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Poteat, Tonia C., Carmen H. Logie, Darrin Adams, Tampose Mothopeng, Judith Lebona, Puleng Letsie, and Stefan Baral. "Stigma, sexual health, and human rights among women who have sex with women in Lesotho." Reproductive Health Matters 23, no. 46 (January 2015): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhm.2015.11.020.
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Poteat, Tonia, Carmen Logie, Darrin Adams, Judith Lebona, Puleng Letsie, Chris Beyrer, and Stefan Baral. "Sexual practices, identities and health among women who have sex with women in Lesotho – a mixed-methods study." Culture, Health & Sexuality 16, no. 2 (November 18, 2013): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2013.841291.
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Assaf, Shireen, and Lindsay Mallick. "Event-based analysis of the association between alcohol use and unsafe sex in seven sub-Saharan African countries." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 7, no. 1 (December 3, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.245.
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Aims: To examine the association between alcohol consumption at last sex and unsafe sex in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Design: Multivariable logistic regression of unsafe sex was performed using cross-sectional data with a stratified sample design from seven countries.Setting: The study uses data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Lesotho, Kenya, Mozambique, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.Participants: Men and women age 15–49 years with data available on alcohol consumption and who have had sex in the last 12 months were included in the analysis.Measures: The main independent variable is alcohol consumption at last sex with a non-cohabiting partner.Findings: The analysis has shown that alcohol consumption was a strong predictor of unsafe sex for all surveys except for women in Kenya. Age and number of sexual partners were also strong predictors of unsafe sex.Conclusions: The findings indicate that there is a positive link between alcohol consumption and unsafe sex in all countries except for Kenya among women. The inconsistent finding in Kenya requires further study. One of the main limitations of the analysis is the low number of observations found for women and men who reported drinking at last sex with a non-cohabiting partner.
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Pattman, Rob, and Megan Cockerill. "Christian women and men from Durban: peer sex educators in the making." International Journal of Inclusive Education 11, no. 4 (July 2007): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13603110701391493.
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Ford, K., D. N. Wirawan, W. Suastina, B. D. Reed, and P. Muliawan. "Evaluation of a peer education programme for female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 731–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915156.
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The objective of this paper is to evaluate a peer education programme for female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia. Sex workers participated in face-to-face interviews and STD exams in August-September 1998. In October 1998 one woman from each of 30 clusters was selected to be a peer educator and received a 2-day training on AIDS, STDs, condom use, and condom negotiation. After training, the peer educators were visited twice a week by field workers to answer questions and offer support. All sex workers received group education every 2 months. In January-February 1999, the sex workers again participated in face-to-face interviews and examinations. One month after peer education training, only 50% of the peer educators were still working in the clusters where they were trained. To evaluate the impact of the peer educators, sex workers in clusters where a peer educator continued to work were compared with sex workers in clusters where women did not continue to work ( n = 189). In clusters where women continued to work, there were higher levels of AIDS knowledge ( P < 0.05), STD knowledge ( P < 0.05) and condom use (82 vs 73%, P = 0.15). The prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was also lower in clusters with a peer educator (39% vs 55%, P = 0.05) than in clusters without a peer educator.
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Holway, Giuseppina Valle, and Kathryn Harker Tillman. "Timing of Sexual Initiation and Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adult Marital and Cohabiting Unions." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 12 (November 2, 2015): 1675–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15613826.
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Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this research examines the association between timing of oral sex initiation and marital and cohabiting relationship satisfaction among young adults. Findings indicate that women who transition to oral sex “late” or who have no oral sex experience report higher levels of relationship satisfaction in their current coresidential unions than do women who transition at a “normative” age. Higher levels of relationship satisfaction among women who transition “late,” however, appear to be explained by their lower likelihood of experiencing forced sexual relations and sexually transmitted infections. We find no evidence of any association between timing of oral sex initiation and relationship satisfaction among men. To best promote healthy relationships, researchers, practitioners, and educators need to better understand the various types of sexual activities in which young people engage.
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Luft, Heidi, Weiming Ke, Lara Trifol, Mina Halpern, and Elaine Larson. "Sexual Relationship Power and Safe Sex Communication Among Partnered Women in the Dominican Republic." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659619840413.
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Introduction: Research is needed to identify influences on safe sex communication among specific culture groups. This study aimed to (1) describe sexual behaviors and indicators of sexual power among partnered Dominican women and (2) identify which of these indicators are significantly associated with safe sex communication. Methodology: Cross-sectional surveys, grounded in the theory of gender and power, were conducted with 100 partnered women at a clinic in southeastern Dominican Republic. Linear regression modeling was used to identify significant associations. Results: Self-efficacy (β = 0.48), total personal monthly income (β = 0.21), and history of sexually transmitted infection (β = 0.19) were significantly associated with higher level of partner safe sex communication. Discussion: Nurse clinicians, educators, and researchers should consider self-efficacy, personal income, and history of sexually transmitted infection when addressing communication in HIV prevention efforts among Dominican women.
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Flowers, Sara C. "Enacting Our Multidimensional Power: Black Women Sex Educators Demonstrate the Value of an Intersectional Sexuality Education Framework." Meridians 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 308–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/meridians.16.2.11.
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Caswell, Shane V., and Trenton E. Gould. "Individual Moral Philosophies and Ethical Decision Making of Undergraduate Athletic Training Students and Educators." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.205.
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Abstract Context: Ethics research in athletic training is lacking. Teaching students technical skills is important, but teaching them how to reason and to behave in a manner that befits responsible health care professionals is equally important. Objective: To expand ethics research in athletic training by (1) describing undergraduate athletic training students' and educators' individual moral philosophies and ethical decision-making abilities and (2) investigating the effects of sex and level of education on mean composite individual moral philosophies and ethical decision-making scores. Design: Stratified, multistage, cluster-sample correlational study. Setting: Mailed survey instruments were distributed in classroom settings at 30 institutions having Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)–accredited athletic training programs. Patients or Other Participants: Undergraduate students and educators (n = 598: 373 women, 225 men; mean age = 23.5 ± 6.3 years) from 25 CAAHEP-accredited athletic training programs. Main Outcome Measure(s): We used the Ethics Position Questionnaire and the Dilemmas in Athletic Training Questionnaire to compute participants' mean composite individual moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) and ethical decision-making scores, respectively. Three separate 2 (sex: male, female) × 3 (education level: underclass, upper class, educator) between-subjects factorial analyses of variance using idealism, relativism, and ethical decision-making scores as dependent measures were performed. Results: Respondents reported higher idealism scores (37.57 ± 4.91) than relativism scores (31.70 ± 4.80) (response rate = 83%). The mean ethical decision-making score for all respondents was 80.76 ± 7.88. No significant interactions were revealed. The main effect for sex illustrated that men reported significantly higher relativism scores (P = .0014, η2 = .015) than did women. The main effect for education level revealed significant differences between students' and educators' idealism (P = .0190, η2 = .013), relativism (P < .001, η2 = .050), and ethical decision-making scores (P < .001, η2 = .027). Tukey honestly significant difference post hoc analysis indicated that educators possessed lower idealism scores (36.90 ± 5.70) and relativism scores (29.92 ± 4.86) and higher ethical decision-making scores (82.98 ± 7.62) than did students. Conclusions: Our findings do not support changes in athletic training ethics education practices to address sex-specific needs. However, when opportunities occur for students to reason using different ethical perspectives, educators should be aware of their students' and their own moral philosophies in order to optimally facilitate professional growth.
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Wainer, Howard, and Linda Steinberg. "Sex Differences in Performance on the Mathematics Section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test: A Bidirectional Validity Study." Harvard Educational Review 62, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.62.3.1p1555011301r133.
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In this article, Howard Wainer and Linda Steinberg examine sex differences in scores on the mathematics section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT-M) by comparing the SAT-M scores of men and women who performed similarly in first-year college math courses. Matching almost 47,000 men and women on type of math course taken and grade received, the authors found that, on average, women had scored about 33 SAT points lower than men who had taken the same course and received the same grade. The authors then analyzed the same data using prospective regression analysis and found somewhat larger sex differences in the same direction. Though the data do not allow any conclusions about the cause of these differences in SAT-M scores,they do provide evidence of sex differences in the validity of the SAT-M as a predictor of college math performance. The authors conclude with a discussion of how educators might respond to possible inequities in test performance.
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Grambs, Jean Dresden. "Are Older Women Teachers Different?" Journal of Education 169, no. 1 (January 1987): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205748716900105.
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Most teachers are women, and most older teachers are women. Does this group of educators comprise a distinctive population in terms of their own growing older and/or in the ways they teach and participate in school affairs? Low status is associated with being older, being female, and being a teacher. When combined, there are some expected stresses and problems not encountered by male counterparts. The double pressure of job and family for a woman in midlife often produces personal crises since work situations do not respond to these pressures on women. Unfortunately, research on age and teaching is almost nonexistent and there is very little on gender and teaching. Despite much negative commentary about women teachers in the educational literature, there are no studies showing women teachers to be less effective than men at any age. More study is needed to determine the impact of age, sex, and work on performance and quality of life. Meanwhile, school systems could be more responsive to the stresses older women face as well as the ways in which women use the workplace.
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Rudman, Laurie A. "Myths of Sexual Economics Theory." Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684317714707.
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The authors of sexual economics theory (Baumeister & Twenge, 2002; Baumeister & Vohs, 2004) argue that sex is a female commodity that women exchange for men’s resources; therefore, women (not men) are responsible for the cultural suppression of sexuality, ostensibly to preserve the value of sex. In this article, I describe the central tenets of sexual economics theory and summarize a growing body of research contradicting them. I also explain the negative implications of the claims of sexual economics theory for gender equality and heterosexual relationships. Researchers, clinicians, and educators engaged in understanding human sexuality may use the arguments provided in this article to counteract gender myths. This article also serves as a case study of how feminist scholars can employ empirical evidence to weaken a popularized, patriarchal theory.
