Journal articles: 'Women in literature – 18th century'

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Adlam, Carol, and Wendy Rosslyn. "Women and Gender in 18th-Century Russia." Modern Language Review 99, no. 4 (October 2004): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738603.

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Gallagher, Noelle. "Cancer and the emotions in 18th-century literature." Medical Humanities 46, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011639.

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This essay argues that the emotional rhetoric of today’s breast cancer discourse—with its emphasis on stoicism and ‘positive thinking’ in the cancer patient, and its use of sympathetic feeling to encourage charitable giving—has its roots in the long 18th century. While cancer had long been connected with the emotions, 18th-century literature saw it associated with both ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ feelings, and metaphors describing jealousy, love and other sentiments as ‘like a cancer’ were used to highlight the danger of allowing feelings—even benevolent or pleasurable feelings—to flourish unchecked. As the century wore on, breast cancer in particular became an important literary device for exploring the dangers of feeling in women, with writers of both moralising treatises and sentimental novels connecting the growth or development of cancer with the indulgence of feeling, and portraying emotional self-control as the only possible form of resistance against the disease. If, as Barbara Ehrenreich suggests, today’s discourse of ‘positive thinking’ has been mobilised to make patients with breast cancer more accepting of their diagnosis and more cooperative with punitive treatment regimens, then 18th-century fictional exhortations to stay cheerful served similarly conservative political and economic purposes, encouraging continued female submission to male prerogatives inside and outside the household.

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Nickel, Terri, and George E. Haggerty. "Unnatural Affections: Women and Fiction in the Later 18th Century." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 18, no. 1 (1999): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/464350.

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Dolgorukova, Natalia M., Kseniia V. Babenko, and Anna P. Gaydenko. "“A Strange Romance,” or Abelard and Héloïse in Russia of the 18th Century." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-114-127.

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The article gives an analysis of the first Russian translation of Abelard and Héloïse’s letters (The Collection of Abelard and Héloïse’s Letters with the Life Description of These Miserable Lovers) made by A.I. Dmitriev in 1783 from Count Bussy-Raboutin’s French retelling. A comparative analysis of Dmitriev’s translation with the original text shows the conventional character of their connection. Following Bussy, Dmitriev not always sticks to the Latin original even in the main storylines. Even if he retains the canvas of the original medieval text, he supplements it with countless details: a portrait of a lover, a tear-drenched letter, mad passion. A similar transformation takes place with the Historia Calamitatum in the retelling made by Augustus von Kotzebue. In prefaces both authors designate their works as “female” reading. The interest in the story of two lovers is probably caused by the recent release of J.-J. Rousseau’s Julie, or the New Heloise. The choice of material, the nature of its adaptation, the appeal to women and the circumstances of the publication of Dmitriev’s translation and Kotzebue’s retelling demonstrate the commitment of these authors to sentimentalism, which explains their desire to cause tears in the eyes of their readers.

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Dolgorukova, Natalia M., Kseniia V. Babenko, and Anna P. Gaydenko. "“A Strange Romance,” or Abelard and Héloïse in Russia of the 18th Century." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-114-127.

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The article gives an analysis of the first Russian translation of Abelard and Héloïse’s letters (The Collection of Abelard and Héloïse’s Letters with the Life Description of These Miserable Lovers) made by A.I. Dmitriev in 1783 from Count Bussy-Raboutin’s French retelling. A comparative analysis of Dmitriev’s translation with the original text shows the conventional character of their connection. Following Bussy, Dmitriev not always sticks to the Latin original even in the main storylines. Even if he retains the canvas of the original medieval text, he supplements it with countless details: a portrait of a lover, a tear-drenched letter, mad passion. A similar transformation takes place with the Historia Calamitatum in the retelling made by Augustus von Kotzebue. In prefaces both authors designate their works as “female” reading. The interest in the story of two lovers is probably caused by the recent release of J.-J. Rousseau’s Julie, or the New Heloise. The choice of material, the nature of its adaptation, the appeal to women and the circumstances of the publication of Dmitriev’s translation and Kotzebue’s retelling demonstrate the commitment of these authors to sentimentalism, which explains their desire to cause tears in the eyes of their readers.

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Lorens, Beata. "Problemy wychowawcze w szkołach bazyliańskich w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku na przykładzie kolegium w Buczaczu." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 29 (February 4, 2019): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2013.29.3.

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Education problems in Basilian Schools in the latter half of the 18th century, with an example of the College in Buczacz.The literature concerning monastic education in the 18th century omits the subject of educational and teaching activity of Saint Basil the Great Monastery or discusses it very briefly. Not much is known about functioning of those schools in the period before the Commission of National Education was founded. The educational programme and the problems connected with it, which had occurred in Basilian schools were presented on the example of the college in Buczacz, located in the southeastern part of the Republic of Poland, functioning between 1754 and 1784. The educational goals pursued in the college were not different from the ones of other monastic schools. The then educational system mostly promoted the respect for ideological and moral values, considering material values less important. In the educational process, the Basilian Monks put piety first. The misdeeds of the students of the college in Buczacz were punished according to the canon of conduct of the then youth studying in monastic schools. The canon included: getting drunk, forbidden meetings with women, thefts, scuffles with soldiers in magnates’ service and stationed in the town, as well as with Jewish people. In the latter half of the 18th century, great significance was attached to proper conduct of the students of the college and misconducts against morals were the most common reasons for expulsions.

