Journal articles: 'Women, Shona'

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Folta, Jeannette R., and Edith S. Deck. "Rural Zimbabwean Shona Women Illness Concepts and Behavior." Western Journal of Nursing Research 9, no. 3 (August 1987): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019394598700900303.

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Sukutai Gudhlanga, Enna. "Reclaiming their socio-economic space in African culture : Shona Women Cross-Border Traders of Zimbabwe." Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2021/v2n1a3.

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The advent of colonialism relegated the traditional African woman to the fringes of the family and society through codified customary law. The Shona women of Zimbabwe were some of the worst affected as they were re-defined as housewives who had to rely on their husbands for the up-keep of the family. However, in as much as globalisation has been accused of having brought some crisis on the African continent and side-lined a significant number of indigenous players, for the African woman in the global south it has brought some form of re-awakening. Globalisation seems to have re-opened the avenues for Shona women and enabled them to re-negotiate their entry back into the economic activities of the family and the public sphere. Despite the general lack of interest in the activities of women and in the strategies used by the poor for survival, it is a known fact that Shona women have become a force to reckon with in terms of cross-border trading in Zimbabwe. This research was prompted by the general hub of activity at the country's borders before the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic and the predominance of women traders who traverse the borders but whose activities have either not attracted enough attention to get their work recognised, or simply because they are taken for granted. Despite such strides, women in the cross-border trading business have instead garnered a certain stigma around them to the extent that the magnitude of their work is largely unrecognised. Yet elsewhere, the significance of women in informal trade is well documented. This study argues that women have not been left out in the global arena of trade. Desai (2009) acknowledges that the global economic openings in the informal sector have afforded women the opportunity to become active players in the markets of the global South. It is the aim of this research to investigate how globalisation has influenced the nature of the activities of Shona women in the cross-border trading business in Zimbabwe and their impact on the social well-being of the family and the nation’s economy at large. The research is largely qualitative in nature. Purposively selected Shona female cross-border traders at the Gulf Complex and Copacabana Market in Harare were interviewed before the COVID pandemic. The study revealed that the transnational activities of these Zimbabwean women are more wide-spread than has been anticipated. The study also revealed that women are unrecognised pillars in the economy of Zimbabwe as reflected in their success stories that have benefited Zimbabwe as a country. The study was informed by Africana Womanist theory which is embedded in African culture with special leaning on Ubuntu/ Unhu philosophy which recognises the complementary roles and partnerships of both men and women in resolving society's challenges.

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Makaudze, Godwin. "Empowerment or Delusion?: The Shona Novel and Women Emancipation." Journal of Literary Studies 32, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564718.2016.1158985.

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Makina, Blandina. "Images of women in Shona songs by Zimbabwean male singers." Muziki 10, sup1 (December 20, 2013): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125980.2013.852743.

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Makaudze, Godwin. "WOMEN, WEALTH GENERATION AND PROPERTY OWNERSHIP IN TRADITIONAL SHONA CULTURE IN ZIMBABWE." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1237.

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Feminist scholarship is awash with literature that strives to vindicate its position that women in general have never enjoyed status and platforms equal to those of their male counterparts in the social, economic, religious and political spheres in life. The literature bemoans the invisibility of women in matters to do with economics and property ownership. The literature further posits that women neither wielded any power nor had any platforms for the generation and accumulation of wealth or the ownership of property. Leaning on Africana Womanist theory, this paper contends that such a perception is the antithesis of what actually takes place in the Shona milieu where, traditionally, women have, not just platforms to generate and accrue personal wealth, but have also authority over the use and disposal of such wealth. Avenues for the generation and accumulation of wealth and other property by Shona women range from marriage negotiations, the institution of marriage itself as well as the family, working using one’s hands and commanding positions of leadership.

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Jeater, Diana. "Shona Women - Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939. By Elizabeth Schmidt. London: James Currey, 1992. Pp. xiv + 289. £35.00 (paperback £11.95)." Journal of African History 34, no. 3 (November 1993): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033983.

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Bessant, Leonard Leslie, and Elizabeth Schmidt. "Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870-1939." International Journal of African Historical Studies 26, no. 2 (1993): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219568.

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Moss, Barbara A., and Elizabeth Schmidt. "Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870-1939." African Economic History, no. 21 (1993): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601819.

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O'Toole, Thomas, and Elizabeth Schmidt. "Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870-1939." African Studies Review 36, no. 3 (December 1993): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525187.

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Wright, Marcia, and Elizabeth Schmidt. "Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870-1939." American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (April 1994): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167419.

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LUNN, JON. "Peasants, Traders and Wives. Shona women in the history of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939." African Affairs 93, no. 370 (January 1994): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098693.

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Gundani, Paul. "Theology from below: An examination of popular mourning songs by Shona Christian women." Muziki 4, no. 1 (July 2007): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125980701754595.

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Venganai, Hellen. "Negotiating identities through the ‘cultural practice’ of labia elongation among urban Shona women and men in contemporary Zimbabwe." Culture Unbound 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2017): 306–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1683306.

