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Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Kenya – Mombasa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

White, Luise, Sarah Mirza, and Margaret Strobel. "Three Swahili Women: Life Histories from Mombasa, Kenya." American Historical Review 96, no. 1 (February 1991): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164163.

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2

Eastman, Carol M., Sarah Mirza, and Margaret Strobel. "Three Swahili Women: Life Stories from Mombasa, Kenya." International Journal of African Historical Studies 22, no. 4 (1989): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219069.

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3

Phipps, Warren, Misty Saracino, Stacy Selke, Meei-Li Huang, Walter Jaoko, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Anna Wald, Corey Casper, and R. Scott McClelland. "Oral HHV-8 replication among women in Mombasa, Kenya." Journal of Medical Virology 86, no. 10 (April 1, 2014): 1759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23941.

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4

Wilson, Andrea, Helgar Musyoki, Lisa Avery, Eve Cheuk, Peter Gichangi, Parinita Bhattacharjee, Janet Musimbe, et al. "Sexual and reproductive health among adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya." Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1749341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1749341.

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5

Frick, Pamela A., Ludo Lavreys, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, and Joan K. Kreiss. "Impact of an alarm device on medication compliance in women in Mombasa, Kenya." International Journal of STD & AIDS 12, no. 5 (May 2001): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462011923048.

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6

Masese, Linnet N., George Wanje, Emmanuel Kabare, Valentine Budambula, Francis Mutuku, Grace Omoni, Anisa Baghazal, Barbra A. Richardson, and R. Scott McClelland. "Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Mombasa, Kenya." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 44, no. 12 (December 2017): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000674.

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7

Lavreys, L., M. L. Thompson, H. L. Martin, K. Mandaliya, J. O. Ndinya-Achola, J. J. Bwayo, and J. Kreiss. "Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection: Clinical Manifestations among Women in Mombasa, Kenya." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313718.

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8

Sivro, Aida, Ruth Mwatelah, Cheli Kambaran, Henok Gebrebrhan, Michael G. Becker, Huiting Ma, Nichole R. Klatt, et al. "Sex Work Is Associated With Increased Vaginal Microbiome Diversity in Young Women From Mombasa, Kenya." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 85, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000002406.

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9

Masese, L., G. Wanje, E. Avuvika, E. Kabare, V. Budambula, F. Mutuku, G. Omoni, A. Baghazal, BA Richardson, and RS McClelland. "P03.19 Screening for sexually transmitted infections in adolescent girls and young women in mombasa, kenya." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, Suppl 2 (September 2015): A92.3—A93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.247.

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10

Husain, Nusrat, Ipshita Mukherjee, Amber Notiar, Zahir Alavi, Barbara Tomenson, Florence Hawa, Abid Malik, Aabid Ahmed, and Nasim Chaudhry. "Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders and its Association with Life Events and Social Support in Mothers Attending a Well-Child Clinic." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016677324.

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Common mental disorders (CMD), such as depression and anxiety disorders that affect mothers with young children, are a major public health issue in developing countries. This study investigates the prevalence of CMD and its associated factors among mothers attending a well-child clinic in Mombasa, Kenya. In this cross-sectional study, 429 women were screened for the presence of CMD using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire–20 (SRQ-20). Social support and social stress were measured using the OSLO Social Support Scale and the Life Events Checklist. The prevalence of CMD was 20%. High SRQ scorers were more likely to be single or separated/divorced compared with low scorers. Language, neighborhood, and financial difficulties were found to be significant independent correlates of CMD through multiple logistic regression analysis. Rates of CMD among mothers with young children in Kenya are high. This is important for nurses and pediatricians whose contact offers them an opportunity to detect CMD and refer mothers for appropriate support.

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11

Amugsi, Dickson A., Jane N. Mwangi, Tilahun Nigatu Haregu, Isabella Aboderin, Kanyiva Muindi, and Blessing U. Mberu. "Solid Waste Management Policies in Kenya: The Silence on the Plight of Women and Children." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.87.

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Building on available evidence that there are differences of exposure to solid waste among men, women and children, it follows that effective solid waste management (SWM) policies need to recognise such variations, as a prelude to rolling out programmes to address associated socio-economic and health risks. However, this logical scenario does not seem to be the case in many middle- and low-income countries. In this paper, we use analytical review methodology to examine integrated environmental management and sector specific policies in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya's two biggest cities, to highlight the extent to which existing policies cover the differential challenges of exposure to solid waste and associated health challenges for women and children. We found that apart from one municipal policy and the Kenya Vision 2030 documents respectively, which underscore the importance of including women and young people in waste management, 16 other policy documents reviewed are generally silent on women and children issues. Beyond the limited focus on women- and children-specific challenges, the general lag in policy implementation and enforcement of regulations will still hinder the emergence of an effective SWM system out of the best policy frameworks . The preceding discussion underscores both policy and implementation gaps, which need to be filled, if policies will potentially engender SWM practices that will be relevant and effective in protecting the health of the most vulnerable in urban Africa.

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12

Wilson, Kate S., Ruth Deya, Linnet Masese, Jane M. Simoni, Ann Vander Stoep, Juma Shafi, Walter Jaoko, James P. Hughes, and R. Scott McClelland. "Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence in HIV-positive women engaged in transactional sex in Mombasa, Kenya." International Journal of STD & AIDS 27, no. 13 (July 10, 2016): 1194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462415611514.