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Muratova, Nurie, and Kristina Popova. "Online Exhibition “Women and the Transfer of Knowledge in the Black Sea Region”." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i1.14.

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The aim of the exhibition is to present the place of women in the transfer of knowledge in the Black Sea Region and in its rich cultural representations and its historical dynamics. The concept is to present women as objects of male representations and a men-dominated scientific discourse as well as to present them as emerging subjects of knowledge and knowledge exchange by the end of the 18th and 19th centuries as well as in academic cultures in the 20th century – to illustrate their works, lives, achievements and contributions.

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González-Díaz, Victorina. "‘I quite detest the man’: Degree adverbs, female language and Jane Austen." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 23, no. 4 (November 2014): 310–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947014534123.

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Burrows’ (1987) stylometric analysis of Austen’s novels associates quite with ‘the speech of the vulgarians, especially the women who predominate among them’. Through a corpus-based analysis, this article takes further Burrows’ (1987) claims by scrutinizing the socio-stylistic mappings between characters and functions of quite in Austen. The results indicate that gender (rather than vulgarity) is the main factor determining the socio-stylistic variation of quite in Austen’s novels. More generally, the study contributes to a better understanding of Jane Austen’s practices of linguistic gendering. Recent literary criticism has commented on Austen’s stylistic manipulations aimed at challenging 18th-century stereotypes of women’s language (Michaelson, 2002: 62–63). The corpus-based study provided in this article can be taken as a concrete example of how such manipulations work at the linguistic level. It suggests that Austen may have drawn on 18th-century stereotypes of ‘female’ language for the stylistic stratification of quite in her novels, although introducing functional and grammatical variations that allow for subtle differentiations across ‘female’ idiolects.

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Samsonowska, Krystyna. "„Niewiasty kresowe”." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 9 (September 30, 2018): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.09.2017.09.01.

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Women of the Kresy. The Female in the Works of Józef Antoni Rolle – from History to Literature and MythThe article offers an analysis of depictions of women in Józef Apolinary Rolle’s literary output. The source material are Rolle’s numerous short stories published in a number of collections and series in 1872-1894, including a collection entitled Women of the Kresy. In his works Rolle created the myth of woman of the eastern territories of interwar Poland (Kresy Wschodnie), a courageous amazon, a female warrior, by sketching portraits of historical gures of the 16th and 17th centuries. In the short story entitled Women in Kamianets under Turkish Siege (1672) the author expressed this myth in a collective portrait of women of different nationalities and faiths who defended the fortress of Kamianets Podil’skij against the Turks. In other works Rolle depicted women engaged in politics and struggling to strengthen their family’s position. The latter attitude became dominant in the 18th century, when women were no longer directly engaged in warfare. The women described by Rolle enjoy considerable individual freedom, which provides thems with more opportunities (including the freedom to choose a husband and the freedom to divorce) compared to their compatriots in the Polish west. Women who lived in partitioned Poland in the 19th century were depicted by Rolle as ones who were responsible for the family, and for the transmission of family traditions, which fits in with the myth of the Polish Mother. More broadly, the image of women of the Kresy fits in with the myth of the region itself. This tradition was continued and developed in the early 20th century by the author’s son, the historian and publicist, Michał Rolle, among others.

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Prikazchikova, Elena Ye. "Literary Projections of French Culture in 18th-Century Russian Writing: Between Gallomania and Gallophobia." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 1 (2022): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.007.

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Using the example of the literary projections of French culture on the Russian literature of the eighteenth century, this article examines the evolution of Gallomania as the most important phenomenon of Russian noble culture. The aim of the article is to study the main stages of Gallomania in Russian literature from A. Kantemir to I. A. Krylov. An analysis of these stages makes it possible to trace how Russian literature, through ridiculing various types of Russian Gallomaniacs and types of Gallomaniac behaviour, made a decisive turn from Gallomania in its full sense to Gallophobia as an almost complete rejection of French culture and refusal to follow the precepts of Paris in all spheres of life — from politics to fashion. The main methods used in this work are the methods of cultural-historical, typological, and conception-character analysis of texts. The typology of the image of the Gallomaniac as a “Russian Frenchman”, which received various cultural forms in the 1730s–1750s, 1760s–1770s, and 1790s–1800s, determined various concept-character orientations of literary texts of the eighteenth century. Between the 1730s and 1750s, the dominant image of the Gallomaniac was the petit maître, for whom Gallomania was associated with objects of the “fashionable vocabulary”. The image of such a petit maоtre can be found in the satires of A. Kantemir, epistles, and comedies of A. P. Sumarokov. In the 1760s–1770s, fashionable Gallomania was replaced by ideological Gallomania, which included both the philosophy of Voltaireanism and the reaction to the creation of a cultural myth about Eastern Europe in Western Europe, of which Russia was an example. This stage in the development of Gallomania is characterised by the emergence of a pronounced Gallophobic mood, which is reflected in the works of D. I. Fonvizin and N. I. Novikov. Finally, the third period of Gallomania in the context of an aggravated military and political confrontation between Russia and France is characterised by accentuating the gender component, when mainly fashionable women and girls (Fashionable Wife by I. I. Dmitriev, comedies by I. A. Krylov) became the medium of Gallomanic mentality, who do not have corresponding male parallels.