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Dominant Eurocentric discourses on African traditional cultural practices linked to sexuality construct these practices as retrogressive for women in these localities. These discourses take the form of women and sexual rights promoted by some women activists and scholars, whose work mainly focuses on the so-called traditional rural women as victims of these gendered sexual practices. In many ways, such approaches manufacture and exaggerate differences between Western and African women, while reproducing colonial discourses that construct Africans as backward. This article interrogates the modern-traditional binary which underpin conventional representations of some sexual practices as cultural. Following African feminist scholars who argue for research which explores the significance and meanings such sexual practices hold for those women who engage in them, this article draws on a study I conducted with Shona speaking women and men in Zimbabwe who participated and/or were interested in the practice of labia elongation. The targeted women and men, in their 20s -30s, live in relatively affluent houses in Harare, and are identified as urban, modern and middle-class. The study sought to explore why such women (as well as men) who identify as modern were so interested and invested in a sexual practice that has often been constructed as traditional and cultural. By exploring how women and men invoke notions of culture and tradition, the article demonstrates the creative and complex ways in which the young adults position themselves in relation to this practice in particular, and in relation to gender and sexuality more generally.

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Makaudze, Godwin. "Motherhood in Childrenâ€™s Drama: Selected Cases from Collections on Shona Childrenâ€™s Literature." Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies 35, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0027-2639/2894.

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Motherhood is a construct that is highly criticised especially by feminist scholarships for its alleged subordination, marginalisation and oppression of women. Motherhood as a position and its associated responsibilities are lamented and excoriated as the root causes of womenâ€™s disempowerment, docility and invisibility in society. Feminists also conceive motherhood as a position of the feminine that has little influence and is fraught with physical and emotional weaknesses. Using Africana womanist literary theory, this paper is an analysis of motherhood as conceived and conveyed through selected pieces of drama from Scheu, Hamutyinei and Musaâ€™s Mitambo yavadiki navakuru, and Gelfandâ€™s Growing up in Shona society: From birthto marriage, which are collections of Shona childrenâ€™s literature, with the intent to ascertain this ethnic groupâ€™s attitude to and perception of the position, its roles and significance. The paper observes that among the Shona, motherhood is far from being an oppressive and disempowering position â€“ it is a position associated with admiration, power, influence and affluence, important responsibilities, and hence, with visibility and significance. More so, it is not limited to femaleness; it is a fluid and flexible concept that allows even males to assume the same position and social responsibilities. The paper concludes that observations and assertions by Western-oriented scholarships need to be critically examined before being accepted as universal truths, and that indigenous cultures should be researched to establish their perceptions and conceptualisation of reality. It recommends that the appreciation of indigenous culturesâ€™ conceptualisation of reality be approached from the point of view of participants of the culture in question, not outsiders.

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SAMBISA, WILLIAM, SIAN L. CURTIS, and C. SHANNON STOKES. "ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG UNMARRIED ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN ZIMBABWE." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2009): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009990277.

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SummaryUnderstanding the social and cultural contextual determinants of sexual behaviour of adolescents and young adults is an essential step towards curtailing the spread of HIV. This study examined the effects of one cultural factor, ethnicity, on sexual abstinence, faithfulness, condom use at last sex, and risky sex among young people in Zimbabwe. Data from the cross-sectional, population-based 2005–06 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey were used. Net of the effect of sociodemographic and social–cognitive factors, and using multinomial logistic regression, ethnicity was found to have a strong and consistent effect on sexual behaviour among youth. In addition, the study found that there were ethnic-specific and within-gender differences in sexual behaviour, for both men and women. Shona youth were more likely to be abstinent than Ndebele youth. Compared with Shona youth, Ndebele youth were more likely to have engaged in risky sex. However, Ndebele men were more likely have used condoms at last sex, compared with Shona men. For both men and women, sexual behaviour was more socially controlled. School attendance and religion exerted protective effects on sexual abstinence. For men only, those living in rural areas were less likely to be faithful and more likely to have engaged in risky sexual behaviour than those living in urban areas. The study attests to the fact that ethnic norms and ideologies of sexuality need to be identified and more thoroughly understood. In addition, the study provides evidence that in order to promote safe and healthy sexuality among young people in Zimbabwe, cultural, social and gender-specific approaches to the development of HIV prevention strategies should be seriously considered. Current success in the Abstinence, Being faithful and Condom use (ABC) approach could be strengthened by recognizing and responding to cultural forces that reproduce and perpetuate risky sexual behaviours.

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Makaudze, Godwin. "The Journey Back: Ambivalent (Re)Presentations of Pre-Colonial Women in Post-Independent Shona Novels." Journal of Literary Studies 35, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564718.2019.1657279.

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Tembo, Charles, Allan T. Maganga, and Aphios Nenduva. "MUSICIAN AS CULTURE HERO: EXPLORING MALE-FEMALE RELATIONS IN PACHIHERAâ€™S AND SIMON CHIMBETUâ€™S SELECTED SONGS." Commonwealth Youth and Development 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1152.