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King, Rachel, Eva Muhanguzi, Miriam Nakitto, Miriam Mirembe, Francis Xavier Kasujja, Daniel Bagiire, and Janet Seeley. "Mobility study of young women who exchange sex for money or commodities using Google Maps and qualitative methods in Kampala, Uganda." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e043078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043078.
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ObjectivesWe aimed to assess mobility patterns and reasons for high mobility among young women engaged in sex work within a randomised controlled trial to gauge how mobility may hinder access to health services and enhance HIV risk in a highly vulnerable population.SettingParticipants were recruited from a clinic in Kampala, Uganda set up for women at high risk of HIV infection.ParticipantsAdolescent girls and young women engaged in sex for money and/or commodities are at particular risk in countries with high HIV prevalence and high fertility rates. High mobility increases exposure to HIV risk. Women participants were eligible for the parent study if aged 15–24 years, HIV negative and engaged in sex work. For this substudy, 34 qualitative interviews were held with 14 sex workers (6 HIV positive, 8 HIV negative), 6 health worker/policy makers, 3 peer educators, 5 ‘queen mothers’ and 6 male partnersMeasuresParticipants used Google Maps to identify work venues at 12-month and 18-month study visits. We also conducted 34 interviews on mobility with: high-risk women, male partners, health workers and sex-worker managers. Topics included: distance, frequency and reasons for mobility. We used Python software to analyse mapping data.ResultsInterviews found in depth narratives describing lack of education and employment opportunities, violence, lack of agency, social, sexual and familial support networks and poverty as a complex web of reasons for high mobility among young sex workers.ConclusionsYoung women at high risk are highly mobile. Reasons for mobility impact access and retention to health services and research activities. Strategies to improve retention in care should be cognisant and tailored to suit mobility patterns.Trial registration numberNCT03203200.
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Madiba, Sphiwe, and Mamorapeli Putsoane. "Testing Positive and Disclosing in Pregnancy: A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Adolescents and Young Women in Maseru, Lesotho." AIDS Research and Treatment 2020 (February 12, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6126210.
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The routine antenatal screening through the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services results in pregnancy being often the point at which an HIV diagnosis is made. Disclosure to partners presents particular complexities during pregnancy. However, research on the pattern and experiences of disclosure in pregnancy is limited in Lesotho, despite the high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the disclosure experiences of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) after receiving a positive HIV test result during pregnancy. Methods. Descriptive phenomenology using semistructured in-depth interview was used to collect data from AGYM sampled purposively from PMTCT sites located in urban areas of Maseru, Lesotho. Data analysis was inductive and followed the thematic approach. Findings. There were 15 AGYW involved in this study with the mean age of 20 years. Fourteen reported being pregnant with their first child and perceived HIV testing in antenatal care as compulsory. Ten AGYM disclosed their HIV status in the immediate posttesting period to protect their partners from HIV infection. The narratives revealed that the AGYM hoped that after disclosing, the partner would be tested for HIV. Furthermore, the AGYM disclosed because they wanted freedom to take their medication. Their experience of disclosure was relief, as they did not have to hide their HIV status. The AGYM reported being supported to adhere to medication and clinic attendance by their partners who also provided emotional support to them to deal with being HIV positive and pregnant. Conclusion. The AGYM recounted an overall positive experience of disclosure to their partners who agreed to test for HIV and adopted safe sex practices. This has positive implications for the PMTCT programme and the involvement of men in reproductive health. Therefore, there is need to integrate disclosure and partner testing interventions in the cascade of services in PMTCT programmes.
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Tanner, Amanda E., Lilli Mann-Jackson, Eunyoung Y. Song, Jorge Alonzo, Katherine R. Schafer, Samuella Ware, Danielle N. Horridge, et al. "Supporting Health Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women With HIV: Lessons Learned From Implementing the weCare Intervention." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839920936241.
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Young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women with HIV, particularly those who are racial or ethnic minorities, often have poor health outcomes. They also utilize a wide array of social media. Accordingly, we developed and implemented weCare, an mHealth (mobile health) intervention where cyberhealth educators utilize established social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, texting, and GPS-based mobile applications [“apps”]) designed for social and sexual networking) to improve HIV-related care engagement and health outcomes. As part of the process evaluation of weCare, we conducted 32 interviews with intervention participants ( n = 18) and HIV clinic providers and staff ( n = 14). This article highlights three key intervention characteristics that promoted care engagement, including that weCare is (1) targeted (e.g., using existing social media platforms, similarity between intervention participants and cyberhealth educator, and implementation within a supportive clinical environment), (2) tailored (e.g., bidirectional messaging and trusting relationship between participants and cyberhealth educators to direct interactions), and (3) personalized (e.g., addressing unique care needs through messaging content and flexibility in engagement with intervention). In addition, interviewees’ recommendations for improving weCare focused on logistics, content, and the ways in which the intervention could be adapted to reach a larger audience. Quality improvement efforts to ensure that mHealth interventions are relevant for young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women are critical to ensure care engagement and support health outcomes.
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Blount, Jackie. "Manly Men and Womanly Women: Deviance, Gender Role Polarization, and the Shift in Women's School Employment, 1900–1976." Harvard Educational Review 66, no. 2 (July 1, 1996): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.66.2.q24710621vp7k518.
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Drawing on historical data, Jackie Blount argues in this article that explanations for shifts in employment patterns of women educators for most of the twentieth century have overlooked the impact of homophobia and gender role stereotypes. As Blount notes, although women teachers, more than half of whom were single, outnumbered men by more than two to one in the early 1900's, this trend shifted radically in the fifteen years following World War II, when the percentage of single women in the teaching profession fell to half its pre-war levels. Similarly, the number of women superintendents also declined rapidly. Blount analyzes school policies and practices, events, and publications from the turn of the century to the 1970s to uncover the practice of sexually stigmatizing women who defied narrowly defined gender roles. She describes events and theories that led to increasing gender role polarization after World War II that pressured women into assuming gender-specific roles, attitudes, and appearances, and that led to increasing gender role polarization after World War II that led to campaigns to identify and dismiss those in schools who were thought to be homosexual. Blount cautions that homophobia continues to hold sex discrimination practices in place, particularly those connected with women seeking power in schools. She concludes with the thought that until gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender educators are valued in public education, the powerful forces that maintain gender role barriers are unlikely to be erased.
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Hewitt, Ibrahim. "Sex Education and Religion." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i1.2081.
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The far-reaching implications of the debate surrounding sex education instate schools are summed up by the late Professor Syed Ali Ashraf in hisForeword to this book: "We are up against a tremendous conspiracy todethrone the religious concept of a human being from the minds of people."Sex education is "just a modus operandi" of the "secularist philosophy" underpinningthis conspiracy (p. 3).1n presenting a number of essays on sex education from different faith andnonfaith perspectives, the editors have succeeded in introducing readers notonly to Islamic concepts of sexual relationships and sex education, but also tothe ideological battle that is being played out with children's education. At thevery heart of this debate we find unanswered and unanswerable questions about liberal democracy and how liberal it can be in allowing minorities toflourish in its midst.The argument basically revolves around the liberal push for increasing individualrights and to see how far such rights can go in relation to responsibilities.As Carole Ulanowsky notes in her contribution titled "Sex Education:Beyond Information to Values," the balance has tipped in favor of rights - aposition that is (perhaps) suitable for the mature educator but which "can leaveyoung people morally adrift" (p. 22).In his overview titled "Values and Sex Education in a Multicultural Society,"Mark Halstead demonstrates that this issue is complex and laced with difficulties;however, "the promotion of 'responsible sexual behavior' has become adominant motif in contemporary sex education in Britain as in other westerncountries" (p. 236). But who is to decide what is "reasonable"? Parents?Educators? Or that thorn in the side of liberal sex educators: religion?In stating Islamic positions on this subject, Noibi and Abdul Mabud coverground that has been well-presented elsewhere; however, the fact that theircontributions are neither out of place nor dated illustrates how little educatorshave learnt from earlier publications by Muslims on this subject. An alternative,less charitable view might conclude that the liberal sex education lobbyhas learnt too much about the Islamic position and has, as a result, strengthenedefforts to undermine it.For example, Michael Reiss proposes that "the way forward may be for societyto make it easier for homosexuals to live in lasting and mutually faithfulsexual relationships" (p. 146), and David Carr asks, "How could any civilizedperson see it as other than a moral advance over bygone tyrannies that homosexualmen and women are no longer persecuted?" (p. 170). Going further,Carr says that "liberal modernity has at least freed us from a range of irrationalprohibitions." This stand taken by both men demonstrates how "liberal values"can in fact be imposed on young people and, in doing so, force them to altertheir own beliefs (and possibly practices). Carr's implication is that the prohibitionof homosexuality in scriptures is "irrational," thereby making his ownstatement "rational." But on what grounds can he make such a judgment? As anumber of contributions remind us, education is not value-free, and it is a mythto suggest that the liberal view of sex education is either neutral or morallysuperior to other views. Abdul Mabud puts it succinctly: "Passivity [and] neutrality"in sex education are themselves "values" (p. 110) ...
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Lund, Jessie I., Peggy J. Kleinplatz, Maxime Charest, and Jonathan D. Huber. "The Relationship Between the Sexual Self and the Experience of Pregnancy." Journal of Perinatal Education 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.28.1.43.