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Sienkiewicz Wilowska, Julia Anastazja. "Sytuacja edukacyjna, społeczna i ekonomiczna Żydówek w powiecie wałeckim (Prusy Zachodnie) w okresie od XVIII do początków XX wieku." Edukacja Międzykulturowa 1, no. 16 (June 30, 2022): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/em.2022.01.04.

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In this article, I analyze the functioning of women in Jewish communities in the Wałcz County (Kreis Deutsch Krone), which was part of West Prussia until the end of 1945. This area, located initially between West Prussia and Pomerania and later between several Prussian provinces, was particularly conducive to Jewish settlement. As a result, for example in Miroslawiec (Märkisch Friedland), located in the Wałcz district, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Jewish population constituted as much as 55%. So far, few publications have been written about the Jewish communities functioning in that area. The text is of a historical nature; in the course of its preparation, I have made use of archival materials, the Jewish press of the time, and I have also referred to Prussian legal regulations. As a result, I have analysed the economic, legal and, in particular, educational situation of Jewish women living in the area, taking into account two types of factors that conditioned it – religious orders and Prussian legislation. I also discuss the changes and their causes, to which the functioning of women in these communities was subjected in the period from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century, as well as the gradual assimilation of the Jewish population, progressing until World War II, which put an end to the presence of Jews in this area.

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Michalak, Laurence. "MOHJA KAHF, Western Representations of the Muslim Woman: From Termagant to Odalisque (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999). Pp. 207. $16.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 4 (November 2001): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801344070.

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The Muslim woman—secluded, oppressed, and either longing for liberation or ignorant in her false consciousness—has been an enduring topos in the Western imagination since the spread of Islam. Right? Wrong. Mohja Kahf explains that in fact “the question of the liberty, or lack thereof, of the Muslim woman” does not appear until around the 17th century, and the image of the subjugated Muslim woman, with its trappings of harems and veils, does not reach full fruition until the 18th and 19th centuries. If we go back to the 8th century, even after the Muslims had conquered Spain and part of France, there was a lack of European curiosity about Muslims and a tendency to see them as just another enemy who was not particularly different from the pagans of Europe. Orientalism and its gendered images came much later and were based on and helped to justify Western domination over the East, especially during the rise and heyday of colonialism. What, then, was the European image of the Orient—in particular, of Muslim women—during the many centuries before Orientalism, when the Muslim world was as powerful as, or even more powerful than, Europe? Kahf answers this question by introducing us to a series of fictional Muslim women from European literature of the Middle Ages through the late Romantic period.

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Donkin, Ellen. "Elizabeth Inchbald: England's Principal Woman Dramatist and Independent Woman of Letters in 18th Century London." Theatre Journal 41, no. 3 (October 1989): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3208203.

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Garcin, Jean-Claude. "Femmes des Mille et une nuits." Arabica 63, no. 3-4 (May 26, 2016): 261–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341393.

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We can assume that we find for the first time in the 15th century the character of Šahrazād as a courageous woman who had taken upon herself to get the king away from his bias against the women after his wife deceived him. Šahrazād tells him stories in which women have not infrequently more fortitude and deserve more to be trusted than men who are sometimes immature. But there are also from the same century other stories in which ancient themes continue, for instance about crafty and lustful women. In the 16th century, “Dalila the wily” upgrade crafty women, but in the seventeeth century, the Ottoman’s connections with Protestant communities in Germany introduced to the Arabian Nights European witches and bird-women. Anyway men have to avoid to fall in love with women. During the 18th century, a solution to the problem of good relationship between men and women is sketched in the “Masrūr and Zayn al-Mawāṣif” story. The two characters, a christian man and a jewish woman, live happily after they had both converted to Islam. In the same way, the Arabian Nights end when the king gives up his bias against the women and marry Šahrazād, “a good wife [. . .] a pure, a chaste, a devout one”. But he has to keep faith with his wife and preserve responbility for her, according to Islamic Law. Du ixe/xve siècle semble dater le personnage d’une Šahrazād qui s’est donné pour mission de faire revenir le roi de ses préventions sur les femmes, après qu’il ait découvert l’infidélité de son épouse. Šahrazād lui présente des contes où les femmes apparaissent souvent comme plus fortes et dignes de confiance que les personnages masculins, parfois immatures. Mais le recueil enregistre également pour cette époque, des contes où les vieux topoï de la femme rusée et lubrique persistent. Au xe/xvie siècle, le personnage de « Dalila la Rusée » revalorise la ruse des femmes, mais, au xie/xviie siècle, les contacts du pouvoir ottoman avec les protestants d’Allemagne introduisent dans les contes des Nuits, sorcières et femmes-oiseaux venues d’Europe, et les femmes à nouveau sont renvoyées à leur rôle de reproductrices dont il ne faut surtout pas s’éprendre. C’est au xiie/xviiie siècle, qu’une solution s’ébauche. Dans le conte de « Masrūr et Zayn al-Mawāṣif », les deux héros, un chrétien et une juive, trouvent leur bonheur dans une conversion à l’islam. De même à la fin des Nuits, lorsque le roi abandonne ses préventions à l’égard des femmes et épouse Šahrazād, la « bonne épouse [. . .] pure, chaste et pieuse », devient l’épouse du roi revenu de ses erreurs, et au roi s’imposent pour sa part les devoirs de fidélité et d’autorité sur sa femme, comme l’enseigne l’Islam. This article is in French.