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13

Kivuva, Elizabeth, Kezia Njoroge, and Wanja Tenambergen. "INFLUENCE OF ACCESS DETERMINANTS ON SELF-REFERRALS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN SEEKING DELIVERY SERVICE IN COAST GENERAL REFERRAL AND TEACHING HOSPITAL MOMBASA, KENYA." Global Journal of Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/gjhs.1249.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish influence of access determinants on self-referrals among pregnant women seeking delivery service in Coast General Referral and Teaching Hospital (CGTRH). Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional research. The study target population was all pregnant women seeking delivery services in coast general teaching and referral hospital at the maternity unit. Therefore, 6,420 formed the study population as it is from this sampling frame that a sample of mothers was obtained. A sample of 376 pregnant women was obtained. Systematic random sampling was used to select the pregnant women to be included in the sample. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data collected were cleaned and coded, quantified and analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative data were analyzed using IBM SPSS where descriptive and inferential statistics were used to capture the data in order to understand the pattern and nature of relationships. Univariate analysis was done using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages,) in order to summarize the data, and the results were presented using charts, graph and tables. Results: The findings revealed a significant relationship between the operating hours of CGTRH and self-referrals to the facility. The results indicated that pregnant women who indicated the 24 hours operating nature of CGTRH as their reason for seeking services at the facility were 2 times more likely to make self-referrals compared to those who disagreed that they sought services at the facility because the facility is open 24 hours in a day. A multivariable logistic regression analysis at a significance level of 0.05 further indicated that the operating hours of CGTRH had a significant influence on self-referrals pregnant women seeking delivery services at the facility. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that The Mombasa county department of health should find ways of ensuring that primary health facilities in the county are open for 24 hours in a day to attract more pregnant women seeking delivery services at the facilities and thus minimize the number of pregnant women seeking delivery services directly from the Coast General Teaching and Referral Hospital.

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14

Mannava, Priya, Scott Geibel, Nzioki King’ola, Marleen Temmerman, and Stanley Luchters. "Male Sex Workers Who Sell Sex to Men Also Engage in Anal Intercourse with Women: Evidence from Mombasa, Kenya." PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): e52547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052547.

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15

Kivuva, Elizabeth, Kezia Njoroge, and Wanja Tenambergen. "INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS ON SELF-REFERRALS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN SEEKING DELIVERY SERVICES IN COAST GENERAL REFERRAL AND TEACHING HOSPITAL MOMBASA, KENYA (CGTRH)." Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing 6, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jhmn.1247.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of individual determinants on self-referrals among pregnant women seeking delivery services in CGTRH Materials and Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional research. The study target population was all pregnant women seeking delivery services in coast general teaching and referral hospital at the maternity unit. Therefore, 6,420 formed the study population as it is from this sampling frame that a sample of mothers was obtained. A sample of 376 pregnant women was obtained. Systematic random sampling was used to select the pregnant women to be included in the sample. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data collected were cleaned and coded, quantified and analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative data were analyzed using IBM SPSS where descriptive and inferential statistics were used to capture the data in order to understand the pattern and nature of relationships. Univariate analysis was done using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages,) in order to summarize the data, and the results were presented using charts, graph and tables. Results: The findings indicated a significant relationship between education status and self-referrals whereby, the more educated the pregnant women were the more likely they were to make self-referrals at the referral facility. In particular, pregnant women with tertiary level of education were 4.2 times more likely to make self-referrals compared to those with no education. Further analysis using multivariable logistic regression at a significance level of 0.05 established that there was a significant difference between pregnant women with no education and those with tertiary education, with the latter being 4.4 times more likely to make self-referrals compared to the former. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that hospitals ought to enhance their CRM policies so as to deliver quality services that satisfy Information technology infrastructure can revolutionize healthcare with the right policy choices. IT can foster new human connectivity thresholds and is a powerful tool of global convergence through the cross-border provision of services and can as well provide new opportunities for the production of knowledge and skills.

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16

Makena Mwongera, Jeniffer, Shadrack Ayieko Yonge, Joseph Baya Msanzu, and Rahma Udu Yussuf. "Acceptance of Couples’ HIV Counseling and Testing among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Likoni sub-County, Mombasa County, Kenya." Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48039/mjtum.v1i2.34.

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Couples’ HIV Counseling and Testing (CHCT) is an essential component of an effective response to AIDS pandemic worldwide and serves as an entry point to HIV care and support. However, it has become increasingly apparent that couples have overlooked the services yet they are too at risk of HIV infection. This study sought to determine level of acceptance of CHCT among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in Likoni sub-County, Mombasa County, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used with structured questionnaires and an observation checklist to collect data from couples while an interview schedule was used to solicit data from health care workers. Results showed uptake of CHCT in the study area was relatively low (33.5%). Statistically significant associations were found between CHCT and demographic factors such as education (χ2 = 29.54; p = 0.005), marital status (χ2 = 12.41; p = 0.010), occupation (χ2 = 18.18; p < 0.001), income (χ2 = 23.02; p < 0.001). In operation factors, statistically significant associations were found between CHCT and distance to health facility (χ2 = 8.31; p = 0.040), means of transport (χ2 = 10.28, p = 0.040), cost of transport (χ2 = 10.92; p = 0.010), appropriateness and convenience of time allocated (χ2 = 11.88, p <, 0.001), an individual’s working hours per day (χ2 = 14.46; p < 0.001), and education/information on CHCT (χ2 = 5.97; p = 0.020). In HIV related knowledge, attitude and practice of couples on HIV risk behavior, significant associations were found between CHCT and prevention of discordant partners from contracting HIV (χ2 = 53.71; p < 0.001), helping couples adhere to ART (χ2 = 43.34; p < 0.001), helping to reduce morbidity and mortality due to HIV and other opportunistic infections (χ2 = 48.66; p < 0.001), increasing trust among partners (χ2 = 45.16; p < 0.001), and increasing marital cohesion among partners (χ2 = 65.78; p < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed that determinants of CHCT were significant for married status (p < 0.001), unemployed (p = 0.020), that CHCT increases trust among partners (p = 0.020), and that CHCT increases marital cohesion among partners (p = 0.001). Based on these findings, there is need to improve awareness on CHCT to enhance positive attitudes towards couples testing.

