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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Women – Middle East'
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Herbel, Lindsey C. "Explaining gender inequality in the Middle East Islam vs. Oil /." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/28/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed July 12, 2010) Michael Herb, committee chair; William Downs, Scott Graves, Charles Hankla, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).
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Yacoob, Saadia. "Women and education in the pre-modern Middle East : reconstructing the lives of two female jurists (faqīhāt)." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99616.
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This thesis explores the education of women in the pre-modern Middle East, particularly in legal matters. The goal of the work is to show that women in the pre-modern Middle East not only had access to education but were also learned in jurisprudence (fiqh). The work begins with a detailed discussion of the pre-modern system of learning. The first chapter explores not only the educational institutions and methods of instruction, but also the avenues and opportunities for education available to and utilized by women. The second chapter concentrates on the lives of two female jurists (faqihat). The purpose of this chapter is to explore in detail the methods by which these women acquired a legal education and obtained their status as female jurists. This work is a rudimentary effort at investigating the role of women in the pre-modern system of learning and their access to and acquisition of a legal education.
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Murphy, Lynne M. "Muslim family life in the Middle East as depicted by Victorian women residents." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65957.
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Alsayyad, Ayisha. "Queer Muslim Women: On Diaspora, Islam, and Identity." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193286.
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In this thesis, women who identify as both queer and Muslims living in North America tell their stories of family, religion, and home. These immigrants and first generation Westerners describe their identities in an effort to acknowledge the difficulties that can accompany being both Muslim in the diaspora in a time when religious and political tensions are aimed at the Middle East. While each has a unique life history, the participants represented here challenge assumptions about the "inherent" contradictions that are assume to exist for those who are both Muslim and queer due to constructions of Islam as sexually and socially conservative. They also offer insight into the usefulness of the current international LGBTQ movement for Muslim lesbians. Using the in-depth interviews from eight women, as well as several first-person published narratives, the aim of this research is to explore how each of these individuals to experience their identities in the diaspora.
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Sehlikoglu, Karakas Sertac. "Becoming an Istanbulite woman : intersections of subjectivity, movement, and desire in the Middle East." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708660.
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Price, Anne M. "Constraints and Opportunities: The Shaping of Attitudes Towards Women‘s Employment in the Middle East." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1307403090.
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Sulaiman, Sultana Othman Yousof. "Depression in women in Dubai : an exploratory study of symptoms, concepts and coping strategies." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/depression-in-women-in-dubai--an-exploratory-study-of-symptoms-concepts-and-coping-strategies(dd6a6b4a-dfd4-4e9b-979a-26691aef81f7).html.
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González, Alessandra L. Froese Paul. "Islam, sex, and sect a quantitative look at women's rights in the Middle East /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5172.
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Ali, Yumna, and Naghmeh Nekouei. "Motherhood and Entrepreneurship : Exploring the entrepreneurial identity of ‘Mompreneurs’ in the Middle East." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95623.
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Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this specific study is to discover how mothers in the Middle East perceive their entrepreneurial identity based on the results and our interpretation of the mothers' narratives, to fill the gap that was discovered in mompreneurship identity research area in the Middle East. Design/methodology/approach – A Qualitative Research Design using the ‘Abductive reasoning’ method was implemented. And the philosophical approach of this study is the ‘Interpretive Epistemology’ based on the interpretation of narratives and life experience of seven interviewed samples of mothers who own businesses ‘mompreneurs’ from the Middle East. Semi-structured interviews in the form of internet-based interviewing were used. And in order to analyze the result a narrative analysis approaches, William Labov Approach and the Dialogic performance analysis approach were utilized. Findings – the findings in this study showed that the results of the majority of samples identified themselves as being totally Momprenures and they appreciate their role as a mother and a business owner. And that they have several motivations such as (Forced, Intrinsic, classic and work-family) which classified them under certain typologies of the entrepreneurial identity (Solution -seeker, Self-actualized, Informed, Bonafide and Missionary identity). However, no certain motivation was considered to be the dominant. And the results indicate that, three samples that were motivated by (Forced Factors) falls under the same typology of solution seeker Identity. And the other three samples that were motivated by (Intrinsic and Classic motivations) falls under the typology of Informed Entrepreneur, restricted to the understanding of the samples taken from the Middle East. In Addition, the results also indicated that the momprenure identity was not directly affected by gender, as reflected by theories where masculinity is related to entrepreneurship. Research limitations/contribution – This study was limited by several factors unexpected situation of the spreading of (CORONAVIRUS) which limited samples size, and canceled the in-person meetings for interviews. Therefore, the results were only Restricted to our samples and might not be taken as general outcomes. The contribution of our findings will be opening the door for further studies on a broader scale to cover a wider range of motivations, and a wider range of identity theories that would reflect the identities of mothers in the context of the Middle East.
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Seger, Karen Elizabeth 1939. "WOMEN AND CHANGE IN THE YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC: A VIEW FROM THE LITERATURE (MIDDLE EAST, AGRICULTURE, EMIGRATION, WORKROLES, DEVELOPMENT)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291263.
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Bouhamdan, Tyra Murielle. "Religion, the Law and the Human Rights of Women in the Middle East: A Quantitative Analysis." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/31/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed July 20, 2010) Michael Herb, committee chair; Jelena Subotic, Scott Graves, committee members. Includes bibliographical references.
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Fisher, Amy Annalee. "Kuwaiti Women and Political Representation: Implications of the 2009 Parliamentary Elections." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1205.
