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Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Middle East'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Cooke, Miriam. "Women in the Middle East." NWSA Journal 11, no. 1 (April 1999): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/nws.1999.11.1.178.

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2

Mayer, Tamar. "Women in the Middle East." Women's Studies International Forum 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(89)90101-5.

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3

Roded, Ruth. "Mainstreaming Middle East Gender Research: Promise or Pitfall?" Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 35, no. 1 (2001): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400041377.

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From The Advent Of Middle Eastern Studies, the ‘status of the Muslim woman’ was a major subject of interest, not to say fascination. Women in Middle Eastern society were depicted as invisible, downtrodden figures, whiling away their time in harems, ignorant of anything but the most frivolous matters, and prone to childlike behavior. A handful of outstanding, unique women were portrayed either as ideal paragons or as evil shrews.In the wake of the feminist movement of the 1960s, Middle Eastern ‘women’s history’ gradually began to modify these stereotypes. During the last two decades, new research has revealed the varied roles women have played in the economic, social, and cultural life of the Middle East. Quantitative studies of economic records have produced provocative findings on the ownership and management of property by women.
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4

Arebi, Saddeka. "Gender Anthropology in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i1.2646.

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The Western view of the role of women in Muslim societies presentsa strikingly ambivalent attitude. On the one hand, the patrilineal, patriarchalstructure of the Muslim family has been so emphasized that it is believedto be at the heart of the assumed subordination of women in Muslim societies(Rassam 1983; Joseph 1985). On the other hand, a matrilineal structure isbelieved to exist in at least some Muslim societies. Frantz Fanon speaks ofhow the French colonizers of Algeria developed a policy built on the“discoveries” of the sociologists that a structure of matriarchal essence didindeed exist. These findings enabled the French to define their politicaldoctrine, summed up by Fanon as: “If we want to destroy the structure ofAlgerian society, its capacity for resistance, we must first of all conquer thewomen, we must go and find them behind the veil where they hide themselves,and in the houses where the men keep them out of sight” (Fanon 1965, 39).France’s success or failure in adopting this policy, and the repercussionsof the adoption of this formula, are beyond the scope of this paper. Whatis important here is its implication vis-\a-vis the importance of women. Also,it enables us to be cognizant of a structured irony in the politics of studyingMuslim women, whether for practical colonial purposes, or for intellectualorientalist aims. In the case of women, for example, French colonialists triedto use them to destroy the structure of Algerian society by attributing to theman almost absolute “significance.” On the other hand, orientalists have usedMuslim women also, but with the aim of destroying the image of Islam byrendering them absolutely “insignificant” within the religion.The view of Islam as a purgatory for women underlies most works writtenon Muslim women. They are commonly depicted as isolated from men, passiveactors in the so-called public domain, confined to their kin groups, and so ...
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5

Basiri, Nasim. "Defining the Role of Women in the Future of Political Leadership in the Middle East." Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjps-2016-0007.

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Abstract Throughout the years and more recently, dictatorial governments have often posed challenges to women in the Middle East, such as in Saudi Arabia, where woman are still not allowed to drive. Although governments have exercised their power to restrict women from doing certain activities and leadership. If we take a look back at the revolutionary Arab Spring, women were a driving force in expressing their voice through the protests and creating an unprecedented impact to shift the status quo in the Middle East. In the early phase of the Arab Spring, women played a pivotal role in supporting the protests against tyranny and ensuring they played an active part in the protests. Women in the Middle East have often been subject to discrimination regardless whether or not they are oppressed. This paper evaluates the efforts of women and the current events that are developing a new face for Middle Eastern women and their role in the future of political leadership in the twenty-first century. The paper also indicates that women within the Middle East have full potential to become a serious and powerful force within their society if they will fully attach on to the idea of becoming serious actors. More importantly, once they do this and they impact their role within the family, they will then gradually impact social change within their country. What is important within this process is the idea that they continue on the path of fighting for their liberation and change, because all of these spears are interconnected for women to become fully liberated within a society they have to be able to be fully liberated within all of these spears. Finally, this paper discusses obstacles to women in Middle East politics and possible recommendations that will improve the overall levels of women’s political leadership in the Middle East.
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6

Shaya, Nessrin, and Rawan Abu Khait. "Feminizing leadership in the Middle East." Gender in Management: An International Journal 32, no. 8 (November 7, 2017): 590–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2016-0143.