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Studies reveal that prenatal health-care providers and educators often refrain from discussing sexuality with their patients. The present study explored the relationship between sexuality and pregnancy by considering whether the way in which women view themselves sexually is associated with their experience of pregnancy. Findings revealed that a positive sexual self was significantly related to a positive experience of pregnancy and that particular experiences of pregnancy were more significantly related to how women viewed themselves sexually than others. The findings encourage further discussion regarding the role that comprehensive sex education and training of prenatal health-care providers might play in ultimately establishing open, honest, and nonjudgmental discussions about sexuality between providers and their pregnant patients and partners.
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Miller, Virginia M. "Why are sex and gender important to basic physiology and translational and individualized medicine?" American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): H781—H788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00994.2013.
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Sex refers to biological differences between men and women. Although sex is a fundamental aspect of human physiology that splits the population in two approximately equal halves, this essential biological variable is rarely considered in the design of basic physiological studies, in translating findings from basic science to clinical research, or in developing personalized medical strategies. Contrary to sex, gender refers to social and cultural factors related to being a man or a woman in a particular historical and cultural context. Unfortunately, gender is often used incorrectly by scientists and clinical investigators as synonymous with sex. This article clarifies the definition of sex and gender and reviews evidence showing how sex and gender interact with each other to influence etiology, presentation of disease, and treatment outcomes. In addition, strategies to improve the inclusion of female and male human beings in preclinical and clinical studies will be presented, and the importance of embedding concepts of sex and gender into postgraduate and medical curricula will be discussed. Also, provided is a list of resources for educators. In the history of medical concepts, physiologists have provided pivotal contributions to understanding health and disease processes. In the future, physiologists should provide the evidence for advancing personalized medicine and for reducing sex and gender disparities in health care.
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Perez-Quintana, Anna, Esther Hormiga, Joan Carles Martori, and Rafa Madariaga. "The influence of sex and gender-role orientation in the decision to become an entrepreneur." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-12-2015-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between sex, gender-role orientation (GRO) and the decision to become an entrepreneur. Because of the fact that gender stereotypes have influences on the preferences and choices of individuals in their career, this research proposes the following objectives: to determine the existence of gender stereotypes that have an influence on human behaviour and specially in this research context; to measure the GRO of each individual; and, finally, to analyze the relationship between the entrepreneurial intention, the sex and the GRO of participants. Design/methodology/approach Based on a questionnaire, this study follows the Bem Sex-Role Inventory methodology to perform an analysis by means of the multiple regression model. This study uses two different samples of 760 students who attend business administration and management undergraduate programs. Findings The outcomes show that GRO is a better predictor of the decision to become an entrepreneur than biological sex. Moreover, the results for the whole sample confirm the relationship between masculine and androgynous GRO with entrepreneurial intention, whereas there is also evidence of feminine GRO when we consider only women. Research limitations/implications In line with previous studies that link GRO and entrepreneurship, in this paper, the authors have analyzed business administration students’ view to draw conclusions. The next step is to apply the gender perspective to advance in the analysis of the features that characterize business managers. Likewise, it is interesting to continue the study of gender social construction in entrepreneurship focusing on the discourse used by entrepreneurs or in the media. Practical implications The conclusions of this study are relevant for educators and trainers of future entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial archetype evolves from masculinity to androgyny. This may help women entrepreneurial intentions. Emphasizing androgynous traits is a way to disable male stereotype domination and threat. This possibility is open, not only for educators who have the ability to improve this perception but also for media, advertising companies and women to push and value female entrepreneurship. Social implications The implicit dynamism in GROs leads to the possibility of changes in workplace views and especially in entrepreneurship as a career option. In this way, it is possible that the general belief that the company owners are men may change. Improving women entrepreneurs’ social visibility, which acts as “role models” may increase female entrepreneur intention. Moreover, emphasis on the androgynous entrepreneur traits in forums at different levels of education, in entrepreneur training activities, will certainly increase the women entrepreneur intention if they perceive they have positively valued traits for entrepreneurship. Originality/value Selecting 31 items related with the entrepreneur person, this work tests empirically their gender categorization. This procedure allows to measure participants’ GRO following the four gender categories and classify them by sex. Finally, the authors analyze the influence the GRO and sex exert over entrepreneurial intention and provide empirical evidence in favour that GRO is a more robust variable to predict entrepreneurial intention than sex, and androgynous GRO is the most influential category on entrepreneurial intention.
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Strauss, Shiela M., Mary T. Rosedale, and David M. Rindskopf. "Predictors of Depression Among Adult Women With Diabetes in the United States." Diabetes Educator 42, no. 6 (November 9, 2016): 728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721716672339.
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Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify the sex-specific characteristics that predict depression among adult women with diabetes. Methods Data from the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States were used to identify the predictors of depression in a large sample of women ages 20 years and older with diabetes (n = 946). Results When extrapolated to almost 9 million women in the United States ≥ 20 years of age with diabetes, 19.0% had depression. Female-specific significant predictors of depression included younger age (< 65 years old), less than high school graduation, self-rated fair or poor health, inactivity due to poor health, and pain that interferes with usual activities. Marital status and diabetes-related factors (years living with diabetes, use of insulin, parent or sibling with diabetes) were not significant predictors of depression in adult women with diabetes. Conclusion When educating and counseling women with diabetes, diabetes educators should be aware that some of the predictors of depression in women with diabetes differ from those of populations that include both sexes. Depression screening, although important for all women with diabetes, should especially be performed among women with female-specific depression predictors.
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Pantelic, Marija, Janina I. Steinert, Jay Park, Shaun Mellors, and Fungai Murau. "‘Management of a spoiled identity’: systematic review of interventions to address self-stigma among people living with and affected by HIV." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 2 (March 2019): e001285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001285.
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BackgroundSelf-stigma, also known as internalised stigma, is a global public health threat because it keeps people from accessing HIV and other health services. By hampering HIV testing, treatment and prevention, self-stigma can compromise the sustainability of health interventions and have serious epidemiological consequences. This review synthesised existing evidence of interventions aiming to reduce self-stigma experienced by people living with HIV and key populations affected by HIV in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsStudies were identified through bibliographic databases, grey literature sites, study registries, back referencing and contacts with researchers, and synthesised following Cochrane guidelines.ResultsOf 5880 potentially relevant titles, 20 studies were included in the review. Represented in these studies were 9536 people (65% women) from Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nepal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda and Vietnam. Seventeen of the studies recruited people living with HIV (of which five focused specifically on pregnant women). The remaining three studies focused on young men who have sex with men, female sex workers and men who inject drugs. Studies were clustered into four categories based on the socioecological level of risk or resilience that they targeted: (1) individual level only, (2) individual and relational levels, (3) individual and structural levels and (4) structural level only. Thirteen studies targeting structural risks (with or without individual components) consistently produced significant reductions in self-stigma. The remaining seven studies that did not include a component to address structural risks produced mixed effects.ConclusionStructural interventions such as scale-up of antiretroviral treatment, prevention of medication stockouts, social empowerment and economic strengthening may help substantially reduce self-stigma among individuals. More research is urgently needed to understand how to reduce self-stigma among young people and key populations, as well as how to tackle intersectional self-stigma.
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Naidu, Swaran L., Gillian Z. Heller, Seremaia Koroi, Lauren Deakin, and Rajat Gyaneshwar. "Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers Regarding Safe Sex and Contraceptive Use in Rural Women in Fiji." Pacific Journal of Reproductive Health 1, no. 5 (June 29, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/2017.901.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Fiji has a low contraceptive uptake rate and high rates of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In this paper we report the result of a study on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers (KAPB) to safe sex and contraceptive use, conducted on 1494 rural women aged between 18 to 75 years in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To explore the knowledge, attitudes, practice and barriers regarding safe sex and contraceptive use in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Structured questionnaires were administered to women presenting to rural outreach Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) education sessions and clinics conducted by trained health educators and clinicians.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Knowledge on how pregnancy occurred and how to avoid pregnancies was high<strong> </strong>(86% and 83% respectively); but when it came to practice 43% of women had never used a contraceptive. Despite 81% of women having completed either secondary or tertiary education, 88% were not aware of emergency contraception. Fifty three percent of respondents were unaware that condom use provided protection against both pregnancy and STIs. Sixty three percent knew how an STI is contracted but 48% were unaware of any of the symptoms of STIs. Women offered ‘lack of knowledge’ (53%), ‘being married’ (17%), ‘difficulty accessing’ (10%) or ‘partner disagrees’ (7%) as the common barriers to condom use. Forty percent of women were unable to articulate a barrier to contraceptive use and said they did not know whereas 21% said ‘fear’, 15% said ‘partner objecting’ and 5% said ‘religion’ were barriers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While a high percentage of women had some knowledge of how to avoid pregnancies and how STIs were contracted, this did not translate to practice of safe sex or use of contraceptives.<strong> </strong>Review of current education and health programs is necessary to ensure that misinformation and false perceptions do not act as barriers. The influence of the partner needs further research.<strong></strong></p>
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Sanders, Stephanie A., Brandon J. Hill, William L. Yarber, Cynthia A. Graham, Richard A. Crosby, and Robin R. Milhausen. "Misclassification bias: diversity in conceptualisations about having 'had sex'." Sexual Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09068.
