Journal articles: 'Women – Malawi – Economic conditions'

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Cherchye, Laurens, Bram De Rock, Frederic Vermeulen, and Selma Walther. "Where did it go wrong? Marriage and divorce in Malawi." Quantitative Economics 12, no. 2 (2021): 505–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1272.

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Do individuals marry and divorce for economic reasons? Can we measure the economic attractiveness of a person's marriage market? We answer these questions using a structural model of consumer‐producer households that is applied to rich data from Malawi. Using revealed preference conditions for a stable marriage market, we define the economic attractiveness of a potential match as the difference between the potential value of consumption and leisure with the new partner and the value of consumption and leisure in the current marriage. We estimate this marital instability measure for every possible pair in geographically defined marriage markets in 2010. We find that the marital instability measure is predictive of future divorces, particularly for women. We further show that this estimated effect on divorce is mitigated by the woman's age, and by a lack of men, relative to women, in the marriage market, showing that these factors interact with the economic attractiveness of the remarriage market. These findings provide out‐of‐sample validation of our model and evidence that the economic value of the marriage market matters for divorce decisions.

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Ajith K., Kumar. "A study on the economic status of women domestic workers and Covid-19 treatment affordability in private hospitals in Kerala State." International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54121/2021/09/1492.

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Background: The women domestic workers are neglected class of unorganized sector, although many social security measures and wage guarantee legislations are enacted, yet the working conditions and socio-economic status of women domestic workers are still in malady. The onset of covid-19 pandemic towards end of 2019 made matter highly worse for women domestic workers, by making them jobless and restrict to stay home finding hard to meet both ends. Many of these women are infected by covid-19 and several died of insufficient treatment and poor health conditions. The treatment charges in private hospitals for covid-19 is too high to afford by daily earning women domestic workers. Even after Kerala government put a cap to various covid treatment costs in private hospitals, the second wave of covid-19 witnessed filling up of government hospitals with patients and many of the people are forced to rely on private hospitals to save life. It is high time to think the insufficient economic and health schemes of women domestic workers and provide a comprehensive multi-faceted developmental policy toadopt by government. Objectives: The primary objective of the study is to analyze the covid-19 treatment affordability of women domestic workers in private hospital in association with their monthly family income. Methods/Statistical operations: The study is conducted in Palakkad district of Kerala state. The sampling technique adopted is simple random method from different age group of women domestic workers. A total of 150 women domestic workers is identified and tool used for survey is structured interview according to the convenience of the respondents. Findings: The study found that the covid- 19 treatment charges fixed by government is still unaffordable to majority of income range groups and only 5 percent have monthly family income to afford thefive-daygeneral ward treatment charges with normal medicines in private hospitals.

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Nzunda, Matembo. "New Company Law for Malawi." Journal of African Law 33, no. 1 (1989): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300007944.

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Company law needs to be reformed so as to promote and maintain the protection of the interests of shareholders, creditors and the community. These are the three “social and economic needs to which a system of company law should respond”. These three purposes of company law are not mutually exclusive. However, the weighting of them depends on the space factor and time factor of law reform. Space factor refers to the differences in economic, social, political and other conditions and needs between one country and another at a given time. So, “Whereas in Britain one of the main purposes of company legislation is to protect the interests of shareholders, in a developing country like Malawi its main function should be to protect the interests of the national economy since most of the effective shareholders will in fact be non-resident in the country.” Time factor refers to the differences in economic, social, political and other conditions and needs of a country between one time and another. For example, the increasing internationalisation of the Malawian political economy, through branches and subsidiaries of multinational companies and joint-ventures, may demand that companies’ legislation in Malawi respond to the conditions and needs of such an economy. Of course, the two factors constantly act on each other.

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Machira, Kennedy, Beston Maonga, and Tobias Chirwa. "Determinants of Risky Sexual Behavioral Practices among Teen-girls in Malawi." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010839.

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Background: In Malawi, having multiple sexual partners and engaging in sexual intercourse without using condoms remain a sexual and reproductive health challenge among women. This has consequently increased morbidity and low productivity among women, especially in young women of the country. This paper examined the determinants of risky sexual behavioral practices among teen women in Malawi. Methods: The study used 2015-16 Malawi Demographic Health Survey with a weighted sample of 5263 women under 20 years. Both Bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to estimate factors influencing risky sexual behavioral practices among teen women. Results: The study found the existence of differential determinants to influence women’s conduct in having both multiple sexual partners and inability to use condom during subsequent sexual intercourses with partners other than spouses. For instance, education (complete primary, IRR=2.755, p<0.001 and complete secondary education, IRR=3.515, p< 0.001); teen motherhood status (IRR = 0.295, p< 0.001), unavailability of the health care services (IRR=1.043, p<0.05) among others positively determined having multiple sexual partners in Malawi among teen women. On the contrary, wealth status (medium, IRR=1.116, p<0.001; rich, IRR=1.194, p<0.001) reduced teen women’s behavior of not using a condom with partners other than spouses during sexual intercourse. Conclusion: The study asserts that in Malawi, there is an urgent need for advocacy programmes aimed at reducing sexual and reproductive health challenges among girls at primary school levels and upwards. Equipping the girls, at a community level, with basic knowledge and understanding about the dangers of practicing risky sexual behavior is fundamental for the enhancement of their socio-economic support.

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Kumwenda, M., B.-T. Nyang'wa, B. Chikuse, T. Biseck, S. Maosa, A. Chilembwe, A. Dimba, J. Mpunga, C. Shaw, and M. Brouwer. "The second sputum sample complicates tuberculosis diagnosis for women: a qualitative study from Malawi." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.17.0146.