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Thesis advisor: Kathleen BaileyThis paper seeks to address the inclusion of Kuwaiti women as political actors. Kuwait held elections on May 16, 2009, and Moussoma al-Mubarak, Rola Dashti, Aseel al-Awadhi, and Salwa al-Jassar became the first women elected to the National Assembly. This victory occurred on the fourth anniversary of female enfranchisement in Kuwait. In an attempt to account for variations among the number of women in parliament in Kuwait by drawing on research from the field of descriptive representation, I found that the year of female suffrage, the religion of Islam, Kuwait’s cultural implications of gender-equality, the peculiarities of Kuwait’s electoral system, and timing and framing to be particularly important in the case of Kuwait. A consideration of substantive representation is also relevant to Kuwait, as early signs of involvement of the women members of Parliament indicate that women’s interests are on the political agenda in Kuwait
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: International Studies Honors Program
Discipline: Political Science
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Longshore-Cook, Beatrice S. "Organizations of Women: Towards an Equal Future in Palestine." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/196.
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The development and struggle for nationalism in Palestine, as seen through an historical lens of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, demonstrates the complexity of gendered spaces and narratives inherent in any conflict. Women’s roles have often been confined to specific, gendered spaces within their society. However, through the utilization of these roles, women are circumnavigating the gendered spaces of their society in order to effectively alter the political and social systems of Palestine. Through a discussion of two specific women’s organizations – the Jerusalem Center for Women (JCW) and the Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling (WCLAC) – this work will demonstrate the significance of Palestinian women’s agency in shaping the political and social atmosphere in Palestine. These two organizations focus on achieving women’s rights, utilizing feminist ideology and terminology, but to varying degrees and affect. Although feminism is not explicitly proposed by each organization, the work of each nonetheless addresses the inequalities of the state in order to afford women an equal standing within the society and the eventually, fully recognized State of Palestine. These organizations clearly demonstrate the ability of women in Palestine to act upon their own intentions, desires, and motivations, through the maximization of the gendered spaces, in order to achieve gender, political, social, and national change.
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Khashman, Zainab Nimer Rajab. "Law and the protection of women from violence in Jordan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/78764/.
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There is a legal separation in Jordan between Sharia' (Islamic) Law and Civil Law. Both types of law come together to create criminal law that has a negative effect on women's rights. Laws in Jordan are evolving in the right direction but are not going far enough to protect women from violence. This study explores the issues of violence against women in Jordan through a study the Jordanian legal system and the experience of women who suffer violence. The working of the Jordanian justice system is presented by analysing the responses of state and non-state institutions dealing with violence against women. Included in the research is an analysis of feminist concerns with the law and the position of women in society. My concern is with the way in which women's inferior position impacts on their experience of violence and their ability to obtain redress and access protection. The methods used to complete this study included qualitative data collections such as field observations, and semi-structured participant interviews. It also extended to archival work in which I studied official reports and public policies on VAW. My study attempts to explain the structure of gender relations and women's experiences of violence in the context of Jordanian society by using feminist theory. The empirical work conducted in Jordan considered the effectiveness of law in serving victims. Further analysis considers how the Jordanian socio-economic and legal environment influences women's decisions on whether to seek help. The research found that there is a need to introduce better-developed law accompanied by additional policy measures to affect an essential change in attitudes. This requires changing some laws and policy programmes to increase awareness of legal rights. Additionally, I will suggest that applying Islamic law to women's rights can also give women more freedom and provide them with additional opportunities to access protection. The research identified a need for coherence between Civil and Sharia' (Islamic) Law in developing civil and criminal remedies which would align Jordan's domestic law to its international obligations.
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Shaikh, Amnah A. "REASONS AND BARRIERS TO EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AMONG CURRENT OR PREVIOUS MIDDLE EASTERN NURSING WOMEN." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent158653364091423.
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Daryani, Achraf. "Diet and Metabolic Risk Factors in Immigrant Women from the Middle East and Swedish-Born Women : A Cross-Sectional Study of Women from Iran, Turkey and Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7103.
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Al, S. "Women’s bodies and Men’s Honour : Supporting Middle eastern migrant women who have experienced honour violence." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142099.
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This thesis is a study of gender and honour, focusing on NGO’s who work to support women in Sweden who have escaped honour violence. The purpose of this thesis is to find out and explain how they make sense of honour and more specifically, to investigate how does Swedish authorities can help the Middle Eastern women who are victims under this tradition. My focus through this thesis will be on the data analysis, moreover, using intersectionality as an analytical tool will help to explain the intersections which lead to the honour killings. The results show that the honour violence still exists in the Swedish society as well as the Middle East, in addition, some Middle Eastern people who moved to Sweden still believe and practice the honour culture in the Swedish society. More than that, I got the answers for all the research questions which helped me to clarify the relation between honour and its intersections which helped me to know the reasons why does the Honour violence/killings can happen. The answers agree that the honour violence is connected to the shame and guilt cultures. The meaning of honour is different in different cultures. Most of the honour related cases have women as victims. The honour has many intersections, most of them related to virginity, homosexuality, out marriage relations and rape. The Swedish organisations offer help for the victims of honour. More than that, reading my thesis will give the reader the understanding of the phenomena of Honour, its intersections and how it does exist in the Middle Eastern culture and its old traditions.Gender Studies
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Herbel, Lindsey Christine. "Explaining Gender Inequality in the Middle East:Islam vs. Oil." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/28.
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What is the relationship between gender inequality and resource wealth in the Middle East? Why has progression of women’s rights in the Middle East advanced at a comparatively slower rate than most of the world? Conventional wisdom attributes the continued significant gaps in gender equality to the region’s strong patriarchic culture associated with Islam. However, recent statistical analysis conducted by Michael Ross suggests a correlation between oil production and women’s rights. This thesis examines an emerging schism in the literature and evaluates the relationship between social and political emancipation of women relative to Islam and oil wealth. The findings of this examination conclude that Ross’s theoretical framework is incomplete: Islamic law is a key causal mechanism left out of his examination. Furthermore, Islamic law has a more comprehensive negative impact on women’s social and political rights than oil wealth.
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Abdi, Ali Dusit. "The bright hopes and desoluted dream of Ethiopian women : A study of circular migration to middle east and the gulf states." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-343986.
