members: A Study of Nadia District of West Bengal in India." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. VIII (2023): 926–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7869.
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The purpose of India’s diary development projects is to empower rural women. Rural women in West Bengal are empowered by cooperatives that produce women’s milk at the village level. A case study of particular women’s milk producers’ society was done in the West Bengal district of Nadia by the Modhumoti women milk producers’ co-operative society, which is a member of the West Bengal Milk Union (WBMUL). The socioeconomic standing of the women members greatly improved when they joined the women milk producers’ cooperative association. A three-tier structure of dairy cooperative groups, including producers’ societies at the village level, unions at the district level, and federations at the state level, was discovered by the study in West Bengal. The study discovered that there are two sectors in the milk marketing system: organized and unorganized. The authors conclude by identifying the employment at one’s own home, an increase in family income, a rise in social status, and economic independence as the three most significant drivers of these women’s decision to join cooperative societies as seen in the study area.
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T.D., Adegoke, and Agbasi O.E. "Impact of Agricultural Cooperative in Promoting Food Security in Kwara State, Nigeria." British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies 5, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmms-tdn3f9zr.
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The state of food insecurity in this country is quite alarming despite the various steps taken by the federal government to prevent it. It is one of the major reasons why we are still finding it hard to project this country as one of the leading economies in Africa. This research paper aims at explaining the impact of agricultural cooperative societies in promoting food security in Kwara State, Nigeria. It acquires its results from the data collated from farmers in the vicinity who are members of the cooperative societies and those who are not. The research study was carried out in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State. Data for this study was derived from a survey of 100 farmers in the local government area. Food insecurity, a major problem of the 21st century, is being battled in almost every part of the world. Nigeria as a country is not left out in the action of this primary factor of economic setback. Both governmental and non-governmental organizations are taking various measures to put a stop to this challenge. This paper is looking into the significance and impacts of the agricultural cooperative societies—both governmental and non-governmental ones—on the enhancement and promotion of food security. It identifies and praises the effectiveness of the societies on the challenges faced by farmers even though cumbered with some setbacks. The result indicates that the majority of the farmers (60% of the respondents) belong to one of the agricultural cooperatives which has in turn boosted their productivity. Also, the result indicated that men are more engaged in farming of one crop or the other in the area under study more than women i.e., 83% male participants compared to women with 17% participants. The study therefore recommended that the government should assist the agricultural cooperatives at all levels in order to improve their productivity and this will in turn reduce the problem of food security in the country.
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Romano, Angelo, Daniel Balliet, Toshio Yamagishi, and James H. Liu. "Parochial trust and cooperation across 17 societies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 48 (November 13, 2017): 12702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712921114.
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International challenges such as climate change, poverty, and intergroup conflict require countries to cooperate to solve these complex problems. However, the political tide in many countries has shifted inward, with skepticism and reluctance to cooperate with other countries. Thus, cross-societal investigations are needed to test theory about trust and cooperation within and between groups. We conducted an experimental study in 17 countries designed to test several theories that explain why, who, and where people trust and cooperate more with ingroup members, compared with outgroup members. The experiment involved several interactions in the trust game, either as a trustor or trustee. We manipulated partner group membership in the trust game (ingroup, outgroup, or unknown) and if their reputation was at stake during the interaction. In addition to the standard finding that participants trust and cooperate more with ingroup than outgroup members, we obtained findings that reputational concerns play a decisive role for promoting trust and cooperation universally across societies. Furthermore, men discriminated more in favor of their ingroup than women. Individual differences in cooperative preferences, as measured by social value orientation, predicted cooperation with both ingroup and outgroup members. Finally, we did not find support for three theories about the cross-societal conditions that influence the degree of ingroup favoritism observed across societies (e.g., material security, religiosity, and pathogen stress). We discuss the implications for promoting cooperation within and between countries.
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Nduka, Helen O., Uche R. Ezeokafor, Gabriel E. Ekwere, and Ikechukwu E. Ngoka. "Gender Disparity Among Cooperative Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Credits in Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Business Administration Research 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v9n1p1.
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Women have been the focus of gender disparity and this has been widely referred to the disparity faced by women in the field of agriculture. Agricultural credit is imperative for sustainable agricultural development in any country of the world. In order to substantiate the assertion, this study evaluated the issues of gender disparity in farmers’ access to agricultural credit among cooperative societies in Anambra north zone of Anambra State. Specific objectives were to ascertain the quantum of credit obtained and repaid by female and male members; determine the effect of gender on the quantum of credit obtained and repaid; ascertain critical factors influencing access to credit by cooperative members; determine how gender contributed to credit repayment behaviour of cooperative members and examine perception of members on gender-related issues in credit operations. ANOVA and regression models were used to test hypotheses 1-5. Findings revealed that male members obtained more credit than female members, and female members repay more than their male counterparts. Gender was not a significant determinant of credit obtained and repaid by cooperative members and gender issues in credit operation were handled among cooperative members. However, the researcher recommended that the issues of gender inequality should not be encouraged. Both males and females should have equal access to credit and repayment of credit operation; despite the membership strength, more members should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in order to access credit and repay accordingly and cooperative officers should set up friendly credit scheme to ensure a functional and effective credit access.
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Jackson, Andrew J. H. "The Cooperative Movement and the Education of Working Men and Women: Provision by a Local Society in Lincoln, England, 1861–1914." International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791600020x.
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AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century the provision of better education for working-class men and women became one of the various and broad-ranging set of preoccupations of the cooperative movement in Britain. Much early cooperation was economic, concerning alternative means of production and distribution. However, local societies also turned themselves toward other forms of societal improvement, including creating the facilities and contexts that would promote and support the education and learning of adults. The archive of the Lincoln Equitable Co-operative Industrial Society offers a rich body of source material for a microhistorical investigation of the expansion and diversification of one local cooperative up to the First World War. The members’ magazine of this local society in particular records the evolution of its purpose—economic, political, social, and cultural. This included achieving progress through various forms of educational provision—although the opportunities for men contrasted with those made available for women. This research illuminates what is a relatively underresearched area—that is, exploration of the complexities, dynamism, and phenomenology of local cooperative adult education and the significance of what it had to offer the development of the labor movement in particular places.
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Dr. Jefferson M. K, Dr Jefferson M. K. "FACTORS AFFECTING DAIRY PRODUCTION AMONG DAIRY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA." International Journal of Livestock Policy 1, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijlp.843.
