Academic literature on the topic 'Women, Kabyle'

Abstract Gender relations embody and justify unequal power relations in intra-household allocation and livelihood improvement strategies. While women are the main actors in agriculture production in the Kabale’s dominant smallholder farmer households, they are restricted from control and use of the production resources necessary to access Agriculture Extension and Advisory Services. Household and higher level institutional structures are within patriarchal power setting and women have to bargain through explicit and implicit ways to access household resources, each with implications on accessibility to support services needed to improve livelihood. There are however, some few cases of mutual cooperation with positive ramifications on access to extension services as well as on household livelihood outcomes. While this paper recognizes eminent reforms during the era of agriculture modernisation, these have not yet fully achieved power and institutional transformation for the meaningful positioning of women with regard to control and use of resources needed to access extension services at household level.

From 2014 through 2016, we produced a music festival in rural Kabale, Uganda in order to facilitate HIV testing and reproductive health services offered by NGOs specializing in HIV and sexual health. Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of a music festival to engage persons in sexual health and HIV screening services. Clinical service data was compiled and analyzed. Between 2014 and 2016, over 38,000 persons attended the annual festivals and were exposed to HIV prevention messaging. Over 7,000 persons have been tested for HIV. In 2016, 4,588 HIV tests were performed. In addition, 36 long-acting means of contraception were placed, 33 women were screened for cervical cancer, 2 tubal ligations were performed, and 193 men were referred for circumcision. Music festivals created a novel opportunity to provide sexual health services including prevention education, reproductive healthcare, and HIV testing to persons at risk for HIV in rural Uganda.

<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The history of women and womanhood is surrounded by a factual reality which has been affected by historic tradition, social institutions, and cultural practices. Women studies in social sciences are often nourished by feminist approaches within patriarchy debates. The hypothesis of patriarchy’s being derived from religion and tradition is highly determinant while forming an estimate of women’s status. This acceptance is also seen as the main reason of seeing women as a second class in eastern societies. This study represents the effort of digressing this acceptance. The main source of this effort is women and womanhood being in khutbahs used by Presidency of Religious Affairs of Turkey within the scope of non-formal religious education. The study aims to determine the discourses through which woman phenomenon has been expressed in khutbahs issued between 2006 and 2016 (on 599 khutbahs). In this context, 43 khutbahs issued throughout Turkey have been chosen. These khutbahs have been made content analysis under the categories of privacy, violence to family and women. Khutbahs, which are ways of non-formal religious education, are noteworthiness as they are read in mosques that gather all kind of people from society. These Khutbahs also stresses about the importance of womanhood and give chapters to respect women. Thus, how women have been expressed, the responsibilities given to women and the ways of describing women’s roles in khutbahs are important to achieve the aim of the study. </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Kadın ve kadınlığın tarihi gelenekler, toplumsal kurumlar ve kültürel pratiklerin etkilediği olgusal bir gerçeklikle çevrilidir. Sosyal bilimlerde kadın araştırmaları, sıklıkla ataerkillik tartışmaları içerisinde feminist yaklaşımlardan beslenmektedir. Ataerkilliğin din ve gelenekten türediği varsayımı, kadının toplumsal konumu ve statüsünü değerlendirilirken oldukça belirleyicidir. Bu kabul aynı zamanda Doğu toplumlarında kadının ikincil planda kalmasının temel nedeni olarak görülmektedir. Çalışma, bu kabule bir parantez açma çabasını yansıtmaktadır. Çabayı besleyen damar, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’nın yaygın din eğitimi kapsamında kullandığı hutbelerde yer alan kadın ve kadınlık olmuştur. Araştırmada, 2006-2016 yılları arasında yayınlanan 599 hutbe içerisinde kadın olgusunun hangi söylemlerle ifade edildiğini saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Türkiye geneli için yayınlanmış 43 hutbe seçilmiştir. Bu hutbeler mahremiyet, aile ve kadına şiddet kategoriler başlığında içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Yaygın din eğitimi aracı olan hutbeler, toplumun her kesiminden insanı toplayan camilerde okutulduğu düşünüldüğünde dikkate değer bulunmuştur. Böylece hutbelerde kadının nasıl anlatıldığı, İslam dini içerisinde kadına yüklenen sorumluluklar ve kadınların rollerinin tanımlanma biçimleri çalışmanın amacı için önemlidir. Kadına değer verilmesinin İslam dini açısından zorunlu olduğundan bahsedilen hutbelerde, kadının olması gereken konuma dair bir projeksiyon sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda da hutbelerde kadına yönelik temalar işlenerek, İslam’ın kadına verdiği önem vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Toplumda kadına yönelik yapılan haksızlıkların yanlış olduğu ve bunların ne İslam ne de Müslümanlıkla bağdaşmadığı mesajı verilerek, toplumda var olan sorunların önüne geçilmeye çalışılmaktadır.<strong></strong></p>