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Migration and re-migration of economically and socially marginalized Ethiopian women and girls has become a phenomenon. Based on interviews with 12 Ethiopian migrant women returned from the Middle East and the Gulf States, the primary aim of this thesis is to describe and study Ethiopian women migrants’ circular migration to the Middle East. I will mainly focus on how social dynamics in the family, gender relations and economic circumstances are intricate. The process of women’s migration and how the expectations of the family can be gender differentiated are discussed. Further, the migrant women’s power relation when class and ethnicity determine their position is discussed. Relations with the sending family and the issues related to the women who return, as well as problems affecting them at home and in the destination countries, are looked at. Various and complex issues of migration and the women’s roles are discussed with reference to the women’s experiences. Migration provides women with opportunities for social and economic mobility but can also subject them to ethnic discrimination, exploitation, and abuse. The movement is generally seen as voluntary labor migration and it has placed them in a vulnerable position both at home and abroad. Their migration is interconnected to the economic need but also the responsibilities they have towards their family and kin.
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Al, Sharif Souhad S. H. "Translation in the Service of Advocacy : Narrating Palestine and Palestinian Women in Translations by the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502998.
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Eltantawy, Nahed Mohamed Atef. "U.S. Newspaper Representation of Muslim and Arab Women Post 9/11." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_diss/18.
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This study examines U.S. newspaper representation of Muslim-Arab women post 9/11 with an aim of better understanding how women are portrayed in relation to religion, society, politics and the economy. Through a discourse analysis, I examined local articles from across the nation, in addition to international articles, that examine various aspects of Muslim-Arab women’s lives between 9/11/2001 and 9/11/2005. With the increasing focus on the Muslim world in general, and Muslim women in particular, it is necessary to determine how women are portrayed. Muslim-Arab women have increasingly been on the face covers of magazines and front pages of newspapers since 9/11 and all the events that followed; among the major topics covered were the war in Afghanistan, the U.S.-led Iraqi invasion, as well as the elections in both countries. This project aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the diverse stereotypes used by Western reporters to describe Muslim-Arab women, their appearance, status, roles, obligations,responsibilities and aspirations. The analysis also examines the journalistic practices that contribute to distortion and stereotyping.
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Johansson, Nina. "Twenty Years of Searching for a Solution : A Minor Field Study of the continuous abuse of Sri Lankan women working as housemaids in the Middle East." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9450.
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The debate regarding the problems faced by Sri Lankan women migrating abroad for employment is not a very recent, but a rather protracted one. For this reason it becomes even more interesting to study. When comparing current articles and research with equivalent work performed during the 1990’s one immediately discovers that the same problems exist and are still being reported. This in spite of massive reformations in policies by the Sri Lankan Bureau of Foreign Employment and the implementation of other, non-state bound organisations. This study aims at examining the reasons behind the absence of apparent improvement regarding migrating women’s situation. By looking at criticism stated during the 1990’s and suggested improvements; and comparing them to current implementations; certain factors emerges as more important in contributing to the problem than others. Qualitative interviews with Sri Lankan women whom recently have worked abroad and returned home have been conducted, so as to get an understanding of which policies that are truly implemented and which are merely paper decorations today. This study shows that bilateral agreements are of immense importance in the efforts of protecting migrating workers’ rights. It further highlights the lack of communication and cooperation within and between Sri Lankan organisations in dealing with the issue.
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Whitcher, Rochelle S. "The effects of western feminist ideology on Muslim feminists." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FWhitcher.pdf.
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Hamade, Mona. "Women and Emiratisation in the UAE workforce." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288678.
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The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) which was adopted in 1979, and the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action have generated global and regional momentum in the advance of equal gender opportunities. This research explores the increased presence of women in higher education and their subsequent entry into the workforce in the United Arab Emirates. The government has attempted to reduce its citizens' dependency on public sector employment and promote opportunities in the private sector. Governmental efforts have included improving the education system, granting women access to education and introducing funding schemes to encourage employment initiatives. Yet, despite these efforts, unemployment across the UAE remains at a high level, with public sector favoured by Emirati nationals. The country's drive to nationalise the labour force reflects the necessity of utilising the capabilities of Emirati nationals, both men and women, to diversify the rentier state economy. Emiratisation is a national government strategy in the United Arab Emirates that aims to reduce the country's reliance on expatriate labour and increase the participation of nationals in the labour market, both in the public and private sectors. The research for this thesis begins by exploring the inadequacy of classical rentier state theory and examining Mathew Gray's theory of late rentierism within the context of the United Arab Emirates. It further builds on the late rentierism model with a particular focus on the role of women, education and youth participation. The methodological approach used in this research is primarily qualitative, including interviews with final year university students, and professionals in the banking sector of both sexes. These groups were chosen to highlight the practical implications of governmental Emiratisation policies aiming to increase job opportunities across the United Arab Emirates. To date, very little research has been conducted on the issues of gender, work life balance policies and new workforce trends in the UAE.
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Barimo, Elise. "The impact of islam on women in the middle east a discussion of the political role of islam in turkey, saudi arabia, and lebanon." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/659.
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The social instability of the Middle East is often assumed to be consequential predominantly from the influences of extreme traditional Islamic practices; with substantial prominence placed upon the treatment of and violence against Middle Eastern women. This discussion seeks to directly prove the prevalence of Islamic influence on Middle Eastern politics and the resulting social instability. This assessment is designed around an interdisciplinary examination of coalescent factors. By assessing the political history, social and cultural lifestyle, and political and legal situation of the region, the assessment examines the contributors to the social instability of Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Turkey. The principal conclusion of this narrative is that the influences of extreme traditional Islamic values have a direct influence on the social instability and gender equality exhibited in Islamic Middle Eastern nation-states.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Kurdian, Nancy, and Nourah Ali. "Kvinnors erfarenheter som nyanlända under den första tiden i Sverige, med fokus på förutsättningar för hälsa och lärande." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen for hälsopromotion och vårdvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-9585.