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Furazheva, Natalya S. "National and European ideals of upbringing and education of the Russian nobility in the second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th century." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 62 (2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-62-101-112.

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During the golden age of Russian nobility`s culture (second half of the 18th century – first half of the 19th century) there were significant changes in the system of upbringing and education of the gentlefolk. In the pre-Petrine period education of the Russian nobility was aimed primarily at a spiritual improvement and housekeeping. As a result of the Western Europe`s cultural influence the Russian nobility gains new educational and pedagogical guidelines based on the ideals of Enlightenment. Main focus of the education came to be the training for public service and proficiency in good manners. At that time moral literature acquired a great importance. Western-type boarding schools for men and women appeared. The teaching of foreign languages, especially French, becomes widespread. Foreign teachers and governesses are invited to teach the children of the nobility at home. The combination of the old and new ideals of upbringing and education, which bring together the best domestic and European traditions among the Russian nobility, leads to a gradual building-up of unified educational principles.

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Slegers, Roos. "The Ethics and Economics of Middle Class Romance." Journal of Ethics 25, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 525–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10892-021-09373-3.

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AbstractThis article shows the philosophical kinship between Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft on the subject of love. Though the two major 18th century thinkers are not traditionally brought into conversation with each other, Wollstonecraft and Smith share deep moral concerns about the emerging commercial society. As the new middle class continues to grow along with commerce, vanity becomes an ever more common vice among its members. But a vain person is preoccupied with appearance, status, and flattery—things that get in the way of what Smith and Wollstonecraft regard as the deep human connection they variously describe as love, sympathy, and esteem. Commercial society encourages inequality, Smith argues, and Wollstonecraft points out that this inequality is particularly obvious in the relationships between men and women. Men are vain about their wealth, power and status; women about their appearance. Added to this is the fact that most middle class women are both uneducated and encouraged by the conduct literature of their day to be sentimental and irrational. The combined economic and moral considerations of Wollstonecraft and Smith show that there is very little room for love in commercial society as they conceived it.

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Maulani, Abdullah, and Munawar Holil. "Malay Text Reception among Sufi Orders in West Java: A Study on Wawacan Layang Siti Hasanah." KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities 29, no. 2 (2022): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/kajh2022.29.2.5.

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The article discusses the active reception of Malay texts among members of the Qadiriyah wa Naqshabandiyah (TQN) Sufi order in West Java. It focuses on the text entitled Wawacan Layang Siti Hasanah. The TQN members adapted the Malay Cerita Siti Hasanah and turned it into a wawacan, a narrative text in Javanese verse specific to West Java, from as early as 1792 up to the early 20th century. This article discusses the various TQN members’ reception of the Malay hikayat (tales) from the end of the 18th century until the 20th century. Using a literary reception and literary anthropology analysis approach to the Wawacan Layang Siti Hasanah, the analysis found that the text functioned as a didactic text to teach women that they must always obey their husbands. It also contains several Sufi values such as ma’rifa (mystical knowledge of the Godhead) and Nūr Muḥammad (the essence of Muhammad). This article will also show that in the process of adapting the story to their wishes, the TQN members in West Java also turned it into a wawacan and changed the way it was used among the members of the Sufi orders and pesantren (Islamic boarding school) communities.

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Sánchez Hernández, Mª Angeles. "L'épistolier au féminin au XVIIIe siècle : Lettres d’une Péruvienne de Mme de Graffigny." Estudios Románicos 28 (December 19, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/er/378021.

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En este artículo presentamos un análisis de la obra de Mme de Graffigny Lettres d’une Péruvienne (1747), novela que tuvo un éxito considerable en el momento de su publicación, aunque presentaba unas tesis altamente críticas sobre la situación de la mujer en la sociedad de la Ilustración. Situaremos nuestro análisis de la obra en el contexto de la novela epistolar francesa del siglo XVIII. Destacamos los elementos que consideramos innovadores en este trabajo en relación con el género al que pertenece. In this article we present an analysis of the work of Mme de Graffigny Lettres d'une Péruvienne (1747), a novel which was a considerable success at the time of its publication, although it presented a thesis on the situation of women in Lumière's highly critical society. We situate our analysis of the work in the context of the epistolary novel in France in the 18th century. We highlight the elements that we consider innovative in this work in relation to the genre to which it belongs.

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Akopian, Gabriel, and Magdi Alexander. "De Garengeot Hernia: Appendicitis within a Femoral Hernia." American Surgeon 71, no. 6 (June 2005): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480507100617.