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Background: Understanding the signification of the word ‘sex’ has implications for both medical research and clinical practice. Little is known about how people of varying ages define sex and how situational qualifiers influence definitions across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study of a representative sample to assess attitudes about which sexual behaviours constitute having ‘had sex’ and to examine possible mediating factors (gender, age, giving/receiving stimulation, male ejaculation, female orgasm, condom use or brevity). Methods: A telephone survey of English-speaking residents of Indiana (USA) using random-digit-dialling produced a final sample of 204 men and 282 women (n = 486) ranging in age from 18 to 96 years. Questions assessed the respondents’ attitudes on manual-genital (MG), oral-genital (OG), penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI) and penile-anal intercourse (PAI) behaviours. Results: There was no universal consensus on which behaviours constituted having ‘had sex’. More than 90% responded ‘yes’ to PVI but one in five responded ‘no’ to PAI, three in 10 responded ‘no’ to OG and about half endorsed MG. Fewer endorsed PVI with no male ejaculation (89.1%) compared with PVI without a qualifier (94.8%, P < 0.001). MG was endorsed more often when received (48.1%) than given (44.9%, P < 0.001). Among men, the oldest and youngest age groups were significantly less likely to believe certain behaviours constituted having ‘had sex’. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to use behaviour-specific terminology in sexual history taking, sex research, sexual health promotion and sex education. Researchers, educators and medical practitioners should exercise caution and not assume that their own definitions of having ‘had sex’ are shared by their research participants or patients.
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Mercer Kollar, Laura M., Teaniese L. Davis, Jennifer L. Monahan, Jennifer A. Samp, Valerie B. Coles, Erin L. P. Bradley, Jessica McDermott Sales, et al. "Do As I Say." Health Education & Behavior 43, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198116630528.
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Sexual risk reduction interventions are often ineffective for women who drink alcohol. The present study examines whether an alcohol-related sexual risk reduction intervention successfully trains women to increase assertive communication behaviors and decrease aggressive communication behaviors. Women demonstrated their communication skills during interactive role-plays with male role-play partners. Young, unmarried, and nonpregnant African American women ( N = 228, ages 18-24) reporting unprotected vaginal or anal sex and greater than three alcoholic drinks in the past 90 days were randomly assigned to a control, a sexual risk reduction, or a sexual and alcohol risk reduction (NLITEN) condition. Women in the NLITEN condition significantly increased assertive communication behavior compared to women in the control condition, yet use of aggressive communicative behaviors was unchanged. These data suggest assertive communication training is an efficacious component of a sexual and alcohol risk reduction intervention. Public health practitioners and health educators may benefit from group motivational enhancement therapy (GMET) training and adding a GMET module to existing sexual health risk reduction interventions. Future research should examine GMET’s efficacy in combination with other evidence-based interventions within other populations and examine talking over and interrupting one’s sexual partner as an assertive communication behavior within sexual health contexts.
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Sullivan, Victoria, Laetitia Coles, Yuwei Xu, Francisco Perales, and Karen Thorpe. "Beliefs and attributions: Insider accounts of men’s place in early childhood education and care." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 21, no. 2 (June 2020): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949120929462.
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Theoretical perspectives, and a large body of empirical research examining sex-segregated occupations, identify the attitudinal barriers of the majority as pivotal for both workplace well-being and the retention of minorities. Globally, where more than 90% of the early childhood education and care workforce is female, understanding the attitudes of the majority is critical in informing actions to sustain men’s participation. So too are female educators’ understanding, acceptance and responses to the attitudes of other key stakeholders. The extent to which decisions in the workplace reflect personal, organisational or parent perspectives is not well understood. In this study, the authors analyse interview data from the female majority to distinguish personal voice and attributed beliefs regarding the inclusion of men in the early childhood education and care workplace. They analyse interview data from 96 women working as educators in a representative sample of long-day-care and kindergarten services in Queensland, Australia. The analyses suggest that the view of male educators as assets was claimed, while concerns about risk or competency were typically attributed to others. Attributed views were not often contested, but instead accepted or excused. The findings suggest that while the inclusion of men in the early childhood education and care workforce is explicitly accepted by female colleagues, actions within the workforce may be influenced by the attitudes of those outside or by latent personal attitudes distanced by positioning as the voice of others.
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Muffih, T. P., F. Manjuha, M. Fai, M. Babey, K. Nulah, T. Welty, and E. Welty. "Cervical Cancer Screening of Commercial Sex Workers in NW and SW Regions of Cameroon." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 50s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.66300.
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Background: In 2008, the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS) organized New Life Clubs (NLC) for commercial sex workers to provide: 1) medical information and free HIV testing and male and female condoms to reduce transmission of HIV and other reproductive tract infections (RTIs); 2) psychosocial and spiritual support, and; 3) training on safer sex and more sustainable income-generating opportunities. Since about one third of the 600 NLC members are HIV-positive, they are high risk for cervical cancer. Methods: In 2017 CBCHS educated NLC members in Mutengene, Bamenda and Banso about cervical cancer, obtained informed consent to screen them visually after application of acetic acid and Lugol's iodine enhanced by digital cervicography, examined those who consented for free, treated women with precancers, provided condoms at no cost to reduce transmission of HIV and prevent unintended pregnancies, and evaluated the program impact. Results: Of the 103 NLC members screened, 101 records were analyzed; 40 were HIV-positive (39.6%) and 33 of those (82.5%) were on treatment. Six were diagnosed with cervical precancer (5.9%). Three were treated (50%); two with thermal coagulation and one with LEEP. Three were treated for RTIs and two for genital warts. Conclusion: Cervical cancer screening and treatment of precancers of commercial sex workers is feasible, if the costs are subsidized. The WHP will expand screening and train NLC coordinators to be cervical cancer educators and to assess unmet family planning needs. Treatment of HIV-positive sex workers is a priority because treatment is prevention.
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Jommaroeng, Rapeepun, Kerry Anne Richter, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, and Amara Soonthorndhada. "The effectiveness of national HIV prevention education program on behavioral changes for men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand." Journal of Health Research 34, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-12-2018-0163.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the national HIV prevention outreach program for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Design/methodology/approach It examined changes in condom use, lubricant use, HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake and sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening uptake, as well as how and why changes did or did not occur. The study applied mixed methods of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Findings There were 16,539 MSM, and TGW reached at least three times in the program during October 2011‒September 2012. The program was found to affect changes in condom use with steady partners (p<0.000), condom use with casual partners (p<0.000), water-based lubricant use (p<0.000), HTC uptake (p<0.000) and STIs screening uptake (p<0.000). Age and province of outreach are associated with HTC uptake and STI screening (p<0.000), slightly as well as gender identity (p<0.1). Gender identity and province of outreach are associated with condom use with steady partners (p<0.000). Gender identity (p<0.000) and sex work (p<0.05) are associated with the use of lubricant. The qualitative results showed that the program had an immediate effect on HTC and STIs screening due to successful bond between the outreach workers and their clients, leading to trust and influencing behavior change. Originality/value HIV prevention by peer educators continues to be proved the most effective method, assuming its program consistency. TGW are more vulnerable to MSM to protect themselves, and they have steady partners. Future program for MSM can be replicated and scaled up, but more empowerment component and self-esteem building should be integrated to target TGW.
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Gray, Sarah. "Biological requirements or social expectations? Entanglements of sex and gender in nutrition policies in Ontario secondary schools." Health Education Journal 80, no. 7 (May 18, 2021): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00178969211011208.
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Objectives: An increasing number of nutrition policies have been implemented in Ontario schools as part of a concerted effort to address students’ well-being. This article explores understandings of biological differences in nutrition requirements between young men and women and the extent to which these differences are (re)produced in social eating behaviours and food pedagogies. Setting: A suburban school (grades 9–12) located in the Greater Toronto-Hamilton Area in Ontario, Canada. Method: Critical policy analysis combined with 13 focus groups of students (13–18 years old) in one Ontario school. A biopedagogical lens was used to analyse how young people develop and deploy their own reasoning and question the messages they receive about expected behaviour. Results: Focus group discussions suggest that dominant discourses and constructions about sex/gender are reproduced within the school environment, which has implications for the effectiveness of nutrition policies in schools. Furthermore, differences between young men and women’s eating behaviours were found to be contradictory to biopedagogical instructions from educational institutions and governmental agencies. For some young people, the pedagogical messages received are limited in their effectiveness because young people have not been convinced that it is worth risking their social status or because their content is contrary to messages received from media or their peers. Conclusion: Incorporating student voice in the creation of educational policy will assist health educators and school officials to understand sex/gender influences on the behaviour of students in terms of financial considerations, peer influence and social image. Optimising student voice to understand how they themselves may contribute to the implementation of policies will in turn increase the policies’ effectiveness.
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Altalib, HH, BT Fenton, J. Sico, JL Goulet, H. Bathulapalli, A. Mohammad, J. Kulas, et al. "Increase in migraine diagnoses and guideline-concordant treatment in veterans, 2004–2012." Cephalalgia 37, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416631959.
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Background and aim Health administrators, policy makers, and educators have attempted to increase guideline adherence of migraine medications while reducing inappropriate use of opioid- and barbiturate-containing medications. We evaluated the burden of migraine and proportion of guideline-concordant care in a large, national health care system over time. Methods We conducted a time-series study using data from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health record. Veterans with migraines were identified by ICD-9 code (346.X). Prescriptions and comorbid conditions were evaluated before and after migraine diagnosis. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were performed. Results A total of 57,064 veterans were diagnosed with migraine headache (5.3%), with women significantly more likely diagnosed (11.6% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.0001). The number of veterans diagnosed with migraine has significantly increased over the years. By 2012, triptans were prescribed to 43% of people with migraine, with no difference by gender. However, triptan prescriptions increased from 2004 to 2012 in men, but not women, veterans. Preventive medicines showed a significant increase with the year of migraine diagnosis, after controlling for age, sex, race, and for comorbidities treated with medications used for migraine prevention. Conclusions The burden of migraines is increasing within the VHA, with a corresponding increase in the delivery of guideline-concordant acute and prophylactic migraine-specific medication.
