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Fox, Marion Blakely. "Minority differences in congressional representation : evidence from the U.S. House of Representatives /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Baguma, Abdallah. "Women parliamentarians in Rwanda : women representatives or representing women? : a study of the Chamber of Deputies, the Lower House of the Rwandan Parliament." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192280.
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Bolender, Andrew C. "Women's dynamic role in the United States House of Representatives." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/355.
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At the outset of my studies, my goal was to look at women's role in the United States Federal Government. The study was to span from the inception of the United States Government to the present. The purpose of the study was to highlight the large gender gap in the United States Government. However, I soon found there to be an overwhelming amount of material to discuss. Realizing the limited amount of space I had to fit my findings, I narrowed the topic to women‘s role in the United States House of Representatives. Even with this narrowed scope, the gender gap in representation is obvious, and highlights the fact that America, even in the 21st Century, is not truly equal. The reason I mention the gender gap in the United States House of Representatives is not simply to dwell on the fact that one exists, but to discuss how and why it has remained a structural characteristic of the legislative body that is intended to be the closest to the people. In order to find answers to the questions aforementioned, it is necessary to discuss the evolution of ideals, principles, and beliefs possessed by the American population from 1776 to today. Even if there are no definitive answers to the questions posed above, it is my hope that the discussion will highlight the pivotal role of women in all stages of the United States' existence, and underline the importance of women's participation in the United States House of Representatives.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Blomén, Victoria. "Representing group interests : A study on the substantive representation of women and minority groups in the Jordanian House of Representatives." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328865.
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In the world today there is a tendency that women and minority groups are under-represented in political decision-making. In order to come to terms with the under-representation of women and minorities many countries are taking measures to increase the number of women and minority representatives. However,there is an ongoing debate on whether increased number of group representatives lead to increased representation of group interests. The question is if women and minority representatives are more responsive to their respective group’s interests compared to other representatives. In this study, I have conducted asurvey with members of the Jordanian House of Representatives in order to investigate whether women and minority representatives are more responsive to their respective group’s interests compared to other representatives. The survey has been designed to capture representatives’ priorities and attitudes towards certain policy areas and issues. The results from the survey show that women and minority representatives to a certain extent are more responsive to their respective group’s interests compared to other representatives, indicating that an increased number of women and minority representatives would lead to increased representation of women and minority interests. Furthermore,this study finds that female representatives are more responsive to women’s interests when it comes to priorities than when it comes to attitudes, whereas representatives from the Christian minority are more responsive to Christian issues when it comes to attitudes than when it comes to priorities. These results indicate that there are differences between different groups when it comes to the representation of their groups’ interests. Thus, research on one group might not be directly transferable to other groups.
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Mano, Maíra Kubik Taveira 1982. "Legislar sobre "mulheres" : relações de poder na Câmara Federal." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281208.
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Orientador: Maria Lygia Quartim de MoraesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Nessa tese, investigo a atuação da Bancada Feminina na Câmara dos Deputados na 54a Legislatura (2011-2014). Considero as parlamentares que a integram como sujeitos posicionados do mesmo lado da divisão sexual do trabalho e que se agrupam para fazer uma oposição sistemática à sua inferioridade hierárquica socialmente construída. São também, contudo, um coletivo heterogêneo. Dessa maneira, debruço-me sobre sua atuação para compreender suas convergências, divergências e limitações
Abstract: In this thesis, I investigate the activities of the "Bancada Feminina" of the House of Representatives in the 54th Legislature (from 2011 to 2014). I believe parliamentarian women are positioned on the same side of the sexual division of labor and that they formed this group to make a systematic opposition to its socially constructed hierarchical inferiority. They are, however, a heterogeneous collective. Therefore, I research their actions in order to understand their similarities and differences, as well as their limitations
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutora em Ciências Sociais
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Moreira, Natália de Paula. "Are congresswomen more responsive to the public policy demands of female voters?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-09052016-114959/.
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This thesis seeks to contribute to the literature by studying the impact of a legislators gender on health and public security policies passed in the Brazilian Congress and whether such policies are aligned with voters preferences. Evidences have shown that women face stronger barriers to being elected as compared to their male counterparts (Lawless 2015; Speck and Mancuso 2014) and they face a complex and demanding electoral playing field when running for re-election (Palmer and Simon, 2010). My hypothesis is that female politicians need to establish their credibility by proposing public policies in masculine areas, such as public security. Once a congresswoman has political experience, as a mayor, state deputy or another office, she risks making policy more aligned with female voter preferences. Using data from a national survey and a low-income voter survey, I analyze whether male and female Brazilian voters differ in the priority they assign to health and security policies. This enables me to predict what effects gender representation should have on health and public security policy choices. Then, I examine the differences in the types of health and public security budget amendments sponsored by male and female legislators. Finally, I analyze the impact of a politicians gender conditional on experience in politics. With these results, I compare the preferences and priorities of male and female voters with the representatives priorities and see if they correspond. Employing logistic regressions, the voter surveys analyses show that female voters do not present different policy preferences than male voters. Moreover, the results of the budget amendments analysis using linear regressions suggest that (i) female deputies do not focus more on health policy than their male counterparts, and (ii) female deputies that are professional politicians allocate less resource for security policy than male professional deputies.Esta dissertação busca contribuir com a literatura estudando o impacto do sexo do deputado nas políticas públicas de saúde e segurança aprovadas no Congresso brasileiro, e se tais políticas estão alinhadas com as preferências dos eleitores. A literatura tem mostrado que mulheres enfrentam fortes barreiras para serem eleitas se comparado aos homens (Lawless 2015; Speck e Mancuso 2014) e elas também enfrentam um complexo e exigente jogo eleitoral quando concorrem à reeleição (Palmer e Simon 2010). Minha hipótese é de que deputadas precisam estabelecer sua credibilidade propondo políticas públicas em áreas masculinas, tal como segurança pública. Uma vez que a deputada tenha experiência política, como prefeita, deputada federal ou um outro cargo político, ela se arriscará fazendo política mais alinhada com as preferências das eleitoras. Utilizando dados de um survey nacional e de um survey com eleitores de baixa renda, eu analiso se as eleitoras e os eleitores brasileiros apresentam diferentes prioridades com relação a políticas de saúde e de segurança. Com esses resultados, eu posso predizer quais os efeitos a representação de homens e mulheres deveria ter sobre a escolha de políticas públicas de saúde e segurança. Então, eu analiso as diferenças nos tipos de emendas orçamentárias de saúde e de segurança que são propostas pelos deputados e deputadas. Finalmente, eu analiso o impacto do sexo do parlamentar condicional à experiência na política. Com estes resultados, eu comparo as preferências e prioridades de eleitores e eleitoras com as prioridades dos parlamentares e vejo se elas correspondem. Empregando regressão logística, a análise dos surveys mostra que eleitoras não apresentam diferentes preferências políticas que os eleitores. Além disso, os resultados da análise das emendas orçamentárias utilizando regressão linear sugere que (i) deputadas não priorizam política de saúde mais que seus colegas o fazem; e (ii) deputadas que são políticas profissionais alocam menos recursos para política de segurança do que fazem os deputados profissionais.