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Many surgeons are familiar with Amyand hernia, which is an inguinal hernia sac containing an appendix. However, few surgeons know of the contribution of Rene Jacques Croissant de Garengeot, an 18th century Parisian surgeon, to hernias. He is quoted in the literature as the first to describe the appendix in a femoral hernia sac. We discuss the case of an 81-year-old woman who presented with appendicitis within a femoral hernia, a rare finding at surgery that is almost never diagnosed preoperatively. We also propose crediting Croissant de Garengeot by naming this condition after him. Although his full last name is Croissant de Garengeot, for convenience we suggest the simple diagnosis of “de Garengeot hernia.”

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Smaza, Klaudia. "Pamiętnikarska relacja Wirydianny Fiszerowej jako cenne źródło historyczne." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 15 (December 12, 2017): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/3911.

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Memoirs of Wirydianna Fiszerowa as a valuable source of historical data The purpose of this article is to present the work of Wirydianna Fiszerowa, entitled Dzieje moje własne i osób postronnych. Wiązanka spraw poważnych, ciekawych i błahych (Memoirs of myself and others. A mixture of serious, interesting and trivial matters). This incredible story of life in face of the constant threat of war and of living through several political upheavals, all intertwined with personal dramas of an 18th-century woman, makes Fiszerowa's diary unique in the context of Polish memoir writing. The correlation of history and individual experiences of Wirydianna Fiszerowa herself are inseparable elements forming the narrative space of her diary. Thanks to this, Fiszerowa's memoirs are a very important source of historical data, as well as a valuable collection of universal values for future readers. The connection between memoirs or autobiographical literature and history is another issue on which this study is focused. The author of this article aims to present that old literature plays a fundamental role in understanding history, and therefore aids in the interpretation of texts from remote epochs and different cultures.Keywords: history; diary; memoir; autobiography; war; woman;

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Garcia Gázquez, Hilari. "L’herència del debat literari sobre la condició femenina en l’obra dramàtica de Francesc Palanca i Roca." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 16 (December 13, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.16.19236.

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Resum: Els estudiosos del teatre del segle XIX consideren que els gèneres escènics vuitcentistes, en especial el sainet, són una font de documentació de la societat d’aquells anys. En conseqüència, a través d’una part important de la producció dramàtica de Francesc Palanca i Roca (1834-1897) podem resseguir els hàbits, els costums i les tradicions dels valencians d’aquell període, fins i tot la disputa o el debat al voltant de les dones que inundava els ambients literaris i acadèmics europeus des de l’edat mitjana. En aquest sentit, observarem com les obres per a escena de Palanca i Roca recullen l’herència dels tòpics misògins i dels arguments en defensa de la condició femenina, una herència que procedeix tant de la literatura culta com de la popular. En definitiva, la detecció i identificació d’aquests elements serà l’objectiu del present treball.Paraules clau: misogínia, teatre, sainetAbstract: 19th century researchers consider that 18th century drama genres, especially the «sainet» (a comic sketch), are a source of documentation on those years society. Consequently, we can follow the habits, uses and traditions of the Valencian people of that period through an important part of the drama production by Francesc Palanca i Roca (1834-1897), even the dispute or debate on women that used to flood the European literary and academic circles of the medieval age. In this respect, we will see how the drama plays by Palanca i Roca gather the heritage of misogynous topics and the arguments on women’s condition defence, a heritage coming from the cultivated literature as well as from the popular one. All in all, the detection and identification of these elements will be the objective of the present work.Keywords: misogyny, theatre, sainet

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Green, Steven J. "Collapsing Authority and ‘Arachnean’ Gods in Ovid's Baucis and Philemon (Met. 8.611-724)." Ramus 32, no. 1 (2003): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00001284.

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Among the many delightful stories woven into Ovid's Metamorphoses, the tale of Baucis and Philemon in Book 8—not found before Ovid—has long proven a favourite with many readers. Narrated by the elderly Lelex, the story goes that Jupiter and Mercury are wandering on earth from door to door in need of shelter; they are received by a pious old couple, Baucis and Philemon, who entertain them with their utmost hospitality; the gods later reveal themselves, punish the inhospitable neighbourhood and reward the pious couple with everlasting life by turning them into sacred trees. This popular story has been the subject of at least two lighthearted operas, by Joseph Haydn (18th century) and Charles-François Gounod (19th century); both Rubens (c.1620) and Rembrandt (1658) have depicted scenes from the story on canvas; elegant poetic translations have been written by John Dryden (1693) and Jonathan Swift (1709). It is not difficult to understand why this story has provided particular enjoyment for the reader. In a poem which too often presents the gods as indifferent to justice and indulgent in their basest desires, here is a story which celebrates the proper relationship between divine and mortal, and pulls on moral, almost Christian heart-strings. Many might agree with G. Karl Galinsky's observation that the story has the effect of ‘radiating so obviously the sort of kindly warmth which some of Ovid's readers would like to find in more of [Ovid's] myths and, one suspects, in their daily lives.’