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Lesmana, Teguh. "Hubungan Harga Diri dan Prasangka Gender Dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Cyberbullying Pelajar Jakarta." Jurnal Psikologi TALENTA 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/talenta.v5i1.9765.
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The phenomenon of cyberbullying often occurs in Indonesia, especially in adolescents. The case of cyberbullying tends to occur because of the problem of self-esteem in the perpetrators of cyberbullying. Apart from self-esteem issues, it was also found that men tend to do cyberbullying more often than women. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of self-esteem and gender prejudice to cyberbullying behavior on students in Jakarta. The research method used is the stratified random sampling technique. This research was conducted to high school and vocational high school students on an equal level in DKI Jakarta with a sample of 435 people. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between self-esteem and the tendency of cyberbullying behavior. In addition, gender prejudice was also found to have a significant relationship with the tendency of cyberbullying behavior. These results are expected to be the basis for educators and parents and the government to provide early education to adolescents about the importance of developing tolerance and respect for the opposite sex and providing education on how to use social media wisely.
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Veronese, Vanessa, Kathleen Elizabeth Ryan, Chad Hughes, Megan SC Lim, Alisa Pedrana, and Mark Stoové. "Using Digital Communication Technology to Increase HIV Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (July 28, 2020): e14230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14230.
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Background HIV continues to disproportionately affect men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW). Undiagnosed HIV is a major driver of HIV transmission rates, and increasing the uptake of regular HIV testing and facilitating timely initiation of HIV treatment is a global HIV prevention priority. However, MSM and TW experience a range of barriers that limit their access to testing and other prevention services. Given their growing ubiquity, digital communication technologies are increasingly being used to support HIV prevention efforts, and a growing number of studies have trialed the use of digital technology to promote HIV testing among MSM and TW. Objective We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of digital communication technology on HIV testing uptake among MSM and TW. Subanalyses aimed to identify the features and characteristics of digital interventions associated with greater impact. Methods A systematic literature review was undertaken using select databases and conference repositories. Studies describing the use of a digital technology—internet-enabled devices, including phones, tablets, and computers—to increase HIV testing uptake among MSM or TW using either randomized or observational cohort design with measurement of HIV testing rates measured pre- and postintervention, and published in English between 2010 and 2018 were included. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using a random effects meta-analysis. Subanalyses calculated effect estimates grouped by selected features of digital interventions. Results A total of 13 randomized or observational studies were included in the final review. Digital interventions most commonly used mainstream, existing social media platforms (n=7) or promotion through online peer educators (n=5). Most interventions (n=8) were categorized as interactive and allowed user engagement and most directly facilitated testing (n=7) either by providing self-testing kits or referral to testing services. A total of 1930 participants were included across the 13 studies. HIV testing uptake among MSM and TW exposed to digital interventions was 1.5 times higher than that of unexposed MSM and TW (risk ratio [RR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.7). Subanalyses suggested an increased impact on HIV testing uptake among interventions that were delivered through mainstream social media–based platforms (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.1), included direct facilitation of HIV testing (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9), were interactive (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8), and involved end users in the design process (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0). Conclusions These findings provide broad support for the integration of technology with existing approaches to promote and facilitate HIV testing among MSM and TW. Our findings identified key features that may be associated with greater impact on HIV testing uptake and can be used to inform future development efforts given the growing interest and application of digital technologies in HIV prevention. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42017070055; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017070055.
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Díaz Rodríguez, Irene M., Mª Dolores Gil Llario, Rafael Ballester Arnal, Vicente Morell Mengual, and Rosa J. Molero Mañes. "CONOCIMIENTOS, COMPORTAMIENTO Y ACTITUDES SEXUALES EN ADULTOS CON DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 3, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v3.519.
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Abstract:KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADULTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIESThis paper conducts an exploratory study whose overall objective is to analyze sexual behavior, level of knowledge and attitudes about safe sex practices in a sample of people with intellectual disabilities to prevent sexual violence against this group. The sample is composed of 78 people (39 men and 39 women) with a mild or moderate intellectual disability. The results obtained through a structured interview indicate that the level of knowledge about sexual practices highlights that 73.1% had sexual intercourse, 87.4% had knowledge of the different types of contraceptive methods and 56.3% trust the professionals and educators to address sexuality issues. These results underscore the importance of tailoring affective-sexual educations programs for this group.Keywords: Intellectual disabilities, safe sex, relationships, sexual abuse.Resumen:En este trabajo se lleva a cabo un estudio exploratorio cuyo objetivo general es analizar el comportamiento sexual, y el nivel de conocimientos y actitudes relativas a las prácticas de sexo seguro en una muestra de personas con discapacidad intelectual para prevenir la violencia sexual hacia este colectivo. La muestra está compuesta por 78 personas (39 hombres y 39 mujeres) con discapacidad intelectual leve o moderada. Los resultados obtenidos mediante una entrevista estructurada indican que en el nivel de conocimientos sobre prácticas sexuales destaca que el 73.1% había mantenido relaciones sexuales, el 87.4% conocían los diferentes tipos de métodos anticonceptivos y el 56.3% confiaba en los profesionales y educadores para tratar temas relativos a la sexualidad. Estos resultados subrayan la necesidad de desarrollar programas de educación afectiva-sexual adecuados a este colectivo.Palabras clave: Discapacidad Intelectual, prácticas de sexo seguro, relaciones de pareja, abuso sexual.
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Busza, Joanna, Tarisai Chiyaka, Sithembile Musemburi, Elizabeth Fearon, Calum Davey, Sungai Chabata, Phillis Mushati, et al. "Enhancing national prevention and treatment services for sex workers in Zimbabwe: a process evaluation of the SAPPH-IRe trial." Health Policy and Planning 34, no. 5 (June 1, 2019): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz037.
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Abstract Targeted HIV interventions for female sex workers (FSW) combine biomedical technologies, behavioural change and community mobilization with the aim of empowering FSW and improving prevention and treatment. Understanding how to deliver combined interventions most effectively in sub-Saharan Africa is critical to the HIV response. The Sisters’ Antiretroviral Programme for Prevention of HIV: an Integrated Response (SAPPH-Ire) randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe tested an intervention to improve FSW engagement with HIV services. After 2 years, results of the trial showed no significant difference between study arms in proportion of FSW with HIV viral load ≥1000 copies/ml as steep declines occurred in both. We present the results of a process evaluation aiming to track the intervention’s implementation, assess its feasibility and accessibility, and situate trial results within the national HIV policy context. We conducted a mixed methods study using data from routine programme statistics, qualitative interviews with participants and respondent driven surveys. The intervention proved feasible to deliver and was acceptable to FSW and providers. Intervention clinics saw more new FSW (4082 vs 2754), performed over twice as many HIV tests (2606 vs 1151) and nearly double the number of women were diagnosed with HIV (1042 vs 546). Community mobilization meetings in intervention sites also attracted higher numbers. We identified some gaps in programme fidelity: offering pre-exposure prophylaxis took time to engage FSW, viral load monitoring was not performed, and ratio of peer educators to FSW was lower than intended. During the trial, reaching FSW with HIV testing and treatment became a national priority, leading to increasing attendance at both intervention and control clinics. Throughout Zimbabwe, antiretroviral therapy coverage improved and HIV-stigma declined. Zimbabwe’s changing HIV policy context appeared to contribute to positive improvements across the HIV care continuum for all FSW over the course of the trial. More intense community-based interventions for FSW may be needed to make further gains.
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Fink, Angela, Michael J. Cahill, Mark A. McDaniel, Arielle Hoffman, and Regina F. Frey. "Improving general chemistry performance through a growth mindset intervention: selective effects on underrepresented minorities." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 19, no. 3 (2018): 783–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7rp00244k.
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Women and minorities remain underrepresented in chemistry bachelor's degree attainment in the United States, despite efforts to improve their early chemistry achievement through supplemental academic programs and active-learning approaches. We propose an additional strategy for addressing these disparities: course-based, social-psychological interventions. For example, growth-mindset interventions are designed to support students during challenging academic transitions by encouraging them to view intelligence as a flexible characteristic that can be developed through practice, rather than a fixed ability. Previous research has shown that such interventions can improve the overall performance and persistence of college students, particularly those who belong to underrepresented groups. We report a random-assignment classroom experiment, which implemented a chemistry-specific growth-mindset intervention among first-year college students enrolled in General Chemistry 1. Performance results revealed an achievement gap between underrepresented minority and white students in the control group, but no sex-based gap. Critically, after adjusting for variation in academic preparation, the mindset intervention eliminated this racial-achievement gap. Qualitative analysis of students’ written reflections from the intervention shed light on their experiences of the mindset and control treatments, deepening our understanding of mindset effects. We integrate these results with the mindset and chemical education literatures and discuss the implications for educators seeking to support underrepresented students in their own classrooms.
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Walton, Merrilyn, Patrick J. Kelly, E. Mary Chiarella, Terry Carney, Belinda Bennett, Marie Nagy, and Suzanne Pierce. "Profile of the most common complaints for five health professions in Australia." Australian Health Review 44, no. 1 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18074.