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17

Mirieri, Harriet K., Marshal M. Mweu, and Joyce M. Olenja. "Determinants of prenatal depression among women attending the antenatal clinic at a referral facility in Mombasa County, Kenya: a case control study." F1000Research 9 (January 23, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22017.1.

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Background: Despite prenatal depression being a public health burden and the major predictor of postnatal depression, it has not received as much attention as postnatal depression in research and policy globally. There is limited evidence on the factors associated with prenatal depression and therefore understanding these factors will inform the design of specific interventions and formulation of guidelines for the effective prevention and control of prenatal depression particularly in high-risk regions. Methods: A hospital-based case control study design was used to identify the determinants of prenatal depression among 170 women attending an antenatal clinic. Prenatal depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on the socio-demographic, social network and family, lifestyle and obstetric characteristics of the participants. All eligible cases were enrolled into the study while a simple random sample of depression-free women attending the antenatal clinic were enrolled as controls. The relationship between the predictors and prenatal depression was evaluated by logistic regression. Results: In the multivariable analysis, only marital status (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=17.1; 95% confidence interval (CI):4.0-73.0), occupation (aOR=2.4; 95% CI:1.4-4.2), domestic violence (aOR=18.3; 95% CI: 5.7-58.7) and social support (aOR=0.2; 95% CI:0.05-0.8) were identified as significant determinants of prenatal depression. Conclusion: Marital status, occupation, domestic violence and lack of social support were the major predictors of prenatal depression in this setting. There is therefore need to implement screening for prenatal depression among pregnant women in health facilities as part of the routine antenatal care package, establish social support networks and spaces to provide an avenue for the prenatally depressed women to meet, share challenges and coping mechanisms and revise the government policy on sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) so as to strengthen efforts towards elimination of all forms of SGBV.

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18

Njagi, Catherine Wambui. "Vision 2030 and the Gender Question in Kenya." Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences (JJEOSHS) 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35544/jjeoshs.v1i1.8.

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The article sets out to demonstrate the question of gender violence as a critical concern as Kenya seeks to implement her ambitious vision 2030. In other words, how can gender based violence affect the Implementation of Kenya vision 2030? Can it hinder Kenya’s ambitious enterprises in the 21st century? Certainly, Kenya’s Vision 2030 is a long term development blue print that seeks to transform Kenya into a newly industrializing middle income country. In so doing, it aims at providing a high quality life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment. The plan is anchored on three pillars, economic, social and political governance. The economic pillar aims to achieve an economic growth rate of 10% per annum; and sustaining the same till 2030 in order to generate more resources that will eventually address Kenya’s development goals. In turn, the social pillar seeks to create just, cohesive and equitable social development in a clean and secure environment; and the political pillar seeks to realize an issue based, people centered, result oriented and accountable democratic system. In view of this, Gender Based Violence is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and which is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between men and women. Gender-based Violence (GBV) describes the specific type of violence that is linked to the gendered identity of being a woman or man. Gender based Violence traumatizes men, women and children. It destroys careers, and hurts the national economies among other negative effects. The main objective of this article is to show the link between Gender Based Violence and Kenya vision 2030. Methodologically, it starts by summarizing the vision 2030 highlighting its major strategies like education and training, health sector, Equity and poverty reduction, environment management, tourism, water and sanitation, electoral and political processes, democracy and public service, gender and youth among others and major flagship projects like Konza Techno city, expansion of port of Mombasa, the building of standard gauge railway, modernization of Jomo Kenyatta airport, expansion of Lamu port among others. Using the society of International development report and other organizations who have constantly audited the implementation of the vision 2030 since it began in 2008, the article will show how gender based violence will slow the achievement of the vision 2030. It will also show how reducing gender based violence would help in its achievement. The materials in this article have been methodologically gathered through participant observation, reading of relevant literature, field research conducted in 2015 and sampling the city of Nairobi which largely speaks for Kenya and the larger East Africa.

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19

Chander, Subhash, Ines Gonzalez-Casanova, Sandra S. Chaves, Nancy A. Otieno, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Jennifer Verani, Paula Frew, Andrew Wilson, Saad B. Omer, and Fauzia Malik. "Antenatal care providers’ attitudes and beliefs towards maternal vaccination in Kenya." Gates Open Research 4 (February 5, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13091.1.

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Background: Maternal immunization is known to be one of the best strategies to protect both mothers and their infants from infectious diseases. Studies have shown that healthcare providers play a critical role in implementation of maternal immunization. However, little is known about providers’ attitudes and beliefs towards vaccination that can influence their vaccine recommendations, specifically in low to middle income countries (LMIC). Methods: A self-administrated knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) survey was provided to 150 antenatal care providers across four different regions (Nairobi, Mombasa, Marsabit, and Siaya counties) of Kenya. The research staff visited the 150 clinics and hospitals and distributed a quantitative KAB survey. Results: Nearly all of the antenatal care providers (99%) recommended tetanus maternal vaccination. Similarly, 99% of the providers agreed that they would agree to provide additional vaccinations for pregnant women and reported that they always advise their patients to get vaccinated. Between 80 and 90% of the providers reported that religious beliefs, ethnicity, cultural background and political leaders do not affect their attitude or beliefs towards recommending vaccines. Conclusions: Considering the positive responses of healthcare providers towards vaccine acceptance and recommendation, these results highlight an opportunity to work in partnership with these providers to improve coverage of maternal vaccination and to introduce additional vaccines (such as influenza). In order to achieve this, logistical barriers that have affected the coverage of the currently recommended vaccines, should be addressed as part of this partnership.