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This article is a comparative exposition of positive male-female relations in lyrical compositions of selected Zimbabwean singers. Particular attention is on one female voice, Pah Chihera and a male voice, Simon Chimbetu. The argument avowed in this article is that the selected musicians are sober in their appreciation of gender relations in African ontological existence. It further argues that, unlike feminists who view male-female relations as antagonistic, the two musicians celebrate cordial and mutual cohesion, which is part of Shona or African heritage. Against that background, the musicians are regarded as â€˜culture heroesâ€™ who connect Shona and other peoples of Africa with their rich and life-furthering heritage. We therefore advance the view that the selected artistsâ€™ social vision reflects women who are family centred and in concert with males in struggle, which is to provide a platform for promoting solidarity rather than schism. Critical appreciation of the music renditions of the selected musicians is guided by and oriented towards the Africana womanist paradigm.

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ABAS, MELANIE A., and JEREMY C. BROADHEAD. "Depression and anxiety among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004163.

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One hundred and seventy-two women randomly selected from a Zimbabwean township were interviewed with a Shona screen for mental disorders and a semi-structured interview to assess symptoms suggestive of emotional distress, followed by the Present State Examination. Using criteria slightly stricter than threshold level 5 of the PSE-CATEGO-ID system, 30·8% of women had a depressive or anxiety disorder during the previous year. Nearly all disorders met Bedford College criteria for depression; 65% of these also had anxiety features. Only 0·6% of women had a ‘pure’ anxiety disorder not preceded by or associated with depression in the study year. Compared with London, the higher annual prevalence of disorders in Harare could mostly be accounted for by an excess of onset cases in the study year, 70% of which made a full or partial recovery within 12 months. The women's own words for these episodes included ‘thinking too much’, ‘deep sadness’ and a variety of terms describing heart discomfort, interpretation showing many of the latter to be expressions for grief, fear, or the possession of an insoluble problem, and 73% explained their symptoms as caused by a specific social stressor.

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Taringa, Nisbert, and Clifford Mushishi. "Mainline Christianity and Gender in Zimbabwe." Fieldwork in Religion 10, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/firn.v10i2.20267.

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This research aimed to find out the actual situation on the ground regarding what mainline Christianity is actually doing in confronting or conforming to biblical and cultural norms regarding the role and position of women in their denominations. It is based on six mainline churches. This field research reveals that it may not be enough to concentrate on gender in missionary religions such as Christianity, without paying attention to the base culture: African traditional religio-culture which informs most people who are now Christians. It also illuminates how the churches are actually acting to break free of the oppressive biblical traditions and bringing about changes regarding the status of women in their churches. In some cases women are now being given more active roles in the churches, but on the other hand are still bound at home by an oppressive traditional Shona patriarchal culture and customs. Through a hybrid qualitative research design combining phenomenology and case study, what we are referring to as phenomenological case study, we argue that Christianity is a stimulus to change, an impetus to revolution, and a grounding for dignity and justice that supports and fosters gender equity efforts.

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Mukona, Doreen, Stephen Peter Munjanja, Mathilda Zvinavashe, and Babil Stray-Pederson. "Barriers of Adherence and Possible Solutions to Nonadherence to Antidiabetic Therapy in Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy: Patients’ Perspective." Journal of Diabetes Research 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3578075.

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Diabetes in pregnancy contributes to maternal mortality and morbidity though it receives little attention in developing countries. The purpose of the study was to explore the barriers to adherence and possible solutions to nonadherence to antidiabetic therapy in women with diabetes in pregnancy. Antidiabetic therapy referred to diet, physical activity, and medications. Four focus group discussions (FGDs), each with 7 participants, were held at a central hospital in Zimbabwe. Included were women with a diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy, aged 18 to 49 years, and able to speak Shona or English. Approval was obtained from respective ethical review boards. FGDs followed a semistructured questionnaire. Detailed notes were taken during the interviews which were also being audiotaped. Data were analysed thematically and manually. Themes identified were barriers and possible solutions to nonadherence to therapy. Barriers were poor socioeconomic status, lack of family, peer and community support, effects of pregnancy, complicated therapeutic regimen, pathophysiology of diabetes, cultural and religious beliefs, and poor health care system. Possible solutions were fostering social support, financial support, and improvement of hospital services. Individualised care of women with diabetes is essential, and barriers and possible solutions identified can be utilised to improve care.

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Ruhina Jesmin, U. H. "An Asymmetrical Dialectic of Oppression and Act of Political Warfare in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions." Explorations: A Journal of Language and Literature 8 (December 8, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/exp13.20.8.6.