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Objective The aims of this study were to profile the most common complaints and to examine whether any demographic factors are associated with receiving a complaint for five health professions in Australia. Methods A national cohort study was conducted for all complaints received for medicine, nursing/midwifery, dentistry, pharmacy and psychology from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2013 (18 months). Data were collected from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), the New South Wales (NSW) Health Professional Councils’ Authority and the NSW Health Care Complaints Commission. The frequency and risk of complaints were summarised for the five professions and by demographic information. Results There were 545283 practitioners registered with AHPRA between 1 July 2012 and 31 December 2013, consisting of 20935 dentists, 101066 medical practitioners, 363040 nurses/midwives, 28370 pharmacists and 31872 psychologists. During the study period there were 12616 complaints, corresponding to an annual rate of 1.5 per 100 practitioners. Complaints were most common for doctors and dentists (5% per annum per practitioner) and least common for nurses/midwives (0.5% per annum per practitioner). Sex (P<0.01), age (P<0.01) and country of birth (P<0.01) were all associated with risk of complaint. The most common complaints were clinical care (44% of all complaints), medication (10%) and health impairment of the practitioner (8%). Types of complaints varied by profession, sex and age. Conclusions The risk of a complaint is low, but varies by profession and demographics. The types of complaints also vary by profession and demographics. Differences between professions is most likely driven by their different work tasks and work environments. What is already known on this subject? Although complaints are summarised annually from state and national health regulators, no overall national summary of complaints across professions exists. Thus, it is difficult to examine which complaints are most common, how professions differ from each other or what factors may be associated with risk and type of complaint. Previous studies have primarily focused on a single profession, such as medicine, where, for example, the number of prior complaints, sex, doctor speciality and age have been found to be associated with recurrent complaints. What does this paper add? This paper is the first of this kind to provide a national summary of all complaints from five of the most common health professions in Australia. We found that regardless of profession, men were at least twice as likely to have a complaint made against them than women. We also found that the types of complaint differed between men and women. There were similarities across professions for the most common types of complaints, but clear differences between professions were also noted. Not surprising, clinical care was typically the most common type of complaint for the five professions, but somewhat surprising was the inclusion of health impairment as one of the most common types of complaints. What are the implications for practitioners? Identifying the most common complaints, and the factors associated with these, may assist practitioners to understand their risk(s) of complaint and could potentially assist educators and regulators develop education programs that help reduce complaints.
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Sillero Sillero, Amalia, and Adelaida Zabalegui. "Satisfaction of surgical patients with perioperative nursing care in a Spanish tertiary care hospital." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 2018): 205031211881830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312118818304.
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Objective: Although numerous studies have assessed patient satisfaction in diverse settings, in the realm of nursing surgical care, standardization of measurement for patient experience and satisfaction is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the satisfaction of surgical patients with perioperative nursing care. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical data were recorded. Patient satisfaction was measured with a modified version of the La Monica–Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale (LOPSS-12). Results: 150 patients (73 women, 49% and 77 men; 51%) completed the survey. The mean age was 63 years (standard deviation, 16 years). The mean overall satisfaction score on the La Monica–Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale was 3.17 (standard deviation, 0.21). The scale showed adequate content validity (Lawshe’s Content Validity Index was 0.76) and moderate reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.70). Two variables—patient sex and the presence of comorbidities—were significantly associated with overall satisfaction: men and patients with comorbidities were more satisfied with the care received. Patients with university studies were significantly more likely than patients with less education to consider nurses “impatient,” but also considered the nurses’ advice to be “useful.” Patients with hospital-acquired complications were more likely to perceive nurses to be “more interested in completing tasks than in listening,” although they also felt that nurses worked “conscientiously.” Conclusion: Overall, patient satisfaction with perioperative nursing care was good. This study identified several areas of nursing care in need of improvement, particularly the need to spend more time with patients and to keep them better informed about the perioperative process. The modified La Monica–Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale is suitable for measuring surgical patient satisfaction with perioperative nursing care. The findings presented here may be of value to nursing administrators, educators, and nursing care providers to improve patient satisfaction and to develop strategies to prevent patient dissatisfaction.
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Toescher, Aline Marcelino Ramos, Edison Luiz Devos Barlem, Valéria Lerch Lunardi, Aline Neutzling Brum, Jamila Geri Tomaschewski Barlem, and Graziele de Lima Dalmolin. "Moral distress and professors of nursing: A cluster analysis." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 4 (March 19, 2020): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019895794.
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Background Professors of nursing sometimes experience specific situations in their daily practice that conflict with their values and ethical principles and may culminate in moral distress. Moral distress occurs when one is prevented from acting according to his or her knowledge or values, or what one considers to be ethically sound. Objectives To identify the profile of professors of nursing through grouping sociodemographic characteristics and intensity of moral distress. Method Cross-sectional and exploratory study addressing 373 nurses teaching in Brazilian federal public higher education institutions. Data were collected from June to December 2018 through email, using the Google Docs tool. A moral distress scale directed to nurse educators was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, variance analysis, and cluster analysis. Ethical considerations The Institutional Review Board at the Federal University of Rio Grande approved this study. Findings Initially, four clusters emerged for each variable predicting the profile of Brazilian professors of nursing: sex; whether the individual worked in a graduate program; age; experience in years in their respective higher education institution; and intensity of moral distress. The profile of Brazilian professors of nursing was represented by the largest cluster, 36.5% (n = 136), composed of women working in graduate programs, aged 37 years old on average, having worked in their respective institutions for approximately 5 years, and presenting a moderate intensity of moral distress. Conclusion Assigning individuals into groups facilitates seeing similarities among the predictors that compose the profile of Brazilian professors of nursing, thus recognizing those workers experiencing moral distress in their daily work routine. In addition, this study’s results are expected to encourage reflection on the planning of efficacious interventions directed to the context of education and health.
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Collier, Zachary J., Priyanka Naidu, Katherine J. Choi, Christopher H. Pham, Tom Potokar, and Justin Gillenwater. "83 Burn Injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Global Burden of Disease Study." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S57—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.087.
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Abstract Introduction Over 1 million burns occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) each year leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Financial constraints, social stigma, political strife, inaccessible healthcare facilities, limited perioperative resources, and low workforce capacity results in steep barriers to obtaining timely and effective burn care. This study set out to better define the burn burden as well as the age and gender-related disparities within SSA, to identify specific sub-regions and countries that would benefit most from targeted interventions to enhance burn care. Methods Data for all 46 SSA countries were acquired from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD17) database of the Global Health Data Exchange. Information regarding fire, heat, and hot substance-related injuries was derived from 17,792 data sources to estimate burn-related incidence, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) by year, sex, age, and location from 1990 to 2017. Summative statistics were created for burn incidence, deaths, DALYs, and mortality ratio (deaths: incidence; %). Spatial mapping was performed to identify burn burden for specific regions and countries. Results An estimated 28,127,199 burns occurred in SSA from 1990–2017. On average, SSA accounted for 16% of worldwide burns, 21% of burn deaths, and 25% of DALYs. Furthermore, the mortality rate was 2.2 times the global average and remained nearly double the entire 27-year period. While all SSA regions had higher incidence, deaths, and DALYs compared to the global cohort, the Southern SSA region consistently had the highest incidence (211 cases per 100,000), deaths (7 per 100,000), and DALYs (355 years per 100,000) throughout the time period, with Lesotho, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe having the highest rates. In contrast to gender similarities globally for burn indicators, all regions within SSA showed higher incidence rates (144 vs 136 cases per 100,000), deaths (5.4 vs 4.7 deaths per 100,000), and DALYs (289 vs 272 years per 100,000) for men than women when age standardized. Conclusions With an estimated 1.4 million burn injuries in 2017, SSA accounted for over 15% of all worldwide burns and 20% of global burn deaths. Although all trended rates improved over the years for each country, they were consistently worse and slower to improve in all regions of SSA compared to the rest of the world. While both Central and Southern SSA regions had the greatest burn burden, burns in Central SSA more significantly impacted those under 5 years whereas Southern SSA saw the greatest burden on the 15–49-year age group.
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Kostyk, Liubov, Vasyl Kostyk, Larysa Platash, and Olha Palahnyuk. "MAJOR ASPECTS OF STUDYING GENDER IDENTITY OF CHILDREN IN THE TEACHING AND EDUCATIONAL PROCESS." ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ, no. 4 (May 16, 2021): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.07.05.2021.078.
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The world is constantly changing and the roles of men and women in modern society are changing accordingly. In recent years, public interest in gender issues has significantly increased. Among the remarkable achievements of the indigenous science is the study of the phenomenon of gender identification, the influence of gender stereotypes and gender polarization in preschool age. In a "gendered" society, the appropriate gender-role identification of children is carried out, which determines the specifics of primary gender socialization, becomes an internal regulator of social activity of an individual. Gender, established at birth, cannot mechanically determine the type of gender identification, that is why its formation is a complex process of choosing and mastering one of the two patterns of gender behavior. The topic of our study is relevant because of the importance of the period of gender and age identification of the adolescent, whose clear and irreversible idea of his gender is being formed, as well as understanding and acceptance of the roles of sexes, recognition of the irreversibility of gender as a major component of self-awareness and self-identification.Child's gender perceptions are actively formed in preschool age and are an integral component of person's gender identity. Child masters the social norms, patterns of behavior and cultural values of his/her nation. The gender approach to the upbringing of the preschool children should be focused on the formation and establishment of equal, gender-independent opportunities for self-realization of the individual. However as practical experience shows, the gender component and its methodological data are insufficient in terms of the content of preschool education. In preschool institutions, gender education takes place spontaneously, educators use the traditional approach to forming child's self-esteem and his stereotypes of self-perception only on the basis of gender, so it is important today to pay more attention to gender education and socialization.Experimentally it has been investigated the peculiarities of gender and age identification of the preschoolers of the preschool institution of a combined type #9 of the city of Chernivtsi. According to the research, the greater part of children of 5-6 years old are aware of their belonging to the male or female sex, having the already formed gender identity. Gender perceptions of preschool children are gender-appropriate: girls’ - feminine, and boys’ – masculine. In addition, they are stereotypical: boys have instrumental role, girls-expressive.We believe that gender approach is the theoretical basis for effective learning, education and socialization, and a priority part of modern education.