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20

Chander, Subhash, Ines Gonzalez-Casanova, Sandra S. Chaves, Nancy A. Otieno, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Jennifer Verani, Paula Frew, Andrew Wilson, Saad B. Omer, and Fauzia Malik. "Antenatal care providers’ attitudes and beliefs towards maternal vaccination in Kenya." Gates Open Research 4 (April 22, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13091.2.

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Background: Maternal immunization is known to be one of the best strategies to protect both mothers and their infants from infectious diseases. Studies have shown that healthcare providers play a critical role in implementation of maternal immunization. However, little is known about providers’ attitudes and beliefs towards vaccination that can influence their vaccine recommendations, specifically in low to middle income countries (LMIC). Methods: A self-administrated knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) survey was provided to 150 antenatal care providers across four different regions (Nairobi, Mombasa, Marsabit, and Siaya counties) of Kenya. The research staff visited the 150 clinics and hospitals and distributed a quantitative KAB survey. Results: Nearly all of the antenatal care providers (99%) recommended tetanus maternal vaccination. Similarly, 99% of the providers agreed that they would agree to provide additional vaccinations for pregnant women and reported that they always advise their patients to get vaccinated. Between 80 and 90% of the providers reported that religious beliefs, ethnicity, cultural background and political leaders do not affect their attitude or beliefs towards recommending vaccines. Conclusions: Considering the positive responses of healthcare providers towards vaccine acceptance and recommendation, these results highlight an opportunity to work in partnership with these providers to improve coverage of maternal vaccination and to introduce additional vaccines (such as influenza). In order to achieve this, logistical barriers that have affected the coverage of the currently recommended vaccines, should be addressed as part of this partnership.

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21

Smart, Devin. "Provisioning the Posho: Labor Migration and Working-Class Food Systems on the Early-Colonial Kenyan Coast." International Labor and Working-Class History 98 (2020): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791900019x.

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AbstractEngaging questions about social reproduction, migrant labor, and food provisioning, this article examines the emergence of a working-class food system on the coast of Kenya during the early decades of the twentieth century. Like elsewhere in Africa, labor migrants in Kenya's port city of Mombasa and on nearby plantations were provisioned with food rations, which were part of what Patrick Harries calls a “racial paternalism” that structured many labor relations during the colonial period. The article starts in rural Kenya, but then follows labor migrants to their places of employment to examine the formation of this new food system. In upcountry rural societies, women had primarily produced and then exclusively prepared their communities’ food. However, as migrants, men received a ration (posho) of maize meal or rice as part of their pay, used their cash wages to purchase foodstuffs from nearby markets, and some plantation workers were also able to grow their own vegetables on plots allocated by their employers. After acquiring their food through these wage-labor relations, men then had to cook their meals themselves. In addition the cuisine created by labor migration was one of extreme monotony compared to what these migrants ate in their rural communities, but I also show how food became a point of conflict between management and labor. The article demonstrates how workers successfully pressured their employers to improve the quantity and quality of their rations from the 1910s to the 1920s, while also raising their wages that allowed them to purchase better food. I additionally argue that during this period an “urban” or “rural” context did not fundamentally define how migrant workers acquired their food, as those laboring in both city and countryside received these rations. However, the article concludes by examining how after 1930, economic transformations changed Mombasa's food system so that workers became almost entirely reliant on cash and credit as the way they acquired their daily meals, while paternalism continued to infuse the food systems of rural migrant laborers. In sum, this article is a local study of coastal Kenya that is also concerned with global questions about how food provisioning fits into the social reproduction of working classes in industrial and colonial capitalism.

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22

Avuvika, Ethel, Linnet N. Masese, George Wanje, Juliet Wanyonyi, Benard Nyaribo, Grace Omoni, Anisa Baghazal, and R. Scott McClelland. "Barriers and Facilitators of Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Mombasa, Kenya: A Qualitative Study." PLOS ONE 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): e0169388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169388.

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23

Romero, Patricia W. "Possible sources for the origin of gold as an economic and social vehicle for women in lamu (Kenya)." Africa 57, no. 3 (July 1987): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160719.

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Opening ParagraphLamu today is composed of several ethnic groups with an affinity for gold: the Afro-Arab old families who intermarried with the BuSaid ruling class from Oman and Zanzibar; Hadrami newcomers from southern Arabia; and the slaves of these groups, all of whom came from central Africa. In addition, there are Bohra Indians (only a few remain of the two hundred or so earlier in the century), two Parsees, and one remaining Ismaili family whose origins in India dictate a desire for gold. Other people, such as Bajuni, are now living in Lamu; but most are poor and the few who have gold are those who have gone to Mombasa or away to school, and then returned. Some of them have married into the heretofore closed ranks of the old Afro-Arab families precisely because they have made money or can be expected to, and will provide gold. There are numbers of other ethnic groups in Lamu, including Africans from the Kenya mainland across the bay from Lamu island. Land, not gold, is important to them. The people of concern here are mainly the Bohra Indians, Afro-Arabs, and the Hadramis – all of whom covet gold. Marriages in Lamu were arranged along ethnic, class, and family lines at least since the nineteenth century. Gold for brides was a necessity – especially for the upper-class Afro-Arab (mixtures of local Africans, African slaves, and Arab traders) families and among the various Indian groups (historically Hindu, Dauudi Bohra, Ithnasharia, Ismaili, and Goans) then living and trading there.

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24

Mirieri, Harriet K., Marshal M. Mweu, and Joyce M. Olenja. "Determinants of prenatal depression among women attending the antenatal clinic at a referral facility in Mombasa County, Kenya: a case control study." F1000Research 9 (May 14, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22017.2.