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Likosky, Marilyn Schron. "Representations of women in Theocritus /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11453.
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Gale, Maggie Barbara. "West End women : representations of woman, the female and femininity, in plays by women on the London stage 1918-1962." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34651/.
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This thesis is an attempt to identify and reposition the work of a number of women playwrights whose work was produced on the London Stage between 1918-1962. The existing academic assumption about these playwrights is either that they have no significant place in a history of the drama, or that their work was not rooted in feminist ideology. The thesis sets out to analyse their work in the context for which it was created; a time in which both women's lives and the British theatre, were transformed by war, cultural change and a change in their status within the public domain. As such, the plays are examined in relation to social, cultural and ideological developments and change, which particularly affected both women's lives and the perception of what it meant to be a woman. Similarly, the emergent theories of femaleness and femininity, which grew in number during the period under examination and are outlined in the thesis, have a relevance to a reading of the dramatic texts in question. There are, as far as I am aware, no other detailed studies of plays by women playwrights of the period analysed here. As such, it is hoped that this thesis constitutes at least the beginnings of such a study. Some of the plays quoted here, were treated in less detail and within a far less theoretical framework in a Masters thesisWhich was submitted in 1988.
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Ndzamela, Viwe. "Representations of women in women's magazines." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002930.
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Women’s magazines as a popular form of entertainment are among the media products that have been criticised for misrepresenting women. These popular magazines are often condemned for their failure to represent women in a positive light although they claim to target women as their market. The objective of this research is to assess and analyse representations of women in selected women’s magazines. Because women’s magazines are part of popular culture, which is not only concerned with the production process but also takes into consideration the needs of the readers, the research seeks to find out whether these magazines meet the expectations of its readers. The study is a combination of qualitative analysis, which looks at the frequency and the manner in which women are represented, with a qualitative interpretation of women’s roles within those representations. The issue of representations of women in women’s magazines is a very complex one as magazines, like other cultural texts are open to multiple interpretations. Consequently, multiple conclusions have been reached and the outcome of the study is therefore a series of three conclusions based on feature articles, advertisements and at a theoretical level.
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Weston, Alexandra C. "Valkyries Handbook: Representations of Women in Comics." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/616.
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This thesis delves into the surprisingly uniform treatment of the female character in comic storytelling, across all media, and will examine how this has evolved over time. It further explores what these changes represent for the stories, the characters, the creators, and the readers. The focus of the production aspects of this project is on the curation and development of a feminist perspective on comic books, their narrative and the industry that forms them. Looking at specific examples from historical and modern comics, as well as creative
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Brennan, Zoe. "Representations of older women in contemporary literature." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271040.
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This study argues that novels by contemporary women writers, such as Doris Lessing, May Sarton, Barbara Pym and Jenny Diski, through their representation of older female protagonists, create alternative discourses of ageing to those that dominate Western society. By placing these figures at the centre of their narratives, the texts counteract the silence and pejorative stereotyping that routinely surrounds the lives of the aged. The technique of studying literary representations of women is not new; in fact, it is a trusted part of feminist methodology. However, one of the assertions of this dissertation is that it is rarely used to investigate texts about the senescent, reflecting feminism's failure to include the older women in their theories. Part one of the dissertation examines such issues in depth, setting out the theoretical orientation of the study. It considers popular representations and paradigms of ageing, as well as considering the power of normalising discourse and dynamics of representation. Part two uses this material to analyse the strategies that British and North American authors have employed, since the 1960's, to challenge common stereotypes of older women. The first three chapters focus on novels that portray protagonists who display emotions, not usually associated with the old, which are revealed in relation to different aspects of ageing: anger and frustration (dependency); passion and desire (sexuality); and contentment (daily life). Chapter 7, 'The Wise and Archetypal Older Woman', shifts its attention away from more realist texts to study characters who emerge from the covers of ratiocinative fiction. It argues that conventional critiques of the genre often negate its more polemical elements, which is a result of their failure to use an age- and gender-aware approach and a problem that generally greets intelligent novels about female senescence. This thesis sees itself as part of a movement that aims to create a space in which older female characters' voices can be heard and recognised. It contends that the authors treated here produce visions of ageing that are not solely concerned with stagnation and decline. They represent a varied and compelling group of protagonists and, in doing so, illustrate that older women are worthy of literary, social and feminist interest.