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The study locates an asymmetrical dialectic of oppression in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions. It reveals Nyasha, Tambu, Lucia, Maiguru, and Ma’Shingayi’s experiences with racist-sexist dimensions in the context of a typical Shona society in colonial Rhodesia and England. The study locates cultural and political inscriptions on women’s body and sexuality and the mutually-constitutive intersections which socio-culturally and politically regulate women characters’ beliefs and body. Nyasha goes against existing political dynamics and exhibits subversive body performativeness to claim/redefine her identity and sexuality. It bespeaks of an act of political warfare. She deliberately dismantles the barriers that prohibit entrance to domains reserved for specific gender and race. As such, Nyasha’s relation with her society and the hierarchical structure of race and gender in which her identity is embedded unequivocally signify political implications. This is because Nyasha’s race, gender, and sexuality constitute her social and political identities.

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Lanzinger, Margareth. "Jutta Gisela Sperling and Shona Kelly Wray, eds, Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property, and Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca. 1300–1800)." European History Quarterly 42, no. 3 (July 2012): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412451813aa.

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Garutsa, Tendayi C., Chipo P. Mubaya, and Leocadia Zhou. "Gendered differentials in climate change adaptation amongst the Shona ethnic group in Marondera Rural District, Zimbabwe: A social inclusions lens." AAS Open Research 1 (April 26, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12826.1.

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Background: Various studies on climate change treat men and women as unitary categories with contrasting needs. There is a dearth of studies which use a social inclusions lens to understand the impacts of climate change on gender. Other social markers that give an in-depth insight of the social differences within and between genders to the impacts of climate change are consequently ignored. Methods: Utilizing a mixed methods approach, this study aimed to explore and investigate the gendered crops grown as a climate adaptation strategy to respond to perennial droughts, increased temperatures and unreliable rainfall patterns amongst the Shona in Marondera rural district. Results: The findings indicated that social differences between gender lines like age, household types, income, education and employment status amongst other social variables produce differentiated vulnerabilities and potential opportunities towards climate adaptation. Conclusions: The main position advanced in this article is that treating gender as the primary cause of vulnerability produces a narrow analysis making other social markers (age, types of households, income and ethnicity) analytically invisible. This paper recommends a holistic and comprehensive analysis to inform climate change programming and policy frameworks. This would in turn address and improve climate adaptation strategies within and between genders which are often obscured to address the needs of all vulnerable members of a given economy.

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LOOSLEY, EMMA. "Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property, and Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca.1300-1800) edited by Jutta Gisela Sperling and Shona Kelly Wray." Gender & History 22, no. 2 (July 13, 2010): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2010.01602_4.x.

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Stanczuk, G. A., E. N. Sibanda, S. A. Tswana, and S. Bergstrom. "Polymorphism at the –308-promoter position of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene and cervical cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 2 (February 2003): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200303000-00008.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that the genetically programmed ability to produce low, medium, or high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as determined by TNF-α promoter polymorphism at position 308, influenced the development of cancer of the uterine cervix. The population was recruited from patients attending gynecological clinics at two teaching hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe. Laboratory tests were performed in the Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Zimbabwe. One hundred and three patients with invasive cancer of the uterine cervix and 101 healthy women were included in the study. All patients and healthy controls were from the Shona ethnic groups that inhabit northern Zimbabwe. DNA was purified from cervical cytobrush samples obtained from women with cervical cancer. In random cases a second DNA sample was extracted from patient blood. Control DNA was extracted from urine or peripheral blood samples from the healthy women. Detection of allele A and /or G at the 308 position in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene was carried out using the amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique. Polymorphism in the amplified products was detected by gel electrophoresis. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of the low (G) or high (A) producer alleles at position 308 of the TNF-α gene between patients with cervical cancer and healthy women. The high producer haplotype AA was identified in only one patient with cervical cancer and two healthy women. These data suggest that the genetically acquired ability to produce higher levels of TNF-α is present in a minority of women with or without cervical cancer in the Zimbabwean population. Homozygosity for allele 308A is very rare. High-producer allele 308A as well as high-producer haplotypes AA is significantly less common in a Zimbabwean population than in a European population.

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Cespedes, Karina L. "Beyond Freedom's Reach: An Imperfect Centering of Women and Children Caught within Cuba's Long Emancipation and the Afterlife of Slavery." International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000231.

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AbstractThis article examines Cuba's long process of gradual emancipation (from 1868–1886) and the continual states of bondage that categorize the afterlife of Cuban slavery. The article addresses deferred freedom, re-enslavement, and maintenance of legal states of bondage in the midst of “freedom.” It contends with the legacy of the casta system, the contradictions within the Moret Law of 1870, which “half-freed” children but not their mothers, and it analyzes the struggle for full emancipation after US occupation, with the thwarted attempt of forming the Partido Independiente de Color to enfranchise populations of color. The article argues that the desire to control the labor of racialized populations, and in particular the labor of black and indigenous women and children, unified Cuban and US slaveholders determined to detain emancipation; and provides an analysis of the re-enslavement of US free people of color at the end of the nineteenth century, kidnapped and brought to the Cuba as a method of bolstering slavery. The article draws on the scholarship of Saidiya Hartman and Shona Jackson to provide an assessment of the afterlife of Cuban slavery, the invisibility of indigenous labor, the hypervisibility of African labor in the Caribbean deployed to maintain white supremacy, and it critiques the humanizing narrative of labor as a means for freedom in order to address the ways in which, for racialized populations in Cuba, wage labor would emerge as a tool of oppression. The article raises an inquiry into the historiography on Cuban slavery to provide a critique of the invisibility of indigenous and African women and children. It also considers the role and place of sexual exchanges/prostitution utilized to obtain freedom and to finance self-manumission, alongside the powerful narratives of the social and sexual deviancy of black women that circulated within nineteenth-century Cuba.

