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1
Kahf, Mohja. "Women and Social Justice." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 2 (September 1, 1991): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i2.2633.
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The task undertaken in this book, the development of a “third approach”to the issue of women’s oppression superceding both feminism and traditionalism,is much needed and much neglected in the Islamic movement.Specifically, Ahmad analyzes the impact of the introduction of hudud (Islamicpenal code) laws in Pakistan and makes policy recommendations for theirreform. Although his analysis is not limited in usefulness to Pakistan, it islimited, however, by several shortcomings in argument, structure, and language.Ahmad’s strong points emerge in his empirical study of Pakistani familylaw. While he attempts to refute the criticism that the hudud laws discriminateagainst women, he also recognizes that the application of these laws in alegal patchwork fraught with contradictions has not helped women. For example,the Family Laws Ordinance of 1961 requires all marriages to be officiallyreported but, with common and Islamic opinion being contrary, thislaw is frequently neglected. So when the hudud laws of 1979 made adulterypunishable, women living in Islamic but unreported marriages were reportedfor adultery by vengeful ex-husbands. This particular problem would be solved,Ahmad argues, by punishing such men for slander, a neglected aspect ofthe Shari‘ah’s approach to adultery which is to women’s advantage. He arguesfor an end to “this vicious circle of immediacy, adhocism and temporarysolutions” (p. 48) in the application of the Shari‘ah, and for a more creative,comprehensive reform. His use of statistics from Pakistani courts is an attemptto ground his analysis in the living reality of Pakistani women, anattempt which is only infrequently made by Islamist writers on women’s issues,who usually hide behind obscure generalizations about the ideal society.It is also edifying to see an Islamist writer admit that “we should notdoubt the intent and motive of those who talk on these issues and take adifferent position” (p. 11). Too often this debate over the status of womenresults in bitter and useless finger-pointing in which the advocates of changein women’s conditions are labelled “Western,” as if one had to be Westernto see anything exploitative about the present treatment of Muslim women.Unfortunately, Ahmad does not stick to his promise and succumbs to a defensivediatribe against his ideological opponents, calling them ‘‘crypto-colonialists’’and emphasizing their emergence from the upper classes. The same charge ...
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Maqsood, Fauzia, and Steven M. Albert. "An Exploration Of Individual And Contextual Factors Affecting The Use Of Contraceptives In Urban Slums Of Pakistan: A Socio-Ecological Analysis." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 8, no. 1 (March 8, 2014): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v8i1.335.
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We examined determinants of ever use of contraceptives among women living in urban slums of Pakistan. Data were drawn from a nationwide study, “Living Conditions in Urban Slums of Selected Cities of Pakistan,” jointly conducted by University of Gujrat; UNFPA, Islamabad; and UN Habitat, Islamabad, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 2420 married women from six cites. The study was conducted within the socio-ecological framework and examined individual, social, and geographic contextual factors. Multivariate logistic regression model with robust standard errors was used to estimate the contribution of different socio-ecologic factors for use of contraception. Results of logistic regression showed that individual, social, and geographic factors affect use of contraceptives among women in Pakistani urban slums. The socio-ecologic model can help to identify correlates of contraceptive use, especially among developing nations.
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Manzoor, Seema, Asma Manzoor, Dua-e. Rehma, and Samina Saeed. "A Study Of Health Conditions Of Women Working At Karachi Fisheries." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.218.
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This study aims to establish the understanding about the health conditions of women working at Karachi fisheries. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working at fisheries in their working hours, within the family, while communicating with people around them and in their social life. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as private fisheries near Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from various private fishing companies at Karachi fisheries. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society.
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Ahmad, Akhlaq, Farhan Navid Yousaf, and Muhammad Bilal. "The Protest, Transformation of the Public Sphere and Notions of Femininity; Women Experiences in Pakistan." sjesr 3, no. 1 (April 19, 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss1-2020(20-26).
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This research analyzes women’s participation in a sit-in organized by a mainstream political party, Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT) in the capital territory of Pakistan. This sit-in continued for 86 days. Taking theoretical insights from Jurgen Habermas and Max Weber, this study looks at women’s experiences during the sit-in. The research discusses how the women transformed this ‘political sit-in’ into the public sphere and created alternative discursive space/s to looked into/evaluate their social, cultural, economic and political conditions and voiced their narratives into the present masculine/ patriarchal political structure of Pakistan. Interpretivist’ epistemology was a guiding methodological application for this research. The data come from 10 women participants. The thematic analysis helps the interpretation. Findings reveal that women exercised their agency as their religious duty, which in turn enabled them to develop their feminine social capital. Women transformed political sit-in into a distinct political space and challenged the traditional notions of Pakistani femininity. They lived in an open space for 86 days without their families, mostly taking decisions at their own, chanting anti-government slogans, having clashes with police, getting married and giving birth. Media facilitated projection, visibility and public support. Women’ commitment to the change disrupted dominant stereotypes about women, their role and voice in Pakistan. Charismatic leadership instrumentalized religious teachings for persuading participants and the advancement of the political agenda of socio-political change in Pakistan.
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Saeed, Naima, Tansif ur Rehman, and Hina Shahzadi. "Socio-Economic Conditions Of Hindu Women In Karachi With Special Reference To Narainpura Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v15i1.130.