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Purpose: Kenya’s population has continued to increase both in the rural and urban areas, with the latest population estimates showing that Kenya’s population is now over 39.8 million people. The high population creates market and price incentive for dairy production. This increased demand should trigger a corresponding increase in production. However, the gap still exists in regard to supply and demand. For this reason, the researcher therefore sought to carry out a study to determine the factors that influence dairy productivity
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Results: The study found that various factors influenced dairy milk productivity such as the social economic, cattle breeds and breeding systems, availability and cost of inputs and the adoption of technology.
Unique Contribution to Theory and Practices: Sensitization should be carried out to increase the participation of youth and women in dairy farming. Farmers should be encouraged to have succession plans in place for continuity of the dairy industry by involving their children in dairy farming. The National government, county Government and Non-Governmental organizations should look for ways of subsidizing the cost of Artificial insemination Services.
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A. O, Adekunmi, Kolawole, A. O, Owoeye R. S, and Atere, B. O. "Assessment of Women’s Participation in Fish Processing in Ekiti State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 26, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2024/v26i5767.
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This research examined the involvement of women in various stages of fish processing in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A sampling method was used to select 90 women fish processors, and data was collected through structured interviews. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages, and means, along with charts. Additionally, probit regression analysis was conducted to identify socio-economic factors influencing women's participation in fish processing. The findings revealed that, on average, women involved in fish processing were 38.5 years old, with 57% being married and 28.4% being single. A majority (61.7%) had received formal education, and nearly all (91%) were members of cooperative societies. The study found that women were primarily engaged in scaling, gutting, and sticking (87%), with 60% using the hot smoking method. Most processing equipment was locally fabricated, with 15% using drum ovens, 25% using metal sheets, 45% using clay ovens, and 40% using kilns. The majority (85%) used firewood as a fuel source, and 89% packaged their fish in baskets and paper. The probit regression analysis indicated that age, education, access to credit, and access to markets were positively and significantly related to women's participation in fish processing. Marital status and experience in fish processing were also positively related but not significantly. The study concluded that women utilized various methods, equipment, and energy sources in fish processing. Based on the findings, recommendations were made, including assisting women in forming cooperative societies to enhance their business management skills, prioritizing women in accessing credit and loans, and stabilizing fish product prices to mitigate business risks among women processors.
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Kaplan, Hillard S., Paul L. Hooper, and Michael Gurven. "The evolutionary and ecological roots of human social organization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0115.
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Social organization among human foragers is characterized by a three-generational system of resource provisioning within families, long-term pair-bonding between men and women, high levels of cooperation between kin and non-kin, and relatively egalitarian social relationships. In this paper, we suggest that these core features of human sociality result from the learning- and skill-intensive human foraging niche, which is distinguished by a late age-peak in caloric production, high complementarity between male and female inputs to offspring viability, high gains to cooperation in production and risk-reduction, and a lack of economically defensible resources. We present an explanatory framework for understanding variation in social organization across human societies, highlighting the interactive effects of four key ecological and economic variables: (i) the role of skill in resource production; (ii) the degree of complementarity in male and female inputs into production; (iii) economies of scale in cooperative production and competition; and (iv) the economic defensibility of physical inputs into production. Finally, we apply this framework to understanding variation in social and political organization across foraging, horticulturalist, pastoralist and agriculturalist societies.
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Egwuonwu, Helen A., and Confidence A. Iwunwanne. "Extent of rural women involvement in agro-based entrepreneurial activities in Imo State Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 18, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v18i1.7.
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The study assessed the extent of rural women involvement in agro-based entrepreneurial activities in Imo state, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected using a structured questionnaire from 120 rural women through random sampling procedure. Data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentages, mean and regression analysis. Majority (73%) of the women were married with an average age and household size of 37years and 7 persons respectively. Approximately 53% had primary education with 52% belonging to cooperative society. Average farming experience and farm income were 8years and N35, 424.74 respectively. A reasonable proportion (60%) had access to credit facilities. Results showedthat the majority (53%) of the women were highly involved in agro-based entrepreneurial activities with crop production (95%), marketing (97%) and land preparation (87%) as the major agro-based entrepreneurial activities they were involved in. Women’s involvement in agro-based entrepreneurial activities was found to be influenced by household size, membership in cooperative society and access to extension contact. The study further showed that inadequate capital (96.67%)), high cost of capital (93.33%) and inadequate skilled labour (91.67%) were major constraints to women’s involvement in agro-based entrepreneurial activities. This research therefore recommends that the women should be encouraged through enhanced access to loans and credit facilities. They should also be encouraged to belong to cooperatives and other societies which can access grants and loans as this would increase the extent of their involvement in agro-based entrepreneurial activities in the area.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Agro-based activities, rural women involvement
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Sear, Rebecca, and Thomas E. Dickins. "The generation game is the cooperation game: The role of grandparents in the timing of reproduction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 1 (February 2010): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09991725.
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AbstractCoall & Hertwig (C&H) demonstrate the importance of grandparents to children, even in low fertility societies. We suggest policy-makers interested in reproductive timing in such contexts should be alerted to the practical applications of this cooperative breeding framework. The presence or absence of a supportive kin network could help explain why some women begin their reproductive careers “too early” or “too late.”
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Alamba, C., and L. Odoemelam. "Towards Enhancing Household’s Food Security in Rural Abia State: Have Women Cooperative Societies got any Place?" Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2016/17332.
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Sharma, Suman, J. Lakhera, L. Bareth, and Manmeet Kaur. "Adoption of Improved Cattle Management Practices in Dairy Cooperative Societies among Women Farmers in Arid Region." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 12, no. 3 (January 10, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2016/28366.
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Ali, I. H., Jibril, S. A., and Bose, A. A. "DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL ZONE OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v5i1.306.