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Flyktingströmmen är ett ämne som har berört oss sedan hösten 2015 och därför har vi inspirerats av ämnet integration. Vi anser att hälsa och lärande kan förknippas med villkor och förutsättningar och vi har valt att fokusera på asylsökande kvinnor som utgångspunkt för vår studie. Syftet med studien är att undersöka en grupp kvinnors erfarenheter av vara nyanlända i Sverige med betoning på hälsa och lärande. Migrationsverket (2015a) bekräftar att det är fler män än kvinnor som migrerar till Sverige. Kvinnor är inte alltid i fokus för forskning och därför ser vi att det blir viktigt att få kunskap och medvetenhet om kvinnors situation. Vår studie är utformad utifrån kvalitativ metod och har inspirerats av en hermeneutisk ansats, intervjuer utgör därför underlag till denna studie. Vi har genomfört 15 intervjuer och utarbetat en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Respondenterna är kvinnor från 19 år och uppåt. De valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna är teorier om lärande av John Dewey (1999) och Paulo Freire (1996). Resultatet visar att villkor och förutsättningar har en viktig betydelse under den första tiden i Sverige. Exempel på sådana villkor och förutsättningar är boendet som miljö, det sociala livet, väntetiden, integrationen och den upplevda hälsan. Kultur och framtid är också aspekter som har en viktig dimension i att förstå det nya landet.The flow of refugees is a topic that has touched us since the autumn of 2015, and therefore we have been inspired by the topic of integration. We believe that health and learning can be associated with terms and conditions and we have chosen to focus on women asylum seekers as a starting point for our study. The purpose of the study is to investigate a group of women's experiences of being newly arrived in Sweden with an emphasis on health and learning. The Swedish Migration Board (2015a) confirms that there are more men than women who migrate to Sweden. Women are not always in the focus of research and we therefore see that it is important to obtain knowledge and awareness of the situation of women. Our study was inspired by a hermeneutics approach and a qualitative approach, interviews therefore constitute the basis for this study. We conducted 15 interviews and developed a semi-structured interview guide. The respondents are women from 19 years upwards. The selected theoretical starting points are theories of learning by John Dewey (1999) and Paulo Freire (1996). The result shows that there are terms and conditions of important meaning for the first time in Sweden. Examples of them are the accommodation as the environment, social life, waiting time, integration and perceived health. Culture and the future are also aspects that have an important dimension in the new country.
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Mhajne, Anwar Ph D. "Political Opportunities and Strategic Choices of the Muslim Sisterhood in Egypt." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535373312303387.
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Samhouri, Annie Mohsen. "Service Provider and Beneficiary Perceptions of Collectivist Domestic Violence Social Issues." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4277.
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In this research I have focused on beneficiary and service providers' perceptions toward Arab social obstacles to help-seeking, appropriate intervention methods and obstacles to reintegration into the community after seeking assistance. Through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of local policies, laws and specific service offerings, I sought to contribute to the limited literature that explores how formal institutions that originate from a Western context are adapted to meet the unique needs of Arab victims of domestic violence. I found that the main social obstacles to help-seeking were attributed to a dearth of knowledge about existing services, a lack of confidence in formal institutions such as non-governmental and government agencies, a fear of rejection or punishment from their families and communities, concerns about laws that might increase a woman's vulnerability and limited economic resources.
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Ustek, Funda. "Invisibility, struggle and visibility : women workers' strategies of survival in the informal sector." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:643e1d6f-6c32-4ae6-ac75-221d9dcb1b89.
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Across the world, women constitute the bottom segments of the informal labour market hierarchy, and the story is no different for Turkish women, except they are further constrained by a patriarchal family culture and corporatist welfare state structure which favours high-skilled workers in full-time employment. A reading of the literature on the reasons for participating in the informal sector suggested that workers either end up in the informal sector as a result of structural factors, such as high unemployment, horizontal and vertical labour market discrimination and limited job opportunities for the low-skilled and low-educated, or they actively chose to participate in the labour market to seize the opportunities it provides, such as evading tax and/or bureaucratic costs, or testing out business ideas. However, this dichotomous understanding provided little scope, if any, to understand why women also entered the informal sector, in ever growing numbers and what the gender-specific constraints and opportunities in the informal sector are. Against this background, this thesis aims to show that this dichotomous theorisation of the informal sector is an exaggeration of reality, and that women workers position presents a middle ground, in which they recognise the constraints on their ability to improve their lives but they are also not powerless. Hence, by focusing on the variety of survival strategies used by women workers in the informal sector, the thesis attempts to show the choice among these strategies, including the conditions in which these strategies can be adopted and the barriers to do so.
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Rezaeisahraei, Afsaneh. "Agency Between Narratives: Women, Faith, and Sociability in Irangeles." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587660771187606.
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Zvan, Elliott Katja. "Women's rights and reform in provincial Morocco : from disenfranchisement to lack of empowerment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d016ef02-51b6-4745-927a-e286608c8a28.
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Morocco is oftentimes praised by academics, development workers, and women’s rights activists as a trailblazer for the empowerment of women in the Middle East and North African region. Its reforms in the realm of family legislation and progress made in human development place the country at the helm of liberalising Arab Muslim-majority societies, even more so after the Arab Spring and Morocco’s peaceful transition to a ‘new’ constitutional order. However, a closer look at women’s rights discourses, legal reforms, its texts and implementation, and the public attitudes towards the enhancement of women’s rights reveals a less empowering situation. The purported goals of the Family Code, as the extolled document showcasing Morocco’s attempt at ameliorating (married) women’s rights, of ‘doing justice to women’ while ‘preserving men’s dignity’ mask the reformed law’s reconsolidation of patriarchal family relations. Many legal grey areas within this particular law, as well as clashing principles emanating from other laws such as the Penal Code, allow judges and the ʿaduls (religious notaries) to exercise discretion and apply the law as they see fit and, to a large extent, as it conforms to their and the community’s vision of the ideal moral order. Moreover, because ‘doing justice to women’ affects men’s and family’s honour, the project of the enhancement of women’s rights has had as a result retraditionalisation of family relations and hierarchical gender structures. Nowhere is this more poignant than in the status of educated single adult girls from provincial areas. They may be poster girls for the development community, but they are pitied by their own communities because they fail to become complete women––married (non-employed) mothers. The story of Morocco’s professed progress is a story of empowering its citizens, but one which does so on paper only. It is also a story which hides the salient details of poorly written reformed laws, obstructed access to justice, continuing widespread misogyny, material poverty and social marginalisation, and cohesive socio-economic programmes, which are rarely followed through.