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Bussert, Leslie. "Americans’ Tolerance of Racist Materials in Public Libraries Remained Steady between 1976-2006." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 7, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b83313.
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Abstract
Objective – To determine the general public’s levels of social tolerance toward public library materials containing racist content in order to present opinion data to librarians within a framework of scholarly perspectives that they can use for making decisions about intellectual freedom and controversial materials in libraries.
Design – Percentage and regression analysis of the General Social Survey longitudinal trend study dataset.
Setting – United States, 1976-2006.
Subjects – Random samples of 26,798 primarily English-speaking adults aged 18 and up.
Methods – The author analyzed responses from the well-respected and frequently used General Social Survey (GSS), which has been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center since 1972. The GSS is a closed-ended survey including a variety of demographic measures. Between the years 1976 and 2006, it also included a question to gauge the support of removing a book with racist beliefs about African Americans from the public library. The surveys were conducted irregularly over this thirty-year span, and in total the question was asked nineteen times garnering 26,798 responses. Spanish speakers were not included until 2006.
The author examined the data in multilevel cross-tabulations using percentages, and calculated chi-square for independence using frequencies. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictive value of the independent variables examined on opinions of book removal. The author examined different variables, including education level, race, age, parental status, sex, geographic factors, religious affiliation, political party, and political conservatism. Occupation was not used in the regression analysis because sample sizes in some categories were too small. The two ordinal variables, age and education level, were available as ratio level data that are most appropriate for regression calculations.
Due to the large sample size, very small differences in percentages are significant at the .000 level. In these cases the author made judgment as to whether these differences were meaningful, or divided the data into multi-layer cross-tabulations to reduce the sample size and make the significance test more informative.
Main Results – Analysis revealed the most influential predictors of support for book removal from the public library were education level, religious affiliation, and race. Age was particularly influential for older respondents, while occupation and living in the South were moderately influential. Variables with only slight correlations to support of book removal included political party affiliation and conservatism, parental status, and sex.
Across all years of the study only 35.3% of respondents supported removal of racist materials from the public library. Levels of support only changed slightly over the decades: in 1976, 38.1% supported removal while in 2006 only 34.5% did.
The mean age of respondents was 44.1 years and the median was 42 years. Respondents over 57 years old were more likely to support removal (43.5%) compared to younger ages whose support ranged from 31.1–34.1%. The largest change over time was seen from respondents 57 years and older, whose support for removal dropped in later years of the study.
Education level had a strong impact on opinions; the lower one’s education level, the higher their support for removal of the racist book from the public library. Of those with less than a high school degree, 50.6% supported removal versus 35.8% of high school diploma holders. Respondents with junior college, bachelor’s, and graduate degrees supported removal at 29.2%, 20.5%, and 15.3%, respectively. Over time, those with high school degrees maintained their level of support for removal while those with higher levels of education increased their support for removal.
Race was strongly related to opinions on removing offensive items from the library. While half of African American respondents supported removing a racist book, only one-third of white respondents did. However, in all but a few subcategories of analysis, the majority of African Americans did not support removal, indicating a great deal of social tolerance on their part despite the possibility of being more sensitive to the implications of having racist materials in the library. When cross-tabulated with education level, the same pattern of support for removal was reproduced. There was little variation over time in white respondent’s opinions while African Americans’ varied slightly.
Geographic factors affected opinions supporting removal of racist materials, though place size only had a small impact on opinions. Respondents in the South were most likely to support removal (42.1%) and those in New England were least likely (25.2%). About one-third of respondents from the Midwest (33%), Mid-Atlantic (36%), and the West (29.8%) supported removal. Opinions over time remained the same in all regions but the South, whose support of removal dropped to 38.8%.
Religion was found to correlate with opinions on removing racist books from the library. Protestants showed the highest level of support for removal (39.5%), followed by Catholics (32.3%), Jews (21.7%), and respondents unaffiliated with religion (20.5%). Race had a strong impact within some religions on supporting removal, particularly among Methodists and those claiming no religion. When opinions by religion were cross-tabulated with education level, at every level Baptists were more likely to support removal than other groups, while Jews and those without religious affiliation were least likely.
Other demographic variables had little effect on opinions concerning removal of racist materials from the library. Parents supported removal (37%) while nonparents were less likely to (30%), and men and women were almost equally likely to support removal (33% and 37% respectively). Political affiliation and level of conservatism only showed slight effects on opinions supporting removal. By a small margin Democrats were most likely to support removal (39.2%) followed by Republicans (34%) and independents (32.5%). Across the conservatism spectrum, moderates were most likely to support removal (37.7%) followed by conservatives (36.4%) and liberals (29.9%).
The author also examined whether a respondent’s occupation influenced their opinions and focused this inquiry on the professions of library workers and educators. Librarians were overwhelmingly against removal of racist materials while library paraprofessionals were less likely to support it than other workers with a similar level of education. College and university teachers in disciplines other than library and information science were divided but in comparison to other similarly educated professions they were less likely to support removal. School teachers were significantly more likely to support removal than other occupations also requiring a bachelor’s degree.
When contrasted with controversial materials of other types, such as those by openly homosexual or communist authors, different patterns of support for removal over time were observed. Support for removal of books by homosexuals and communists declined significantly over the decades. Similar to the support of the removal of racist materials, education and religious affiliation were the variables most highly correlated to support of removal of these other types of controversial books.
Conclusion – The discomfort among Americans over the free expression of exclusionary speech about African Americans remained relatively consistent over the years of the study (1976 – 2006) despite some shifts within particular demographic categories. Tolerance toward free expression by homosexuals and communists increased over time, demonstrating exclusionary speech may be perceived as a different type of social threat. Librarians can use this information to: better understand how non-librarians view intellectual freedom in the context of materials with offensive content; inform collection development decisions and predict likelihood of challenges based on the demographics of their user communities; and to educate the public and library stakeholders of the implications of challenging these kinds of items within a library’s collection through upholding their professional values. Librarians should continue to serve their communities by acting as champions of intellectual freedom and to uphold the profession’s rigorous standards. The author suggests future research could: address attitudes about materials with racist views of populations other than African Americans; look for differences in opinions among library users versus non-users; and differentiate between adult and children’s materials containing controversial topics.
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Taniguchi, Emiko, Hye Eun Lee, and Xiaowen Guan. "Young Women’s Sex Talk Online: Roles of Anonymity, Social Closeness, and Cultural Background on Perceived Appropriateness and Behavioral Intention." Psychology of Women Quarterly, November 24, 2020, 036168432097292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684320972921.
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In this study, we examined the roles of anonymity and social closeness in predicting young women’s perceptions of “sex talk” (i.e., communication about sexual interests, enjoyment, and experiences) and intentions to post such content in cyberspace. We also examined cultural differences among Asian, Latina, and European Americans. A total of 466 undergraduate women from the three cultural groups participated in the online experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low anonymity condition (i.e., Facebook) or a high anonymity condition (i.e., an anonymous online forum) where they were exposed to identical sex talk stimuli. The main findings showed that greater anonymity increased both the level of perceived appropriateness of sex talk posted by other female users and participants’ intentions to post sex talk online themselves. Compared to European American women, Asian and Latina Americans reported greater intentions to post sex talk online and perceived other female users’ sex talk posts as more appropriate. The results of this study prompt educators and practitioners to help young women strategically manage their impressions of sex talk online while being sensitive to women’s cultural backgrounds. They also suggest the need for further support from practitioners, educators, and parents to construct safe spaces for young women to engage open conversations about sexual matters in the digital space.
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Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar. "1392Decline in current tobacco use and socio-economic inequalities in 22 Sub-Saharan African countries- 2003-2018." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab168.628.
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Abstract Background Tobacco companies have shifted their marketing and production to Sub-Saharan African countries which are in an early stage of tobacco epidemic. We report changes in current tobacco use and socio-economic inequalities between 2003 and 2019. Methods We estimated country-level, sex-wise, age-standardized prevalence estimates of current tobacco use in 22 SSA countries using sequential Demographic and Health Survey data. On pooled baseline (2003-11) and most recent survey (2011-19) data, prevalence by education, wealth, and age groups; Slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality were estimated. Change in prevalence in each country and by socio-economic subgroups and change in socio-economic inequalities (pooled data) were calculated. Results Tobacco use among men ranging [6·1% (Ghana) to 38·3 (Lesotho)] at baseline and [4·5% (Ghana) to 46·0% (Lesotho)] most recent surveys. Decline in prevalence points ranged from 1·5% (Ghana) to 9·6% (Sierra Leone). For women countries where prevalence was <1% rose from nine to 15. In most countries prevalence of current tobacco use significantly declined. WHO target of 30% decline was achieved in 15 and 10 countries for women and men, respectively. In both sexes, tobacco use rate and decline were higher among less educated and poor while magnitude and direction of inequalities were consistently declined. Absolute inequalities three-fold higher among men, while relative inequalities were nearly twice higher among women. Conclusions Tobacco use declined in a third of SSA countries. Persistence of socio-economic inequalities warrants stricter implementation of tobacco control measures to reach the vulnerable groups and continued monitoring of inequalities. Key messages Contrary to the projections, tobacco use had significantly declined in most of the countries, and many achieved the WHO target of 30% reduction. Country-level monitoring by regular surveys is needed to track the equitable progress to international goals.
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Mokaya, Nathan Oigo. "The Church, the School and the Family as Powerful Primary Teen Sex Educators." Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, June 21, 2021, 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2021/v18i230440.