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The study assessed the determinants of women participation in livestock production in central zone of Bauchi State. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting 190 respondents, data were collected using structured questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Result reveals that 33.2% of the respondents were within age bracket of 17-30 years. Almost all (97.9%) of the respondents had 1-7 persons per household, and majority (61.6%) of them had primary education. The result further reveals that most (77.4%) of the respondents had a farming experience of 2-11years with herd size of 2-9 animals occupying (66.3%). The result also shows that most (79.5%) of the respondents keep their livestock under shade and almost all (98.4%) of the respondents have livestock farming as their major occupation. Furthermore, 98.4% of the respondents had no access to credits, with 73.2% of the respondents having access to extension services. All (100%) of the respondents indicated that family decision on animal matter decision is taken by men and 99.5% of them do not practice purdah. The results further depict that, egg and livestock selling and shade cleaning was done by women occupying 95.3% and 90.0% respectively. The results of regression analysis reveal that place of keeping livestock was negative and significant in influencing women participation in livestock production (P<0.01), household size, farming experience, cooperatives membership ware negative and significant (P<0.05). The result further indicates that the major constraints to participation in livestock production were inadequate media information, lack of confidence and social conflicts ranked 1st 2nd and 3rd, respectively. The study concluded that, women farmers play a significant role in livestock production. It was recommended that, proper extension services should be given to the women farmers and women should be encouraged to form cooperative groups to take advantage of credit windows available to cooperative societies.
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Kostyk, Yevhenii. "Publishing cooperation as a catalyst for the formation of the national market of book products in the conditions of the NEP (theoretical aspect for studying the problems of economic history)." University Economic Bulletin, no. 48 (March 30, 2021): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-48-164-181.
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The subject of the study is the role and place of cooperative publishing houses in the formation of the domestic consumer market of book products and scientific assessment of organizational, publishing and trade activities of publishing cooperatives in the context of the new economic policy (NEP). The purpose of the scientific article is to study the role and place of cooperative publishing houses in the formation of the domestic consumer market of book products and, through the prism of studying the problems of economic history, to give a scientific assessment of organizational, publishing and trade activities of the NEP. Methods of research. All components of the study are based on fundamental principles – scientific, historicism, objectivity, system, development, priority of concrete verity, pluralism; and also the methods of knowledge of social and economic processes of social development – analysis, synthesis, problem-chronological, comparative analytical, archaeological, retrospective, statistical, a systematic and integrated approach. Research methodology. In the process of the study, the fundamental principles were based on Economic History and History of Economic Thought, the Ukrainian and foreign scientists’ works and experts in this area. Results of work. In the context of this issue, we explored the role and place of cooperative publishing houses in the formation of the domestic consumer market of book products and, through the prism of studying the problems of economic history, gave a scientific assessment of organizational, publishing and trade activities of the NEP. The field of application of results. The results of this research can be applied to study the issues of Economic History and History of Economic Thought, History of the Publishing Industry. Conclusions. Thus, cooperative publishing houses were business-type societies, organizationally and functionally belonged to cooperative societies, and on the other hand - were public associations with editorial, production, economic and socio-cultural functions. Examining the activities of cooperative publishing houses, it can be stated that they occupied an important place in the distribution and printing of various literature: socio-economic, socio-political, agricultural, artistic, children's books, textbooks, natural, military. Consumers of book products of cooperative publishing houses were the most various social and professional groups of the population: workers, peasants, employees, women, youth, military, children. By distributing literature in a country where almost two-thirds of the population was illiterate, publishing houses contributed to the full operation of educational institutions, raising the intellectual and spiritual level of society, creating conditions for the development of science, art, culture and education. There was a completely organic connection between publishers' cooperatives, cultural, educational, and scientific institutions, and a kind of intellectual and spiritual dependence developed due to the high demand for books, as publishers published literature from all fields of knowledge. The activities of cooperative publishing houses of the NEP period, especially the formation of the organizational structure and the implementation of advertising and propaganda work should be taken into account when developing the legal framework of the national program of book publishing in Ukraine.
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Zaitseva, A. V. "Educational Book and Book Publishing of Moscow Student Community at the Beginning of XX century: Libraries, Publishers, Book Trade." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 2 (April 28, 2015): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-2-110-116.
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The article focuses on the libraries and the publishing and book trading organizations established by Moscow students in the early twentieth century. These organizations were founded to make the textbooks more available, cheaper and less deficient than they were at the moment. As the resource of the textbooks, libraries of compatriots’ associations were widespread. At the Moscow University students publishing commissions (parts of benefit societies) printed lecture notes and examination programs. Library, publishing, and trading activities were tightly bound in these societies. In the Moscow Technical School and the Moscow Women High Courses the libraries and publishing houses functioned independently of each other and of economical organizations of students. The students Library of textbooks at the Moscow Agricultural Institute was really unique, as it combined library service with book publishing for a while. Book trade was usually managed by publishers. Besides students organizations within educational institutes, there functioned a cooperative bookstore and a publishing house at the same time, common for all Moscow students. A dream, that never came true, was a Students House and united library collections of textbooks in it. In spite of many complications, the cooperation was successful, and due to it, access to the textbooks was facilitated for many students.
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Nmeregini, Daniel Chinomso, Gideon Chinedu Onuekwusi, and Felix Chibueze Nzeakor. "Constraints to Women Involvement in Fish Production in Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.6s.
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The study analysed constraints to women involvement in fish farming and processing in Anambra State Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 90 women fish farmers. Data were analysed using percentage and mean as well as ordinary least square regression. The study revealed that the women mostly used concrete pond (65.6%), the majority (70.0%) have between 1 and 3 ponds. Catfish was mainly cultured by the women (86.7%). The foremost constraints faced by the women in fish farming were inadequate capital ( = 3.31), inadequate land for expansion ( = 3.27), and high cost of fish pond establishment ( = 3.23). The coefficient of inadequate capital (-1.503) was significant at 1%, while the coefficients of inadequate land for expansion (-1.286), pre-occupation with other household chores (1.245), dominance by spouses (1.601) and high cost of fish pond establishment (- 1.768) were significant at 5% significant level. Providing low interest loans to active and registered women fish farmers, revisiting and amending the 1999 land reform, encouraging women to form formidable cooperative societies, among others were recommended by the study.
Key words: Concrete pond, women, fish farming
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Das, Sima, Sarbaswarup Ghosh, Rupak Goswami, and N. C. Sahu. "Socio-economic Characterisation and Dairy Production System Maintained by Women Milk Producer Cooperative Societies in Indian Sundarban Region." Journal of Krishi Vigyan 6, no. 1 (2017): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2017.00076.9.
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McCullough, Michael E., Eric J. Pedersen, Jaclyn M. Schroder, Benjamin A. Tabak, and Charles S. Carver. "Harsh childhood environmental characteristics predict exploitation and retaliation in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2104.