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Orlando, Valerie K. "Ingrid Sinclair, Bridget Pickering, and Wanjiru Kinyanjui. Africa is a Woman’s Name.2009. Spain, Africa. Shona with English subtitles. 52 minutes. Transparent Productions. Women Make Movies. $250.00." African Studies Review 56, no. 3 (November 20, 2013): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2013.97.

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Haas, Andreas D., Cordelia Kunzekwenyika, Stefanie Hossmann, Josphat Manzero, Janneke van Dijk, Ronald Manhibi, Ruth Verhey, et al. "Symptoms of common mental disorders and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adults living with HIV in rural Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e049824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049824.

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ObjectivesTo examine the proportion of people living with HIV who screen positive for common mental disorders (CMD) and the associations between CMD and self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART).SettingSixteen government-funded health facilities in the rural Bikita district of Zimbabwe.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsHIV-positive non-pregnant adults, aged 18 years or older, who lived in Bikita district and had received ART for at least 6 months.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of participants screening positive for CMD defined as a Shona Symptoms Questionnaire score of 9 or greater. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of participants reporting suicidal ideation, perceptual symptoms and suboptimal ART adherence and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for factors associated with CMD, suicidal ideation, perceptual symptoms and suboptimal ART adherence.ResultsOut of 3480 adults, 18.8% (95% CI 14.8% to 23.7%) screened positive for CMD, 2.7% (95% CI 1.5% to 4.7%) reported suicidal ideations, and 1.5% (95% CI 0.9% to 2.6%) reported perceptual symptoms. Positive CMD screens were more common in women (aPR 1.67, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.35) than in men and were more common in adults aged 40–49 years (aPR 1.47, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.85) or aged 50–59 years (aPR 1.51, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.17) than in those 60 years or older. Positive CMD screen was associated with suboptimal adherence (aPR 1.53; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.70).ConclusionsA substantial proportion of people living with HIV in rural Zimbabwe are affected by CMD. There is a need to integrate mental health services and HIV programmes in rural Zimbabwe.Trial registration numberNCT03704805.

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Hurlburt, Holly S. "Sperling, Jutta and Shona Kelly Wray, eds. Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property and the Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca. 1300-1800). (New York: Routledge Press, 2009), 310 pp., hardback, $103.00, ISBN 978 0 415 99586 3." Journal of Early Modern History 15, no. 6 (2011): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006511x604059.

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Raynard, Peter. "Elizabeth Schmidt, Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona women in the history of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939. Social History of Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, Harare: Baobab Books, and London: James Currey, 1992, 304 pp., £35.00, ISBN 0 85255 657 8 hard covers, £11.95, ISBN 0 85255 607 1 paperback." Africa 64, no. 3 (July 1994): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160791.

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Dursteler, Eric. "Jutta G. Sperling and Shona Kelly Wray, eds. Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property, and Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca. 1300–1800). Routledge Research in Gender and History 11. New York: Routledge, 2010. vii + 309 pp. index. tbls. map. bibl. $95. ISBN: 978–0–415–99586–3." Renaissance Quarterly 63, no. 4 (2010): 1325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658560.

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B. Sunday, Adesina. "‘Na Wa o for African Men’: Pragmatic acting in Sir Shina Peters’ Shinamania." Legon Journal of the Humanities 31, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v31i2.5.

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Music performs different functions besides entertainment. This paper explores the sensitising and advocating functions of music with particular focus on Sir Shina Peters’ album Shinamania. I employ Jacob Mey’s pragmeme, a pragmatic analytical tool, to identify the pragmatic acts that are performed in the album. The analysis reveals that, with the practs of ordering, Sir Peters compares the attitudes of African men to African women and advocates women empowerment, predicating his advocacy on the fact that women are beautiful and intelligent. He presents them as more humane and considerate than men. He also eulogises the virtues of women, taking them almost to the pedestal of saints. He uses the pract of warning to balance his presentation, but he appears subjective on the side of women. Consequently, the paper concludes that Sir Shina Peters deploys this album as his commentary on cultural and socio-political peculiarities of Africa.

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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara. "Shoma Hamal Gurung. Nepali Migrant Women: Resistance and Survival in America." Journal of World-Systems Research 25, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2019.914.

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Ariefa, Nina Alia, and Andhika Pratiwi. "Normative Women and Patriarchal Hegemony in Ariyoshi Sawako’s Hanaoka Seishu no Tsuma (1966)." IZUMI 10, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.1.143-155.