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors contributing to declination of women projects funded by local MFIsMethodology: A qualitative and quantitative case study was adopted. The target population was included all the Kabete women groups financed by the KWFT Kabete branch. The number of groups was 200 with a total of 1000 members. As it not feasible for the researcher to study every member in the target population, a sample of 10% was considered representative. A nonrandom sampling technique was used to select 3 respondents from the various groups where the group leaders such as chair lady, treasurer and secretary were requested to fill in the questionnaires which were the instruments for data collection. The data collected was analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: Findings indicated that the main causes of failure of women projects funded by MFIs can be attributed to the general SME constraints such as competition, lack of technical training and capacity building and inappropriate information and technology. In addition, genders issues such as women immobility, lack of confidence, inadequate time and unequal distribution of productive resources contributed to failure. It was also found that low degree of formal training in various business areas was a state common with many women undertaking projects funded by local MFIs. It was found that despite local MFIs offering flexible borrowing and repayment terms, majority of women borrowers found it difficult to repay loans on time. It was also found that majority of women projects had not expanded nor contracted, that is, they had no noticeable growth. Nonetheless, it was unfortunate that a significant portion of women projects had actually collapsed as a result of the general and gender constraints listed in this study.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It was recommended that general constraints to SMEs and gender disparities needed to be sorted out. The policy calling for improvement in the legal and regulatory framework require a comprehensive review of all pertinent Acts in order to determine the extent to which such acts have adverse impact on SMEs. The government effort to create markets such as Muthurwa and the other potential markets should be reinforced by the provision of amenities such as water, sanitation and electricity in those markets. Furthermore, more work places and land need to be set aside for the construction of effective trading structures. The government and stakeholders as well need to come together and establish public private partnerships with the mandate of providing business training as well building capacity among SME owners. The researcher recommends a study on an analytical study shedding light to the reasons for the slow implementation of various policies aimed at benefiting the SME sector

Purpose This study aims to determine the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 from Fiti sachets, in four widely consumed pulses, namely, black-eyed pea, pigeon pea, kabuli chickpea and desi chickpea. The secondary objective was to determine the viability of the fermented pulses during 21 days of storage at 4°C. Design/methodology/approach Each pulse sample was mixed with a Fiti sachet (one gram of freeze-dried consortium of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus C106) and fermented for up to 120 h. To assess the samples’ storage potential, they were refrigerated at 4°C for 21 days. Microbial enumerations and pH measurements were collected during fermentation and storage to determine the viability and fermentation potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Fiti, respectively. Findings There was a significant (p = 0.01) difference in mean microbial counts in all pulse samples throughout fermentation. At 24 h of fermentation, the mean bacterial count of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 in black-eyed pea, pigeon pea, kabuli chickpea and desi chickpea were 1.32 × 109 ± 0.11, 1.01 × 109 ± 0.16, 1.52 × 109 ± 0.14 and 0.80 × 109 ± 0.05 CFU/mL, respectively. Fermentation of pigeon pea, kabuli chickpea and desi chickpea at 48 h yielded the highest bacterial count for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 while black-eyed pea reached its highest bacterial count at 72 h of fermentation. The bacterial concentration of all pulse samples remained at around 109 CFU/mL during the refrigeration period of 21 days at 4°C. Furthermore, the pH of all pulse samples were below 4.6 during both fermentation and refrigerated storage. Originality/value Since 2004, the Fiti initiative has economically empowered hundreds of women in East Africa by teaching them how to produce and sell probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1. As a result, Fiti probiotic yogurt was made accessible to vulnerable populations in East Africa who face malnutrition, infectious diseases and environmental toxins. Because of recent climatic changes, milk has become more expensive and inaccessible for local communities. Furthermore, this study found that black-eyed pea, pigeon pea, kabuli chickpea and desi chickpea can be viable and non-diary probiotic alternatives to the Fiti probiotic yogurt in Eastern Africa. This is also the first study of its kind to provide preliminary evidence showing pulses as non-dairy alternatives to Fiti probiotic yogurt.