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ΡΑΠΤΗΣ, ΚΩΣΤΑΣ. "ΑΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΗ, 1789-1914: ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΣΜΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ." Μνήμων 20 (January 1, 1998): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mnimon.675.

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<p>Kostas Raptis, Middle classes and middle class culture in Europe, 1789-1914: approaches in modern historiography</p><p>The history of the european middle classes from the late 18th to theearly 20th century is a very wide topic and relates to economic, social,political, gender and culture history. This essay gives a brief overviewof the main subjects regarding it. It draws mainly on (pioneer) germanspeaking,but also on english and french literature. Following the currentdebate, it points to the different social and economic groups making upthe so called ((Bürgertum», to their common characteristics, as well astheir specific culture, the ((Bürgerlichkeit)).More specifically this paper is concerned with the followin subjects:— the composition of the «Bürgertum» and the features of its maingroups (professionals, bourgeois of money and bourgeois of knowledge)— the relevant terminology in german, french and english language— the comparison between upper middle class and nobility— the social position and role of the lowermiddle classes— the relation of the bourgeoisie to liberalism and nationalism— the study of the history of the middle classes in the specific contextof a town or a city (as an urban phenomenon)— the position and role of middle class women in a bourgeois society— the middle class family— the bourgeois way of life and culture in general</p>

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Firstova, Maria Yu. "Artistic Embodiment of Unitarian Religious Principles in the Literary Works of Elizabeth Gaskell." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 14, no. 2 (2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2022-2-131-141.

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The paper deals with the origins and major principles of the Unitarian religion that began to spread in Great Britain in the 18th century. The author aims to reveal the impact of the ethics of this Non-conformist (Dissent) Christian religious thought on the literary works of Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865), whose family background was largely Unitarian. The study shows the way that ethical principles of the Unitarian doctrine influence the problem-theme facet of her novels, which is evident in the artistic interpretation of the idea of strengthening the role of women in the Victorian society, in the author’s new approach to the solution to ‘the fallen woman’ problem, based on the possibility to atone for the sin through the service to the good of people and maternal love. The article focuses on the artistic depiction of the evil nature of a lie, the ideas of pacifism, religious tolerance, social justice, and resolution of social problems on the basis of the Christian idea of mutual dependence of humans, as presented in the novels written by Gaskell. The characters of her works, being new for Victorian literature, are also developed on the moral principles of Unitarianism. They are a socially active young woman from the middle class whose efforts are aimed at the resolution of the social conflict and a church minister (a dissenter) suffering from religious or moral doubts. The latter circumstance determines the shift from the depiction of the external social conflict to the internal one, which results in the in-depth psychological insight into the character in Gaskell’s narration. Particular attention is also given to the artistic interpretation of the key Unitarian idea of moral development and perfection of humans and continuous social progress in the novels Ruth (1853), North and South (1855), Sylvia’s Lovers (1863).

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Catalano, Ralph, Alison Gemmill, and Tim Bruckner. "A test of famine-induced developmental programming in utero." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 10, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174418000806.

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AbstractThe ‘DOHaD’ literature argues that stressors encountered at age t ‘program’ individual health at age t+n, and that this programming appears strongest when t defines critical developmental periods including gestation. Accordingly, children of ill-nourished pregnant women suffer greater later life morbidity than do offspring of well-nourished mothers. The possibility that circumstances other than access to nutritious food drive both a mother’s diet and fetal development remains, however, a threat to the inference of programming in utero. Attempts to rule out this threat include tests of the hypothesis that birth cohorts in gestation during famines exhibit shorter life spans than other cohorts. The tests produce conflicting results attributed to confounding by autocorrelation, selective migration and introduction of modern medicine. We offer a test in which neither medicine nor migration nor autocorrelation could obscure the presumed effect. We apply time-series regression methods to the life span of Swedes born between 1751 and 1800 to test the hypothesis that cohorts exposed in utero to the Swedish Famine of 1773 lived shorter lives than expected from trends and other forms of autocorrelation. We use these 50 birth cohorts not only because they included those exposed to severe famine but also because they may well be the only human birth cohorts that completed life unaffected by selective migration and unaided by modern medicine and for which we know life span. We find that the cohort born in 1773 live 4.2 years longer than expected from trends over the last half of the 18th century.

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Bespalyy, S. "Industry 4.0: Challenges and Opportunities for the Labor Market." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 82, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2021-2/36-44.

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Main problem: In the 18th century, when industrial production began, the use of steam and mechanized production caused major changes in the economy. As a result, production costs decreased along with an increase in the quantity and quality of products. During this period, production underwent a revolutionary transition from manual labor to mechanization. The potential impact of Industry 4.0 on labor markets remains an under-explored scientific field. It is estimated that Industry 4.0 will lead to unemployment by changing the employment structure and will bring new structural problems in terms of unemployment and labor relations. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the impact of Industry 4.0 on the labor market and identify the consequences of the impact. Methods: studied, the evolution of production development, when mass production with electricity led to the Age of Industry 2.0, and then the emergence of the digital revolution, the use of electronics and information technology in production processes, marked the beginning of the Age of Industry 3.0. It is expected, according to international experts, scientists, that automation and robotic production will have a serious impact on the unskilled workforce and cause a critical reduction in the labor force of vulnerable sectors of society, that is, women, migrants, youth and the elderly. Results and their significance: This study assessed the possible impact of the fourth industrial revolution on labor markets. Through a literature review and analysis of emerging trends in Industry 4.0, the risks, opportunities and challenges of the process are explored in a comparative perspective. It has been established that countries must correctly perceive the transformation of labor markets and take appropriate measures. Otherwise, the applied labor-based low-cost industrialization model will lose its comparative advantage.