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SETTING: District hospital and peripheral health care facilities in Balaka District, Malawi.OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers encountered by women in submitting a second sputum sample.DESIGN: Focus-group discussions and semi-structured interviews.RESULTS: Women encounter barriers at several levels: personal, cultural, socio-economic and health care system. Personal, cultural and socio-economic barriers include the fear of a tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, the perception and condition of the patient, the distance and cost of travel to a health care facility, the subordinate position of women in household decision-making and the social support that women receive. Barriers at the health care system level include high patient numbers, staff shortages, the duration of the TB diagnostic process as well as the uncaring attitude and poor communication of health care workers. These barriers may apply not only to the submission of the second sample, but to health care access in general.CONCLUSION: Women face multiple barriers in submitting a second sputum sample. These do not operate in isolation but instead compound each other. Although potential solutions to overcome these barriers are recognised, some have yet to be adopted. To improve TB case finding, innovative and community approaches should be adopted more rapidly.

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Kazanga, Isabel, Alister C. Munthali, Joanne McVeigh, Hasheem Mannan, and Malcolm MacLachlan. "Predictors of Utilisation of Skilled Maternal Healthcare in Lilongwe District, Malawi." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 12 (August 13, 2019): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.67.

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Background: Despite numerous efforts to improve maternal and child health in Malawi, maternal and newborn mortality rates remain very high, with the country having one of the highest maternal mortality ratios globally. The aim of this study was to identify which individual factors best predict utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare in a sample of women residing in Lilongwe district of Malawi. Identifying which of these factors play a significant role in determining utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare is required to inform policies and programming in the interest of achieving increased utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare in Malawi. Methods: This study used secondary data from the Woman’s Questionnaire of the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). Data was analysed from 1126 women aged between 15 and 49 living in Lilongwe. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine significant predictors of maternal healthcare utilisation. Results: Women’s residence (P=.006), education (P=.004), and wealth (P=.018) were significant predictors of utilisation of maternal healthcare provided by a skilled attendant. Urban women were less likely (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, P=.006, 95% CI = 0.28–0.81) to utilise a continuum of maternal healthcare from a skilled health attendant compared to rural women. Similarly, women with less education (OR = 0.32, P=.001, 95% CI = 0.16–0.64), and poor women (OR = 0.50, P=.04, 95% CI = 0.26–0.97) were less likely to use a continuum of maternal healthcare from a skilled health attendant. Conclusion: Policies and programmes should aim to increase utilisation of skilled maternal healthcare for women with less education and low-income status. Specifically, emphasis should be placed on promoting education and economic empowerment initiatives, and creating awareness about use of maternal healthcare services among girls, women and their respective communities.

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Prynn, Josephine E., Albert Dube, Elenaus Mwaiyeghele, Oddie Mwiba, Steffen Geis, Olivier Koole, Moffat Nyirenda, Hannah Kuper, and Amelia C. Crampin. "Self-reported disability in rural Malawi: prevalence, incidence, and relationship to chronic conditions." Wellcome Open Research 4 (October 21, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15196.3.

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Background: Disability is a complex concept involving physical impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction. The Washington Group developed a set of questions on six functional domains (seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, self-care, and communicating) to allow collection of comparable data on disability. We aimed to improve understanding of prevalence and correlates of disability in this low-income setting in Malawi. Methods: This study is nested in the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Malawi; the Washington Group questions were added to the annual survey in 2014. We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 survey to estimate the current prevalence of disability and examine associations of disability with certain chronic conditions. We then reviewed the incidence and resolution of disability over time using panel data from the 2015 survey. Results: Of 10,863 participants, 9.6% (95% CI 9.0-10.1%) reported disability in at least one domain. Prevalence was higher among women and increased with age. Diabetes and obesity were associated with disability among women, and diabetes was also associated with disability among men. Neither hypertension nor HIV were associated with disability. Participants reporting “no difficulty” or “can’t do at all” for any domain were likely to report the same status one year later, whereas there was considerable movement between people describing “some difficulty” and “a lot of difficulty”. Conclusions: Disability prevalence is high and likely to increase over time. Further research into the situation of this population is crucial to ensure inclusive policies are created and sustainable development goals are met.

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Prynn, Josephine E., Albert Dube, Elenaus Mwaiyeghele, Oddie Mwiba, Steffen Geis, Olivier Koole, Moffat Nyirenda, Hannah Kuper, and Amelia C. Crampin. "Self-reported disability in rural Malawi: prevalence, incidence, and relationship to chronic conditions." Wellcome Open Research 4 (December 22, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15196.4.

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Background: Disability is a complex concept involving physical impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction. The Washington Group developed a set of questions on six functional domains (seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, self-care, and communicating) to allow collection of comparable data on disability. We aimed to improve understanding of prevalence and correlates of disability in this low-income setting in Malawi. Methods: This study is nested in the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Malawi; the Washington Group questions were added to the annual survey in 2014. We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 survey to estimate the current prevalence of disability and examine associations of disability with certain chronic conditions. We then reviewed the incidence and resolution of disability over time using panel data from the 2015 survey. Results: Of 10,863 participants, 9.6% (95% CI 9.0-10.1%) reported disability in at least one domain. Prevalence was higher among women and increased with age. Diabetes and obesity were associated with disability among women, and diabetes was also associated with disability among men. Neither hypertension nor HIV were associated with disability. Participants reporting “no difficulty” or “can’t do at all” for any domain were likely to report the same status one year later, whereas there was considerable movement between people describing “some difficulty” and “a lot of difficulty”. Conclusions: Disability prevalence is high and likely to increase over time. Further research into the situation of this population is crucial to ensure inclusive policies are created and sustainable development goals are met.

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Prynn, Josephine E., Albert Dube, Elenaus Mwaiyeghele, Oddie Mwiba, Steffen Geis, Olivier Koole, Moffat Nyirenda, Hannah Kuper, and Amelia C. Crampin. "Self-reported disability in rural Malawi: prevalence, incidence, and relationship to chronic conditions." Wellcome Open Research 4 (August 27, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15196.5.