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Across and within societies, people vary in their propensities towards exploitative and retaliatory defection in potentially cooperative interaction. We hypothesized that this variation reflects adaptive responses to variation in cues during childhood that life will be harsh, unstable and short—cues that probabilistically indicate that it is in one's fitness interests to exploit co-operators and to retaliate quickly against defectors. Here, we show that childhood exposure to family neglect, conflict and violence, and to neighbourhood crime, were positively associated for men (but not women) with exploitation of an interaction partner and retaliatory defection after that partner began to defect. The associations between childhood environment and both forms of defection for men appeared to be mediated by participants' endorsement of a ‘code of honour’. These results suggest that individual differences in mutual benefit cooperation are not merely due to genetic noise, random developmental variation or the operation of domain-general cultural learning mechanisms, but rather, might reflect the adaptive calibration of social strategies to local social–ecological conditions.
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Bamidele, Dele, and Blessing Abuh. "The Predicament of Women in a Postmodern World." Matatu 49, no. 1 (2017): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04901010.
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Feminism has no unanimous acceptance in Africa, so women who are associated with it are regarded as deviants or radicals who have chosen to kick against the norms and traditions of traditional Africa. This study explores the plight of suppression and exploitation experienced by women and also revealed the dangerous and difficult situations that often reduce women to mental wrecks. Njabulo Ndebele’s The Cry of Winnie Mandela is the focus of this essay, as the novel accounts for the entrapment and subjugation of women caused by traditional laws and customs, as well as their determined effort to survive in a patriarchal culture. Njabulo examined the lives of five South African women in post-apartheid South Africa, who had to wait indefinitely for their absent husbands. This essay attempts to create awareness of the need for societal reforms in order to improve the lot of women in patriarchal societies and encourage cooperation between women in order to stand up to the challenges of life and assert their individual worth and value, as espoused in the novel. This study concludes that the subjugation of women by patriarchal societies is to the detriment of the family and society at large. Thus, there is a need to re-evaluate and redefine gender roles in African societies in order to establish mutual understanding and relationships between the genders.
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Trimble, E. L., and M. C. Christian. "National Cancer Institute–United States strategy regarding intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 18, Suppl 1 (2008): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01100.x.
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On the basis of three large randomized phase III trials, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) issued a Clinical Announcement in January 2006 recommending that women with optimally debulked stage III ovarian cancer and their physicians consider a combination of intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. The combination of IV and IP chemotherapy is associated with a clinically significant benefit in survival, although it does also confer an increased risk of toxicity compared to IV chemotherapy alone. The NCI Clinical Announcement was issued as part of a broader educational campaign, designed in conjunction with professional societies, cancer centers, Clinical Trials Cooperative Groups, and cancer advocacy organizations. The further development of IP chemotherapy in ovarian cancer requires additional clinical and translational research
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Mzuyanda, Christian, Hans Tina, and Gidi Lungile. "Factors affecting performance of youth and womens agricultural cooperatives: A case of some selected cooperative societies in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2018.0932.
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Nwali, Anthony Chukwuma, and Anyalor Maureen. "Marketing Analysis of Locally Produced Rice in Abakaliki Local Government Area of Ebonyi State Nigeria." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0004.
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Abstract The study investigated the challenges of marketing Abakaliki rice with interest in establishing the profitability and socio-economic characteristics of the marketer of the product. Mixed-method research approach consisting of the application of questionnaires and interview was used. It was conducted in three major markets located at Onu Ebonyi, Abakpa and Kpirikpiri in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. The population of the study was 120 marketers randomly selected using simple random sampling technique and proportional to the size of the market. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The results shows that women dominate the trade as 62% of Abakaliki rice marketers are women. Challenges of institutional, transportation facilities capital and credit facility constrained the growth of the business. Cost benefit analysis also shows that marketing of Abakaliki rice is profitable as N192, 740 only was the net profit at the end of the trading period. The study concludes by recommending formation of cooperative societies to enhance accessibility of start-up capital while governments at various levels should develop marketing policies that increase the marketing network of Abakaliki rice.
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Regt, Marina de. "Legal and Practical Aspects of Participation by Women in Arab Societies." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.1789.
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Many Arab and Muslim countries have a long history of women’s activism.Depending on location and historical moment, women activists have drawninspiration from a wide array of sources, including both religious and seculardiscourses. In all cases, however, one main issue is how legal systemsand processes of legal reform on the one hand, and social relations andeveryday life on the other hand, relate to each other.At this conference, held in The Hague, The Netherlands, on March 4-5, 2004, the tensions between legal systems and social life were discussed.The conference was organized by the Arabic Dutch Women Circle (ANVK)in cooperation with the municipality of The Hague and the InternationalDialogues Foundation (IDF). The ANVK is a Dutch non-profit organizationdedicated to promoting cultural exchange between Dutch and Arabsocieties, and, in particular, between Dutch and Arab women. The ANVKorganizes conferences, meetings, debates, and exhibitions to stimulate dialogueand exchange.Among other things, the conference sought to clarify that class, ethnicity,political system, history, and cultural factors are of wider influence thanjust law or religious factors themselves. The constitutions of almost allArab and Muslim countries proclaim equal rights for all, regardless of race,sex, language, and religion. However, the implementation of these rights isoften a problem. By inviting a group of women activists and academicsfrom the Middle East, as well as representatives of various sectors of Dutchsociety and of the Arab and Muslim communities in The Netherlands, theconference also aimed at stimulating discussion about Arab women’s rightsand practices.The conference was chaired by Professor Annelies Moors, chair of theInternational Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM)at the University of Amsterdam. The first day was open to the general publicand consisted of a plenary session in which four papers were presented, ...
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Mangunjaya, Fachruddin Majeri, Bahagia Bahagia, Rimun Wibowo, and Yono Yono. "Nujuh bulanan Tradition Value For Societies Resilience in Costumary Community Urug Bogor West Java." Sosial Budaya 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/sb.v17i2.10960.