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Ruberto, Laura Ernestina. "Producing culture : representations of Italian and Italian American women at work /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9936840.
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Anderson, Dawn Yvette. "Representations of violence by women, some theoretical considerations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0027/MQ35825.pdf.
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Abdulla, Aqeel. "Representations of Muslim women in contemporary British theatre." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/24354.
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This PhD thesis sets out to study how Muslim women have been depicted in contemporary British plays. I am studying these depictions in eight plays: 1. Deadeye by Amber Lone, first performed in October 2006 at The Door, Birmingham Repertory Theatre. 2. Sweet Cider by Emteaz Hussain, London 2008. 3. Shades by Alia Bano, London 2009. 4. What Fatima Did by Atiha Sen Gupta, London 2009. 5. Sisters by Stephanie Street, Sheffield 2010. 6. Burq Off! by Nadia Manzoor, London 2014. 7. My Name Is ... by Sudha Bhuchar, London 2014 8. East Is East by Ayub Khan-Din, London 2014. I am arguing in my introduction that there is an emerging theory within feminism that I am calling Islamic feminisms, and I am using it as a framework for my analysis of the plays in the thesis. Islamic feminisms draw on, and are influenced by questions of cultural hybridity, second wave Western feminism, and religious ideology. Three key issues emerge from study of the plays: the question of the hijab, the position of women within the Muslim family, and the integration/non-integration of Muslim women in British society. Each chapter develops an extended study of one of these key issues, including a literature review of the social, political, religious, or cultural backgrounds of the issue, and then goes on to analyse a selected number of plays where these issues are either the main or one of the main topics. The analyses look at the play as a cultural event, examining the circumstances surrounding the writing and producing of each play and assessing the possible contribution that the play has made to contemporary debates about these issues. I analyse not just thematic content, but also the ways in which performativity has conveyed messages and initiated or invited dialogues about the issues. My analysis develops an evaluation of the significance of these plays to the cultural debate in the UK around these key issues, and reflects on the contribution of these plays and the development of Muslim feminist plays in the future.
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Burnett, Kristin. "Wise women from the east, representations and self-representations of women in the Methodist mission field in western Canada, 1880-1925." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ47932.pdf.
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Azeharie, Suzy. "Representations of women in Femina : an Indonesian women's magazine." Murdoch University, 1997. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071212.113330.
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Since the advent of the women's movement, the mass media and literary classics
have become targets for intensive scrutiny by some feminists who are concerned
with the role and influence the media and literature play in promoting a gendered
society. This thesis, focuses mainly on representations of Indonesian women as
presented by the Jakarta-based women's magazine, femina. By analysing six articles
that appeared in the magazine from the 1970s to the 1990s, representations of gender
relationships have been highlighted.
Shaped dominantly by Islamic beliefs, and the Javanese values, which consist
of a syncretic blend of Animist, Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic beliefs, contemporary
Indonesian society is dominated by a strong political state and patriarchal value
system which downgrades women. Resulting from the political changes introduced
by the New Order, there has been a pivotal transformation of Indonesian women's
organisations. The regime strongly encourages wives' organisations, despite the full
equality guaranteed to men and women by the 1945 Constitution. It is demanded of
Indonesian women that their foremost duties are their motherly and wifely roles.
The influence of the priyayi, the Javanese elite, who believe that woman's destiny is
primarily centred on her role as wife and mother, is partially responsible for the
continuing influence of this ideal and the way it subordinates women to men. The
religious traditions are also not without considerable influence in this area. These
values can be found in the articles examined. Further, the thesis investigates
attitudes to women who work outside the home, the double burden that they carry,
and any changes in the representations of women and gender relations over the
twenty years as revealed infemina.
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Yu, Siu-hung. "Representations of Chinese women in three modern literary texts." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31988271.
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Patrick, Tegan Rae. "Legitimising Misogyny: Representations of Women in Three Shakespeare Films." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10015.
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The plays of William Shakespeare have long been considered a source of cultural and educational interest by both academics and filmmakers, and the practice of adapting Shakespeare’s works to film has existed for almost as long as film itself. The name “Shakespeare” evokes ideals of cultural legitimacy and importance, and Shakespeare film as a genre is always caught up in questions of fidelity and legitimacy. In adapting Shakespeare to the screen, filmmakers also adapt, whether deliberately or not, the various cultural beliefs that his work is steeped in. Early modern ideas about gender, race and class are reproduced in modern film through the adaptation of Shakespeare, often excused or unexamined in the name of fidelity. This thesis discusses Shakespeare’s three plays Hamlet, Richard III and The Taming of the Shrew, all of which deal in some way with gender roles and the place and power of women, whether that power is sexual, political or verbal. I also examine three film adaptations of the plays: Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet, Ian McKellen and Richard Loncraine’s Richard III, and Gil Junger’s 10 Things I Hate About You. All three films serve as examples of the way the misogyny present in Shakespeare’s works is reproduced and sometimes magnified through adaptation to the screen. The reproduction of early modern gender hierarchies is naturalised in a number of ways across the three films, including the use of star power, the invocation of Shakespeare as a cultural authority, and specific filmic techniques such as flashback and the cutting and editing of film and screenplay. I argue that in all three films, the faithful adaptation of Shakespearean ideas of gender comes at the expense of both the women characters and those women who make up the films’ audience.