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Background: Disability is a complex concept involving physical impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction. The Washington Group developed a set of questions on six functional domains (seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, self-care, and communicating) to allow collection of comparable data on disability. We aimed to improve understanding of prevalence and correlates of disability in this low-income setting in Malawi. Methods: This study is nested in the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Malawi; the Washington Group questions were added to the annual survey in 2014. We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 survey to estimate the current prevalence of disability and examine associations of disability with certain chronic conditions. We then reviewed the incidence and resolution of disability over time using panel data from the 2015 survey. Results: Of 10,863 participants, 9.6% (95% CI 9.0-10.1%) reported disability in at least one domain. Prevalence was higher among women and increased with age. Diabetes and obesity were associated with disability among women, and diabetes was also associated with disability among men. Neither hypertension nor HIV were associated with disability. Participants reporting “no difficulty” or “can’t do at all” for any domain were likely to report the same status one year later, whereas there was considerable movement between people describing “some difficulty” and “a lot of difficulty”. Conclusions: Disability prevalence is high and likely to increase over time. Further research into the situation of this population is crucial to ensure inclusive policies are created and sustainable development goals are met.

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Pal, Dharam, and Gian Singh. "Socio-economic conditions of women labour households in rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 10, no. 1 (2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2322-0430.10.1.002.

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Sasser, Alicia C., Maida Taylor, Howard G. Birnbaum, Michael J. Schoenfeld, Emily F. Oster, and Matthew Rousculp. "Assessing the economic impact of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women." Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6, no. 11 (September 2005): 1803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.6.11.1803.

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Patil, Savita, and Haji Begum. "Study of social conditions and economic problems of employed women." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/9.2/230-234.

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Jablonska, Beata, Joaquim J. F. Soares, and Örjan Sundin. "Pain among women: Associations with socio-economic and work conditions." European Journal of Pain 10, no. 5 (July 2006): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.003.

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Chimbatata, Nathan B. W., and Chikondi M. Chimbatata. "Impact Evaluation Design for Community Midwife Technicians in Malawi." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 27 (September 30, 2016): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n27p349.

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Maternal Mortality Ratio and neonatal mortality rate are alarmingly high in Malawi. The shortage and poor retention of midwives coupled with poor working conditions have been a major challenge affecting the provision of high-quality maternity care for women. Many women are giving birth without skilled attendants, increasing the risk of maternal and neonatal illness and death. The major driving factor in the shortage of health staff is the limited number of existing training slots and hence the minimum output from the training institutions into service delivery units. Midwifery is a key component of sexual, reproductive, maternal, and newborn healthcare. Responding to the crisis, the Malawi Government has made a commitment in strengthening human resources for health, including accelerating training and recruitment of health professionals to fill all the shortage gaps in the health sector. One mechanism implemented by Malawi Government to increase skilled attendance at birth in rural areas is the introduction of Community midwifery assistants (CMA) training. This program of training community midwives is being piloted and targets the general population of pregnant women and their new born babies in rural areas where the CMAs are deployed. However, there is a great need to have this initiative evaluated and gauge its impact in attaining the desired outcomes.

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Gaynor, Niamh, and Máirtín Cronin. "‘A woman’s place…’: community-based approaches to gender-based violence in Malawi." Community Development Journal 54, no. 2 (August 30, 2017): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx034.

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Abstract One in five women has experienced gender-based violence (GBV) in Malawi and its incidence is reported to be increasing. The importance of cultural norms, practices, discourses and behaviours in both driving and addressing such violence is now well recognized. So too is the attendant need to involve men as well as women in community interventions to address this. In this context, this article draws on field research conducted in 2016 in two districts in Northern and Southern Malawi exploring the successes and challenges posed by community-based approaches (CBAs) to tackling GBV. We find that CBAs have yielded a number of successes – notably a reported reduction in GBV as communications between couples have improved and economic stresses within households reduced. However, we also find that these same CBAs have raised a number of challenges. These centre around resource distribution; the impact on local power dynamics; and CBA’s ability to challenge and interrogate dominant norms, ideologies, identities and practices. Overall, we argue that, while CBAs appear successful in transmitting the message to both women and men that GBV is unlawful and wrong, their impacts on the principal underlying causal factors remain weak.

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Beller, Andrea H. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: The Economic Emergence of Women." ILR Review 41, no. 2 (January 1988): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398804100220.

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BRODISH, PAUL HENRY. "AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND HIV PREVALENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (January 10, 2013): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201200082x.

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SummaryThis paper investigates whether ethnic diversity at the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) cluster level predicts HIV serostatus in three sub-Saharan African countries (Kenya, Malawi and Zambia), using DHS household survey and HIV biomarker data for men and women aged 15–59 collected since 2006. The analysis relates a binary dependent variable (HIV positive serostatus) and a weighted aggregate predictor variable representing the number of different ethnic groups within a DHS Statistical Enumeration Area (SEA) or cluster, which roughly corresponds to a neighbourhood. Multilevel logistic regression is used to predict HIV prevalence within each SEA, controlling for known demographic, social and behavioural predictors of HIV serostatus. The key finding was that the cluster-level ethnic diversity measure was a significant predictor of HIV serostatus in Malawi and Zambia but not in Kenya. Additional results reflected the heterogeneity of the epidemics: male gender, marriage (Kenya), number of extramarital partners in the past year (Kenya and Malawi, but probably confounded with younger age) and Muslim religion (Zambia) were associated with lower odds of positive HIV serostatus. Condom use at last intercourse (a spurious result probably reflecting endogeneity), STD in the past year, number of lifetime sexual partners, age (Malawi and Zambia), education (Zambia), urban residence (Malawi and Zambia) and employment (Kenya and Malawi) were associated with higher odds of positive serostatus. Future studies might continue to employ multilevel models and incorporate additional, more robust, controls for individual behavioural risk factors and for higher-level social and economic factors, in order to verify and further clarify the association between neighbourhood ethnic diversity and HIV serostatus.

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Streitmatter, Rodger. "Economic Conditions Surrounding Nineteenth-Century African-American Women Journalists:Two Case Studies." Journalism History 18, no. 1-4 (March 1992): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00947679.1992.12066708.

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Adolfsson, Johanna Sofia, and Ole Jacob Madsen. "“Nowadays there is gender”: “Doing” global gender equality in rural Malawi." Theory & Psychology 30, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319879507.