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The objective of this research is to investigate Nujuh Bulalanan tradition for resilience societies in customary societies. The method used is ethnography because of research related to societies, cultural, tradition and ritual of the community. Data are collected through in-depth interview with the leader of Urug societies, documentation and observation. The sample is selected using a purposive sampling technique. The result is analysed through triangulation which is mixing some gathering data method. The result is societies of Urug still pursue nujuh bulanan tradition. It can support cultural resilience because tradition from their forefather has not vanished amid globalisation of culture. Another finding is nujuh bulanan support societies resilience through mutual cooperation or mutual assisting. Activity is not the private activity but it is a common activity which is conducted by collective action and individual awareness which impact the collective consciousness. The impact is the societies who they live in the group are more resilience rather than life in an individual trait. The other finding is to create food resilience because local food which has been created by a group of societies can save a person from hunger when they receive local food in temporary periods. Besides, It can protect local traditional of food from extinction because in this tradition, societies typically women must invent local traditional food rather than another sort of food.
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Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene. "A Country of their Own: Women and Peacebuilding." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 5 (November 2011): 522–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211418412.
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Research on women and post-conflict reconstruction tends to focus primarily on women as victims and passive targets for aid rather than conceptualizing peacebuilding as a process where greater participation by women may help increase the prospects for success. Here, I argue that women’s social status is a dimension of social capital that is largely independent of general economic development. Societies and communities where women enjoy a relatively higher status have greater prospects for successful peacebuilding, as cooperation by the local population with peacebuilding policies and activities increases. Thus, in the presence of a UN-led peacebuilding operation, women’s status has a direct and independent impact on post-conflict reconstruction. The theoretical claims are empirically assessed by looking at variation in levels of cooperation and conflict during the UN peacebuilding missions within the countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia.
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Vandi, Ndzaruwa, Shuaibu Mshelia, Amurtiya Michael, and Bitrus Kwaji. "Analysis of women crop farmers' access and utilisation of agricultural credit in Yola South Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52493/j.jaab.2022.1.21.
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Accessing financial resources is critical for achieving improved productivity in the farming business. The objectives of the study were to describe women farmers’ socio-economic characteristics; identify agricultural credit sources, and examine how such funds were utilised by the participants. The multistage sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 148 women crop farmers in 12 communities in the study area using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents were relatively young (with an average age of 41 years) and most (59.1%) were married with an average household size of 7 persons. Similarly, the majority of the participants were small-scale farmers with an average farm size of 1.7 hectares, rely (64%) on informal credit sources and the credit accessed was expended on the purchase of farm inputs, while some portion was used to meet family needs. This study recommended, among others, that formal financial institutions should implement policies that will boost the capacities of informal sources (like cooperative societies and other associations) to access a large volume of credit that they can distribute to their members.
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McGregor, Sheila Margaret. "Engels on women, the family, class and gender." Human Geography 14, no. 2 (March 12, 2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19427786211000047.
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This article looks at Engels’s writings to show that his ideas about the role of labour in the evolution of human beings in a dialectical relationship between human beings and nature is a crucial starting point for understanding human society and is correct in its essentials. It is important for understanding that we developed as a species on the basis of social cooperation. The way human beings produce and reproduce themselves, the method of historical materialism, provides the basis for understanding how class and women’s oppression arose and how that can explain LGBTQ oppression. Although Engels’s analysis was once widely accepted by the socialist movement, it has mainly been ignored or opposed by academic researchers and others, including geographers, and more recently by Marxist feminists. However, anthropological research from the 1960s and 1970s as well as more recent anthropological and archaeological research provide overwhelming evidence for the validity of Engels’s argument that there were egalitarian, pre-class societies without women’s oppression. However, much remains to be explained about the transition to class societies. Engels’s analysis of the impact of industrial capitalism on gender roles shows how society shapes our behaviour. Engels’s method needs to be constantly reasserted against those who would argue that we are a competitive, aggressive species who require rules to suppress our true nature, and that social development is driven by ideas, not by changes in the way we produce and reproduce ourselves.
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Ephraim, S. C., Abu, I. A., and Suleiman, A. "ADOPTION OF RICE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AMONG WOMEN FARMERS IN THE CENTRAL ZONE OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v4i4.279.
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The study analysed the adoption of rice production technologies among women farmers in central agricultural zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total of 138 women rice farmer, structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents that provided the usable data for the analysis. The result revealed that majority (95%) of the respondents, were married. The mean age was 36 years, household size had a mean of 8 persons, the farming experience revealed, 12 years, majority (43.6%) had no formal education, some (32.5%) inherited their farm land and majority (50.4%) hired their labour. Furthermore, high yield, early maturity and marketability were the major factors that influence the adoption of rice production technologies in the study area. On the levels of adoption, seed, harvesting and fertilizer application had 94%, 91.8% and 99.9%, respectively. The major constraint to the adoption of rice production technologies includes inadequate finance (97.7%), high cost of labour (96.2%), and inaccessibility to modern milling machine (95.5%). The study concluded that high yield, early maturity and marketability were the major factors influencing adoption of rice production technologies among the respondents. The study therefore recommended that the women should be encourage to form cooperative societies in order to be able to obtain credit and acquire modern facilities for rice processing and capital for adopting more technologies.
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Aruna, C. "Does Social Capital Make a Difference for Dalit Women Representatives in Local Self Governance?" Contemporary Voice of Dalit 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x17745172.
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Women’s participation in political processes is important to address gender inequality and strengthen democracy. In Indian context, to empower women and enable political participation, 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) was introduced. Subsequently, many women entered politics. Though widespread proxy is reported, still a small proportion engages effectively in governmental participation (Hust, 2002; Mathew, 2003; Palanithurai, 2001). Studies also find female Dalit-headed panchayats are more active (Jayshree, 2010; Kalaiselvi, 2012). As the cultural norms, traditions and patriarchy are rigid, the paper attempts to examine what helps the women to be functional? Does social networks differ? Is there a link between social capital, by way of associationalism, and capacity for self governance as suggested by Putnam (1993) in the Indian context? Social capital is understood through social networks and membership in associations. Thirty-eight elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions of southern Tamil Nadu, south India was interviewed in depth. Active members prominently belong to Dalit community and the social network of the elected active members is larger in size, heterogeneous in terms of age, gender and caste composition, and they are anchors themselves. They are primarily embedded in a web of political, caste and self-help group associations and have access to all women police stations, cooperative societies and political parties through family ties. The elected representative’s mandatory membership in district Dalit federations provides safety-net in dealing with discrimination and atrocities while also intervening at the village-level panchayat. Dalit women who have the capacity to mobilize social capital emerge efficient in local self governance.
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Hofman, Dennis, Peter A. Bos, Dennis J. L. G. Schutter, and Jack van Honk. "Fairness modulates non-conscious facial mimicry in women." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (May 30, 2012): 3535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0694.