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Yu, Siu-hung, and 余小紅. "Representations of Chinese women in three modern literary texts." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31988271.
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Delage-Toriel, Lara. "Ultraviolet darlings : representations of women in Nabokov's prose fiction." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444091.
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McGregor, Mandy Lea Polo de Bernabé José Manuel. "The image of women in graphic and narrative representations." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2558.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 5, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Romance Languages Spanish." Discipline: Romance Languages; Department/School: Romance Languages.
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Collins, Cole. "Envisaging alternatives : representations of women in Kurt Schwitters' collages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33231.
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In the existing literature on Kurt Schwitters, many excellent discoveries about process, materiality, and his life have been made. The careful reconstruction of these narratives by scholars such as Werner Schmalenbach, John Elderfield, Isabel Schulz, Gwendolen Webster, Marc Dachy, Roger Cardinal, Karin Orchard and Megan Luke, have given invaluable insights into the ways in which Schwitters' work has influenced and been integral to the development of the various avant-garde movements of the twentieth century. However, while these studies have laid the foundations to examine the biographical and aesthetic qualities of Schwitters' work, it has often denied readings that allow for an understanding of the political aspects which confront the viewer. Schwitters was the creator of Merz, a hybrid art form which borrowed from Expressionism, Dada, and Constructivism, but was never singularly committed to any of these movements/groups. Schwitters had had too much training to be a serious Expressionist, the movement denied academic and formal training, too bourgeois and not political enough for Dadaism, and not abstract or 'clean' enough to be considered a Constructivist. Merz was his and only his to be practiced and led him to be included in exhibitions of Dadaist, Constructivist and Surrealist artworks. His hybrid aesthetic, coupled with his own illusive remarks about his own practice, have produced readings of Schwitters' work as only concerned with aesthetics; in some cases entirely ignoring the implications and connotations of the compositions themselves and the meanings behind the fragments used in his works. The idea often floated is that once the fragment has been detached from its original form, it no longer holds its original meaning. However, my thesis seeks to argue that this is entirely untrue and that contemporary audiences would have been unable to ignore these connections. As such, the collage takes on new meanings and we, the audience, must examine these connotations. My thesis argues for a political reading of the works which feature women. Images of women, taken from fashion magazines and clothing catalogs, are cut up and re-arranged in Schwitters' abstract and hectic compositions. He then pairs these images with fragments of text, images of animals, or in odd compositions which causes a significant shift in perspective for the viewer. In most cases, these pairings are paradoxical or presented so that the two components juxtapose one another. My thesis argues that these works might be discussed in the context of the social and political goings on in the world in which Schwitters creates his artworks. This approach to his work has heretofore remained unexplored and as I show in my research by examining these images, new and revealing details about the artist's work are uncovered.
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Gibbs, Joanna Bridget. "Anglo-Scots relations and representations of women, 1560-1612." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322208.
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Baker, Alexis M. "Identity and Resistance: Understanding Representations of Ethos and Self in Women’s Holocaust Texts." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1469715753.
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Franklin, Serena. "Ill beats : black women rap artists and the representations of women in hip hop culture." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/336.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Anthropology
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Pugh-Patton, Danette Marie. "Images and lyrics: Representations of African American women in blues lyrics written by black women." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3235.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine to what extent representations of double jeopardy and the stereotypical images of African American females: Mammy, Matriarch, Sapphire, and Strong Black Woman emerge in the blues lyrics of Alberta Hunter, Gertrude "Ma" Rainy, Memphis Minnie, and Victoria Spivey, using the theoretical framework of Black feminist rhetorical critique. The findings in this research entail several meanings regarding the lives of African American women during the 1920s and 1930s. Representations of racism, sexism, and classism also appear in the theme of relationships with various subthemes. The focus of this study is to explore the evolution of Black music and examine the role women have played in both the development and advancement of the blues genre. Additionally, the study will explore various concepts of cultural identity development in order to establish the process of how identity is constructed and negotiated in African Americans specifically African American women.
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Edwards, Marlo. "Disturbing virtue, representations of the submissive woman." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0009/MQ34884.pdf.
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Azeez, Adesina Lukuman. "Representations of Women in Nigerian Video Films : Construction and Reception." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503257.
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Wright, Diane J. "Exploring representations of physically disabled women in theory and literature." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2008. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20572/.
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Over the course of the twentieth century feminist and disability discourses have become more intertwined: both focus on the body, both contest notions of passivity, amongst other things both examine issues surrounding patriarchy, and, most importantly, both consider the power of representations in literature. This enables a cross-functional approach to reading representations (i.e. from a feminist and disability viewpoint) of the physically disabled female characters and has implications for our understanding of the body. Drawing on a range of theoretical approaches, the thesis focuses on the way in which physically impaired (or non-normate) female bodies are represented in literature. It interprets cultural constructions of such bodies in relation to discourses of surveillance, femininity and disability. The arguments are underpinned by notions of power, discourses and the body proposed by Foucault (1970/1966,1977/1975,1981/1976). However, because he posits the body as a site of discursive construction, Foucault's work is supplemented by Bourdieu's (1991) idea of the body as agentive in its own right. The ways in which feminist and disability researchers' have applied or critiqued Foucault and Bourdieu's work is also explored (e.g. Bordo 1993a; Shildrick and Price 1999b; Wendell 1996). The thesis appropriates aspects of disability discourses, for example Mitchell's (2002) notion of disability as narrative prosthesis in novels is extended to encompass research on femininity and female embodiment. The resulting discussion of specific characters indicates that this concatenation acts as narrative prosthesis in ways that disability alone cannot. For example, how representations of physically disabled women indicate they are both the object of and subject to heightened surveillance --- i.e. they become ultravisible. Moreover, account is taken of the fact that such representations should be read in relation to the dominant ideology presented within the texts as well as historico-cultural perceptions of the non-normate body. The extent to which fluctuating femininity and the mutability of physically disabled women's bodies are related to the ways that bodies are 'idealised' is apparent in fictional representations. Such representations often serve to delineate the fluctuating normate yet increasingly idealised body. In this investigation, characters who become impaired appear to lose their femininity, while other similar characters have their femininity enhanced towards an 'ideal'. Conversely, characters whose impairment is cured can also appear to have their femininity denied. Gender issues permeate these characterisations, resulting in a situation whereby most non-normate female characters have their sexuality denied by other characters. Finally, the thesis lays out the reasons for this cross-theory approach and the implications of putting it into practice for literary criticism, feminist and disability research.