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This article analyzes the intersection of psychology with global development policy and practice, reviewing how gender as a concept is negotiated and understood amongst men and women in rural Malawi. We argue that gender, considered from a psychological perspective, has been narrowed down to meet the standards of global policy actors. By empowering individuals to “self-actualize,” policy implementers expect social and economic spin-off effects such as lower birth rates, higher education levels, and poverty reduction. The focus on individuals acts to obscure the broader structural power inequities, is especially prevalent in rural Malawi. To explain this, we use Haslam’s idea of “concept creep,” on how psychological concepts tend to affect other institutional traditions. The everyday understandings of gendered life described here show how gender is a fluid concept that shifts according to cultural, social, and ideological norms.

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Antony, Kathleen M., Peter N. Kazembe, Ryan M. Pace, Judy Levison, Henry Phiri, Grace Chiudzu, Ronald Alan Harris, et al. "Population-Based Estimation of the Preterm Birth Rate in Lilongwe, Malawi: Making Every Birth Count." American Journal of Perinatology Reports 10, no. 01 (January 2020): e78-e86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708491.

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Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to perform a population-based estimation of the preterm birth (PTB) rate in regions surrounding Lilongwe, Malawi. Study Design We partnered with obstetrician specialists, community health workers, local midwives, and clinicians in a 50 km region surrounding Lilongwe, Malawi, to perform a population-based estimation of the PTB rate during the study period from December 1, 2012 to May 19, 2015. Results Of the 14,792 births captured, 19.3% of births were preterm, including preterm early neonatal deaths. Additional PTB risk factors were similarly prevalent including domestic violence, HIV, malaria, anemia, and malnutrition. Conclusion When performing a population-based estimation of the rate of PTB, including women without antenatal care and women delivering at home, the 19.3% rate of PTB is among the highest recorded globally. This is accompanied by a high rate of risk factors and comorbid conditions.

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Lorenzetti, Lara, Mandy Swann, Andres Martinez, Amy O’Regan, Jamilah Taylor, and Alexis Hoyt. "Using financial diaries to understand the economic lives of HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers in PMTCT in Zomba, Malawi." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e0252083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252083.

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Background Economic strengthening (ES) interventions can address economic barriers to retention and adherence (R&A) to antiretroviral therapy in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services. To inform tailoring of ES activities for PMTCT, we used financial diaries to understand the economic lives of women in PMTCT and examine associations between participants’ finances and their R&A. Methods We collected financial data from a stratified sample (n = 241) of HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers enrolled in PMTCT from three clinics in Zomba, Malawi. For 30 weeks, participants met with staff to record cash and in-kind inflows and outflows. We used clinical records to calculate a measure of R&A for each participant. We summarized diary data using R and used cox proportional hazard models to examine the relationship between R&A and participant characteristics and behavior. Results There were 68,097 cash transactions over 30 weeks, with 10% characterized as inflows. The median value of cash inflows was US$3.54 compared with US$0.42 for cash outflows. Fewer than 7% of total transactions were considered related to PMTCT, with the majority classified as food or drink. Participants in the rural site had the lowest hazard of non-adherence. Decreased hazard of non-adherence was also linked to having dependents and years on ART. There were significant differences in cash inflows and outflows between those who were always adherent and those who were not. Conclusions Financial inflows were large and erratic, whereas outflows were small but consistent. PMTCT expenses comprised a small proportion of overall expenses and focused on proper nutrition. The influence of inflows and outflows on adherence was significant but small; however, always adherent participants demonstrated smoother inflows and outflows, indicating an association between greater adherence and economic stability. Participants would benefit from interventions that bolster and stabilize their economic lives, including income generating activities in the agricultural industry and inclusion in village banks.

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Prynn, Josephine E., Albert Dube, Elenaus Mwaiyeghele, Oddie Mwiba, Steffen Geis, Olivier Koole, Moffat Nyirenda, Hannah Kuper, and Amelia C. Crampin. "Self-reported disability in rural Malawi: prevalence, incidence, and relationship to chronic conditions." Wellcome Open Research 4 (December 3, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15196.2.

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Background: Disability is a complex concept involving physical impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction. The Washington Group developed a set of questions on six functional domains (seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, self-care, and communicating) to allow collection of comparable data on disability. We aimed to improve understanding of prevalence and correlates of disability in the low-income setting of Malawi. Methods: This study is nested in the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Malawi; the Washington Group questions were added to the annual survey in 2014. We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 survey to estimate the current prevalence of disability and examine associations of disability with certain chronic conditions. We then reviewed the consistency of responses to the questions over time using data from the 2015 survey. Results: Of 10,863 participants, 9.6% (95% CI 9.0-10.1%) reported disability in at least one domain. Prevalence was higher among women and increased with age. Obesity and diabetes were associated with disability, but hypertension and HIV were not. Participants reporting “no difficulty” or “can’t do at all” for any domain were likely to report the same status one year later, whereas there was considerable movement between people describing “some difficulty” and “a lot of difficulty”. Conclusions: Disability prevalence is high and likely to increase over time. Further research into the situation of this population is crucial to ensure inclusive policies are created and sustainable development goals are met.

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Biruk, Crystal. "‘Aid for gays’: the moral and the material in ‘African homophobia’ in post-2009 Malawi." Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 3 (August 18, 2014): 447–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000226.

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ABSTRACTIn recent years, ‘African homophobia’ has become a spectacle on the global stage, making Africa into a pre-modern site of anti-gay sentiment in need of Western intervention. This article suggests that ‘homophobia’ in post-2009 Malawi is an idiom through which multiple actors negotiate anxieties around governance and moral and economic dependency. I illustrate the material conditions that brought about social imaginaries of inclusion and exclusion – partially expressed through homophobic discourse – in Malawi. The article analyses the cascade of events that led to a moment of political and economic crisis in mid-2011, with special focus on how a 2009 sodomy case made homophobia available as a new genre of social commentary. Employing discourse analysis of newspaper articles, political speeches, the proceedings of a sodomy case, and discussions about men who have sex with men (MSM) as an HIV risk group, I show how African homophobia takes form via interested deployments of ‘cultural’ rhetoric toward competing ends. This article lends a comparative case study to a growing literature on the political and social functions of homophobia in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Halbesleben, Jonathon R. B., and M. Ronald Buckley. "The effect of economic conditions on union membership of men and women." Journal of Management History 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17511340610670197.