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Addelyan, Rasi Hamideh. "Empowering Women in the Middle East by Psychosocial Interventions : Can provision of learning spaces in individual and group sessions and teaching of coping strategies improve women’s quality of life?" Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88194.
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Background: This study set out to construct a conceptual framework that can be used in social work with women in the Middle East and other settings where women have limited access to resources, which, as a result, limits their decision-making capacity. The framework has both an empirical and a theoretical base. The empirical base comprises data from two intervention projects among Iranian women: single mothers and newly married women. The theoretical base is drawn from relevant psychological and social work theories and is harmonized with the empirical data. Psychosocial intervention projects, based on learning spaces for coping strategies, were organized to assess if Iranian women could use a problemsolving model (i.e. focused on cognition and emotion simultaneously) to effectively and independently meet challenges in their own lives and improve their quality of life. Methods: Descriptive qualitative and quasi-experimental quantitative methods were used for data collection and analysis. Forty-four single mothers and newly married women from social welfare services were allocated to nonrandomized intervention and comparison groups. The intervention groups were invited to participate in a 7-month psychosocial intervention; the comparison groups were provided with treatment as usual by the social welfare services. The WHOQOL-BREF instrument was used to measure quality of life, comparing each intervention groups’ scores before and after the intervention and with respective comparison groups. In addition, content analysis and constant comparative analysis were performed on the qualitative data collected from the participants before, during and after the intervention. Results: The results of the quasi-experimental study show significant and large effect sizes among the women exposed to the intervention. Small and not statistically significant effect sizes were observed in the women provided with traditional social welfare services. Accordingly, teaching coping strategies can be a means to improve the quality of life of women in societies where gender discrimination is prevalent. The qualitative findings from the Iranian projects illustrate a process of change —socio-cognitive empowerment— with regard to thinking, feeling and acting among women during and after the intervention. The women developed a number of mental capacities essential to coping and life management. All women used the model effectively, and consequently, made more deliberate decisions to improve their life situations. Conclusion: The practical lessons from the Iranian projects highlight the possibilities of empowering women through fostering mindfulness and deliberate decision making as well as achieving consciousness. This study provides provisional evidence that psychosocial intervention projects, based on learning spaces for coping strategies, can help many clients to achieve their goals and improve their quality of life, and that this psychosocial intervention project can be a useful model for social work practice with women in the Middle East. The conceptual framework can help social workers to bridge the gap between theory and practice: that is, to draw from existing social work theories and, through the psychosocial intervention model, better apply this knowledge in their practical work with women in challenging social environments.
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Liston-Beck, Annalycia R. "Mobilizing Motherhood: The Symbolic Politics of Motherhood in Transcultural Perspective." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1524742980880805.
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Ahmadi, Sanaz. "Will I Ever Be Enough? : A Marxist Analysis of Women Protesting Obligatory Veiling in the Islamic Republic of Iran." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364820.
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The My Stealthy Freedom (MSF) movement on social media has garnered over 1 million likes on Facebook and continues to make headlines in major media outlets. The founder Masih Alinejad routinely speaks out against obligatory veiling in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). This study analyses hijab and the MSF movement from a Marxist feminist perspective, evaluating the emancipatory potential for women. The study attempts to untangle Islam from the discourses around the oppression of women to find the material roots of oppression upon which the discourse has been built. The legislation of women’s clothing and women’s bodies has a long history, with just the hijab having been made compulsory and forbidden three times in Iran within the previous century. Through the use of Multimodal Critical Discourse analysis, photographs and videos from the MSF movement are compared to hijab propaganda by the IRI to identify whether the concern of the MSF movement is limited to obligatory hijab, or if it places within the broader movement for women’s emancipation. The results show that despite the visual emphasis on the hijab, the MSF movement has a broader aim emancipating women as expressed by the activists of the movement.
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Amanat, Shayda. "Iran and the Arab World Through A Female Lens: Deconstructing Western Phantasms and Terrors." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/428.
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This thesis explores how today’s Sheherazades, in this case women photographers from the Middle East, create alternative representations that constitute new meanings and understandings of life, gender, and politics in Iran and the Arab world.
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McDonald, Caitlin. "Belly dance and glocalisation : constructing gender in Egypt and on the global stage." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/119585.
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This thesis is an ethnography of the global belly dance community with particular reference to the transmission of dance paradigms from Cairo to the international dance community. Key words describing my topic include dance, gender, performance, group dynamics, social norms and resistance, public vs. private, tourism, and globalisation. I hypothesize that social dancing is used in many parts of the world as a space outside ordinary life in which to demonstrate compliance with or to challenge prevailing social paradigms. The examination of dance as a globalised unit of cultural capital is an emerging field. With this in mind I investigate the way this dance is employed in professional, semi-professional, and non-professional settings in Egypt and in other parts of the world, notably North America and Europe. Techniques included interviewing members of the international dance community who engage in dance tourism, travelling from their homes to Egypt or other destinations in order to take dance classes, get costumes, or in other ways seek to have an 'authentic' dance experience. I also explored connections dancers fostered with other members of the dance community both locally and in geographically distant locations by using online blogs, websites, listservs and social networking sites. I conducted the first part of my fieldwork in Cairo following this with fieldwork in belly dance communities in the United States and Britain.