The economic status of women today is neither a mere coincidence, nor a result of their ability (or lack thereof) to take on other jobs; it has nothing to do with their “nature,” despite the legends propagated on their behalf, starting with the creation myth. The existence of Eve was a sufficient motive to fight her, an approach that persists to this day, albeit using different tools and weapons, and that is engrained in our very structures. These violent battles have been bloody, despotic, or both, but they all served to transform myths into beliefs or general rules that inform how women are perceived. Not always visible or evident, these myths can have malicious consequences, especially when they claim that women lack the capacity, merit, eligibility, and credibility to reach certain positions in the social and economic ladder. As a result, women are left at the bottom of the ladder in terms of professional status, wages, working conditions, and, most importantly, the value attributed to their work. Throughout this essay, I seek to contribute to refuting the myths about women at work, especially those involved in the healthcare fields. To do so, I shed light on the work of legal midwives (kabila), and traditional midwives (daya), and the fundamental role they play in the health of women and mothers. I also aim to highlight some historical and contemporary facts to address the historical erasure of women’s achievements, and to contribute to bringing justice to midwives in the face of the ongoing distortion, prejudice, and isolation under the current health system.

Ce travail se veut comme une contribution académique sur le sujet de l’évaluation du contact des sociétés dites traditionnelles (locales) face à la dynamique de mondialisation culturelle (globale) portée par les dispositifs d’information et de communication. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un débat portant sur les industries culturelles et leurs influences, ainsi que sur le processus de reconfiguration des identités et cultures traditionnelles locales au contact du monde moderne synonyme de leur intégration ou non à l’ordre mondial. Entre tradition et modernité, la rencontre entre l’industrie culturelle et la culture kabyle nous renvoie souvent à la dimension du global/local que soulève ou qu’impose la globalisation. Celle-ci par delà son aspect hégémonique participe à l’émergence d’un processus d’hybridations culturelles et identitaires symbole de cette combinaison entre moderne et non moderne qui repose sur les dichotomies fascination/répulsion, emprunts/rejets intégrations/éliminations qui se déploient selon des modalités de résolution toujours précaires. Les flux médiatiques transnationaux apparaissent sans doute comme un facteur majeur à l’intérieur de ce processus, d’où la question de savoir et de comprendre dans quelle mesure est ce que de tels dispositifs produisent de « l’homogénéisation culturelle », ou, à l’inverse, s’ils permettent, « d’enrichir » l’expérience culturelle et identitaire locales « d’apports extérieurs » ?
This work is intended as an academic contribution on the subject of the evaluation of traditional societies (local) against the dynamics of cultural globalization (global) supported by information and communication devices. It is in the context of a debate on the cultural industries and their influences, as well as on the process of reconfiguration of traditional local identities and cultures in contact with the modern world stands for integration or not the world order. Between tradition and modernity, the meeting between the cultural industry and the so-called local cultures we often return to the dimension of global / local raised or imposed by globalization. This and beyond its hegemonic aspects involved in the emergence of a cultural and identity symbol of the hybridization process combinison between modern and non-modern based on dichotomies fascination / repulsion, loans / discharge integration / élimiation that deployed in ever precarious resolution arrangements. Transnational media streams appear likely as a major factor in the interior of the process where the question and understand if such dipositifs produce "cultural homogenization" or permetent conversely, «d 'enrich» cultures and local identities «external input»?