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Holtmann, Emma. "Zero tolerance and its women : representations of self and nation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3583.
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Lafi, Ahmed S. "Native american women in sherman Alexie's short stories: stereotypical representations." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11632.
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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Línguas, Literaturas e CulturasEsta dissertação tem como objectivo central o estudo da representação das mulheres nativas norte-americanas em três colectâneas de short stories do autor Sherman Alexie, especificamente em The Lone Ranger and Tonto Firstfight in Heaven (1993), The Toughest Indian in the World (2000) e Ten Little Indians (2003). São abordadas as formas como os nativos norte-americanos são representados, em geral, e as mulheres em particular, sobretudo a nível literário. A partir das representações estereotipadas e da noção de interiorização serão analisadas as representações presentes nas obras de Sherman Alexie, acima referidas. Nestas, o uso de humor permite que Sherman Alexie desconstrua a forma como as mulheres nativo americanas são geralmente representadas, acabando por subverter a dominação e o racismo interiorizados, os quais contribuem para a deformação da identidade nativo-americana.
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Touarti, Christina M. "Representations of cosmetic surgery in women's magazines." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1185417036.
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Magor, Deborah A. "Working women in the news : a study of news media representations of women in the workforce." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/102.
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This study examines how working women are represented in the news media, and its main aim is to determine to what extent ‘social class’ figures in the representations of women in news content. Using language, visual and narrative analysis, the thesis comprises four case studies each focusing on portrayals of different women from different socio-economic backgrounds determined by their occupation. The first two case studies examine portrayals of low paid working women through coverage of the National Minimum Wage introduction into Britain in April 1999 and the Council Workers’ Strike in England and Wales in 2002. The latter two case studies focus on women in particular professions: elite businesswomen, military women and women war reporters. The study concludes by noting that multiple voices occur in news texts around the key contrasting themes of progress/stagnation and visibility/invisibility and which can give contradictory discourses on the intersection of gender and class. From the massification and silencing of working class women, to the celebrity and sexualisation of the business elite, and the professional competency news frames of middle class women, class was shown to be a determining factor in how women figure in news content. However, these class determinants combined with other news frames pertaining to gender, whereby powerful and established myths of femininity can come to the fore. These myths can be particularly powerful when women enter non-feminine work ‘spaces’ such as business and the military, and class, particularly in the latter case, can tend to slip out of view, as sexist coverage is commonplace and debates are formed about the right and wrong behaviour for women.
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Santiago, Maillim. "Little women: study of female representations in teen films and how those representations have affected gender perceptions." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/908.
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Although teen film is littered with tales of young women coming of age, the messages presented in most of these films follow a formula centered on a patriarchal nuclear family ideal, which leads to damaging perceptions regarding gender roles in teenage society. There is the main traditional model of stay at home mother with a father in the role of the breadwinner; the rise of rape culture; and the glass ceiling in the workplace. The young females consuming a mass amount of this media then reflect negatively on themselves. The research following this conundrum was broken into two parts: the production of a film looking to remedy the many problems of female representation in teen media and then monitoring the reaction to said film against its target audience: young females between the ages of fifteen and twenty-one. The purpose of this thesis is to explore what makes females within the teenage demographic react to certain kinds of media. If they react negatively or positively towards a media representation of themselves, to what extent does this affect the participants' activity in their daily lives? Therefore, through a process of screening three short films focused on teen issues - including the one made by myself for this study - and then conducting a survey focusing on questions regarding the participants' feelings towards the subject matter, their hopes for themselves, and teen media in general, there was an ability to gauge how deeply teen media affects the modern teenager.B.F.A.
Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
Film
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Salmon, Christine Mary. "Representations of the female self in familiar letters 1650-1780." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337519.
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Abraham, Christiana. "Images of third world women: difference and disjuncture in development representations." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18780.