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Guérin, Marie. "Les dames de la Morée franque (XIIIe-XVe siècle) : Représentation, rôle et pouvoir des femmes de l’élite latine en Grèce médiévale." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040168.
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Au sein de la principauté de Morée, fondée à la suite de la quatrième croisade parquelques chevaliers francs dans les territoires de l’ancien empire byzantin, hommes et femmes de l’élite latine participent au maintien de la domination pendant près de deux siècles et demi. S’inspirant des nouvelles tendances de la recherche telles que l’étude des individus par la prosopographie, l’histoire des représentations et du pouvoir des femmes, cette monographie s’attache tout particulièrement à mettre en évidence la place, le rôle et le pouvoir des dames de la Morée franque, du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Au-delà des lieux communs fournis par la pensée médiévale, essentiellement masculine, il s’agira d’analyser l’implication des dames dans les alliances familiales, dans la transmission et la gestion dupatrimoine féodal ou encore dans la vie politique, économique et sociale de la principauté. Organisé en trois parties, ce travail examine d’abord la représentation du féminin dans les sources latines et byzantines, puis il considère la place des dames au sein des familles et des stratégies matrimoniales, enfin il étudie le rôle et le pouvoir de ces femmes dans la féodalité moréote et le gouvernement de la principautéWithin the principality of Morea, founded after the Fourth Crusade by Frankishknights in the territories of the former Byzantine Empire, men and women of the Latin elite ruled for nearly two and a half centuries. Drawing on new research trends, such as the study of individuals in prosopography, the history of representations and of women's power, this monograph highlights the place, role and power of the ladies of Frankish Morea, from the 13th to the 15th century. Going beyond the commonplace, mostly male, perpectives reflected in medieval thinking, it will analyze the involvement of women in family alliances, in the transmission and management of feudal holdings, and in the political, economic and social life of the principality. Presented in three parts, this work first examines the representation of women in the Latin and Byzantine sources, thenconsiders the place of women in the family and marriage strategies, and concludes by studying the role and power of women in Moreote feudal and government structures
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Haghani, Fakhri. "The "New Woman" on the Stage: The Making of a Gendered Public Sphere in Interwar Iran and Egypt." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/19.
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During the interwar period in Iran and Egypt, local and regional manifestation of tajadod/al-jidida (modernity) as a “cultural identity crisis” created the nationalist image and practice of zan-e emrouzi-e shahri/al-mar’a al-jidida al-madani (the urban/secular “New Woman”). The dynamics of the process involved performance art, including the covert medium of journalism and the overt world of the performing arts of music, play, and cinema. The image of the “New Woman” as asl/al-asala (cultural authenticity) connected sonnat/al-sunna (tradition) with the global trends of modernism, linking pre-nineteenth century popular forms of performing arts to new genres, forms, and social experiences of the space of the performing arts. The subversive transnational character of performance art operated across borders to promote both the discourse of modern womanhood in-the-making among intellectuals, and the public practice of women’s presence among the masses. However, the trans-border effects of the medium were limited by local cultural and political ideologies of nationalism. The spectacle of women on the screen addressed national independence and the creation of a national film industry to resist the financial dominance of Europeans. In Iran, zan-e emrouzi-e shahri served the project of founding a modern nation-state, elevating of a culture of the city and urban development, and institutionalizing performing arts, mirroring the upholding of “male-guardianship.” In Egypt, in the absence of an authoritarian modern state and long-term experience of foreign occupations, al-mar’a al-jidida al-madani accompanied the traditional figure of bint al-balad (the countryside girl) to present modern advancements in film production with a traditional accent, to oppose European cultural values, to provide a tangible space for women’s multifaceted anti-colonial maneuvering, and to connect Egypt’s past history to its future. Performance art helped women to convey their cultural nationalism and a sense of imagined identity by letting them see and be seen by each other, create interactions between the artist and the audience, and emphasize music as the heart of a society’s culture and art. A culture of body performance, a female visual public sphere, and a feminine (and feminist) interpretation of cultural authenticity in performance art led women to claim the profession as a legitimate career.
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Pollak, Josef. "The status of the woman entering marriage : tendencies in the views of sages in the Babylonian Talmud." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10773.
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MILADI, NEDA. "Writing new identities: The portrayal of women by female authors of the Middle East." 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21240.
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Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, a distinct female voice has emerged in Persian fictional literature which has ventured beyond the established feminine stereotype of male literary tradition, and remarkably valorized female identities through focusing on interests and concerns of Iranian women, from feminist issues to social and political problems to cultural and moral dilemmas. This body of literature that has been gradually developed, tries to reflect realistic depictions of female protagonists with emotional, intellectual, and moral complexity. To study this progressive process, this research has focused on characterization of seven female protagonists that have been created by different generations of Iranian female authors in the genre of novel.
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Solati, Fariba. "Female labor force participation in the Middle East and North Africa." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30365.
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Through quantitative and qualitative methods, this dissertation endeavors to explain why the rate of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the lowest in the world.
Using panel data models for fifty-four developing countries over thirty-five years, the first essay suggests that the most likely factor affecting the rate of FLFP negatively in MENA is the institution of patriarchy. Being part of MENA, which is characterized primarily by the institution of patriarchy, is associated with lower than average FLFP. Oil income appears to have a positive effect on FLFP for countries outside MENA but no effect for countries inside MENA. Moreover, Muslim countries outside MENA do not have lower than average FLFP, while Muslim countries in MENA do.
Using ten proxies for patriarchy, the second essay quantifies patriarchy in order to compare MENA countries with the rest of the world. Using principle component analysis (PCA), the study measures patriarchy for fifty-nine developing countries over thirty years. The technique creates three main components for patriarchy, namely; the gender gap in education and demography, children’s survival rate, and participation in public spheres. The results show that MENA has the highest level of patriarchy with regard to women’s participation in public spheres, education and demography compared with non MENA countries. The region’s culture and religion seem to be associated with high levels of patriarchy in MENA.