Ccna [ʃ:na], est une poésie féminine traditionnelle kabyle chantée publiquement lors des fêtes de mariages dans la région d’Ighil n Zekri de Tizi-Ouzou en Algérie. Elle traite essentiellement de la condition socio-affective de la composante féminine des communautés villageoises. Bien qu’elle s’apparente à d’autres types poétiques relevant de la tradition orale kabyle, cette poésie possède des spécificités propres et une originalité expressive, tant du point de vue de son contexte de performance que du point de vue des fonctions qu’elle assure au sein des sociétés productrices. En effet, les cérémonies de ccna donnent lieu à la production d’un espace virtuel de communication et de gestion des conflits qui mérite indéniablement une étude approfondie. Ce projet de recherche est construit autour d’un corpus traduit et annoté, son étude implique nécessairement une approche, à la fois proprement littéraire des textes et anthropologique (acteurs, conditions de création, diffusion et réception)
Ccna [ʃ:na], is a female traditional Kabylian poem sung publicly at weddings in the area of Ighil n Zekri in Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria. It mainly deals with women’s socio-emotional conditions in rural communities. Although it is similar to other poetic types in the kabylian oral tradition, this poetry has specificities and a meaningful originality, from the point of view of its performance context as well as from the functions it ensures within the producing societies. Indeed, ccna ceremonies lead to the creation of a virtual space of communication and conflict management that deserves an in-depth study. This research project is built around a corpus translated and annotated, its study necessarily implies an approach, both literary of the texts and anthropological (actors, conditions of the creation, dissemination and reception)