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Images of Third World Women: Difference and Disjuncture in Development Representations This dissertation analyzes the use of images of women of the third world by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) during the Women in Development period (WID). This critical interpretative analysis examines how images as institutional texts function to reproduce notions of difference about women and the third world. The study looks at the disjuncture between the language and images of development and studies how media narratives circulate gender discourses through strands of colonial and race-based knowledges as normalized ways of classifying the world through imaginary categories. The study suggests that through recurrent representative tropes, WID facilitated the deliberate production of a development category that was highly identifiable – that of the third world woman. This focus on women allowed their images to assume immense circulatory value in CIDA development imagery so that depictions of third world women became representative of development itself. Operating as sign systems, these images of third world women also functioned as important symbols of the uniqueness of Canadian values. The study provides a framework for understanding development representations as powerful sign systems that prioritize and hierarchize preferred narratives.Résumé Les Images des Femmes du Tiers Monde: Différence et Rupture dans les Représentations du Développement Cette thèse analyse l'usage des images des femmes du Tiers Monde par l'Agence Canadienne de Développement International (ACDI) durant la période 'Les Femmes dans le Développement' (FED). Cette analyse interprétative critique examine comment ces images, - en tant que textes institutionnels -, fonctionnent pour reproduire les notions de différence à propos des femmes et du Tiers Monde. Cette étude se penche sur la rupture entre le langage et les images du développement et analyse la manière dont les messages médiatiques véhiculent les discours relativement au genre par le truchement de formes résiduelles de savoirs colonial et racisé en tant que moyens normalisés de classifier le monde par l'entremise de catégories imaginaires. Cette étude suggère que, par l'entremise de catégories représentatives récurrentes, l'époque FED facilita la production délibérée d'une figure du développement fortement identifiable - celle de la femme du Tiers Monde. Cette tendance à cibler les femmes a permis à ces images d'assurer une immense valeur véhiculaire dans l'imaginaire du développement de l'ACDI, de sorte que ces images des femmes du Tiers Monde sont devenues elles-mêmes représentatives du développement. Fonctionnant comme systèmes de signes, ces images des femmes du Tiers Monde ont également opérés comme d'importants symboles de la singularité des valeurs canadiennes. Cette étude fournit un cadre pour comprendre les représentations du développement en tant que systèmes de signes puissants qui priorisent et hiérarchisent les préférences narratives.
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Ham, Rosalie, and rosalieh@optusnet com au. "Representations of men and women of the bush in Australian fiction." RMIT University. Creative Media, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080110.100527.
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At the heart of this exegesis is the city-bush gap and the rivalry and stereotypes that gap has generated. I acknowledge how and why our national identity evolved from the writing of the 1890s but I argue that most current artists, particularly novelists, have failed to incorporate the ongoing cultural, societal and industrial changes that have occurred since, particularly in the last thirty years. I assert that the majority of artists still refer to and draw inspiration from established, inaccurate myths and stereotypes rather than the bush and Australian characters of today. Through examining three texts, Kate Grenville's The Idea of Perfection (Picador, Sydney, 1999), Christos Tsiolkas's Loaded (Random House, Sydney, 1995) and Silences Long Gone (Picador, Sydney, 1998) by Anson Cameron, I also point out how most artists in general have failed to keep pace with changes in the bush city cross-culture. My exegesis attempts to give an account of some deficiencies in contemporary Australian literature. In the creative component of this project, Summer at Mount Hope (Duffy and Snellgrove, Sydney, 2005), I write, as did Anson Cameron in his book, Silences Long Gone, (Pan Macmillan, 1998) of a bush (in 1894) where city and bush rely on each other and technology pushes into the bush uniting city and bush, thus enhancing the economy, the cross cultural interdependence and advancing the commonality between the two. I replace stereotypical characters with less predictable characters whose traits sit easily in either bush or city culture and skew the Traditionalist role of bush and city.
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Zheng, Xiucai, and Xiucai Zheng. "A Comparison of the Representations of Women in Zuozhuan and Shiji." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12471.
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From Chunqiu and Zuozhuan to Shiji, women have experienced a downgrade of their formal status in historical records. In Shiji, women, the wives of dukes, lost their formal equality with their duke husbands in terms of being written into state history, as we see in Chunqiu. Their activities, including marriage, returning home, visits, and death, disappeared from Sima Qian’s history for the Spring and Autumn period, which focuses on the activities of male members of ruling lineages. A positive representation of women’s wisdom, eloquence, and authority is no longer in the interest of nor taken as a ritual part of history writing in Shiji.
In the terms of representation of women, especially those from the Spring and Autumn period, in Zuozhuan and Shiji, Zuozhuan gave fuller representation of women than Shiji and its attitude toward women was more positive in comparison to the latter. First, Zuozhuan in many examples presented women as having authority, agency and initiative; in the Shiji versions of these stories, the roles of women were reduced in order to strengthen the agency of and focalization through the male members of a ruling lineage toward a goal of a linear logic of succession. Second, Shiji stressed the disruptive role of women in state affairs by intensively preserving the stories in Zuozhuan that associated women with political disasters and emergencies. Third, Zuozhuan had a non-gendered approach to the effect of women’s wisdom, knowledge and eloquence; it left space for complexity of characterization for women. In contrast, Shiji and Lienü Zhuan, where these stories in Zuozhuan were transmitted, emphasized a patterned understanding of women and produced gender role types.
With the representation of women in Shiji, the effect of the agency of women in history is patterned. In Shiji, women’s agency is more closely connected to political disasters and negative political situations. In the limited representation of positive heroines, their good roles came from their virtue in being self-restrictive and submissive. It implies as a historical teaching in Shiji that the limitation of the political autonomy of women is a way to promise the success of lineage and tradition.