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PurposeIn a recent review of the history of women in unions, the author suggested that downturns in the economy have had a more significant effect on women than men in unions, leading to significant declines in the membership of women in unions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between economic cycles and women's membership in unions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper investigates that relationship using both quantitative and historical methods and generate evidence for the proposal.FindingsBased on the historical and quantitative analysis, it is concluded that a more accurate way to depict the situation is to say that economic conditions influence union membership through a number of important intervening variables and, furthermore, that changes in those intervening variables over the past 40 years have substantially influenced the relationship between economics and union membership.Originality/valueThis paper is unique in its combination of historical and empirical approaches to addressing questions of a historical nature. The paper addresses an interesting proposal regarding relationships between economics and gender in union membership

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Psaki, Stephanie R., Erica Soler-Hampejsek, Jyotirmoy Saha, Barbara S. Mensch, and Sajeda Amin. "The Effects of Adolescent Childbearing on Literacy and Numeracy in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia." Demography 56, no. 5 (September 9, 2019): 1899–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00816-z.

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Abstract Global investments in girls’ education have been motivated, in part, by an expectation that more-educated women will have smaller and healthier families. However, in many low- and middle-income countries, the timing of school dropout and first birth coincide, resulting in a rapid transition from the role of student to the role of mother for adolescent girls. Despite growing interest in the effects of pregnancy on levels of school dropout, researchers have largely overlooked the potential effect of adolescent childbearing on literacy and numeracy. We hypothesize that becoming a mother soon after leaving school may cause the deterioration of skills gained in school. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia, we test our hypothesis by estimating fixed-effects linear regression models to address the endogeneity in the relationship between childbearing and academic skills. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of adolescent childbearing on academic skills in low- and middle-income countries. Our results indicate that among those with low levels of grade attainment, first birth has a negative effect on English literacy and numeracy. Among those with higher levels of grade attainment, we find little evidence of effects of childbearing on academic skills. Childbearing also has little effect on local language literacy. Beyond the immediate loss of English literacy and numeracy, if these skills lead to better health and more economic productivity, then adolescent childbearing may have longer-term repercussions than previously understood. In addition to ongoing efforts to increase educational attainment and school quality in low- and middle-income countries, investments are needed to strengthen the academic skills of adolescent mothers to secure the demographic and economic promise of expanded education for girls and women.

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Fadjukoff, Päivi, Katja Kokko, and Lea Pulkkinen. "Changing Economic Conditions and Identity Formation in Adulthood." European Psychologist 15, no. 4 (January 2010): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000061.

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Identity formation in political and occupational domains was examined from young to middle adulthood based on an ongoing longitudinal study. In addition to the participants’ identity status (diffused, moratorium, foreclosed, achieved), we assessed their perceived importance of politics, future orientation, and career stability four times in adulthood, at ages 27, 36, 42, and 50. The number of participants varied between analyses, from 168 to 291. Changes in the economic situation in Finland from 1986 to 2009 provided a context for the study. Data collections at ages 36 (in 1995) and 50 (in 2009) took place during economic recessions, and at age 42 (in 2001) during an economic boom. The results were discussed from both age-graded and history-graded perspectives. Developmental trends in political and occupational identity were reversed across age and changes in the economic situation. Political identity was at its lowest level and occupational identity was at its highest level at age 42 during the economic boom. Political identity progressed at a time of economic recession at age 50, whereas occupational identity regressed. In women, identity changes were associated with personal career stability. The perceived importance of politics increased concurrently with political identity achievement. During the recession when they were age 50, women tended to worry about future financial problems, while men perceived their future depending decreasingly on themselves and increasingly on the world situation. The results indicate that macro-level economic conditions may have psychological implications on people’s conceptions of themselves that are worth considering in developmental studies.

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McCauley, Mary, Barbara Madaj, Sarah A. White, Fiona Dickinson, Sarah Bar-Zev, Mamuda Aminu, Pamela Godia, Pratima Mittal, Shamsa Zafar, and Nynke van den Broek. "Burden of physical, psychological and social ill-health during and after pregnancy among women in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Malawi." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (May 2018): e000625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000625.

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IntroductionFor every woman who dies during pregnancy and childbirth, many more suffer ill-health, the burden of which is highest in low-resource settings. We sought to assess the extent and types of maternal morbidity.MethodsDescriptive observational cross-sectional study at primary-level and secondary-level healthcare facilities in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Malawi to assess physical, psychological and social morbidity during and after pregnancy. Sociodemographic factors, education, socioeconomic status (SES), quality of life, satisfaction with health, reported symptoms, clinical examination and laboratory investigations were assessed. Relationships between morbidity and maternal characteristics were investigated using multivariable logistic regression analysis.Results11 454 women were assessed in India (2099), Malawi (2923), Kenya (3145), and Pakistan (3287). Almost 3 out of 4 women had ≥1 symptoms (73.5%), abnormalities on clinical examination (71.3%) or laboratory investigation (73.5%). In total, 36% of women had infectious morbidity of which 9.0% had an identified infectious disease (HIV, malaria, syphilis, chest infection or tuberculosis) and an additional 32.5% had signs of early infection. HIV-positive status was highest in Malawi (14.5%) as was malaria (10.4%). Overall, 47.9% of women were anaemic, 11.5% had other medical or obstetric conditions, 25.1% reported psychological morbidity and 36.6% reported social morbidity (domestic violence and/or substance misuse). Infectious morbidity was highest in Malawi (56.5%) and Kenya (40.4%), psychological and social morbidity was highest in Pakistan (47.3%, 60.2%). Maternal morbidity was not limited to a core at-risk group; only 1.2% had all four morbidities. The likelihood of medical or obstetric, psychological or social morbidity decreased with increased education; adjusted OR (95% CI) for each additional level of education ranged from 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for psychological morbidity to 0.91 (0.87 to 0.95) for infectious morbidity. Each additional level of SES was associated with increased psychological morbidity (OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.21)) and social morbidity (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10)), but there was no difference regarding medical or obstetric morbidity. However, for each morbidity association was heterogeneous between countries.ConclusionWomen suffer significant ill-health which is still largely unrecognised. Current antenatal and postnatal care packages require adaptation if they are to meet the identified health needs of women.