Female Afghan healthcare providers are vital to reduce the number of women dying in labour. Since 2001 the numbers of female providers have been substantially increased. Ensuring quality care for women in childbirth, however, remains a more elusive goal. The aim of this qualitative ethnographic study was to analyse the culture of care of a Kabul maternity hospital and explore the barriers and facilitators to quality care. My particular focus was the experiences, thoughts, feelings, and values of the doctors, midwives and care assistants. Six weeks of participant observation, 23 semi-structured interviews with hospital staff, 41 background interviews and 2 focus group discussions with women in the community, between 2010 and 2012, were used to gather diverse perspectives on childbirth and care in Kabul maternity hospitals. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Five themes were identified: the culture of care; motivation; fear, power and vulnerability; challenges of care; family and social influences. Three themes are explored in depth in this thesis. They are discussed in the following order: the culture of care, challenges of care, and fear, power and vulnerability. The influence of family and social norms on healthcare providers was integral to understanding hospital life; it therefore contributes to each chapter. Women in childbirth laboured alone with minimal monitoring, kindness or support. For staff, the high workload was physically and emotionally demanding, resident doctors struggled to acquire clinical skills, midwives were discouraged from using their skills. Family expectations and social pressures influenced staff priorities. A climate of fear, vulnerability and horizontal violence fractured staff relationships. ‘Powerful’ hospital staff determined the behavioural agenda. This study offers multiple insights into healthcare provider behaviour. It reveals complex interrelated issues that affect care in this Afghan setting but its relevance is far broader. It is one of few international studies that explore care from the perspective of healthcare providers in their cultural and social environment. It reveals that understanding the context of healthcare is pivotal to understanding behaviour and the underlying obstacles to quality care. Furthermore, it challenges conventional assumptions about individual staff agency, motivation, and common strategies to improve the quality of care.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study looked at the factors that affect HCT in provision of PMTCT services. It explored the socio cultural and personal factors that affect HCT. It also established the knowledge level about HIV/AIDS and PMTCT among pregnant women in Kabwe. The transmission of HIV from mother to child contributes largely to HIV prevalence among children. Efforts to reduce this mode of transmission include increasing number of women who know their HIV status and increasing the number of HIV positive women who when pregnant take instructions and act on them to protect their children from the possibility of infection (Bartlett et al. 2004). Individuals can only know their HIV status once they are tested for HIV. However, there are socio cultural and personal factors among other factors that affect the access of HCT. The aim of this study was to identify socio cultural and personal factors that affect HIV counseling and testing in provision of PMTCT services among pregnant women in Kabwe, in order to make recommendations for the development of an intervention program to help improve uptake of HIV counseling and testing for PMTCT services. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to conduct this study. Focus Group Discussions were conducted with groups of pregnant women that have never been tested for HIV before and Key Informant Interviews with health care workers (midwives or nurses) to ask them about factors affecting HCT in provision of PMTCT services among pregnant women were used. A retrospective statistical report review was also used to ascertain the accessibility rate for the HIV counseling and testing for PMTCT services. In this light, statistical report review was used to collect the number of pregnant women attending ANC and number of pregnant women receiving HIV testing. The findings of this study revealed that the pregnant women had excellent knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the update of HCT was as good as 91% among pregnant women. The research also revealed domestic violence, accusation of promiscuity by partner, abandonment by partner, and stigma & discrimination as socio factors that affect HCT in provision of PMTCT. Religion, fear disbelief of test results was revealed as personal factors affecting HCT in provision of PMTCT. The research revealed decision making, tradition medicines, and practices as cultural factors affecting HCT in provision of PMTCT. The conclusion was made that fear of abandonment by partner, fear of being accused of being promiscuous by partner, and fear of domestic violence were the main factors why some pregnant women did not accept to take an HIV test during their pregnancies. It is also concluded that most men make decisions for their families. Women in homes have no powers to make decisions, so if the husband refuses her to take a test, the wife just has to comply. It is also concluded that a person’s ability to access health related services is shaped by socio cultural and personal factors among others factors. These findings fit well with the Anderson behavioral model which describes the individual factors as having three elements that relate to the individual’s ability to access and utilize health care services.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingstudie het gekyk na die faktore wat 'n invloed HCT in die voorsiening van VMTKO dienste. Dit ondersoek die sosio-kulturele en persoonlike faktore wat HCT. Dit het ook die kennis oor MIV / VIGS en VMNKO onder swanger vroue in Kabwe. Die oordrag van MIV van moeder na kind dra grootliks by tot die voorkoms van MIV onder kinders (Bartlett et al. 2004). Pogings om hierdie wyse van oordrag te verminder sluit in toenemende aantal vroue wat hul MIV-status ken en die verhoging van die aantal MIV-positiewe vroue wat toe swanger neem instruksies en reageer op hulle om hul kinders te beskerm teen die moontlikheid van infeksie. Individue kan slegs weet wat hul MIV-status wanneer hulle getoets word vir MIV. Egter, is daar sosiaal-kulturele en persoonlike faktore onder ander faktore wees wat die toegang van HCT. Die doel van hierdie studie was om sosiaal-kulturele en persoonlike faktore wat die MIV-berading en toetsing in die voorsiening van VMTKO dienste onder swanger vroue in Kabwe te identifiseer, ten einde aanbevelings te maak vir die ontwikkeling van 'n intervensie program te help opname van MIV-berading en toetsing vir VMNKO dienste te verbeter. Beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik om hierdie studie uit te voer. Fokusgroepbesprekings is gevoer met groepe van swanger vroue wat nog nooit vir MIV getoets is voor en onderhoude met sleutelinformante met gesondheidsorgwerkersVroedvroue of verpleegsters) is gebruik om hulle te vra oor die faktore wat HCT in voorsiening van PMTCT dienste onder swanger vroue. 'n Retrospektiewe statistiese verslag review is ook gebruik om die toeganklikheid koers vir die MIV-berading en om vas te stel toetsing vir VMNKO dienste. In hierdie lig, is statistiese verslag hersiening gebruik word om die aantal swanger vroue wat die ANC en die aantal swanger vroue MIV-toetsing in te samel. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie het aan die lig gebring dat die swanger vroue het uitstekende kennis oor MIV / VIGS en die update van HCT was so goed as 91% onder swanger vroue. Die navorsing het ook aan die lig gebring huishoudelike geweld, beskuldiging van losbandigheid deur vennoot, verlating deur vennoot, en stigma diskriminasie as sosio faktore wat 'n invloed HCT in die bepaling van die PMTCT. Godsdiens, vrees ongeloof van toetsresultate is geopenbaar as persoonlike faktore wat HCT in die voorsiening van PMTCT. Die navorsing het aan die lig gebring besluitneming, tradisie medisyne, en praktyke as kulturele faktore wat HCT in die voorsiening van PMTCT. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat vrees vir verlating deur vennoot, vrees daarvan beskuldig dat hy van promisku deur vennoot, en die vrees van huishoudelike geweld was die belangrikste faktore waarom sommige swanger vroue nie aanvaar het nie 'n MIV-toets te neem tydens hul swangerskappe. Dit is ook die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die meeste mense besluite neem vir hul families. Vroue in huise het geen magte om besluite te neem, so as die man weier om vir haar 'n toets te neem, die vrou net om daaraan te voldoen. Dit is ook die gevolgtrekking gekom dat 'n persoon se vermoë om gesondheid verwante dienste om toegang te verkry tot gevorm word deur die sosiaal-kulturele en persoonlike faktore onder andere faktore. Hierdie bevindings pas goed met die Anderson gedrags-model wat die individuele faktore beskryf met drie elemente wat betrekking het op die individu se vermoë om toegang te verkry tot en gebruik van gesondheidsorgdienste.