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Ebara, Masaharu, and Kenji Satake. "Mini Special Issue on Studies of Historical and Archaeological Materials for Disaster Research." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0389.

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Japan is a country that experiences a considerable number of natural disasters. It sees frequent seismic and volcanic activity because it is located on the boundaries of multiple plates. In addition, the temperate monsoon climate brings heavy rains and therefore floods and landslides. Since ancient times, the Japanese have repeatedly recovered from various natural disasters. That history has much to teach those living alive now. In Japan, observation systems for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been set up, and research based on the records of these instruments is actively being done. However, some earthquakes and eruptions repeat at intervals of hundreds of years, making the investigation of historical and archaeological materials essential if the true circumstances of such natural events and damage they caused are to be learned. A part of the historical disaster research currently being conducted in Japan is presented in this mini special issue. This mini special issue contains four papers. Ebara’s paper, taking up the ways in which artificial development has transformed the topography in the last 500 years, considers the relationship between the original topography and the damage caused by typhoons. Kaneko’s contribution considers the damage sustained by one village that was hit by the tsunami that resulted from the great earthquake in the early 18th century. Kaneko surveys archaeological sites and tombstones that reveal that many of the victims were women and children. Sugimori et al. elucidate the exact time of the great earthquake in the 19th century by using historical materials written in Japanese, English, and Russian. Along with the importance of comparing and contrasting various literatures, the work teaches us that disasters have no borders. Murata proposes a method of utilizing archaeological excavations in earthquake research. It also presents a case in which the condition of the ground, which cannot be understood by surface observation alone, is estimated from traces of a disaster. From these papers, readers can learn the potential of historical and archaeological materials in disaster research.

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Brown, Marshall, Felicity Nussbaum, and Laura Brown. "The New 18th Century: Theory, Politics, English Literature." Eighteenth-Century Studies 22, no. 4 (1989): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2739082.

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pelli, Moshe. "Literature of Haskalah in the Late 18th Century." Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 52, no. 4 (2000): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700739-90000092.

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Vekerdi, József. "An 18th-century Transylvanian Gypsy Vocabulary." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 3 (September 2006): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.3.5.

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chine, Blanc de. "Photographs: Lao Tze Chinese 18th-19th century." World Literature Today 75, no. 1 (2001): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40156309.

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Vareschi, Mark. "Surveillance Studies and Literature of the Long 18th Century." Literature Compass 15, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): e12435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12435.

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Cahill, Samara Anne. "Anglo‐Muslim relations in 18th‐century literature and culture." Literature Compass 17, no. 10 (August 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12601.

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Nag, Ishita. "ENGLISH LITERATURE THROUGH THE AGES." International Journal of English Learning & Teaching Skills 3, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 2284–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijelts.3307.

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This review paper deals with the development of the English language through time starting with the Old English literature (450-1066), Middle English Literature (1066-1500), English Renaissance (1500-1660), the Restoration Age (1660-1700), the 18th century, Romanticism (1798-1837), Victorian literature (1837-1901), and the 20th century.

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Sookyung Choi. "Women Anthologies of Fan Duan'ang in the early 18th century." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 57 (June 2013): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.26586/chls.2013..57.009.

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Strobel, Heidi A. "Royal "Matronage" of Women Artists in the Late-18th Century." Woman's Art Journal 26, no. 2 (2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3598091.

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Semerdjian, Elyse. "NAKED ANXIETY: BATHHOUSES, NUDITY, AND THEDHIMMĪWOMAN IN 18TH-CENTURY ALEPPO." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 651–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743813000846.

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AbstractIn the 18th century, non-Muslims and women crossed social boundaries during a period of increased global consumption, prompting intervention on the part of Ottoman officials. On the imperial level, the sultan promulgated edicts to restrict such crossings, following the path of earlier laws that had regulated public spaces including bathhouses. In Aleppo, a local reflection of these 18th-century trends was increased monitoring of nudity and of contact between Muslims and non-Muslims within the city's bathhouses. Regulations required that bathkeepers provide separate bath sundries for Muslims and non-Muslims and prohibited co-confessional bathing for women in particular. With the assistance of guilds—and to a lesser extentmilletrepresentatives—complex bathing schedules for Muslim and non-Muslim women were registered at court to support segregation policies. Jurists discussing modesty requirements for Muslim women declared that non-Muslim (dhimmī) women were to be treated as unrelated men in that they were forbidden to gaze upon a naked Muslim woman. Shariʿa court rulings were constructed along similar lines, indicating that thedhimmīwoman was an unstable, liminal social category because in some circumstances her gaze was gendered male. Muslim male elites and local guilds ultimately instituted segregated bathing schedules to protect the purity of Muslim women from the danger posed by thedhimmīfemale figure.