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This research examines the depiction of normative women in the Edo period (1603-1868) in the novel entitled Hanaoka Seishu no Tsuma (1966) by Ariyoshi Sawako, a Japanese female writer in the post World War II Showa era. Reflecting on the novel’s normative female characters, it analyzes the silenced voices of women. It will contribute to the discussion on how the normative female figures criticizing the patriarchal hegemony that has not been revealed in the literary canon of the Edo period. This research shows how normative women characters are presented in the text as a feminine strategy to criticize this hegemony. The researchers use feminist criticism theory from Butler’s gender performativity (1990). The study concludes that although normative women characters are commonly represented as men dominating women, those can also be used to criticize the patriarchal hegemony.

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Chisholm, Ann. "Book ReviewMother’s Taxi: Sport and Women’s Labor. By Shona M. Thompson. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1999.Women of Steel: Female Bodybuilders and the Struggle for Self‐Definition. By Maria R. Lowe. New York and London: New York University Press, 1998.Sport and Postmodern Times. Edited by Geneviève Rail. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1998." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 27, no. 4 (June 2002): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/339645.

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Joseph, Ralina L. "Strategically Ambiguous Shonda Rhimes: Respectability Politics of a Black Woman Showrunner." Souls 18, no. 2-4 (October 2016): 302–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2016.1230825.

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Samanga, T., and V. M. Matiza. "Depiction of Shona marriage institution in Zimbabwe local television drama, Wenera Diamonds." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i1.39824/sajest.2020.001.

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Marriage is a highly celebrated phenomenon among the African people. It is one of the important institutions among the Shona and Ndebele people in Zimbabwe as expressed in the saying ‘musha mukadzi’ and ‘umuzingumama’ (home is made by a woman) respectively. However with the coming of colonialism in Zimbabwe, marriage was not given the appropriate respect it deserves. This has given impetus to this paper where the researchers in the study through drama want to bring out the depiction of marriage institution in a post -independence television drama, Wenera Diamonds (2017). This paper therefore, aims to show the impact of neo-colonialism on Shona marriage institution. The neo colonial period is characterised with the perpetuation of Western imperial interests through protocols of diplomatic relations, treaties and existing bilateral agreements which marked a new phase of relationships with former colonisers. The aim of this article therefore is to depict marriage institution in neo colonial Zimbabwe in Wenera Diamonds (2017), a Zimbabwean television drama. Using qualitative research methodology, the research employs content analysis to elucidate the depiction in the said performance. Guided by the Africana womanist perspective, the article argues that the indigenous knowledge needed for African social development is rendered irrelevant by a dysfunctional set of values of the western hegemony. Against that, the paper establishes that the depiction of marriage institution in Wenera diamonds is a reflection of imperialist colonial forces on the black person hence the need to go back to basics and resuscitate their culture.

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SUZUKI, Kazuyo, Miyoko OGISO, Fumiko IRIE, Natsuko HASHIDO, Kumiko GOTO, Satoi TAKAHASHI, Tsuyako TAKAHASHI, and Junko TOKUDA. "The Life Style of Pregnant Women at Eerlytime of the Showa Era in Aichi." Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery 3, no. 1 (1989): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3418/jjam.3.35.

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Beach, D. N. "An Innocent Woman, Unjustly Accused? Charwe, Medium of the Nehanda Mhondoro Spirit, and the 1896–97 Central Shona Rising in Zimbabwe." History in Africa 25 (1998): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172179.

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The rising of the Ndebele and southwestern and central Shona people against colonial rule in the 1890s has become one of the classic cases of such resistance. Yet, since the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980, very little fresh research has been carried out on the subject. This paper re-examines the role of Shona religious authorities in the rising, especially that of the medium of the Nehanda spirit of the Mazowe valley in the central Shona area. In just over a century, the figure of “Mbuya Nehanda” has become the best-known popular symbol of resistance to colonial rule in modern Zimbabwe. She has been commemorated since 1980 in statues, street names, a hospital, posters, songs, novels, and poems, and is soon to be the subject of a full-length feature film. This paper examines the historical basis behind the legend.This legend runs as follows: the historical “Nehanda” was supposed to have been the daughter of the founding ancestor of the Mutapa dynasty, who lived in the fifteenth century. Her ritual incest with her brother Matope gave supernatural sanction to the power of the Mutapa state. After her death, she became a mhondoro spirit, and this spirit possessed a number of mediums (masvikiro, singular svikiro). During periods of possession by the spirit, the svikiro was regarded as speaking with the voice and personality of the original Nehanda and not with her own. In the last part of the nineteenth century one medium, Charwe, was responsible for the organization of resistance to the government of the British South Africa Company and the settlers in the Mazowe valley, and in particular for the killing of H.H. Pollard, Kunyaira, the extremely oppressive Native Commissioner of the area. This resistance began in June 1896, and from then until her capture in late 1897 the Nehanda medium was a major factor in the war. Tried and sentenced to death in March 1898, she refused to convert to Christianity and struggled right up to the moment when she was hanged.