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In societies with high cooperation demands, implicit consensus on social norms enables successful human coexistence. Mimicking other people's actions and emotions has been proposed as a means to synchronize behaviour, thereby enhancing affiliation. Mimicry has long been thought to be reflexive, but it has recently been suggested that mimicry might also be motivationally driven. Here, we show during an economic bargaining game that automatic happy mimicry of those making unfair offers disappears. After the bargaining game, when the proposers have acquired either a fair or unfair reputation, we observe increased angry mimicry of proposers with an unfair reputation and decreased angry mimicry of fair proposers. These findings provide direct empirical evidence that non-conscious mimicry is modulated by fairness. We interpret the present results as reflecting that facial mimicry in women functions conditionally, dependent on situational demands.
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Okafor, Ogochukwu Esther, Michael Maureen Chinenye, Dr Okafo Okoreaffia, and Nwafor Obiageli Grace. "Influence of International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) on Value Chain Activities of Members of Cooperative Societies in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. VII (2023): 1353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70807.
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This study investigated the influence of international fund for agricultural development (IFAD) on value chain of farmer’s cooperative members in Awka North Local Government Area, Anambra State. The researcher set to determine the influence of IFAD on the production patterns of farm crops, on the processing techniques for farm crops and on the marketing systems for farm crops in the study area. To guide this study, three research questions and three research hypotheses were formulated in line with the objectives of the study. The study was anchored on Porter’s Value Chain (1985). The study employed a descriptive survey design, the instrument for data collection was questionnaire constructed for the study and calibrated with the 5-point Likert ordinal measurement and rating scale. The population of the study was 268 selected multipurpose cooperatives members in Awka NORth local Government Area of Anambra State. The sample size used was 160 cooperative members using Taro Yamane formula. Adopting a judgmental sampling technique, 160 questionnaires was distributed and 132 copies of questionnaire were completed and returned and used for this study which represent 82.5% response rate. Research hypotheses were tested using Z-Test. The finding revealed that there is a significant influence of IFAD on production pattern in the study area with a p-value 0.0177 (p < 0.05). With a p-value 0.0142 (p < 0.05) indicating a significant influence of IFAD on processing techniques in the study area and with a p-value 0.0162 (p < 0.05) indicating that there is a significant influence of IFAD on marketing systems in the study area. The study recommends that the IFAD should do more in giving financial assistance the women network to have more financial backing which will enable them produce more food and, to organize more workshops, lectures, seminars, conferences among others for farmers.Majority of the farmers are illiterate, adult education programmes should be mounted for them in their various communities and prize awarded for good work. These will help them to understand how to use new agricultural techniques and understand instruction on agricultural handouts and Aspects of agricultural production that are largely the responsibility of farmers must be given adequate attention. Such areas include, for example, food crop production, livestock production, processing, storage and marketing of agricultural produce, pest and disease control
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Gitonga, Esther, and Anne Miano. "The Effect of Corporate Governance Practices on Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kiambu County, Kenya." International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i2.118.
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Corporate governance is regarded as the key foundation upon which organizations are more productive, better managed and controlled. Performance has a link to good corporate governance for the sustainable organizational success. This project narrowed down specifically to the factor of corporate governance to determine the practice of corporate governance in SACCOs in Kiambu County, Kenya. The researcher used a descriptive survey design in soliciting information on the practice of corporate governance in SACCOs in Kiambu County, Kenya. The research also made use of both secondary and primary data. Secondary data was collected from statistical data available from the SASRA records and those from the Ministry of Cooperatives. Primary data was obtained by use of a closed ended questionnaire administered on senior managers of the sampled SACCOs. The target population was 8 deposit taking SACCOs and a total population of 200 SACCO managers in Kiambu County, Kenya. Each SACCO had a different number of respondents depending on its size and the number of senior managers in it. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to generate quantitative reports which is presented in this project in the form of tabulations, percentages and descriptive statistics and inferential data computed using a regression equation. The findings of this project are that the practices of corporate governance have a direct effect on the overall performance of SACCOs in Kiambu County, Kenya contributing to 70% of the factors affecting performance. Recommendations put forward from the findings of this project is that there is need to research on the effect of corporate governance on performance of other institutions such as commercial banks, microfinance institutions and small and medium enterprises. The findings of the research include the finding that majority of those in senior positions in the SAACOs sampled are men at 64% of the sample size while women are at 36%. Another finding of the research is that majority of those in senior management positions are persons aged between 40 and 59 years. The research further brought out the fact that majority of the respondents comprising of 39% had held their current position for a period of between 4 and 6 years while 42% of the respondents had worked in the SACCO for a period of between 10 and 12 years. One of the recommendations from the research is on the need to have increased disclosure of information to the shareholders. A further recommendation was the need to train the board of governance often on corporate governance so as to better equip them to uphold the practice in their respective SAACOs. A final recommendation is the need for further research by other scholars.
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Bhaskar, Prem, and Madhulika Kaushik. "Women’s Leadership Trends in Tribal Enterprises-A Study in Cooperatives Based Tribal Enterprises in Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.01.03.
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This paper attempts to analyse the status of women entrepreneurship initiatives through cooperatives in Jharkhand, India and highlights the impact on tribal women empowerment, and their leadership competencies on this economic contribution. Bargaining for women leadership positions in all spheres of Asian societies has emerged as an important concern in quest of equity, whereas tribal women’s development has mostly remained limited to their participation in various programmes run by the government as well as non-government agencies. Recognition of women leaders from a tribal community in the 21st century is still a distant dream. Yet economic empowerment and group activities in the tribal regions of Jharkhand have revealed the potential and are seen as instrumental in transforming leadership capabilities of tribal women leaders in the tribal geography of Jharkhand. The paper shares the outcomes of the author’s study based on case studies in the region, secondary data and, literature review, related to the trends in tribal women’s leadership. The study reveals that women from tribal communities of Jharkhand have traditionally been disempowered socially and treated as less capable to lead and mostly refrained from societal leadership positions. It is also revealed that with facilitation and support, they demonstrate excellent leadership competencies to manage successful collective enterprises. The study also raises prominent questions of assessing the impact and influence of such empowerment and collective entrepreneurship on socioeconomic aspects.
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Gómez, Mariana Daniela. "Rivalidades, conflictos y cooperación entre las mujeres tobas del oeste de Formosa (Argentina). Un diálogo con los estudios de mujeres." Boletín de Antropología 22, no. 39 (September 3, 2010): 82–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.boan.6687.