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Nechvaloda, E. E. "The 18th-Century Udmurt Women’s Outfits Depicted in J.P. Falk’s Book: Interpretation and Attribution." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.1.119-126.

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This study describes three engravings in the book by Academician Johan Peter Falk, showing Udmurt women in traditional outfi ts. Falk headed one of the most important expeditions of the 18th century, sponsored by the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to the fi gure captions, the women are Votyak, Bashkir, and Mishar, respectively; but ethnographic data suggest that two of these attributions are wrong. On the basis of comparison of the women’s outfi ts to those drawn by members of other 18th-century expeditions and of late 19th to early 20th-century ethnographic sources, relating to the composition of outfi ts, their construction, decoration, and ornaments, all the three women are Udmurt. The “Votyak” outfi t matches that of the southern Udmurt, the allegedly Mishar woman is central Udmurt, and the one said to be Bashkir is northern Udmurt. The accuracy of detail allows us to specify not only the ethnicity of the women, but their social status as well. The so-called “Votyak” and “Bashkir” outfi ts are those worn by married women, and that of the alleged “Mishar” is a girl’s dress. Generally, accurate representations, such as those illustrating the proceedings of the 18th-century expeditions from the Academy of Sciences, are a valuable and underexplored source of information.

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Šilbajoris, Rimvydas, and Justinas Marcinkevičus. "The Amber Lyre: 18th-20th Century Lithuanian Poetry." World Literature Today 59, no. 3 (1985): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40141035.

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hanna, nelly. "Language, literature and society in 17th and 18th century cairo." مصر الحدیثة 11, no. 11 (January 1, 2012): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/nmisr.2012.141157.

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Andreoni, Annalisa. "Mythology and earthquakes in Italian literature of the 18th century." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 48, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014585813514728.

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Scholtens, M. "The glorification of gout in 16th- to 18th-century literature." Canadian Medical Association Journal 179, no. 8 (September 16, 2008): 804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080312.

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Trujillo-González, Verónica C. "Le discours préfaciel au XVIIIe siècle à travers le Dictionnaire de l’Académie (1718) et le Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721). Essai de classification." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.17014.tru.

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Abstract The 18th century was a very productive period from a lexicographic point of view. In that century, the French Academy published four new editions of their dictionary, being the second edition (1718) the one that included major revisions (1718). The Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721) is also considered to be one of the pillars of 18th century lexicography in France, with eight published editions. The comparison of the prefaces of these two major pieces of French lexicography, in spite of their different conceptions, will allow us to establish the big strategical lines that have marked French Lexicography during the first part of the 18th century, as well as presenting how two of the most important dictionaries of the French 18th century are organized.

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Pyle, Hilary, Martha B. Caldwell, Wanda Ryan-Smolin, Elizabeth Mayes, and Jeni Rogers. "Irish Women Artists: From the 18th Century to the Present Day." Woman's Art Journal 11, no. 1 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358389.

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Cameron, Vivian. "Gender and power: Images of women in late 18th-century France." History of European Ideas 10, no. 3 (January 1989): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90131-9.

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ALPERT, Michael. "The Secret Jews of 18th Century Madrid." Revue des Études Juives 156, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 135–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.156.1.519375.

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Patroeva, Natal'ia V., and Aleksandr A. Lebedev. "Book review: Feofan Prokopovich. Ten books on rhetorical art / translated by G. A. Stratanovsky; text preparation by S. I. Nikolaev; text eds by E. V. Markasova, S. I. Nikolaev; comments by E. V. Markasova; scientific editorial translation by E. V. Vvedenskaya. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Alliance-Archeo Publ., 2020. 288 p." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 63 (2022): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-63-348-353.

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The monograph is a commented translation of the most important monument of Russian aesthetic thought of the first quarter of the 18th century — “Rhetoric” by Feofan Prokopovich. The translation was made by the classical philologist G. A. Stratanovsky (1901–1986) in the mid-1960s. The introduction of a previously unknown Russian translation of a rhetorical treatise into the scientific circulation will give a new impetus to the study of Russian literature of the 18th century, and will also make it possible to enrich the ideas of philologists about the study of Russian rhetoric in the Soviet period. The publication is addressed to philologists and historians of all specializations, teachers of the Russian language and literature, specialists in the history of rhetoric, the history of linguistic doctrines, the history of literary ties in the 18th century.

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Kilián, István. "Régi magyar Mária-siralmak." Theatron 15, no. 3 (2021): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55502/the.2021.3.201.

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Among the most beautiful and ancient texts of the Christian liturgy and church literature are the Lamentations of Mary. The paperpresents their manifestations in old Hungarian literature from the 13th century to the 18th century.

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Wheeler, David. "Jane Austen and 18th-Century English Spa Culture." English Studies 85, no. 2 (2004): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/enst.85.2.120.30500.

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Wheeler, David. "JANE AUSTEN AND 18TH-CENTURY ENGLISH SPA CULTURE." English Studies 85, no. 2 (April 2004): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138380409609830.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women in literature – 18th century'

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