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Hailemariam, Assefa. "Fertility levels and trends in Arsi and Shoa regions of Central Ethiopia." Journal of Biosocial Science 23, no. 4 (October 1991): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019490.

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SummaryLevels and trends of fertility in the Arsi and Shoa regions of Central Ethiopia are examined, using data from the 1986 Population, Health and Nutrition baseline survey of the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. The population has high fertility. Total fertility of six children per woman in the late 1960s increased to eight children per woman in the early 1980s, then declined to seven children per woman in the mid-1980s. Urban fertility declined by a substantial amount during the 15 years before the survey while rural fertility increased during the same period.The implications of high fertility are considered.

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Megawati, Ni Luh, I. Made Sendra, and Ni Luh Putu Ari Sulatri. "Representasi Fashion Era Taisho-Showa pada Film Animasi Kaze Tachinu Karya Hayao Miyazaki." Jurnal SAKURA : Sastra, Bahasa, Kebudayaan dan Pranata Jepang 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/js.2021.v03.i01.p05.

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This research is entitled “Fashion Representation of Taisho-Showa Era in Kaze Tachinu Animation Film by Hayao Miyazaki”. Fashion style transition from wasou to yosou was found in Taisho-Showa Era. This research aims to discover the form, function, and meaning of fashion in the Taisho-Showa era which are depicted in the film. This research used literature study method and the referral method for the data accumulation, descriptive analysis method for data analysis and for analysis results presented with informal method. For the theory, this research used literary anthropology theory by Poyatos (2008), fashion form theory by Pendergast and Tom (2004), fashion function theory by Barnard (1996), and semiotics theory by Barthes (1964). Based on the analysis results, can be seen that fashion’s form that represent in Taisho-Showa era are divided into two category, first is wasou which consists of hakama, haori, kimono, mandarin shirt, obi, shimada, comb, geta, tabi, and zori, and the second one is yosou that consists of men’s suit, stockings, trench coat, men’s hats, short hair for woman, waved hair for woman, clutch purse, patent leather shoes, and high heeled boots. For the fashion’s function that found in this research are 1) protection function; 2) politeness and concealment function; 3) communication function; 4) individualistic expression; 5) social worth or status; 6) economic worth or status; 7) magical-religious condition; and 8) recreational functions. And for the fashion’s meaning in the Taisho-Showa era, in denotation is refers to the form and design of fashion, while the connotation of fashion is formed by the influence of social and cultural values in Japanese society.

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Otsuki, Katsufumi, and Noriaki Imai. "Effects of lactoferrin in 6 patients with refractory bacterial vaginosis." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 95, no. 1 (February 2017): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2016-0051.

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We previously reported that lactoferrin (LF) could be effective for preventing preterm delivery and intrauterine infections, based on data derived from mice and rabbits. Here we describe 6 women with a history of multiple pregnancy losses or preterm delivery and refractory bacterial vaginosis, who received prebiotic LF therapy and delivered an infant normally. Five of the women were pregnant and one was not at the time of this study. The Ethics Committee at Showa University Hospital and Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital approved the therapeutic protocol. Vaginal suppositories and oral prebiotic LF were administered to patients who were refractory to conventional treatment for vaginosis and had a history of late miscarriages and very early preterm delivery due to refractory vaginitis and chorioamnionitis. LF significantly improved the vaginal bacterial flora. Lactobacillus, which was detectable in the vaginas of all patients after one month of LF therapy, gradually became dominant. The findings from these 6 patients suggest that administering LF to humans could help prevent refractory vaginitis, cervical inflammation, and preterm delivery.

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Stump, Gregory T. "How peculiar is evaluative morphology?" Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000037.

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Many languages possess morphological rules which serve to express diminution or augmentation, endearment or contempt; examples are the Breton rule relating potr ‘boy’ to potrig ‘little boy’, the Shona rule relating chibikiso ‘cooking tool’ to zichibikiso ‘huge cooking tool’ and the Italian rule relating poeta ‘poet’ to poetastro ‘bad poet’. Because of the possibility of interpreting diminution and augmentation in affective rather than purely objective terms (Wierzbicka, 1980: 53ff.; Szymanek, 1988: 106ff.), morphological expressions of diminution or augmentation are not always discrete from those of endearment or contempt; that is, diminutives and augmentatives are frequently used as expressions of endearment (such as Italian sorella ‘sister’ → sorellina ‘dear little sister’, donna ‘woman’ → donnotta ‘fine, stout woman’) or disdain (Italian uomo ‘man’ → uomicciuolo ‘contemptible little man’, donna → donnona ‘overgrown girl’).

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Troncoso Rodríguez, Marina. "The talent of mature women and their legacy for Humanity." Journal of Education Culture and Society 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20161.125.132.