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Purpose This paper aims to form an empirical study, stemming from a Middle-Eastern context, on eliminating gender discrimination and achieving women’s empowerment. It aims to develop a conceptual model on the principal social and cultural factors inducing the success of Emirati women in attaining senior leadership roles and shaping their leadership style to be transformational. Moreover, it examines the comparability and divergence of the accumulated data on the empowerment of Emirati women in an international context from existing international literature. Design/methodology/approach The design of the study was based on data gathered from face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with four Emirati women occupying the highest leadership positions in various fields, followed by thematic analysis. Findings Data analysis confirmed the significant influence of the study’s key factors, namely, the role of the national government, Islamic work ethic and family, on the subjects’ empowerment and their adherence to transformational leadership style. However, two new k ey factors impacting empowerment emerged, namely, the influence of rulers’ leadership and the efforts in balancing work/life commitments. The findings led to the development of a study model on Emirati women empowerment and leadership style, reflecting the appropriateness of international literature on the Emirati context. Particularly, it is the social and economic circumstances of the nation supported by policies form the major source of empowerment, in addition to the important role that family capital and business ethics play. Remarkably, the challenges facing Emirati working women ought to be different than the rest of the Middle East. Originality/value A dearth of literature pertaining to women’s leadership exists; however, they were mostly carried out within Western contexts that may not be applicable to Arab societies because of cultural and religious differences. The study strives to portray an unambiguous picture to the significant impact of the parenting role and Islam work ethics in relating positively to their daughters and prompt them to develop crucial societal and professional skills, in a country as UAE where expatriates and Westerns dominate the population body. In addition, it shapes the UAE national government as a unique example and role model, to local governments in other Arab states, to learn from regarding supporting women, helping them to achieve excellence. Aiming for feminizing leadership, the Emirati women leadership styles are explored in an attempt to demonstrate the capacities and potentials of Emirati and Arab women in positions of power and influence. It is assumed that this study will help in bringing confidence in Emirati women capabilities, inducing a change in attitudes towards Arab women managers and encouraging employment in non-traditional feminine based jobs.
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7

Joseph, Suad. "Women and Politics in the Middle East." MERIP Middle East Report, no. 138 (January 1986): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3011903.

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8

Anderson, Betty S., Suad Joseph, and Susan Slyomovics. "Women and Power in the Middle East." International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 3 (2001): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097600.

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9

Nehmé, Hoda. "The Women, Religion and Politics in Middle East." Caminhos 15, no. 1 (October 18, 2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/cam.v15i1.5970.

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LA FEMME, LA RELIGION ET LA POLITIQUE AU MOYEN-ORIENT Resumo: atualmente, a religião não está somente em uma crescente onda de expansão fundamentalista, disfarçada de adversária surreal contra a ocidentalização do globo. Entretanto, assistimos ao desenvolvimento do obscurantismo, como se fosse um tumor em matéria de religiosidade. Neste artigo, pretendemos perceber este processo observando o papel das mulheres. Esta mulher que lutou para encontrar espaço em uma sociedade essencialmente patriarcal e profundamente religiosa encontra-se no jogo de um sistema político-religioso que consome seu meios de sobrevivência social. Palavras-chave: Religião. Mulheres. Oriente Médio. Patriarcalismo. Abstract: currently, the religion is not only in a rising tide of fundamentalist expansion, disguised as surreal fight against destroyes the Westernization of the globe. However, we have seen the development of obscurantism, as if were a tumor in terms of religiosity. In this article, we intend to realize this process looking at the role of women. This woman who struggled to find space in an essentially patriarchal society and deeply religious is in game of a politico-religious system that consumes your livelihoods. Keywords: Religion. Women. Middle East. Patriarchy.
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10

Kibria, Nazli, Arlene Elowe Macleod, Julie Marcus, and Valentine M. Moghadam. "Women, Power, and Change in the Middle East." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 2 (March 1994): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075230.