The third essay focuses on women’s unpaid work as well as women’s participation in the informal sector in MENA. The results point to a severe undercounting of women’s work. Since women are expected to provide care and produce goods and services for their family at home, women do not participate in the formal labor force in large numbers. Because of the patriarchal culture, patriarchal family laws and labor laws, many women including educated women have to choose to work in the informal sector in MENA. Since women’s unpaid work and their participation in the informal sector are not recorded in labor statistics, the MENA region appears to have a lower rate of FLFP than it does in reality.
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Zeelie, Hester Sophia Jacoba. "Argeologiese en tekstuele perspektiewe uit die Ou Nabye Ooste en die Mediterreense wêreld op vroue en vroulike skoonheid in die Hebreeuse Bybel." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11964.
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Afrikaans textHierdie studie spreek die beperkte en eensydige beriggewing oor vroue en vroulike skoonheid in die Hebreeuse Bybel en ander antieke geskrifte aan, asook die ondergeskikte posisie wat vroue in die patriargale Ou Testamentiese samelewing beklee het. ‘n Argeologiese benadering word gevolg en beskikbare literêre bronne word gebruik. Daar word gelet op die redes waarom ‘n mooi voorkoms vir vroue so belangrik was. Hul posisie ten opsigte van staatkundige, wetlike, godsdienstige, ekonomiese en huishoudelike aangeleenthede en hul lewensverloop word bespreek. Die studie fokus hoofsaaklik op vroue van ou Israel en Egipte – vir ‘n goeie vergelyking. Inligting oor vroue van die ou Nabye Ooste en Mediterreense wêreld word waar van toepassing ook in aanmerking geneem. Vroue se skoonheidsmiddels, parfuums, juweliersware en kleredrag word bespreek – asook die invloed van vroue se skoonheidspraktyke op die ekonomie en handel van antieke tye. Die slot- hoofstuk maak sekere afleidings en dui enkele onderwerpe vir verdere navorsing aan.
This study addresses the limited and one-sided reporting about women and female beauty in the Hebrew Bible and other ancient literary sources, as well as the subservient position the women experience in the patriarchal Old Testament society. An archaeological approach is followed, although literary sources are also used. Attention is given to women’s position with reference to governmental, legal, religious and domestic issues, their course of life and the reasons why a beautiful and attractive appearance was important. The research focuses mainly on the women of ancient Israel and Egypt – for the purpose of comparison. Information on women of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean world is also taken into account. Women’s cosmetics, perfumes, jewelry and clothing are discussed – as well as the influence of women’s beauty practices on the economy and trade of ancient times. The final chapter makes certain deductions and some aspects are recommended for further study.
Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)
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"(Re) Positioning Lebanese Feminist Discourse: A Rhetorical Study of Al-Raida (Pioneer) Journal." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14736.
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abstract: This study is a feminist historiography of Al-Raida, a Lebanese feminist journal introduced in 1976 by the Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World at the Lebanese American University. This study recovers foundations of modern Lebanese feminist discourses as they are articulated in the journal by employing Foucauldian CDA as a means to trace discourse strands, or conversations, which include Family Planning, development, politics and narratives of the Lebanese civil war. This study explores, by situating each discourse strand within dominant and local historical contexts, the shifting rhetorical function of the journal through various historical moments. Tracing the dominant discourse strands within the first decade of the journal, this study rhetorically analyzes the ways in which arguments are positioned, research studies are presented, and methodologies are employed to forge viable solutions to Middle Eastern women's issues. First, the study traces the conversation on Family Planning in Lebanon and its relevance to the economic and social situation during the late 70s. Second, the study presents the shift in the early 80s towards a discourse on development and explores how Al-Raida presents the issue of development, attempts to define it, and in doing so outlines some of the concerns at this time, including illiteracy, access to health care, access to paid employment, and women's access to developmental opportunities. Third, the study presents the discourse in the mid-80s on the civil war in Lebanon and highlights Al-Raida's rhetorical function by documenting trauma and war narratives through personal interviews, testimonies, and ethnographies. The shift in the methodologies of the research articles published in the first decade, from quantitative studies towards qualitative studies, indicates the journal is rhetorically situated within both the dominant international discourse and within the local context, exhibiting an ability to respond to the nuances in the local Lebanese women's movement while simultaneously maintaining international visibility.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. English 2012
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Pires, Andreia Helena Nascimento. "Female presence in the Middle Eastern and North African art market." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19877.
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The present dissertation aims to show the strong presence of modern and contemporary female artists, and art businesswomen from the Middle East and North Africa, as well as providing possible explanations for the success of women in the art market of this region. It begins with a historical framework of the region’s art, focusing on the influence and work of modern and contemporary female artists. Afterwards, it highlights women’s activities in art patronage in ancient times, followed by the study of art businesswomen at the forefront of the region’s art scene, ending this section with the analysis of female artists’ best auction results. Finally, to give a better perspective, there is a comparison between women of the Middle East and North Africa and women of the West in the art field, ending with the presentation of hypotheses to explain women’s success in the art market of the region. Our research was based on articles and interviews with important agents of the region’s art market: Dr. Salwa Mikdadi, Amirali Ghasemi, Hala Khayat and Myrna Ayad. It shows that women in the region have a successful career in the arts due to a combination of factors. On the one hand, the underestimation of careers in this field, considered as an undervalued profession. On the other hand, the prevalence outdated stereotypes and misconceptions about the women’s status and about a particular sensibility and interest from women in the arts.A presente dissertação visa demonstrar a forte presença de artistas modernas e contemporâneas, e de mulheres no negócio da arte na região do Médio Oriente e Norte de África, bem como fornecer possíveis explicações para o sucesso das mulheres no mercado de arte desta região. O presente estudo começa com um enquadramento histórico sobre a arte da região, com maior foco na influência e no trabalho de artistas femininas modernas e contemporâneas. Posteriormente, são demonstradas as atividades das mulheres no mecenato nos tempos antigos, seguido de um estudo de mulheres de negócios na vanguarda da cena artística da região, terminando esta seção com uma análise dos melhores resultados em leilão de artistas femininas. Finalmente, para fornecer uma melhor perspetiva, encontra-se uma comparação entre as mulheres do Médio Oriente e do Norte de África e do Ocidente no meio artístico, terminando com a apresentação de hipóteses para explicar o sucesso das mulheres no mercado de arte da região. Esta análise foi realizada com o apoio de artigos e entrevistas com agentes importantes do mercado de arte da região: Dr. Salwa Mikdadi, Amirali Ghasemi, Hala Khayat e Myrna Ayad. Foi demonstrado que as mulheres desta região têm uma carreira bem-sucedida nas artes devido à combinação de uma subvalorização de uma carreira neste campo no século XX, tendo sido considerada como uma profissão subvalorizada; e também devido à prevalência de estereótipos desatualizados e conceitos errados no que concerne o estatuto da mulher e uma particular sensibilidade e interesse das mulheres na arte.