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This paper is a compilation of facts about women who shone in their youth either for their research, their works of art, or their social and political activities, and who remained active in their later years, when they became what are commonly called senior citizens. It was during these years that these brilliant women managed to crystallise and consolidate the work they had done all of their life, bringing about changes in scientific, artistic, cultural and social fields, leaving behind a legacy of knowledge for future generations. A small host of women representing different disciplines has been chosen here, and all of these women were active in their later life. Many others who could have been included will not be found, not only because there is not enough space here to mention all of them here, but also because there is a lack of sources dealing with the millions of senior heroines who are anonymous; elderly women who play a vital role in the development of humanity when they pass on knowledge and values; women who remain active in their later years and who only retire the day they die

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Tie, Chen Guang. "Optimizing Mining Association Rules of Japanese Literary Characteristics Based on Artificial Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 2097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.2097.

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<p>Literatureis a kind of cultural historical stage of development to the most full ofvitality shone forth a glorious reflection of the cultural and social Hainan period as the heyday of Dynasty Women Current Literature.The prosperity of the Japanese literature of the Hainanperiod women to create the miracle of the history of Japanese literature, andeven the history of world literature. Learn from foreign cultures at the sametime, the Japanese created their own unique literary genre, such as Storyliterature. From domestic colleges and universities of the Japanese literatureclass status quo, analyzes the problems in the teaching of Japanese literaturefrom four aspects of teaching students of teachers and teaching and thesurrounding environment, to discuss current problems in the Japanese literatureclass.</p>

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Gebisa, Diriba Ayele, and Aman Rikitu Dassa. "The Roles and Challenges of Micro Finance in Women Empowerment: A Case Study in Oromia Credit and Saving Institution in West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia." International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises 2, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijsmes.v2i2.412.

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Empowerment of women has emerged as an important issue in recent times since women remained disadvantaged part of society for a long period of times. Empowerment of women facilitates development by the uplifting their economic, social and political status. Microfinance is proved to be the instrument to handle poverty that exists mostly in urban and rural areas of the country. It is treated as a key strategy in addressing development issues across the country since the last decade. This study basically attempts to analyze the roles and challenges of microfinance in women empowerment. A primary survey has been carried out to capture the realistic experiences from the women beneficiaries of Oromia Micro Credit and Saving Institution of West Shoa Zone branch. In order to address the objectives of the study, a mixed approach has been adopted and primary data were collected and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques. A total sample of 268 women customers’ was selected using simple random sampling technique out of 1316 target populations. Data collected from these respondents were analyzed and interpreted using percentage, weighted mean and mean ranking and the hypothesis was tested using the paired t-test. The findings showed that a significant number of clients had increased their income, saving, decision making and asset ownership rights and safeguarded themselves and their families from financial difficulties. Besides its role, the main challenging factors are unproductive usages of the loan, limited loan size, lack of training and follow up, low awareness and high-interest rate of the loan.

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Mani, Preetha. "Book Review: Shobna Nijhawan, Women and Girls in the Hindi Public Sphere: Periodical Literature in Colonial North India." South Asia Research 34, no. 3 (November 2014): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728014550552.

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Lunn, David. "Book Review: Shobna Nijhawan, Women and Girls in the Hindi Public Sphere: Periodical Literature in Colonial North India." South Asia Research 36, no. 2 (July 2016): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728016638624.

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Stark, Ulrike. "Book Review: Shobna Nijhawan, Women and Girls in the Hindi Public Sphere: Periodical Literature in Colonial North India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 51, no. 2 (April 2014): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464614527538.

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Mamo, Kassa, Tizita Dengia, Abuzumeran Abubeker, and Eden Girmaye. "Assessment of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Associated Factors among Mothers in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3965873.

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Background. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mothers worldwide to exclusively breastfeed infants for the child’s first six months to achieve optimal growth, development, and health. Even though appropriate feeding practice is the most cost-effective intervention to reduce child morbidity and mortality, exclusive breastfeeding practices in developing countries are still low. Objective. The objective of the study was to assess exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among mothers in West Shoa zone. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from May to December 2018 in the West Shoa zone, Ethiopia, among 710 mothers with 6–9-month-old infants. The multistage stage sampling technique was employed. A pretested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Epi Info version 7.1.2.0 was used to enter the data, and we transferred to SPSS version 25 for analysis. The association between factors and the exclusive breastfeeding were analyzed with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Result. A total of 710 women were included with a response rate of 97.9%. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 38.7%, and only 65.35% of the respondents reported that they have exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their infant’s life. Marital status (AOR 2.467 (1.333–4.564)), ANC visit (AOR 2.562 (1.250–5.252)), pregnancy intentionality (AOR 4.727 (3.217–6.945)), postnatal care clinic attendance (AOR 3.373 (2.293–4.963)), and counseling on exclusive breastfeeding AOR 2.544 (1.239–5.225) were the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding practice is still low and actions need to be taken like educating the community about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding using every accessible media. Maternal health service centers should provide counseling and education for women about breastfeeding.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women, Shona'

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