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11

Chatty, Dawn. "Women Organized in Groups in the Middle East." Anthropology Today 11, no. 5 (October 1995): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2783191.

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12

Allee, Feroza. "Women and the Family in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 2, no. 2 (December 1, 1985): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v2i2.2776.

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For anyone interested in the Middle East, Wmen and the Family in theMiddle East provides a fascinating study of the lives of present day Arabwomen. Ten countries - Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Sudan, Algeria,Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are represented here, and two contributions dealwith the women of Palestine.The book is in part a progress report - statements by women and menabout their lives and their experiences. These statements, previouslyunpublished, are offered in different forms: short stories, essays, interviews,poems, social analyses, and life histories.Throughout the book there is an underlying sense of urgency, anxiety aboutthe future, disappointment that many of the revolutionary promises have notbeen kept. But above all, there is hope, because these women and men wishto survive with honor.One important shift evident in the book is that these people are no longerlooking to the West for answers to their problems. They are trying to improvetheir lives through indigenous traditions and customs; through the dominantreligion of the area, Islam, and through their own kinship and family patterns.There is continued emphasis on women and men as elements of a group,rather than as individuals. Middle Eastern women see the existing problemsnot only as their own but also as conditions involving men, the family, andthe wider society. Self-identity for them is rooted in other sets of relationships.Fernea has divided the book into 8 parts. There is also a preface, anintroduction, and notes on the contributors.part 1 is the Introduction which also includes a discussion by Algerian womenon the need for change.Part 2 deals with the Family. The Arab family is the basic unit of socialorganization. It constitutes the basic social institution through which personsand groups inherit their religious, social class, and cultural identities. It alsoprovides security and support in times of stress. However, the patriarchal tradition,and the hierarchical structure of the Arab family is now being increasinglychallenged. Sharabi in his study of the Arab family concludes that "the ...
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13

Sharkey, Heather J., Guity Nashat, and Judith E. Tucker. "Women in the Middle East and North Africa." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525230.

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14

Totah, Faedah M. "Women in the Middle East Take a Stand." Anthropology News 58, no. 3 (May 2017): e267-e270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.482.

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15

Barakat, H., S. Hill, and E. Akhrass. "Women and Entrepreneurship in the Contemporary Middle East." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 10 (August 2, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.2880.

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16

Keddie, Nikki R. "Women in the Middle East: Progress and Backlash." Current History 107, no. 713 (December 1, 2008): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2008.107.713.432.

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Throughout the region, recent advances in family planning, women's health, and female education and labor force participation have led to greater and more equal participation by women in national life.
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17

Powers, Janet M. "Women and Peace Dialogue in the Middle East." Peace Review 15, no. 1 (March 2003): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040265032000059706.

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18

Wikan, Unni, and Elizabeth Warnock Fernea. "Women and the Family in the Middle East." Man 23, no. 2 (June 1988): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802820.

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19

Halabi, Awad Eddie. "Women in the Middle East: Tradition and change." Social Science Journal 36, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(99)80018-4.

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20

Metcalfe, Beverly Dawn. "Women, Management and Globalization in the Middle East." Journal of Business Ethics 83, no. 1 (February 7, 2008): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9654-3.

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21

Allee, Feroza. "Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak." American Journal of Islam and Society 2, no. 2 (December 1, 1985): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v2i2.2775.