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Boer, Raphael Albuquerque de. "Representations of women in the movies The Color Purple and Monster." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91365.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura CorrespondenteMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T21:59:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 252768.pdf: 860114 bytes, checksum: 226d962e8e70d967ab5e211c72a9fd78 (MD5)
This study aims at analyzing, in light of gender and feminist theories, the representations of identity and sexuality of the characters Celie and Aileen, respectively from the movies The Color Purple (1985), directed by Steven Spielberg and Monster (2003), directed by Patty Jenkins. In the analysis are also considered the homoerotic relationships between the characters Celie and Shug as well as Aileen and her partner Selby. These associations are investigated, in selected scenes from the films, to show how cinematic elements (editing, lighting, setting, colors, camera movements, angles, props, etc.) are configured in order to portray biased lesbian associations. The conclusions show how the female bonding between these women seem to have an ambiguous mark in the sense that lesbian desire is explained as a causal effect of male mistreatment. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar, sobre a perspectiva dos estudos de gênero e feministas, as representações de identidade e de sexualidade das personagens Celie e Aileen, respectivamente dos filmes A Cor Púrpura (1985), dirigido por Steven Spielberg, e Monster (2003), dirigido por Patty Jenkins. Na análise estão também incluídas as representações dos relacionamentos homoeróticos entre as personagens Celie e Shug, bem como Aileen e sua namorada Selby. Tais relações são investigadas, em cenas selecionadas destes filmes, no sentido de mostrar como os elementos cinematográficos (edição, luz, cenários, cores, movimentos de câmera, ângulos símbolos, etc.) estão organizados a fim de retratar associações lésbicas tendenciosas. As conclusões deste estudo mostram que as ligações femininas, entre as personagens citadas, parecem possuir um marca ambígua no sentido em que o desejo lésbico é explicado como conseqüência de maus tratos masculinos.
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Kelly, Jane Frances. "Social representations of alcohol use among women who drank while pregnant." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13692.
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Despite the fact that some of the highest rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) in the world have been reported in the Western Cape of South Africa, little research looks at the experiences of pregnant women who consume alcohol and what influences their alcohol use. Gaining insight into the social, psychological and contextual processes that contribute to risky drinking during pregnancy will help in guiding interventions that aim to prevent prenatal alcohol use, thereby preventing the occurrence of FASDs. Using both social representation theory and a discourse analytic approach, fourteen narrative episodic interviews were conducted in a Western Cape community with women who consumed alcohol during their pregnancy, and two focus group discussions with 13 members of the pregnant women’s community. Data collection aimed to elicit how these women and community members constructed and made sense of alcohol use. The interview and focus group data was analysed using thematic decomposition analysis. Alcohol use was represented by many participants as a social activity which was heavily influenced by their peers. Implicit in this representation was the notion that heavy drinking was a norm within this study community and offered one of the only ways in which to socialise. However, some participants also represented alcohol use as an individualised activity by constructing a clear boundary between drinking socially with friends and drinking to become inebriated. Although drinking during pregnancy was represented as a stigmatised activity, it was also understood by the pregnant women and community members as a way of dealing and coping with difficult domestic problems, such as infidelity. Furthermore, it was also represented as contributing to problems in the participants’ lives as well as unwanted changes in their behaviour. For some interview participants the problems they faced, reservations they held about their pregnancy and becoming a mother, and the social nature of drinking in their community may have inhibited their ability to stop drinking during their pregnancy. For other participants access to some form of social support, a level of responsibility-taking and a desire to protect the fetus from harm as well as care for and look after their children seemed to contribute to their ability to give up drinking while pregnant. Future interventions should take the social context of alcohol use into account, and rather than ignoring it – as most interventions do – use it to not only shift the social norms that surround heavy alcohol use, but also to support pregnant women to stop drinking. Prevention and intervention initiatives should also take a non-judgemental and supportive approach that focuses on capitalising on the moment of pregnancy and on teaching psychosocial skills that enable pregnant women to manage their problems effectively.
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Klein, Stacy S. "Ruling women : popular representations of queenship in late Anglo-Saxon England /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148795159550358.
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Barlow, Charlotte. "Coerced into crime? : legal and media representations of co-accused women." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2010281/.
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This thesis employs a case study approach to explore the ways in which women who are co-accused with a male partner (or accomplices) of committing a range of crimes are framed by British newspapers and compares such reportage with the record made in the legal proceedings of the same cases. Pseudonyms have been provided for the case studies analysed, due to the terms and conditions of the Privileged Access Agreement granted by Her Majesty’s Court and Tribunal Services, which enabled viewing access to the case file material. The case studies analysed are Jane Turner, Sarah Johnson, Alice Jones and Janet Young. The unique aspect of the case studies is that each of the women, either directly or indirectly, argued that they had been coerced into crime by their male partner/accomplice. Using a feminist methodological approach, this thesis explores the news media framing of the co-accused women and the case file material is utilised as a comparative tool. The British newspapers selected for analysis are Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, Daily Star, The Express, The Mirror, The People, The Sun, The Times (including Sunday published versions). This thesis argues that the co-accused women are framed within a range of stock, gendered motifs and narratives which consequently silences, mutes and distorts their perspectives. Furthermore, the concept of ‘coercion into crime’ is also developed to better understand coercion as a pathway into criminality.
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Rheeder, Elle-Sandrah. "Pathologies of vision : representations of deviant women and the cyborg body." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020319.
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This thesis investigates the figure of the cyborg as conceptualised by Donna Haraway in The Cyborg Manifesto (1991). The figure of the cyborg, as a transgressive figure in the late twentieth century within socialist feminist discourse, is problematized with regard to its efficacy as a creature that challenges the constructed nature of gender and contests the boundary between human and machine through its ambiguous nature. Haraway’s notions of the cyborg, which she bases partly on cyborg characters from Science Fiction literature, deny the ocularcentric traditions that have structured gender and the body. Similarly, Haraway does not engage adequately with the figure of the cyborg with regard to situating it historically. This thesis unpacks both the visual and the historical aspects that have structured the cyborg body. By engaging with these concepts, the cyborg emerges as a figure that is identified through visual signifiers of female deviance and pathology. By reading female deviance and pathology on the body of the nineteenth-century hysteric, similarities can be drawn between the hysteric and the cyborg. Through a reading of Alien (1979); Blade Runner (1982); and Star Trek: First Contact (1996) key cyborg texts of the late twentieth century, the figure of the cyborg, and its relation to the deviant pathologised female can be understood when read against the body of the hysteric and how it was visually coded and communicated
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Ellis, Jacqueline. "Silent witnesses : representations of working-class women in America, 1933-1945." Thesis, University of Hull, 1995. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:12911.