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Resumen. Este trabajo analiza los conflictos, rivalidades y relaciones de cooperación entre las mujeres tobas del oeste de Formosa (Argentina) de diferentes familias extensas, tomando como ejemplo dos espacios de actuación femenina: la competencia por los hombres (las antiguas peleas demujeres) y la organización de las mujeres a nivel suprafamiliar y supralocal para la comercialización de artesanías. Se dialoga con los argumentos de algunos de los trabajos representativos de los estudios de mujeres de la década del setenta, que han considerado diversos aspectos de la organización socialde las sociedades “simples” (cazadoras-recolectoras y horticultoras), capaces de promover el desarrollo de estrategias femeninas para obtener poder, influencia y autoridad. En este sentido, y con el objetivo de profundizar el análisis, se consideran las implicaciones de la matrilocalidad y la relación que esta tiene con el desarrollo de relaciones de cooperación y solidaridad en el ámbito doméstico entre las mujeres de una misma familia extensa, y las relaciones femeninas de rivalidad y hostilidad interfamilias extensas, entre las cuales también existen relaciones basadas en la residencia local y el parentesco.Abstract. In this article I analize the conflicts, rivalries and cooperation relations among Toba women from different extended families in west Formosa, Argentina, taking as an example two spheres of female action: the female competition for men (the old “women’s figths” ) and the women’s organization to commercialize their handcraft, at a supra familiar and supra-local level . It is my interest also to discuss the arguments of some representative works on “Women studies” back in the 1970’s that have considered different aspects of the “simple” societies’ (hunther-gatherer and horticulturalist societies) social organization to promote the development of strategies among the women to get power, influence, and authority. In this sense, and aiming at moving deeper into the analysis, I will consider the matrilocality implications including its relation with cooperation and solidarity relations at the intra-domestic level between women from the same extended family, and the rivalry and hostility between women from different extended families, which also include relations based on kinship and local residence.
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Balukhtina, О. "KATERYNOSLAV AND SIMFEROPOL CHARITABLE SOCIETIES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITY О. Balukhtina." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Social work, no. 6 (2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616-7786.2020/6-1/1.
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The article aims at studying the largest charitable societies in Katerynoslav and Simferopol as an example of public care in the Ukrainian lands in the pre-Soviet period. The main directions of their activity are highlighted, common features and peculiarities are determined. Charitable institutions were established, which functioned at the expense of societies. It is proved that charitable activity was one of the factors increasing the level of social protection of the most vulnerable segments of the population in provincial cities. Interest in the topic of charity is inexhaustible, as it is associated with the study of cultural and spiritual traditions, which this phenomenon is associated with in society. Among a wide range of problematic issues, today the activities of charitable societies at the level of the regions of Ukraine are insufficiently studied. The aim of the article is to study and compare the activities of Katerynoslav and Simferopol charitable societies to improve financial situation of vulnerable groups in Katerynoslav and Tavriya provinces. The method of comparative analysis is applied. The main amount of funds came from the collection of direct donations through the organization of charity events (concerts, performances), through salary books and subscription letters. Katerynoslav Charitable Society had a much larger turnover of funds, revenues and expenditures. It is obvious that it collected more donations and was more active in entrepreneurial activity. The successful activity of Katerynoslav and Simferopol charitable societies reflected a wide range of social needs of Southern Ukrainians and was directed, first of all to financial support of vulnerable segments of the population. Over the time, help became more targeted. Attempts were made to solve the problems of social care for the infirm, professional begging and unemployment by creating shelters and working houses. Attention was paid to the main role of women in managing societies and cooperation with local authorities was monitored.
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Mace, Ruth, and Alexandra Alvergne. "Female reproductive competition within families in rural Gambia." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 18, 2012): 2219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2424.
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Many studies show that the extended human family can be helpful in raising offspring, with maternal grandmothers, in particular, improving offspring survival. However, less attention has been given to competition between female kin and co-residents. It has been argued that reproductive conflict between generations explains the evolution of menopause in cooperatively breeding species where females disperse, and that older females are related to the offspring of younger females through their sons, whereas younger, incoming females are unrelated to older females. This means the pattern of help will be asymmetric, so older females lose in reproductive conflict and become ‘sterile helpers'. Here, we seek evidence for female reproductive competition using longitudinal demographic data from a rural Gambian population, and examine when women are helping or harming each other's reproductive success. We find that older women benefit and younger women suffer costs of reproductive competition with women in their compound. But the opposite is found for mothers and daughters; if mother and daughter's reproductive spans overlap, the older woman reduces her reproduction if the younger woman (daughter) reproduces, whereas daughters' fertility is unaffected by their mothers' reproduction. Married daughters are not generally co-resident with their mothers, so we find not only competition effects with co-resident females, but also with daughters who have dispersed. Dispersal varies across human societies, but our results suggest reproductive conflict could be influencing reproductive scheduling whatever the dispersal pattern. A cultural norm of late male marriage reduces paternal grandmother/daughter-in-law reproductive overlap almost to zero in this population. We argue that cultural norms surrounding residence and marriage are themselves cultural adaptations to reduce reproductive conflict between generations in human families.