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In Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak, editors Fernea and Bezirgan havemade a valiant effort to unveil an important dimension of Middle Eastern historyand society, a dimension that has been for the most part, hidden from viewbecause of the false notion that the world of Islam is a world created by menfor men rather than a joint creation of men and women.The book is a collection of documents from different historical periods andregions of the Middle East, as well as from different social and economicgroups. it provides a somewhat clearer view of the conditions, aspirations,struggles, and achievements of Middle Eastern Muslim women.In some ways the book is a paradox. The editors show how Middle Easternwomen haved risen to greater political and public eminence than women inthe United States, while as a sex remaining largely subservient to men andenjoying less access to the means of personal advancement.The first book to use a documentary approach rather than essays by thirdpersons, it is also the first book to include material unavailable in English.Many of the selections of these autobiographical and biographical writingshave been translated by the editors from Arabic, Persian, or French. And,it is the first to gather together materials from A.D. 622 (beginning of Islam)to the present. Offering a fresh and lively approach the book should be ofvalue not only to those interested in the Middle East, but also to anthropologistsand social historians.From a vast area, the editors have chosen a sample of women from twelvecountries. Despite their different backgrounds and experiences, the womenrepresented have all worked out their own solutions within the context of localpractice established between the two contradictory poles of Koranic injunctionand family and tribal custom.The book has a well-presented Foreword, a detailed Introduction, and is ...
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22

Brettschneider, Marla. "SYMPOSIUM: WOMEN, WAR, AND PEACE IN JEWISH AND MIDDLE EAST CONTEXTS: WOMEN, WAR, AND PEACE IN JEWISH AND MIDDLE EAST CONTEXTS." Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues 6 (October 2003): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/nas.2003.-.6.56.

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23

Al-Fawwaz, Abdulrahman. "Status of Political Reforms Toward Violence’s Against Women in the Middle East." Asian Social Science 14, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n10p66.

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Women are considered as equal and essential part of the society, and have all the rights to live according to their will. However, in various countries, they are not given such chances; even their legislative positioning is also weak. The purpose of the study is to critically review the status of political reforms made towards violence against women in the Middle East. The paper tends to investigate that how women of Middle East are treated unequally and unfairly. The findings of the paper reveals that the status of political reforms towards violence against women in the Middle East is weak as the societies are male-dominated. Females are not given equal opportunity to live and their quality of life is poor because there is no such strong implementation of legislative policies. There is much need of policy implications so that the political reforms can be made towards providing equal and fair rights to females. Women due to poor implementation of policies face the violence; however, governmental interventions can help to overcome such inequality in the Middle East.
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24

Kayaoglu, Turan. "Civil Society and Women Activists in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v30i2.1134.

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While much of the literature related to women and democratization in the MiddleEast neglects the role of women in this process, Wanda Krause persuasivelyargues that the grassroots activism of Middle Eastern women plays a vital rolein democratizing the region. Krause contends that this scholarly neglect is aresult of the literature’s (1) prioritizing the state (over civil society) and secularism(over religious groups), (2) ignoring the feminine (at the expense of thefeminist) and the practical (at the expense of the political), and (3) relegatingwomen’s concerns, like family issues, to “the private sphere and overlookedas having any meaning to the public” (p. 49). She further criticizes this literaturefor what she considers its orientalist attitude, which often manifests itself asexcessive attention to women’s dress, segregation, polygamy, and female genitalmutilation (FGM) and thus constructs a passive and oppressed image ofMuslim women. To fully understand the role of Middle Eastern women, Krauseurges scholars to focus not just on the government’s formal structures, but alsoto pay attention to civil society and investigate how beliefs, values, and everydaypractices both expand it and advance democratic values ...
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25

Marafie, Makia J., Rabea Al-Temaimi, Andre Megarbane, and Fahd Al-Mulla. "Germline mutations in early-onset or hereditary breast cancer from the Middle East." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.28_suppl.20.