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Human beings are sexual beings throughout their entire lives. The stages of sexual development are a human developmental process involving biological and behavioral components. It does not take much insight or cultural awareness to realize that we need to be concerned about the culture in which our children are growing in. The patterns of behavior among the youth reveal morality level is at an all-time low; long regarded as a consequent factor of modernization. The philosophies of materialism, autonomy, entitlement, and hedonism beckon them at every turn. Moral values such as honesty, obedience, kindness, respect, hard work, self-discipline, humility and fear of God have significantly been affected by modernization. Lack of self-control, dishonesty and careless attitude is the character of modern youth. Sexual risk behavior among Kenyan youths is a major public health concern. Nearly 400,000 young women aged between 12 and 19 years become pregnant in Kenya each year, most of them unintentionally, and half of the roughly 200,000 new sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed each year are among 15 to 24 years old. Sexuality is God’s life-giving and life-fulfilling gift. Our culture needs a sexual ethic focused on personal relationships and social justice rather than particular sexual acts. All persons have the right and responsibility to lead sexual lives that express love, justice, mutuality, commitment, consent, and pleasure. Grounded in respect for the body and for the vulnerability that intimacy brings, this sexual ethic fosters physical, emotional, and spiritual health. A great deal of research attention has been and remain devoted to understanding what puts adolescents at risk to these outcomes, given their enormous social, economic, and public health consequences. More effort is required to address these risky sexual activities among youths. One of the ways is through the identification of additional contributors to this behavior that have been understudied factors that put teens at risk and levers that can be used in preventive interventions.
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Drake, Alison L., Caitlin Quinn, Nancy Kidula, Euphemia Sibanda, Petrus Steyn, Magdalena Barr-DiChiara, Muhammad S. Jamil, et al. "A Landscape Analysis of Offering HIV Testing Services Within Family Planning Service Delivery." Frontiers in Reproductive Health 3 (May 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frph.2021.657728.
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Introduction: Offering HIV testing services (HTS) within sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services is a priority, especially for women who have a substantial risk. To reach women with HIV who do not know their status and prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routinely offering HTS as part of family planning (FP) service delivery in high HIV burden settings. We conducted a landscape analysis to assess HTS uptake and HIV positivity in the context of FP/SRH services.Assessment of Research and Programs: We searched records from PubMed, four gray literature databases, and 13 organization websites, and emailed 24 organizations for data on HTS in FP/SRH services. We also obtained data from International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) affiliates in Eswatini, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Unique programs/studies from records were included if they provided data on, or barriers/facilitators to, offering HTS in FP/SRH. Overall, 2,197 records were screened and 12 unique programs/studies were eligible, including 10 from sub-Saharan Africa. Four reported on co-delivery of SRH services (including FP), with reported HTS uptake between 17 and 94%. Six reported data on HTS in FP services: four among general FP clients; one among couples; and one among female sex workers, adolescent girls, and young women. Two of the six reported HTS uptake >50% (51%, 419/814 Kenya; 63%, 5,930/9,439 Uganda), with positivity rates of 2% and 4.1%, respectively. Uptake was low (8%, 74/969 Kenya) in the one FP program offering pre-exposure prophylaxis. In the IPPF program, seven countries reported HTS uptake in FP services and ranged from 4% in Eswatini to 90% in Lesotho; between 0.6% (Uganda) and 8% (Eswatini) of those tested were HIV positive.Implications: Data on providing HTS in FP/SRH service delivery were sparse and HTS uptake varied widely across programs.Actionable Recommendations: As countries expand HTS in FP/SRH appropriate to epidemiology, they should ensure data are reported and monitored for progress and impact.
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Mavin, Sharon, and Marina Yusupova. "Competition and gender: Time’s up on essentialist knowledge production." Management Learning, September 15, 2020, 135050762095017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507620950176.
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This article is an intervention in current trends of thinking about competition and gender in essentialist and stereotypical ways. Such thinking has produced numerous comparative studies measuring competitiveness of women and men; ‘proving’ men as competitive and women as non-competitive. Based on experiments and written questionnaires, these studies reduce gender to perceived biological sex and treat competition as a ‘self-evident’, static and easily measurable phenomenon. To contribute new understandings and learning, we surface five fallacies of this comparative research, explaining why the approach is misleading, inequitable and socially harmful. Drawing upon gender as a social construction and women leaders’ narratives, we offer a blueprint for democratising knowledge production. We write differently, choosing not to provide a ‘balanced’ view of the field and construct competition as a processual, complex and contextually specific phenomenon with underlying gender dynamics, rather than a discrete, observable and fixed in time event. The article provides learning: for leaders and managers to resist automatic categorisation on the basis of perceived biological sex; for management educators to challenge the ways that leadership and management are traditionally taught; and, for executive coaches to support changes in practice, by embracing complexity of the contemporary contexts in which leaders operate.
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Makki, Mehri, and Noushin Abdoli Yazdi. "Sexual dysfunction during primiparous and multiparous women following vaginal delivery." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 14, no. 4 (December 22, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v14i4.5.
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Normal sexual functioning comprises of sexual activity together with transition through the phases from arousal to relaxation with no problem. Delivery has different effects on body organs, especially, on genitalia the disorder of which can cause sexual dysfunctions. In this study, an attempt is made to compare postpartum sexual dysfunction among primiparous and multiparous women. This descriptive cross sectional study was done on 564 primiparous (331) and multiparous (233) women chosen from among those who were present at health and clinical centres in Yazd, Iran. Data were gathered through a questionnaire consisting of demographics and questions related to sexual problems before and after 3-6 months of delivery. Both open-ended and closed items were included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed in consultation with two health educators, a midwife, two gynaecologists and an expert in questionnaire validation. All registered data were analyzed by SPSS-15 software. Dyspareunia was shown to decrease after pregnancy in both primigravidae and multigravidae women (P<0.05). Libido decreased during multigravidae (P<0.05) while the difference was not significant during primigravidaes (P>0.05). Also, vaginal loosening was significantly increased in multigravid women (P<0.05) while it did not significantly change in primigravidae (P>0.05). The difference was not significant in primigravidae nor in multigravidae according to post coital bleeding, post coital itching, an-orgasmia, oral sex and anal sex. In conclusion, based on the results of this study, delivery has limited effects on sexual function of primiparous and multiparous women. Contradictory results of similar studies show the need for a précise critical appraisal and finding pitfalls of previous studies. Designing more valid surveys with larger sample size to determine the effects of delivery and parity on sexual function is recommended.
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Goodkind, Sara, and Laina Bay-Cheng. "Are My Pants Lowering Your Test Scores? Blaming Girls and Girls’ Empowerment for the “Boy Crisis” in Education." Youth & Society, December 3, 2019, 0044118X1989235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x19892357.
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Drawing on participatory research in a high school implementing single-sex classes, this article demonstrates how single-sex education masks racialized economic inequality by framing low academic achievement among low-income youth of color as a function of gender, thereby scapegoating girls for a supposed “boy crisis” in education. We demonstrate this with data collected by and from students, as well as from educators and parents, delineating how girls of color were held accountable for boys’ sexual and even academic behavior. We argue that this misattribution of blame succeeds by capitalizing on entrenched gender roles that cast girls/women as responsible for boys/men and on neoliberal rhetoric trumpeting postfeminist, commercialized “girl power” and the virtue of personal responsibility. We focus particularly on how girls’ supposed newfound empowerment is folded into the long-standing discourse of girl blame by posing girl power as a problem for boys.
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Brown McCormick, Lindsey M., Sherry Todd, Laura Schmuldt, Kathryn Russ, and Cristen Wathen. "Clinical Implications in Vaginal Orgasm Response." Journal of Counseling Sexology & Sexual Wellness: Research, Practice, and Education, November 19, 2019, 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34296/01021011.
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Previous research has shown that counselors feel uncomfortable addressing clients’ sexual concerns due to a lack of education on topics related to human sexuality. Various studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of vaginal orgasm, including whether women and other people with vaginas (PWV) can achieve different kinds of orgasms. The current study examines responses to participants surveyed across the United States on their orgasm response and compares responses of participants who achieved orgasm through masturbation and those who achieved orgasm through sex with a partner to determine whether PWV experience one kind of orgasm during masturbation and experience a different kind of orgasm during sex with a partner. Results from the current study suggest that there are two distinct orgasm experiences achieved by PWV which differ in physiological and psychological response. Counselors and counselor educators can use results from this study to help expand their knowledge on sexual response to feel more confident in their practice
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Pillay, Preya, and Suriamurthee Maistry. "The ‘firstness’ of male as automatic ordering: Gendered discourse in Southern African Business Studies school textbooks." Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 14, no. 2 (September 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/td.v14i2.484.
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There is little contention that gender equity continues to be a challenge in many societies across the Southern African region. Dominant discourses that perpetuate inequality are often reflected in school materials such as textbooks, which have the potential to socialise girls and boys into particular gender performances. The aim of the study being reported on was to examine representations of gender in a sample of Business Studies school textbooks. The textbooks were selected from four Southern African countries: Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study employed a sociolinguistic analytical framework, namely critical discourse analysis and was guided by the tenets of feminist poststructuralism in the analysis of this phenomenon. The findings of the study reveal superficial content changes in the texts under study. Gendered ideologies continue to prevail in a remarkably overt fashion. One key finding was at a semantic level, namely the mention of the male pronoun first in sentences and conversation and not the female pronoun, having the likely effect of endorsing the principle of the ‘firstness’ and superiority of the masculine. In the order of two words paired for sex such as ‘Mr and Mrs’, ‘brother and sister’ and ‘husband and wife’, the masculine word came first. This automatic ordering is likely to reinforce the second-place status of women. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings for pedagogy and the textbook publishing industry. The findings also have the potential to ignite debate, as it relates to re-imagining the programmatic curriculum (school textbooks) as a contested genre.