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Enete, Anselm Anibueze, Joy N. Obi, Nicholas Ozor, and Chinedu Lilian Mba. "Socioeconomic assessment of flooding among farm households in Anambra state, Nigeria." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2014-0084.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the extent of agricultural losses incurred by the farm households due to flood; to assess the farm households gender-based vulnerability to flood; to identify the coping strategies used by them; and to estimate factors that drive the choice of these coping strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Using both purposive and simple random sampling techniques, the paper selected 120 farm households from the flood prone areas of the state, using the list of the State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) contact farmers as a sampling frame. Data for the paper were collected using a set of structured and pre-tested questionnaire. The information collected included the extent of agricultural losses incurred by the farm households, farm household’s level of asset base, flood coping strategies adopted by the farmers and so on. The data were collected in August 2013. Findings – More than 70 per cent of the farmers’ farmlands were affected by flood, resulting in more than 80 per cent of their staple crops (cassava, rice, yam, maize and vegetables) and livestock (sheep/goat and chicken) being lost. Women were generally more vulnerable than men to the effect of flood. Selling of assets, borrowing of loans to diversify the means of livelihood, short-term migration, support from social network, compensation of losses from National and/or State Emergency Management Agencies, planting of agro-forestry trees, change of date of planting, land terracing, construction of drainages, cover cropping and making of ridges across slop constituted the flood coping strategies of the farmers. On the factors influencing the choice of these coping strategies, the level of education of the household head, frequency of extension visits in a year and tenure security status were positively and significantly related with land and crop management strategies, such as planting of agro-forestry trees, planting of cover crops and construction of drainages across farmland. Age, access to credit, farm size and membership of cooperative societies had negative relationships with selling of assets and short-term migration. In addition, membership of cooperative societies and flood experience were positively and significantly related with institutional measures, such as support from social network and National and State Emergency Management Agencies. These observations underscore the need for training, cooperatives and enhanced farm capacity (credit and farm size) in coping with flood by the farmers. It is recommended that governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should assist the farmers in these regards. Originality/value – Climate change induced flooding has become a developmental issue across the world. As countries continue to be hit by massive flooding, food production also continues to be hit adversely. Nigeria has joined this league because of the rampage flooding across the country in recent times. Anambra State is down stream of both rivers Niger and Benue and, hence, one of the states vulnerable to flooding in Nigeria. Available literature suggests that greater efforts have been made to quantify the economic implications of flooding on agriculture and the concomitant coping strategies in developed than in developing countries. This paper, therefore, assesses the extent of losses suffered by farm households, their level of vulnerability and flood coping strategies.
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Bouman, Alice. "O papel das mulheres na governança das águas:." Sustentabilidade em Debate 8, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v8n3.2017.26587.
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Water security is a global challenge and a collective responsibility for all humanity. The way in which people are affected by or impact on water availability, quality and management is quite heterogeneous; and it has a distinct gender dimension. Social relations between women and men result in gendered roles that vary between social strata, cultures, ethnicities and generations. In traditional societies women are often the water seekers and carriers, while their involvement in decision-making is limited. This article focuses on women’s agency for sustainable use and management of water resources. It provides examples from Armenia and Ukraine demonstrating women’s civil society contributions to the development and implementation of the Protocol on Water and Health. It shows how women’s meaningful participation has made a difference, and sheds light on the preconditions for meaningful involvement of women’s civil society in processes of water cooperation and participatory water governance.
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Berthon, Charles. "eu-alc Cooperation Efforts to Achieve Millennium Development Goal 3: “Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women”." InterNaciones, no. 14 (May 2, 2018): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/in.v0i14.7078.
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Gender inequality as well as violence against women is a major problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is manifested in issues such as gender violence, lower political participation by women, employment and wage inequality, female illiteracy and the difficulty women have gaining access to full sexual and reproductive health. The Latin American continent has achieved progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment under the Millennium Development Goals, including equal access to primary education between girls and boys. However women and girls continue to suffer high rates of discrimination and violence in most Latin American countries.In this specific region of the world, mentalities of both civil and political actors of the society, need to fully process the fact that gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable society. Women’s economic empowerment is defined as a transformational process, in which women gain increased access to and power over economic assets and economic decisions. Through programs like Eurosocial and alfa III financed by the European Commission, the European Union has been seeking to increase its cooperation with Latin America in this domain. Some projects like Equality, carried out within the framework of these programs, directly or indirectly aimed at providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes.Achieving these goals would certainly contribute to develop more sustainable economies and benefit societies and the population on its whole, as it partially did already. Nevertheless it has been made clear over the years, with a low financial aid dedicated to the problem, that this aspect of the cooperation was not the very first priority of the European Union in Latin America. As for today, 17 years after setting the millennium goals, one thing is sure: there is yet a lot to be done to promote gender equality and women empowerment in Latin America.
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Babu, Shekhar. "Inclusive Development Through Cooperative Society, Special Reference to Godda District of Jharkhand." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 7, no. 2 (2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.721902.
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Today every nation of the world is constantly trying to accelerate inclusive development. To further enhance this effort, cooperatives have been the oldest and the only agency in the upliftment of the farmers and the weaker sections. With the help of the co-operatives diary, poultry, fishery, sheep keeping, pig rearing, handicraft, handloom, Khadi village industries, poppadum industries, house, consumer, weavers committee and industrial production committees are playing important role in India's inclusive development. In order to understand these regional and regional disparities, this paper has selected Godda district of tribal and weaker sections of Jharkhand, a small and backward state of India. Jharkhand was partitioned from Bihar on November 15, 2000. It was a subdivision of Santhal Pargana district before it became a district on 25th of May, 1983 from undivided Bihar, in 1855. It is one of the most backward district of Jharkhand. According to the 2011 census, the total population of this district is 13, 13,551 and its area is 2110 square kms. The average tribal population of this district is 22 to 23 %. Their living standards are very low. They benefit very little from governmental facilities and schemes. The main occupation of the people of this area is farming. Farming is dependent on rain. Literacy rate is about 44-45%.The literacy rate is less than 25% of the total SC and ST population which comprises of 30% of the total population of the district and the status of women is also not good. Therefore there is a lack of awareness in this class. Even though being rich in minerals, this district has not been industrialized. As a result, except the Lalmatiya coal fields, workers do not have any other source of employment besides agriculture. The area being backward by all vision, there is a less ability of branch exploitation. More than half of the weaker sections do not have knowledge about cooperatives. By the government efforts, they are made a member but then also they remain indifferent and sad by the co-operative help and activities. All 9 blocks of the districts has a total of 202 packs/lamps. Number of total farming families or agriculture based families are 111239.The total number of members is 101227 which is approximately 10% of the total population. Total share capital is 343.09 lakhs, in which the members share is 41.53 lakhs which is about 12% and that of government share is 301.56 lakhs which is 88% of the total capital. The average share of the members is only 40 rupees, which is less than half of the required 100 rupees. In 2015-16, out of 202 only 37 primary agricultural credit co-operative societies purchased paddy. Out of total 1, 01,227 farmer members of the society, only the paddy crop of 4.228 farmers was purchased which is only 4% of the total members. In the year 2015-16, a total of 3,945 farmers insured their crop of 808.57 hectare area which increased in the year 2016-17 by 13,261 farmers to 2979.83 hectare area. Government institution are the basis of rural development. Government institutions provide a strong basis for democracy. The greatest success of the co-operative movement is the development of cooperation spirit which is very much important in the progress of a country.