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20 Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women of Middle Eastern origin. Epidemiologically, breast cancer in the Middle East clusters in families and usually affects women a decade younger than Western women. This dilemma is compounded by the lack of curated databases and ambitious studies that address the roles genetic or genomic may play in breast cancer. Methods: We have exome sequenced 60 Middle Eastern women with moderate and strong family history of cancer or young women without significant family history of cancer. DNA extracted from peripheral blood of patients and matching normal Middle Eastern women without history of familial or sporadic cancers, were subjected to whole-exome sequencing using the HiSeq 2500 Illumina platform and MLPA to map major breast cancer–activating genetic defects. Results: Several novel BRCA1/2 mutations were identified in the minority of these women. However, other complex mutations in non-BRCA1/2 genes appear to play a more subtle role in breast cancer in the Middle Eastern women. Germline mutations in TP-53, BARD1 and mismatch repair genes were more frequent than expected by chance. Conclusions: BRCA1/2 gene mutations are not a significant cause of heritable cancers in the Middle East. The region may benefit from a well-curated region-specific database accessible to clinicians and scientists where clinical and variants information can be deposited from all over the Middle East.
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26

El Khaled, Dalia, Nuria Novas, José Antonio Gázquez, Rosa M. García, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "He women education in Lebanon: lessons for middle east." ESPIRAL. CUADERNOS DEL PROFESORADO 9, no. 18 (March 23, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/ecp.v9i18.998.

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Este trabajo analiza el sistema educativo en el Líbano, sus componentes y el proceso exitoso de la integración de la mujer en los últimos 15 años. Se analiza el diseño del sistema educativo desde la fundación de las instituciones educativas libanesas, empezando con el establecimiento de las escuelas extranjeras, para luego llegar a la expansión de las escuelas públicas donde se necesita una urgente necesidad de llenar el vacío de realizar una mejor educación pública de calidad. Respecto a la situación de analfabetismo, los resultados muestran unos datos muy prometedores alcanzados del Líbano comparado con los países de su entorno. El presente estudio revela que la presencia de la mujer está siendo más relevante en el sistema educativo a partir de las primeras etapas y se vuelve más dominante en un nivel posterior. Este trabajo pone de manifiesto que la mejor manera de ofrecer un futuro más prometedor a las mujeres de oriente medio en general y las del Líbano en particular es a través de la mejora del puente educativo y cultural entre el Líbano y el resto del mundo, y para ello la implantación del bilingüismo en el sistema educativo juega una papel clave.
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27

Torab, Azam, and Lila Abu-Lughod. "Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 5, no. 4 (December 1999): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2661164.

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28

Wilson, Mary C., and Lila Abu-Lughod. "Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East." American Historical Review 104, no. 5 (December 1999): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649543.

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29

Ethelston, Sally. "Water and Women: The Middle East in Demographic Transition." Middle East Report, no. 213 (1999): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3013382.

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30

Doumato, Eleanor Abdella. "Economic Restructuring in the Middle East: Implications for Women." Middle East Report, no. 210 (1999): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3012497.

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31

Hoveyda, Fereydoun. "Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East." American Foreign Policy Interests 27, no. 5 (October 2005): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803920500326050.

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32

NCAFP. "Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East." American Foreign Policy Interests 34, no. 3 (May 2012): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2012.692279.

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33

Piela, Anna. "Women and War in the Middle East: Transnational Perspectives." Women: A Cultural Review 23, no. 1 (March 2012): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2012.644683.

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34

Lazreg, Marnia. "Up for Grabs: Writing Women in the Middle East." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 4 (June 27, 2012): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306112449613.

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35

Mariscotti, Cathlyn. "Women in Islam and the Middle East: A Reader." History: Reviews of New Books 27, no. 4 (January 1999): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528518.

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36

Rodgers, Orla. "Women and War in the Middle East: Transnational Perspectives." Development in Practice 21, no. 1 (February 2011): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.530243.