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Simukonda, Pacharo H. "The labour supply conditions for the transformation of peasant agriculture in Africa: Lessons from a Malawian experience." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v3i2.2608.

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In implementing rural development projects, African states expect that the otherwise poor peasantry would respond positively by maximising use of the productivity-enhancing technologies available to them, in order to improve their income status. The basic requirement is that the producer must supply significantly higher levels of productive labour-time, mainly from subsistence production and other traditional activities. The Malawi experience suggests that this process revolves around the critical role of both the physical and psychological dimensions of labour-time application. Therefore, the transformation of peasant commodity-surplus producers is unlikely to be effectively achieved, unless attainable commodity income is sufficient to at least support both customary production and subjectively defined socio-economic goals.

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Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. "Ganyu casual labour, famine and HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi: causality and casualty." Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 2 (June 2006): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06001595.

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Over the past ten years, Malawian peasant farming households have endured a number of material and life-threatening setbacks. The absence of subsidised fertiliser loans to farmers continues to trouble villagers a decade after their removal. Yields of both food and cash crops have been declining. Farming households' earnings from agricultural exports and remittances have decreased. The creeping and then intensified incidence of HIV/AIDS infection has led to widespread debility and death, compounded by a serious famine in 2001–03. During the famine and its aftermath, ganyu casual labour gained in importance as a source of income, especially for women and youth from poor rural households. Field evidence suggests that the highly exploitative contractual terms that employers offered widened the gap between the haves and have-nots, and fuelled the risks of contracting HIV/AIDS. Ganyu, representing an established form of labour based on mutual economic benefit between exchange agents stretching back over a century, has become synonymous with degradation and despair for the working poor.

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P, Muhammed Atheeque P., and B. Chitra. "Socio Economic Conditions of Women Agricultural Labours in Thirukandeeswaram Panchayat of Thiruvarur District." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11600.

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Moghadam, Valentine M. "Women and Employment in Tunisia." Sociology of Development 5, no. 4 (2019): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2019.5.4.337.

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Tunisia's legacy of “state feminism” and its strong civil society—including human rights, labor, and women's rights organizations—have placed Tunisian women in advance of their Arab sisters, and women are present across an array of professions and occupations. Still, most Tunisian women remain outside the labor force, face precarious forms of employment, or are unemployed. This article examines women's employment patterns, problems, and prospects in the light of an untoward economic environment, conservative social norms, and feminist advocacy. Drawing on interview and documentary data, and informed by feminist political economy and institutionalism, it highlights the importance of institutional supports for working mothers and improved work conditions to encourage more female economic participation and stronger labor-force attachment and thus to weaken patriarchal attitudes and values. The paper points to the need for both class-based and gender-based policies with respect to women's economic participation and rights.

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VonDoepp, Peter. "Resisting Democratic Backsliding: Malawi’s Experience in Comparative Perspective." African Studies Review 63, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 858–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.62.

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AbstractWhy does collective resistance to democratic backsliding emerge in some contexts and not others? The experience of Malawi in 2011–2012 offers an opportunity to explore this question. In the face of attacks on democratic rights and institutions, large-scale popular and civil society mobilization challenged the government’s authoritarian tendencies. Drawing on collective action theories and comparing Malawi’s experience to that of Zambia, VonDoepp argues that Malawi’s resistance arose in an environment that was favorable to its emergence. Economic conditions had generated grievances against government, polarization remained modest, and civil society organizations benefitted from credibility and the presence of allies that facilitated activism.

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Saeed, Naima, Tansif ur Rehman, and Hina Shahzadi. "Socio-Economic Conditions Of Hindu Women In Karachi With Special Reference To Narainpura Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.130.

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The religious minority constitutes an anomaly within the discourse of national identity in Pakistan. They become an anomaly because their existence as citizens of Pakistan highlights the contradictions within the theory that, the State of Pakistan was created for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Hindus are the largest religious minority in Sindh, but facing discrimination at all levels, i.e., economic, social, political, and legal. They are living as a second-class citizen of the country. While, the women who belong to these minority groups are facing double discrimination, firstly as a woman, and then as a Hindu. It is an exploratory research which was conducted in Narainpur (Karachi), which is one of the oldest residential areas of the city, and represents the largest population of Hindu minority, i.e., 60,000 to 70,000. The entire population of Narainpur comprises of poor and lower middle class, as most of the population works as sweepers, housemaids, laborers in KMC, and sellers. Interview schedule was used to collect data from the respective respondents. Result show that health conditions of the women of this locality needs improvement.

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Sucharitha, P. Beaulah, and Dr M. Venkateswarlu Dr.M.Venkateswarlu. "Socio-Economic Conditions of Women Micro Entrepreneurs - A Case Study of SPSR Nellore District." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 3 (January 15, 2012): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/mar2014/5.

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Brandt, Deborah. "Literacy Learning and Economic Change." Harvard Educational Review 69, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.69.4.n17353q6lw872473.

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In this article, Deborah Brandt discusses two cases from a larger study in which she documents the changing conditions of literacy learning as experienced by ordinary people in the twentieth century. Her discussion of the lives of two women, Martha Day and Barbara Hunt, is grounded in principles of oral history and life history research. She presents the analytic concept of a "sponsor" to identify any agent who supports or hampers opportunities for literacy learning in the lives of her subjects. Her discussion of sponsorship in the lives of these two women highlights the relationship between literacy learning and economic change. Though these women were born two generations apart, they both witnessed, albeit from different points in time, the steady decline of a farm-based economy and its transformation by the forces of industrialization and consolidation of land under corporate control. Brandt argues that the accounts of these two women can aid speculation about how economic changes impact the processes of literacy learning. She also discusses how the concept of sponsorship can be useful to teachers as a way of helping students to recognize who is interested in their literacy, and why.