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Harris, Robin O. ""A new representative of southern intellect" : Julia Anna Flisch, a new woman of the New South." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25725.
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Baligh, Lamece A. ""Now is not the time to cower" : racialized representations, articulations, and contestations of Arab American women /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3095234.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-381). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Whiteside, Heidi Joanne. "'We Shall Be Respectable': Women and Representations of Respectability in Lyttelton 1851-1893." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/951.
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This thesis investigates the meanings and representations of respectability in Pakeha women's lives in nineteenth-century Lyttelton, New Zealand. Respectability was a form of gendered behaviour connected to ideals of appropriate femininity and women's proper place. It was one of the values on which Lyttelton was founded and respectable women had an important role from the beginning as agents of civilization. However, respectability was not solely a behavioural norm imposed on women and an examination of the forms of respectability in this growing colonial town reveals that women were active agents negotiating and contributing to definitions of respectability. The forms of respectability in Lyttelton were related to the town's character as a busy port, and the associated disorder contributed to divisions between respectable and unrespectable spaces. Women understood and represented respectability in different ways depending on their class position, social status, family responsibilities and involvement in the workforce. Not all women were able to conform to dominant norms of respectability, and others demonstrated an ambivalent commitment to ideals of respectable behaviour. The discourses of respectability in Lyttelton were complex and diverse, illustrating the anxieties and tensions of a migrant community.
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Sitompul, Jojor Ria. "Visual and textual images of women : 1930s representations of colonial Bali as produced by men and women travellers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4107/.
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All kinds of travellers came to Bali in the 1930s. Many of them produced books and photographs, which later incited more visitors to come and see Bali for themselves. The works of these image-makers who travelled to Bali are the result of actual experience and recounted journeys. Their descriptions of Bali, although based on authentic experience, are also the result of literary and pictorial readings. Their accounts or representations are often enriched with material accumulated from fiction, biblical references, and scientific books, as well as paintings and photographs. These image-makers of Bali did not arrive without mental luggage. Both the textual and visual image-makers constructed images of the paradise according to their own fantasies and personal experience, as did the consumers of those images. The representation of Balinese women was thus heavily influenced by earlier travellers, photographers, and scholars. However, it is difficult to know who imitates whom and whose images can be cited as authentic. The previous readings or visual representations condition expectations in each traveller, so that she or he fashions images inspired by those already in circulation. The themes which recur over and over in photographs confirm existing stereotypical concepts. In other words, these representations influence perceptions of the 'other' that persist to the present day.
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Krepstekies, Colleen. "News Media Representations of Women in the U.S. Military Post September 11, 2001." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3645.
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This paper examines newspaper portrayals produced by the Washington Post, the New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times of women in the military from Sept. 11, 2001, to Sept. 11, 2009. The purpose was to identify how the three nationally recognized U.S. newspapers depict women’s expanding combat roles on contemporary battlefields that lack definitive front lines. Because the news media are the primary vehicle to update the general public on military matters, how the news media portray military women can play a role in shaping audience perceptions of military women. In turn, this relationship can influence the public debate on issues pertaining to women in the military. For my research method, I employed a longitudinal, qualitative content analysis of news articles that revealed three distinctively themed portrayals of U.S. servicewomen. The thematic findings include: "Tip of the Spear," a largely laudatory category portraying the "new" or "first" generation of servicewomen filling historically uncommon (particularly direct ground combat) roles for women; the "Combat Debate," with coverage listing arguments for and against military women’s expansion into "direct ground combat;" and the "Sexual Assault" category that exposed women as continued victims of sexual assault across the U.S. Armed Forces. The portrayals of women in the "Tip of the Spear," and to a lesser extent in the "Combat Debate," reveal how these three particular newspapers are applying a new formula to represent military women. Rather than portraying military women in stereotypical support roles—or castigating them for transgressing gender norms—the stories from these papers cast the servicewomen performing traditional
masculine military activities in a positive light. However, following objective reporting protocol, the reports in the "Combat Debate" category also covered conventional patriarchal concerns to include protecting women from harm, particularly military mothers. Overall, these two categories comprised the greater part of the coverage of military women among the reports in this study, with only a handful of reports covering women as victims. I propose that the many positive portrayals that describe women fulfilling nontraditional masculine roles and activities demonstrate a revised blueprint in how the news media report on military women. Furthermore, while these research results cannot be applied universally outside this study’s sample, I contend that these types of images representing today’s servicewomen on contemporary battlefields increase public acceptance of women in the military and their expanding military assignments.
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Malowany, Maureen. "Representations of African women in the historical literature of Nigeria, 1890-1990." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61322.
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The thesis has been divided into five chapters. The three central chapters reflect paradigmatic shifts in Nigerian historiography. During the colonial era, although a few texts written by Nigerians entered the published literature, most writing was produced by non-Africans, anthropologists and colonial administrators, for the purpose of social investigation and control. With the establishment of Nigerian universities in 1948, academic historians, fuelled by the desire for independence, reclaimed their discipline to write local and national political histories. Encouraged by the concerns of the North American feminist movement of the 1970s, women gained an increasing presence in research and literature.Contrary to earlier arguments, categories for representations of women in history coexist in time. There are periods such as the nationalist era, in which women are almost invisible. When women are present in the literature, however, they are seen both in complementary power relationships with men in certain economic areas, such as trading, and in other areas, such as taxation, subject to male power. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)