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37

Afshar, Haleh. "Remaking women: feminism and modernity in the middle east." Women's History Review 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020100200564.

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38

Vaziri, Haleh. "Women in the Middle East and North Africa (review)." Journal of World History 13, no. 1 (2002): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2002.0025.

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39

Bastian, Bettina Lynda, Yusuf Munir Sidani, and Yasmina El Amine. "Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa." Gender in Management: An International Journal 33, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2016-0141.

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PurposeThis paper aims to attempt to collate and understand the fragmented research on female entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The review assesses the literature at the macro, meso and micro analysis levels and addresses the obstacles, challenges, motivations and characteristics of female entrepreneurship in the MENA region.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis bases on a gender aware, narrative review, which is an appropriate method when aggregating studies of different methodological approaches, covering broad and fragmented topics in different settings. The study analyzes the areas that have received sufficient research attention and those which are still under-developed.FindingsImportant gaps in the field are lack of theoretical foundations; an over emphasis on macro level indicators, such as culture and religion and an under emphasis on organizational level variables; a lack of studies that analyze female entrepreneurship within ethnic groups, or studies that acknowledge the complex social, cultural and religious diversity of the region; and inattention to particular regional experiences (e.g. refugees crisis) and emerging trends.Originality/valueThis is the first integrative review of the literature in the growing field of female entrepreneurship in the MENA region that identifies areas of particular research interest and questions that are still under-developed. The study proposes further avenues for future research.
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40

Peteet, Julie. "Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East." American Ethnologist 26, no. 4 (November 1999): 1018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1999.26.4.1018.

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41

Ragab, Ahmed. "Epistemic Authority of Women in the Medieval Middle East." Hawwa 8, no. 2 (2010): 181–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920810x529949.

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AbstractThe article is formed of two parts. In the first part, it addresses a methodological concern related to the usage of Muslim religious texts as sources for analyzing the history of women in the Middle East. In the second part, the article engages the epistemic authority of women in the medieval Middle East through the analysis of the way such authority was constructed in bibliographical dictionaries and necrologies. The article argues that women enjoyed circumstantial epistemic authority and that the legitimization of this authority usually involved a complicated socio-cultural process involving the presence of qualifying reasons and corroborating empirical evidence.
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42

Ezzat, Heba Raouf. "Women, the State, and Political Liberalization." American Journal of Islam and Society 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v18i4.1984.

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By late 1987 a wave of political changes appeared to be underwayin the Middle East and North Africa. A number of Arab regimes,manifestly incapable of coping with growing problems of debt, unemployment,and corruption, took different measures towards more politicalparticipation. These countries witnessed political openings of various types,some more apparently significant than others but all promising changes thatwould lessen repression and open the way for greater political participation.In 1991 Laurie A. Brand started her project to study the effect of thosechanges on women in the region. She was also interested in studyingthe situation of women under the similar political and economictransformations that swept Eastern Europe in 1989-1990. While the lattercontinue to unfold, the openings that appeared in the Middle East and NorthAfrica have in virtually all cases been closed.Despite that, the author pursued her project on women and politicalliberalization to explore the significance of culture - Islam as theomnipresent independent variable in Middle East politics - as opposedto structure. She also investigated the assumption that vibrant women'sorganizations can be important precursors to more democratic development,to determine what such organizations do and how they relate to thestate, other political actors, and each other during such periods.Brand spotted some phenomena, such as the drop in the number ofwomen legislators in local and national assemblies, changes in labor lawsor their implementation at women's expense, and attempts to restrictwomen's personal or political rights - phenomena that have accompaniedmost of the "democratic'' transitions unfolding in the Middle East & NorthAfrica region (MENA) ...
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43

Kho, Gerson Ralph Manuel, Teguh Hidayatul Rachmad, Yohanes Probo Dwi Sasongko, and Sara Hasan. "Women on Top: a Study of Middle Eastern Women's Rights in the Media Political Economy." Jurnal Spektrum Komunikasi 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.37826/spektrum.v11i3.522.