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Wetzel, Janice Wood. "Women and mental health." International Social Work 43, no. 2 (April 2000): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087280004300206.

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This article is based upon the author’s presentation at the UN Third Annual World Mental Health Day, the first Day to be devoted to women and mental health. The author argues that the psychosocial conditions commonly shared by women throughout the world result in their universally high rates of mental illness and emotional distress. Solutions are global in origin, based upon a comprehensive personal, social and economic model for the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.

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Chilunga, Felix P., Crispin Musicha, Terence Tafatatha, Steffen Geis, Moffat J. Nyirenda, Amelia C. Crampin, and Alison J. Price. "Investigating associations between rural-to-urban migration and cardiometabolic disease in Malawi: a population-level study." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 6 (October 11, 2019): 1850–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz198.

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Abstract Background The extent to which rural-to-urban migration affects risk for cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) in Africa is not well understood. We investigated prevalence and risk for obesity, diabetes, hypertension and precursor conditions by migration status. Methods In a cross-sectional survey in Malawi (February 2013–March 2017), 13 903 rural, 9929 rural-to-urban migrant and 6741 urban residents (≥18 years old) participated. We interviewed participants, measured blood pressure and collected anthropometric data and fasting blood samples to estimate population prevalences and odds ratios, using negative binomial regression, for CMD, by migration status. In a sub-cohort of 131 rural–urban siblings-sets, migration-associated CMD risk was explored using conditional Poisson regression. Results In rural, rural-to-urban migrant and urban residents, prevalence estimates were; 8.9, 20.9 and 15.2% in men and 25.4, 43.9 and 39.3% in women for overweight/obesity; 1.4, 2.9 and 1.9% in men and 1.5, 2.8 and 1.7% in women for diabetes; and 13.4, 18.8 and 12.2% in men and 13.7, 15.8 and 10.2% in women for hypertension. Rural-to-urban migrants had the greatest risk for hypertension (adjusted relative risk for men 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.34 and women 1.17: 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.29) and were the most screened, diagnosed and treated for CMD, compared with urban residents. Within sibling sets, rural-to-urban migrant siblings had a higher risk for overweight and pre-hypertension, with no evidence for differences by duration of stay. Conclusions Rural-to-urban migration is associated with increased CMD risk in Malawi. In a poor country experiencing rapid urbanization, interventions for the prevention and management of CMD, which reach migrant populations, are needed.

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Beoku-Betts, Josephine. "African Women Scientists and the Politics of Location: The Case of Four Sierra Leonean Women Scientists." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 4 (2008): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x359579.

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Abstract This paper examines the attempts of four Sierra Leonean women scientists to restructure their lives and professional careers in the wake of changing political and economic conditions in their nation state. I show how their emotional affinities to their country of origin are still strong and influence their scientific practices and commitments to their country of origin. I argue that as transnational migrants, their experiences are shaped by the intersection of inequalities of gender, race, and nation and changing economic, social, and political processes in their countries of origin and destination. These conditions may constrain but also enable them to compete, challenge, and negotiate new spheres of lived experience. The analysis is framed around discourses on the brain drain, the concept of transnationalism, and feminist research on gender and migration. The study is based on semi-structured interviews, using narratives to illustrate the lived experiences and perspectives of the study participants. Issues addressed include (1) factors leading to migration, (2) experiences of race, gender, and nationality, (3) ways of practicing science, (4) navigation of emotional commitments to country of origin.

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Mudege, Netsayi N., Sarah Mayanja, and Tawanda Muzhingi. "Women and men farmer perceptions of economic and health benefits of orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) in Phalombe and Chikwawa districts in Malawi." Food Security 9, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0651-9.

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Soputan, Grace Jenny, and Ferdinand Kerebungu. "Women's Economic Empowerment in the Informal Sector." SALASIKA: Indonesian Journal of Gender, Women, Child, and Social Inclusion's Studies 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36625/sj.v3i1.57.

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Women's empowerment program in Indonesia has essentially been started since 1978. In its development, this effort has resulted in improvement in various ways. Some examples of the improvement are the improvement in conditions, degrees, and quality of life of women in various strategic sectors such as education, employment, economy, health, and family planning participation. Improvement in the empowerment process does not necessarily change the pattern of gender relations between men and women. To improve gender equality in the economy, women's economic actors need to be empowered. The purpose of this study is to examine the appropriate empowerment model for women in the informal sector. This is a case study involving observation, interviews, and Focus Group Discussion. The results of the study showed that women in the informal sector are not yet independent even though they have obtained facilitation from the government. The absence of government’s assistance in managing business resulted in the limited empowerment activities carried out by the government. This research offers a model of economic empowerment for women towards independence in economic activities.

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Dr Pacha Malyadri. "Socio economic conditions of Tribal women in forest area with predictive analysis through binary logistic regression analysis." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.18702.

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Tribal people are remaining in middle of backward regions, forest areas and mountains and confronting numerous issues because of absence of access to quality medicinal services, monetary help and transportation system. The main aim of this study is to examine the socio economic status of tribal women and analyze income and expenditure pattern of tribal women .In this regard three villages in forest areas of Khammam district had been selected and primary data had been collected from 120 tribal women. The logistic regression analysis had been conducted to know the factors influencing tribal people to access bank loans by tribal people. The major finding of this study is that tribal women with land ownership can improve their socio economic status.. It is found from the predictive analysis that socio economic profile of tribal women can be improved with more enhancement of land ownership. The education facilities and healthcare facilities are not considered by the logistic model for accessing the bank loan by tribal women. The standard of living conditions of tribal women in forest area can be enhanced through entrepreneurship rather than providing employment opportunities.

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Gopalasundar, R. "The Socio-Economic Conditions of Women Agricultural Labourers in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu in India." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i4.3272.