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Background: Despite prenatal depression being a public health burden and the major predictor of postnatal depression, it has not received as much attention as postnatal depression in research and policy globally. There is limited evidence on the factors associated with prenatal depression and therefore understanding these factors will inform the design of specific interventions and formulation of guidelines for the effective prevention and control of prenatal depression particularly in high-risk regions. Methods: A hospital-based case control study design was used to identify the determinants of prenatal depression among 170 women attending an antenatal clinic. Prenatal depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on the socio-demographic, social network and family, lifestyle and obstetric characteristics of the participants. All eligible cases were enrolled into the study while a simple random sample of depression-free women attending the antenatal clinic were enrolled as controls. The relationship between the predictors and prenatal depression was evaluated by logistic regression. Results: In the multivariable analysis, only marital status (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=17.1; 95% confidence interval (CI):4.0-73.0), occupation (aOR=2.4; 95% CI:1.4-4.2), domestic violence (aOR=18.3; 95% CI: 5.7-58.7) and social support (aOR=0.2; 95% CI:0.05-0.8) were identified as significant determinants of prenatal depression. Conclusion: Marital status, occupation, domestic violence and lack of social support were identified as the risk factors for prenatal depression in this setting. To address the burden of prenatal depression in the country, these findings call for inclusion of screening for prenatal depression as an essential component of the routine antenatal care package. We recommend that future studies focus on evaluating specific interventions to address the identified risk factors.

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25

Hassall, O., L. Ngina, W. Kongo, J. Othigo, K. Mandaliya, K. Maitland, and I. Bates. "The acceptability to women in Mombasa, Kenya, of the donation and transfusion of umbilical cord blood for severe anaemia in young children." Vox Sanguinis 94, no. 2 (December 7, 2007): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.01012.x.

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26

Chohan, Bhavna H., Ludo Lavreys, Kishorchandra N. Mandaliya, Joan K. Kreiss, Job J. Bwayo, Jeckoniah O. Ndinya-Achola, and Harold L. Martin. "Validation of a Modified Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Saliva." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.346-348.2001.

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ABSTRACT This study was performed to evaluate the performance of a saliva collection device (OmniSal) and an enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) designed for use on serum samples (Detect HIV1/2) to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies in the saliva of high-risk women in Mombasa, Kenya. The results of the saliva assay were compared to a “gold standard” of a double-EIA testing algorithm performed on serum. Individuals were considered HIV-1 seropositive if their serum tested positive for antibodies to HIV-1 by two different EIAs. The commercial serum-based EIA was modified to test the saliva samples by altering the dilution and lowering the cutoff point of the assay. Using the saliva sample, the EIA correctly identified 102 of the 103 seropositive individuals, yielding a sensitivity of 99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94 to 100%), and 96 of the 96 seronegative individuals, yielding a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 95 to 100%). In this high-risk population, the positive predictive value of the assay was 100% and the negative predictive value was 99%. We conclude that HIV-1 antibody testing of saliva samples collected with this device and tested by this EIA is of sufficient sensitivity and specificity to make this protocol useful in epidemiological studies.

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Ma, Huiting, Linwei Wang, Peter Gichangi, Vernon Mochache, Griffins Manguro, Helgar K. Musyoki, Parinita Bhattacharjee, et al. "Venue-Based HIV Testing at Sex Work Hotspots to Reach Adolescent Girls and Young Women Living With HIV: A Cross-sectional Study in Mombasa, Kenya." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 84, no. 5 (April 8, 2020): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000002363.

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Ampt, Frances H., Collins Mudogo, Peter Gichangi, Megan S. C. Lim, Griffins Manguro, Matthew Chersich, Walter Jaoko, et al. "WHISPER or SHOUT study: protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial assessing mHealth sexual reproductive health and nutrition interventions among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e017388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017388.

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IntroductionNew interventions are required to reduce unintended pregnancies among female sex workers (FSWs) in low- and middle-income countries and to improve their nutritional health. Given sex workers’ high mobile phone usage, repeated exposure to short messaging service (SMS) messages could address individual and interpersonal barriers to contraceptive uptake and better nutrition.MethodsIn this two-arm cluster randomised trial, each arm constitutes an equal-attention control group for the other. SMS messages were developed systematically, participatory and theory-driven and cover either sexual and reproductive health (WHISPER) or nutrition (SHOUT). Messages are sent to participants 2–3 times/week for 12 months and include fact-based and motivational content as well as role model stories. Participants can send reply texts to obtain additional information. Sex work venues (clusters) in Mombasa, Kenya, were randomly sampled with a probability proportionate to venue size. Up to 10 women were recruited from each venue to enrol 860 women. FSWs aged 16–35 years, who owned a mobile phone and were not pregnant at enrolment were eligible. Structured questionnaires, pregnancy tests, HIV and syphilis rapid tests and full blood counts were performed at enrolment, with subsequent visits at 6 and 12 months.AnalysisThe primary outcomes of WHISPER and SHOUT are unintended pregnancy incidence and prevalence of anaemia at 12 months, respectively. Each will be compared between study groups using discrete-time survival analysis.Potential limitationsContamination may occur if participants discuss their intervention with those in the other trial arm. This is mitigated by cluster recruitment and only sampling a small proportion of sex work venues from the sampling frame.ConclusionsThe design allows for the simultaneous testing of two independent mHealth interventions for which messaging frequency and study procedures are identical. This trial may guide future mHealth initiatives and provide methodological insights into use of reciprocal control groups.Trial registration numberACTRN12616000852459; Pre-results.

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Wilson, Kate S., George Wanje, Krista Yuhas, Jane M. Simoni, Linnet Masese, Ann Vander Stoep, Walter Jaoko, James P. Hughes, Barbra A. Richardson, and R. Scott McClelland. "A Prospective Study of Intimate Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Detectable Plasma Viral Load in HIV-Positive Women Engaged in Transactional Sex in Mombasa, Kenya." AIDS and Behavior 20, no. 9 (May 3, 2016): 2065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1420-z.