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The Middle Eastern media generally promotes the dignity of women more. The issues facing women who have endured conflict or sexual assault are constantly brought up in the news and widely distributed through movies. Discourse based on media culture demonstrates how firmly the Middle East supports the rights and dignity of women. The desire of the media to demonstrate the strength and might of a nation, a person, or a viewpoint is directly tied to the political and economic interests of this. Power relations are actually depicted in Middle Eastern media by a culture that has evolved from generation to generation. Unlike before the movement to uphold women’s rights, men's right to express their masculinity is now limited. This is the state of the art in scientific writings that take a media, political economy, and history approach to studying Middle Eastern media culture. Researchers in Indonesia still hardly ever use qualitative research methodologies that take a media political economy perspective with four units of analysis, including history, social totality, morality, and praxis orientation, that are connected to media cultures outside of Indonesia (the Middle East). The goal of this study was to determine the Middle Eastern countries' power structures based on their publicized media cultures. The Middle East is particularly receptive to industrialization that helps women, as shown by historical characteristics of the region that produce films and news about women's fights that women always win over males. Furthermore, the Middle East is home to a large number of female political figures, demonstrating that the media's political economy interests in promoting women are upheld there.
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44

ROSS, MICHAEL L. "Oil, Islam, and Women." American Political Science Review 102, no. 1 (February 2008): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055408080040.

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Women have made less progress toward gender equality in the Middle East than in any other region. Many observers claim this is due to the region's Islamic traditions. I suggest that oil, not Islam, is at fault; and that oil production also explains why women lag behind in many other countries. Oil production reduces the number of women in the labor force, which in turn reduces their political influence. As a result, oil-producing states are left with atypically strong patriarchal norms, laws, and political institutions. I support this argument with global data on oil production, female work patterns, and female political representation, and by comparing oil-rich Algeria to oil-poor Morocco and Tunisia. This argument has implications for the study of the Middle East, Islamic culture, and the resource curse.
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45

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. "Law and Islam in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 2 (July 1, 1992): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i2.2561.

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This is a collection of anthropological studies on the dynamics of the implementationoflaw in the Middle East. The basic arguments of the book raisethe issue of the context of law and the role of Islamic law in the Middle East.The editor, Daisy Dwyer, contends that context rather than the letter of the lawis the core phenomenon determining the handling and outcome of legal cases.The form and impact of Islamic law varies according to the specific regionaland cultural context . Dwyer also argues that Islamic law is often invoked notso much for its specific content but as a political symbol relating the past tothe present and, ultimately, the future.These points are significant for understanding the impact of Islamic lawin the Middle East. The cultural context will consistently influence which proBookvisions of the law are emphasized and which provisions are deemphasized orconveniently forgotten. Furthermore, social outlooks and cultural habits willin turn impact upon huw the specific provisions are interpreted and implemented.As Safia Mohsen demonstmtes in an insightful article on mmen and the criminaljustice system in Egypt, the implementation of law responds to the specific situationof women in Egypt. The way criminal law is implemented sometimesdiscriminates, depending on the context, in favor of or against women ...
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46

Welborne, Bozena. "On Their Own? Women Running as Independent Candidates in the Middle East." Middle East Law and Governance 12, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-01202005.

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Abstract This paper considers examples of women successfully running as independents at the national level in the Middle East, investigating how existing electoral systems impacted their ability to contest political office. Women in the region face a host of challenges when it comes to launching political campaigns outside of sociocultural norms. Most extant literature on political participation focuses on parties as the primary vector for female participation in the Global North and South. However, women in the Middle East often cannot rely on this mechanism due to the absence of political parties or existing parties’ unwillingness to back women for cultural reasons. Yet, the region hosts many female independents holding office at the national level. Through the cases of Jordan, Egypt, and Oman, I unpack this phenomenon using an institutional argument and assess what the emergence of such candidates bodes for the future of women in the Middle East.
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47

Kozma, Liat. "Going Transnational: On Mainstreaming Middle East Gender Studies." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 3 (July 6, 2016): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000532.