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The seasonal nature of agriculture and low productivity reduce demand for female labor and as a result, forced idleness is higher among women than men. Women’s productivity in agriculture also suffers from uneconomic holdings and subsistence nature of agriculture in which the family consumes the produce. Tasks performed by women are labor-intensive and mostly done by hand. This has reduced the work efficiency of women. Regardless of these variations, there is hardly any activity in agricultural production.

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Graham, Laurie. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Women, Work and Trade Unions." ILR Review 54, no. 4 (July 2001): 894–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105400414.

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Dementyeva, Irina. "Social well-being of women in economic conditions of 2015 (On the example Vologda region)." Woman in russian society, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2017.1.4.

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Klasen, Stephan. "What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries?" World Bank Research Observer 34, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 161–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz005.

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Abstract Rapid fertility decline, a strong expansion of female education, and favorable economic conditions should have promoted female labor force participation in developing countries. Yet trends in female labor force participation rates (FLFP) have been quite heterogeneous, rising strongly in Latin America and stagnating in many other regions, while improvements were modest in the Middle East and female participation even fell in South Asia. These trends are inconsistent with secular theories such as the feminization U hypothesis but point to an interplay of initial conditions, economic structure, structural change, and persistent gender norms and values. We find that differences in levels are heavily affected by historical differences in economic structure that circumscribe women's economic opportunities still today. Shocks can bring about drastic changes, with the experience of socialism being the most important shock to women's labor force participation. Trends are heavily affected by how much women's labor force participation depends on their household's economic conditions, how jobs deemed appropriate for more educated women are growing relative to the supply of more educated women, whether growth strategies are promoting female employment, and to what extent women are able to break down occupational barriers within the sectors where women predominantly work.

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Chongjie, Chen, Yoan Yoan, and Kelly Kelly. "Analysis of Society Conditions/Reality During Chinese Feudal Era in the Novel Liaozhai Zhiyi." Lingua Cultura 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v4i2.365.

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Liaozhai Zhiyi is a compilation of short stories created by the Qing Dynasty novelist, Pu Songling. The main concept is not centered on regular ghost stories, but the author told a story on real life and the fantasy world by describing realities of society life in the feudal era. The author, through stories in Liaozhai Zhiyi, analyses social reality in their education, politics, love, economic and moral aspects. The author of Liaozhai Zhiyi uses of a lot of stories concerning fox spirits, ghosts, and other types of spirits in portraying his critics and anger towards incidents happening in feudal China. Analysis shows that Liaozhai Zhiyi broadly depicts social reality happening in feudal era in education, politics, love, economic and moral aspects. Liaozhai Zhiyi also criticizes the corrupt government official examination scheme, and the crime and decadence of the feudal government. In contrast, the stories also praised the freedom of young men and women seeking love in marriage, endorsing young men and women to reject arranged marriages, showing women in the economic independence and social advancement, and summed up the lessons of social life.

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Grudziak, Joanna. "Etiology of major limb amputations at a tertiary care centre in Malawi." Malawi Medical Journal 31, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v31i4.5.

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IntroductionAmputations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) represent an important cause of disability and economic hardship. LMIC patients are young and suffer from preventable causes, such as trauma and trauma-related infections. We herein studied the etiology in amputations in a Malawian tertiary care hospital over a 9-year period.Methods Operative and anaesthesia logs at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi, were reviewed for 2008–2016. Baseline demographic and clinical variables and type of amputation performed were collected. Only major limb amputations, defined as above or below the knee, above or below the elbow, and above the wrist, were included in this study. Results A total of 610 patients underwent 630 major amputations during the study period. Of these, 170 (27%) patients were female, and the median age of the cohort was 39 (interquartile range [IQR] 25–55). Of these patients, 345 (54.8%) had infection or gangrene recorded among the indications for amputation, 203 (32.2%) had trauma, 94 (14.9%) had cancer and 67 (10.6%) had documented diabetes. Women underwent diabetes-related amputations more often than men (37 out of 67, or 56.1%), and were significantly younger when their amputations were due to diabetes (median age 48 vs 53 years old, P=0.004) or trauma (median age 21 vs 30 years old, P=0.02). The commonest operative procedures were below the knee amputations, at 271 (43%), and above the knee amputations, at 213 (33.8%). ConclusionAmputations in Malawi affect primarily the young, in the most economically productive time of their lives, in contrast to amputees in high-income countries. Preventable causes, such as infection and trauma, lead to the majority of amputations. These etiologies represent an important primary prevention target for public health efforts in LMICs.

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Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Labor Force Participation of Black and White Married Women: Evidence from Urban Labor Markets." Review of Black Political Economy 24, no. 1 (June 1995): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02911827.

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The study theoretically argues that differential economic conditions constitute an important rationale for structural differences in labor force participation (LFP) between black and white married women. Empirical evidence based on 1980 census data for metropolitan statistical areas provides support for the concomitant hypotheses. Not only is the LFP propensity for black wives larger, but also it is relatively insensitive to the arguments of the LFP function. Thus policies designed to influence the LFP of these two racial groups must internalize the differential economic conditions between them.

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Azamatova, Gulmira. "Socio-Economic Reasons Of Participation Of Women And Girls In Population Migration." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 03 (March 12, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-09.

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Today, the migration process and its status are of global importance. Women's participation in population migration is a complex and controversial process. Therefore, this article examines the socio-economic reasons for women's participation in migration, because the creation of favorable conditions and opportunities for women in migration is an important part of their social protection. is one of the directions. The article also describes the growth and decline trends of population migration on the basis of statistical analysis. In the regulation of external labor migration processes, in our opinion, it is expedient to expand legal labor migration.

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Manzoor, Seema, Asma Manzoor, Dua-e. Rehma, and Samina Saeed. "A Study Of Health Conditions Of Women Working At Karachi Fisheries." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.218.

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This study aims to establish the understanding about the health conditions of women working at Karachi fisheries. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working at fisheries in their working hours, within the family, while communicating with people around them and in their social life. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as private fisheries near Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from various private fishing companies at Karachi fisheries. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Malawi – Economic conditions'

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