Readings of the CD liner notes of Idir’s Identités (1999) and the lyrics to his song ‘La France des couleurs’ [‘The France of Colors’] (2007) as well as the memoir The Veil of Silence by feminist singer-songwriter Djura (1991), demonstrate how these musicians of Algerian-Kabyle origin have created an alter-globalist culture within French world music. Kabyle music in French is often introduced to the public with a ‘split consciousness,’ with one address to a French-speaking audience and another to a Kabyle audience. While this split consciousness in framing can be seen as a conscious act of promotion, it also creates the rhetorical problem that Abdelkebir Khatibi might call dédoublement, a splitting and fragmentation of public identity. Nonetheless, I argue, Idir and Djura play ably on universalist representations of North African immigrants in France—the men as violent toward and oppressive of women, the women as either victims or complicit aggressors toward other women—in order to call these representations into question. These artists offer an alternative vision of French universalism—an act of ‘covering,’ or reinterpreting French universalism, much like one interprets a song in a cover version. The alter-globalist ‘cover’ expands the definition of French to include a range of languages and cultural practices.

In this project, the in-depth discussion of artistic works by Afghan and American students working together to reduce cultural stereotyping and poor media image-making created a shared understanding and a deep connection as humans that transcended national, political, religious, and cultural boundaries. Students discussed various works of art dealing with topics such as leadership, women and education, heroism, and homeland/patriotism. Students then answered questions related to the works of art and share their responses with each other in a continuous dialogue. Students were able to determine how perceptions are shaped about other cultures, analyze how these perceptions change, and examine how art is multivalent and is particularly able to carry many nuanced messages that allow for in-depth discussion.

The livelihoods of Afghan women have been transformed by decades of war, violence, and political upheaval. Chronic fear of violence and instability shape the daily practices, perceptions, and behaviors of Afghan families in ways that directly affect maternal health outcomes. This chapter examines the multiple pathways to maternal risk as they intersect through historically rooted structural inequalities, such as lack of roads, lack of education, and poverty. Ethnographic data from 2005 to 2008 focus on the northern province of Badakshahn, which suffered the highest known maternal mortality ratio in the world. Long after the Taliban left Kabul, the draconian edicts on female education, marriage, and seclusion continue to impact how isolated Badakhshani villages police women and their bodies.