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Zane, G., L. Masese, E. Kabare, L. Adala, J. Shafi, G. Manguro, R. Deya, et al. "An evaluation of the performance characteristics of the World Health Organization’s syndromic diagnosis for c. trachomatis and n. gonorrhoeae infections among high risk women in Mombasa, Kenya." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 223, no. 6 (December 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.124.

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Lokken, Erica M., Griffins Odhiambo Manguro, Amina Abdallah, Caroline Ngacha, Juma Shafi, James Kiarie, Walter Jaoko, et al. "Association between vaginal washing and detection of Lactobacillus by culture and quantitative PCR in HIV-seronegative Kenyan women: a cross-sectional analysis." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 6 (January 29, 2019): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053769.

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ObjectivesVaginal washing has been associated with reductions in cultivable Lactobacillus and an increased risk of both bacterial vaginosis (BV) and HIV infection. The effect of vaginal washing on the quantity of individual Lactobacillus species is not well characterised. This analysis tested the hypothesis that vaginal washing would be associated with a lower likelihood of Lactobacillus spp. detected by both culture and quantitative PCR (qPCR).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 272 HIV-seronegative women enrolled in an open-cohort study in Mombasa, Kenya. Vaginal washing and sexual risk behaviours were assessed using face-to-face interviews. Vaginal Lactobacillus spp. were detected using cultivation and PCR methods, with L. crispatus, L. jensenii and L. iners concentrations measured using qPCR assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Poisson regression with robust SEs was used to assess associations between vaginal washing and Lactobacillus detection by culture and qPCR.ResultsEighty percent (n=217) of participants reported vaginal washing in the prior week. One-fifth (n=58) of participants had BV by Nugent score. In unadjusted analysis, vaginal washing was associated with a 45% decreased likelihood of Lactobacillus spp. detection by culture (prevalence ratio (PR): 0.55, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.82). Adjusting for age and condomless sex in the prior week did not change the magnitude of the association (adjusted PR (aPR): 0.56, 95% CI (0.37 to 0.85). Vaginal washing was associated with approximately a 40% reduction in L. crispatus detection (aPR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.92), but was not significantly associated with L. jensenii (aPR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.09) or L. iners detection (aPR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.15).ConclusionsVaginal washing in the prior week was associated with a significantly reduced likelihood of detecting cultivable Lactobacillus and L. crispatus by qPCR. Given associations between Lactobacillus detection and improved reproductive health outcomes, these results provide motivation for additional study of vaginal washing cessation interventions to improve vaginal health.

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Greenfield, Kathleen. "Self and Nation in Kenya: Charles Mangua's ‘Son of Woman’." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 4 (December 1995): 685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021509.

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In this 1971 novel by Charles Mangua, and in his sequel 15 years later, Son of Woman in Mombasa (Nairobi, 1986), Dodge Kiunyu is a self-made man, ‘son of woman’. He believes that he was ‘conceived on a quid’ by ‘one of the scores of men who took [his mother] for a bed-ride’ (1971, p. 7). Raised first by his prostitute mother until her death and then by her prostitute friend, Dodge is sent away to the countryside as an 11-year-old orphan, educated by a mission, and eventually graduated from Makerere University College. His adult life has been spent working ‘with Ministry of Labour, Kenya Shell, Ministry of Lands and Settlement and lastly with the Ministry of Home Affairs as an insider of Kamiti prison–blast them cops!’ (1986, p. 2).

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"Three Swahili women: life histories from Mombasa, Kenya." Choice Reviews Online 27, no. 03 (November 1, 1989): 27–1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-1653.

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Bhattacharjee, Parinita, Huiting Ma, Helgar Musyoki, Eve Cheuk, Shajy Isac, Margaret Njiraini, Peter Gichangi, Sharmistha Mishra, Marissa Becker, and Michael Pickles. "Prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence across adolescent girls and young women in Mombasa, Kenya." BMC Women's Health 20, no. 1 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01081-8.

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Abstract Background We sought to estimate the prevalence and describe heterogeneity in experiences of gender-based violence (GBV) across subgroups of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Methods We used data from a cross-sectional bio-behavioural survey among 1299 AGYW aged 14–24 in Mombasa, Kenya in 2015. Respondents were recruited from hotspots associated with sex work, and self-selected into one of three subgroups: young women engaged in casual sex (YCS), young women engaged in transactional sex (YTS), and young women engaged in sex work (YSW). We compared overall and across subgroups: prevalence of lifetime and recent (within previous year) self-reported experience of physical, sexual, and police violence; patterns and perpetrators of first and most recent episode of physical and sexual violence; and factors associated with physical and sexual violence. Results The prevalences of lifetime and recent physical violence were 18.0 and 10.7% respectively. Lifetime and recent sexual violence respectively were reported by 20.5 and 9.8% of respondents. Prevalence of lifetime and recent experience of police violence were 34.7 and 25.8% respectively. All forms of violence were most frequently reported by YSW, followed by YTS and then YCS. 62%/81% of respondents reported having sex during the first episode of physical/sexual violence, and 48%/62% of those sex acts at first episode of physical/sexual violence were condomless. In the most recent episode of violence when sex took place levels of condom use remained low at 53–61%. The main perpetrators of violence were intimate partners for YCS, and both intimate partners and regular non-client partners for YTS. For YSW, first-time and regular paying clients were the main perpetrators of physical and sexual violence. Alcohol use, ever being pregnant and regular source of income were associated with physical and sexual violence though it differed by subgroup and type of violence. Conclusions AGYW in these settings experience high vulnerability to physical, sexual and police violence. However, AGYW are not a homogeneous group, and there are heterogeneities in prevalence and predictors of violence between subgroups of AGYW that need to be understood to design effective programmes to address violence.