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Middle East gender studies is a lively and fascinating field. With two very different journals (HawwaandJournal of Middle East Women Studies) and dozens of panels at the Middle East Studies Association Annual Conference and the World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies, we have come a long way over the last two decades. Women's, queer, and masculinity studies are now part of how we understand gender studies in the region. Middle East gender studies does, however, remain marginal in two fields—Middle East studiesandgender studies. It is normally assigned to the end of a Middle East studies conference (“and gender”), or, conversely, to the end of a gender studies conference or edited volume (“and elsewhere”). But can a discussion of technology or World War I in the modern Middle East weave in insights gained from gender or queer studies? And can a discussion of women's movements or women's labor incorporate what we know about the Middle East? I believe that more can be done to mainstream gender in Middle East studies, and to mainstream the Middle East in gender studies. Transnational history is a particularly promising direction for this endeavor.
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Bullock, Katherine. "Development, Change, and Gender in Cairo." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i2.2185.

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Since the late 1980s, the literature on women living in the Middle East hasshown an uneven but progressive sophistication in its approach. The view ofbackward, oppressed, submissive women is gradually being replaced by anunderstanding that women in the Middle East, like women anywhere, are "rational"actors, fully cognizant of their environment and situations. Books such asEveryday Life in the Muslim Middle East,1 and Muslim Women's Choices:Religious Belief and Social Reality2 are examples of this welcome ttend.Development, Change, and Gender in Cairo: A View from the Household, editedby Diane Singerman and Homa Hoodfar, is a fine contribution lo this newgenre. The essays in this book not only show that Cairene women are intelligentand comprehending observers of Egyptian society, but that they are also activeparticipants in their society-acting upon it, as well as being acted upon. Wewould hardly need a scholarly book lo tell us this, if it were not for the sttengthand prevalence of the negative stereotype of the "oppressed/silenced/submissiveMuslim woman," contributed lo in no small measure by previous scholarlybooks!Development, Change, and Gender in Cairo: A View from the Householdcontains seven essays detailing various aspects of low-income Cairene women'slives, plus an introduction by the editors which sets the more focused empiricalessays into broader theoretical context The volume is an interdisciplinary work,with contributions from sociologists, anthropologists, communications special ...
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Keddie, Nikki R. "A Woman's Place: Democratization in the Middle East." Current History 103, no. 669 (January 1, 2004): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.669.25.

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Women's struggles, along with the forces of modernization, have increased the public roles open to women in the Muslim world despite the growing power of Islamism, and this expansion of women's roles constitutes in itself a force for democratization.
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Dajani, Rana, Sonali Dhawan, and Sara M. Awad. "The Increasing Prevalence of Girls in stem Education in the Arab World." Sociology of Islam 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00802002.

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There has been much scholarly research, especially in the West, exploring the underrepresentation of women and girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (stem) fields. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research on women in the Middle East, and the elements that drive them to enroll in stem are shrouded by the stereotypical image of the “oppressed Arab women.” Despite the dearth of studies, the available literature has demonstrated that the percentage of women pursuing an education in stem fields is higher in the Middle East in comparison to the West. According to 2015 data from unesco, regional averages for the share of female researchers are 39.8 percent for Arab states and 32.3 percent for North America and Western Europe. In this paper, we ask: what is the Middle East doing differently? How has the region, or at least parts of it, successfully nurtured women in stem? What factors have aided women from the region to study stem subjects? Our modest hope is that gaining a better understanding of this phenomenon will start the larger conversation of intellectual exchange between East and West in a way that has yet to be seen by the world of academia, and that will have a positive impact on females around the globe.
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