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Zarrugh, Amina Riad. "'Revenge of the virtuous women' : framing of gender and violence by Palestinian militant organizations." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/11904.
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From 2002 to 2006, ten Palestinian women committed suicide attacks against Israeli civilians and military personnel, resulting in more fatalities and wounded noncombatants on average than attacks by male perpetrators. Rather than examining individual women’s motivations to become a suicide bomber, this research endeavor seeks to shift focus from this prevailing analytical approach to a sociological analysis of how militant organizations frame female participation to the public. Social movement perspectives and an extension of Erving Goffman’s work on frame analysis theoretically inform an examination of media produced by the two non-secular militant organizations of Hamas and Palestine Islamic Jihad. Organizations attempt to mitigate the “broken frame” introduced by female incorporation into an overwhelmingly male enterprise by strategically creating new frames that exalt and reinterpret extant social norms. Organizations frame female perpetrators as un-feminine individuals prior to their actions but, through the act of martyrdom, frame them as feminized symbols of the threat posed to Palestinian society, and its gender order, by Israeli military presence in the occupied territories. Martyrdom is framed, physically and symbolically, as a transformative experience. An application of frame analysis to violent social movements offers researchers the opportunity to understand how groups attempt to garner support and advance their interests within their populations and abroad.text
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Moineau, Claire. "La construction des artistes femmes du Moyen-Orient dans les expocollections du Centre Pompidou : les cas de "elles@centrepompidou" et "Modernités plurielles de 1905 à 1970"." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21278.
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Young, Elise G. "Between daya and doctor: A history of the impact of modern nation-state building on health east and west of the Jordan River." 1997. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9809414.
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This dissertation is a historical analysis of politics of state building and health in Palestine and in Jordan. The study contributes to contextual studies of constructions of gender and health as a central aspect of modern nation-state building in the twentieth century. Processes of modern state building in the region of Bilad al Sham brought about significant transformations in definitions of health, development of health care systems, and medical practices. The study examines three aspects of these changes. First is a gender analysis of ways in which science and medicine contributed to colonialist processes of state building. Second is an exploration of particular effects of war, displacement and expulsion, and changing socioeconomic political conditions, on Palestinian women's health. Third, the study looks at the significance for Palestinian women healers, midwives, and others, of changes introduced in the health system by the British in Palestine and in Transjordan and by UNRWA in refugee camps in Jordan. A study of women and health requires a shift in dominant historiographical approaches. This dissertation develops an analytic framework that takes as its starting point questions raised by feminist epistemology. In the period addressed, the struggle for control of health systems is also a struggle for control of knowledge making. Aspects of this struggle disadvantage and invalidate knowledge bases of women healers. A central question of the study is: how do specific Palestinian refugee women construct meaning and authorize knowledge? This dissertation examines the particular relationship of Palestinian women to historical processes of war, citizenship in the modern nation-state, refugee status, relief efforts, and development processes. In addition to archival research, findings are based on oral histories with Palestinian women refugees in Jordan in order to understand how they interpret history and construct health. Findings show that Palestinian women represented in this study construct health as a socio-political phenomenon, rather than in purely biological terms, and that health is a metaphor for homecoming. Health concerns are central to Palestinian women's resistance: nationalist struggle is a historical reality informing their struggle for self definition, a struggle central to defining health. Oral histories represented in this study clarify the need to address Palestinian women's health in the context of gender, race, class politics dominating the region.
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Hammad, Hanan Hassan. "Mechanizing people, localizing modernity industrialization and social transformation in modern Egypt : al-Mahalla al-Kubra, 1910- 1958." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/19839.
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This dissertation tells the tale of al-Mahalla al-Kubra during the transition from handloom crafts to the mechanized textile industry and from a local community to a battleground for the nationalist cause in the first half of the twentieth century. By exploring the relationships between culture, politics, and modern industrialization and how subaltern groups shaped their local experiences of modernity in a setting remote from the central government and the cosmopolitan culture of Cairo and Alexandria, it unpacks the social history of men and women, artisans and workers, notables and fitiwwat who were situated between national capitalism and foreign domination. The goal is to write the history of the society from the bottom up and to write a history that is an alternative to the already established histories of nationalism and colonialism. It provides a historical reconstruction and analysis of the process of assimilation undergone by the recruited peasants into urban industrial life and explores the various ways in which they and the Mahallawiyya negotiated living together and dealt with their mutual hostility on an everyday basis. Identity is the core question in this process of assimilation. Did modern, horizontal class relations actually replace traditional, vertical communal and patronage relations? To what extent did the traditional social institutions help or hinder the process of adapting to forms of social life associated with modern industry? I argue that both vertical class and horizontal communal relations co-existed and sometimes competed. In that fluid dynamic, individuals and groups acted and interacted depending on their socio-economic status, communal commitments, conjuncture or the way that a given situation developed, and a shared, often contested, discourse.text