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Nganga, Stacy W., Nancy A. Otieno, Maxwell Adero, Dominic Ouma, Sandra S. Chaves, Jennifer R. Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, et al. "Patient and provider perspectives on how trust influences maternal vaccine acceptance among pregnant women in Kenya." BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 1 (October 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4537-8.

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Abstract Background Pregnant women and newborns are at high risk for infectious diseases. Altered immunity status during pregnancy and challenges fully vaccinating newborns contribute to this medical reality. Maternal immunization is a strategy to protect pregnant women and their newborns. This study aimed to find out how patient-provider relationships affect maternal vaccine uptake, particularly in the context of a lower middle- income country where limited research in this area exists. Methods We conducted semi-structured, in-depth narrative interviews of both providers and pregnant women from four sites in Kenya: Siaya, Nairobi, Mombasa, and Marsabit. Interviews were conducted in either English or one of the local regional languages. Results We found that patient trust in health care providers (HCPs) is integral to vaccine acceptance among pregnant women in Kenya. The HCP-patient relationship is a fiduciary one, whereby the patients’ trusts is primarily rooted in the provider’s social position as a person who is highly educated in matters of health. Furthermore, patient health education and provider attitudes are crucial for reinstating and fostering that trust, especially in cases where trust was impeded by rumors, community myths and misperceptions, and religious and cultural factors. Conclusion Patient trust in providers is a strong facilitator contributing to vaccine acceptance among pregnant women in Kenya. To maintain and increase immunization trust, providers have a critical role in cultivating a positive environment that allows for favorable interactions and patient health education. This includes educating providers on maternal immunizations and enhancing knowledge of effective risk communication tactics in clinical encounters.

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Menon, Sonia Simone, Rodolfo Rossi, Ronald Harebottle, Hillary Mabeya, and Davy vanden Broeck. "Distribution of human papillomaviruses and bacterial vaginosis in HIV positive women with abnormal cytology in Mombasa, Kenya." Infectious Agents and Cancer 11, no. 1 (April 6, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13027-016-0061-1.

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Gathogo, Julius. "Men battering as the new form of domestic violence? A pastoral care perspective from the Kenyan context." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 71, no. 3 (March 11, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v71i3.2795.

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The article sets out to show that gender-based violence is no longer restricted to ‘women by men’. Rather society must appreciate that gender battering is a reality across the gender divide, particularly in the 21st century Africa. In its methodology, the article has engaged a theo-philosophical approach that involves a social, religious, and a cultural analytical approach. The materials are gathered primarily after interviewing the staff and students from Kenyatta University, Mombasa Campus, and some selected people from the campus surroundings who were consulted orally. To this end, a questionnaire was released in June and July 2012 where about 200 respondents from across the various counties of Kenya were called upon to shed light on men battering in Kenya. In particular, some of the questions that were posed included: Has battering of men by women been part of our African societies from ancient times or is it a new phenomenon? Statistically, who are battered more men or women? How does domestic violence against men manifest itself? What causes it? Why does it sound new to our society? What can we do about it? The article rests on the premise that even though battering of women is more explicit, men battering by women, which takes many forms, has been there for quite some time, albeit unreported. By taking a holistic approach hence ‘collective responsibility’ across the gender divide, the society can be healed from all forms of gender-based violence.

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Sivro, Aida, Ruth Mwatelah, Cheli Kambaran, Henok Gebrebrhan, Huiting Ma, Nichole R. Klatt, Alexander S. Zevin, et al. "Sex Work and Sexual Behaviour: Associations with Vaginal Microbiome and Cytokine Profiles in Young Women from Mombasa, Kenya." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3403349.

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John, Morris Mwenda, Elphas Luchemo, and Ayubu Anapapa. "Spatial Modelling of Malaria Prevalence in Kenya." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, August 25, 2021, 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2021/v14i330328.

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Malaria is one of the leading causes of deaths in Kenya. Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by a parasite of the genus plasmodium. Complete eradication of malaria in the country has remained a problem. A lot of effort and resources has been put in the fight against malaria in developing countries which has led to underdevelopment and low human development index. Malaria burden affects the world’s poorest countries. About 90% of the malaria burden is reported in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has led to high mortality cases in children and pregnant women. Despite the massive government eradication campaign, new and resurgent cases have been recorded. The specific objective was to determine the malaria risk factors and spatial distribution in Kenya. The 2015 malaria indicator survey data was used for the study. Demographic and social-economic factors were used as predictor variables. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the spatial variation and prevalence of malaria in Kenya. Demographic and social-economic factors were found to have significant impact on Prevalence of malaria in kenya. Most cases of malaria were reported in lake, western and coastal regions. The most prone areas were Kisumu, Homabay, Kakamega and Mombasa. There were less cases in central Kenya counties like Nyeri, Tharaka-Nithi with a significant number reported in arid and semi-arid regions of Northern-Kenya counties of Garissa, Mandera, Baringo. Rural population was more susceptible to malaria compared to those in urban areas. The odds of getting (verse not getting malaria) in places of residence increases by 1.32, which is estimated to .28, CIs 95% (1.01, 1.72), and a p-value .04. Malaria prevalence varied significantly from one region to another. The study established that Spatial autocorrelation exists among regions mostly due to weather patterns, geography, cultural practices and socio-economic factors.

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Menon, Sonia, Stanley Luchters, Rodolfo Rossi, Steven Callens, Mandaliya Kishor, Johannes Bogers, and Davy vanden Broeck. "Human papilloma virus correlates of high grade cervical dysplasia in HIV-infected women in Mombasa, Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis." Virology Journal 15, no. 1 (March 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-0961-3.

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Cheuk, Eve, Sharmistha Mishra, Olga Balakireva, Helgar Musyoki, Shajy Isac, Daria Pavlova, Parinita Bhattacharjee, et al. "Transitions: Novel Study Methods to Understand Early HIV Risk Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Mombasa, Kenya, and Dnipro, Ukraine." Frontiers in Reproductive Health 2 (September 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frph.2020.00007.

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Roberts, Elizabeth, Huiting Ma, Parinita Bhattacharjee, Helgar K. Musyoki, Peter Gichangi, Lisa Avery, Janet Musimbi, et al. "Low program access despite high burden of sexual, structural, and reproductive health vulnerabilities among young women who sell sex in Mombasa, Kenya." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1 (May 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08872-6.

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43

Eastment, McKenna C., George Wanje, Barbra A. Richardson, Faiza Nassir, Emily Mwaringa, Ruanne V. Barnabas, Kenneth Sherr, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Walter Jaoko, and R. Scott McClelland. "Performance of family planning clinics in conducting recommended HIV counseling and testing in Mombasa County, Kenya: a cross-sectional study." BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 1 (September 14, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4519-x.

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Abstract Background A high proportion of African women utilize family planning (FP) services. Accordingly, incorporating HIV testing into FP services may strategically target the first WHO 90–90-90 goal of 90% of people living with HIV knowing their status. Methods The objective of this analysis was to determine the proportion of new FP clients counseled and tested for HIV, as well as correlates of HIV testing, in a random sample of 58 FP clinics in Mombasa County, Kenya. Structured interviews of FP clinic managers collected data on characteristics of FP clinics and staff. Study staff performed a 3-month review of FP registers, summarizing new client HIV testing and counseling (HTC). Because overall rates of HTC were quite low, a binary variable was created comparing clinics performing any HIV counseling and/or testing to clinics performing none. Generalized linear models were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) and identify correlates of HTC. Factors associated with any HTC with a p-value < 0.10 in univariate analysis were included in a multivariate analysis. Results Of the 58 FP clinics, 26 (45%) performed any counseling for HIV testing, and 23 (40%) performed any HIV testing. Counseling for HIV testing was conducted for 815/4389 (19%) new clients, and HIV testing was performed for 420/4389 (10%). Clinics without trained HIV testing providers uniformly did not conduct HIV counseling and/or testing (0/12 [0%]), while 27/46 (59%) of clinics with ≥1 provider performed some HTC (p < 0.001). In the subset of 46 clinics with ≥1 trained HIV testing provider, correlates of performing HTC included being a public versus non-public clinic (PR 1.70 95%CI 1.01–2.88), and having an HIV comprehensive care center (CCC) onsite (PR 2.05, 95%CI 1.04–4.06). Conclusion Trained HIV testing providers are crucial for FP clinics to perform any HTC. Approaches are needed to increase routine HTC in FP clinics including staffing changes and/or linkages with other testing services (in standalone VCT services or lab facilities) in order to improve the implementation of existing national guidelines. A future cluster randomized trial is planned to test an implementation strategy, the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA) to increase HTC in FP clinics.

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Manguro, Griffins O., Linnet N. Masese, Kishor Mandaliya, Susan M. Graham, R. Scott McClelland, and Jennifer S. Smith. "Preference of specimen collection methods for human papillomavirus detection for cervical cancer screening: a cross-sectional study of high-risk women in Mombasa, Kenya." Reproductive Health 15, no. 1 (December 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0651-z.

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Manguro, Griffins O., Linnet N. Masese, Kishor Mandaliya, Susan M. Graham, R. Scott McClelland, Jennifer S. Smith, and Vernon Mochache. "Correction to: Preference of specimen collection methods for human papillomavirus detection for cervical cancer screening: a cross-sectional study of high-risk women in Mombasa, Kenya." Reproductive Health 16, no. 1 (October 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0812-8.

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Mochache, Vernon, Barbra A. Richardson, Linnet N. Masese, Susan M. Graham, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, John Kinuthia, Walter Jaoko, Julie Overbaugh, and R. Scott McClelland. "Older age at infection and nulliparity are associated with long-term non-progression in female sex workers infected with non-subtype B HIV-1." International Journal of STD & AIDS, April 15, 2020, 095646241989832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419898324.

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Studies have reported on HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve individuals who show minimal disease progression despite prolonged infection. The characteristics of these long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) are not well-characterized in populations predominantly infected with non-subtype B HIV-1. Female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya who acquired HIV-1 were studied to ascertain immunologic disease progression. Long-term non-progression was defined as an ART-naïve duration of infection ≥7 years and a majority of CD4+ cell counts ≥600 cells/µl with a non-declining CD4+ trend. Correlates of long-term non-progression were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Between February 1993 and March 2014, 332 women acquired HIV-1. Of these, 77 (23%) had ≥7 years of follow-up and 13 (17%) were categorized as LTNPs. Factors associated with long-term non-progression included age >30 years at infection (aOR = 9.41, 95% CI: 1.48–59.86, P = 0.005) and nulliparity (aOR = 20.19, 95% CI: 1.36–299.90, P = 0.03). Each log10 copies/ml increase in viral load (VL) set point was associated with a lower likelihood of being a LTNP (aOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.79, P = 0.01). These findings suggest that age and parity may influence the likelihood of long-term non-progression through mechanisms that are not mediated by the effects of these variables on VL. Future studies should seek to determine whether the associations presented are reproducible.

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"sarah mirza and margaret strobel, editors and translators. Three Swahili Women: Life Histories from Mombasa, Kenya. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989. Pp. xii, 157. Cloth $25.00, paper $9.95." American Historical Review, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/96.1.225-a.

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