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The religious minority constitutes an anomaly within the discourse of national identity in Pakistan. They become an anomaly because their existence as citizens of Pakistan highlights the contradictions within the theory that, the State of Pakistan was created for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Hindus are the largest religious minority in Sindh, but facing discrimination at all levels, i.e., economic, social, political, and legal. They are living as a second-class citizen of the country. While, the women who belong to these minority groups are facing double discrimination, firstly as a woman, and then as a Hindu. It is an exploratory research which was conducted in Narainpur (Karachi), which is one of the oldest residential areas of the city, and represents the largest population of Hindu minority, i.e., 60,000 to 70,000. The entire population of Narainpur comprises of poor and lower middle class, as most of the population works as sweepers, housemaids, laborers in KMC, and sellers. Interview schedule was used to collect data from the respective respondents. Result show that health conditions of the women of this locality needs improvement.
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Agha, Nadia, and Maliha Gull Tarar. "Battling Breast Cancer: Women’s Narratives of Struggle, Family Support and Survival from Rural Sindh, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan 26, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.026.01.0015.
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Breast cancer poses a major health risk to Pakistani women causing 40,000 deaths annually in Pakistan (Pink Ribbon 2019). Based on 40 in-depth interviews with women who have been treated for breast cancer from rural Sindh, this study explores the extent to which families, living in rural and less developed areas with poor socio-economic conditions, provide support to the patients. The results show that women as well as their husbands’ level of education and awareness is correlated to delayed access to medical services. Our findings show that husband’s support and empathy has a therapeutic effect on cancer patients. Women’s well-being and self-esteem was strongly associated with how men saw and dealt with their disease. Based on the findings, we recommend introducing awareness raising programmes and a well-integrated social support system to help the patients and particularly men who control women’s lives.
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Arshad, Muhammad, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "A Gender Based Study Of Socio-Economic Impact Of Pension Systems." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v9i1.243.
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Respect for the elderly has always been a prevalent social norm in Pakistani society. Retired People in Pakistan have recently become visible due to changing social values. Karachi is the mega city of Sindh province. It is occupied with peculiar issues that need to be addressed at local, provincial and federal level. The aim of this study is to highlight the salient features on the life of the retired personnel in Pakistan. Retirement is often the first major transition faced by the older people. The objective of this study is to explore different aspects of retired people. Two hundred retired persons both male and female are interviewed by questionnaire method. The results were tabulated and analyzed by simple frequency and chi-square method. Results show that Pakistan is one of such countries where retired ageing people are becoming apparent. The old age affects males and females differently in terms of social adjustment at this stage of life. In old age, they are more likely to suffer from disabilities and multiple health problems. Family structure and living conditions influence the lives of elderly people. The present situation for elderly women is also quite poor. There is needed to make gender specific policies and programmes that can encourage and facilitate the elderly to have more involvement in activities of life through greater social and economic participation.
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Ikram Badshah, Zakiya Rubab Mohsin, and Jan Alam. "Local Perception about Caesarian Section among Post Caesarian Section Women in Pakistan." sjesr 4, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss2-2021(299-308).
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Birthing is a critical moment in the life of a mother. The biomedical practice of the Caesarian Section (C-section) does not exist in a vacuum but is under the influence of the sociocultural environment. However, deciding between methods of birth and the perception about the C-section shows a gap and dearth in the present literature. This paper aims at understanding what social and cultural factors construct the perceptions and experiences of the Caesarian Section among post-C-section- women belonging to different socio-economic statuses. Moreover, it explores how these factors influence Pakistani women’s decision-making regarding childbirth methods. The paper uses a qualitative yet multi-sited locale approach, employing semi-structured interviews from 20 post-C-section women mainly from Islamabad and Rawalpindi region; 10 women belong to lower socio-economic status whereas, 10 to the upper one. Different themes from data were identified and obtained for analysis.
The perception and experience of the C-section fluctuate with social, economic, and cultural factors. The influence of biomedical and intra-household politics on the decision of C-section is much conspicuous and evident. Affluent families practice C-sections under dominant power dynamics without any reasoning. For those who can afford C-section, is perceived as a luxury and artificial motherhood in the eyes of ‘’the others’’ whereas, normal birthing was true and natural motherhood. The social construction of the C-section suggests that social and cultural forces play a decisive role. C-section is only acceptable if there is an emergency otherwise natural birth is the most suitable method of childbirth. Along with advocating C-sections in critical medical conditions, an awareness campaign against C-sections is also imperative for it has severe consequences.
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McCauley, Mary, Barbara Madaj, Sarah A. White, Fiona Dickinson, Sarah Bar-Zev, Mamuda Aminu, Pamela Godia, Pratima Mittal, Shamsa Zafar, and Nynke van den Broek. "Burden of physical, psychological and social ill-health during and after pregnancy among women in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Malawi." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (May 2018): e000625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000625.
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IntroductionFor every woman who dies during pregnancy and childbirth, many more suffer ill-health, the burden of which is highest in low-resource settings. We sought to assess the extent and types of maternal morbidity.MethodsDescriptive observational cross-sectional study at primary-level and secondary-level healthcare facilities in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Malawi to assess physical, psychological and social morbidity during and after pregnancy. Sociodemographic factors, education, socioeconomic status (SES), quality of life, satisfaction with health, reported symptoms, clinical examination and laboratory investigations were assessed. Relationships between morbidity and maternal characteristics were investigated using multivariable logistic regression analysis.Results11 454 women were assessed in India (2099), Malawi (2923), Kenya (3145), and Pakistan (3287). Almost 3 out of 4 women had ≥1 symptoms (73.5%), abnormalities on clinical examination (71.3%) or laboratory investigation (73.5%). In total, 36% of women had infectious morbidity of which 9.0% had an identified infectious disease (HIV, malaria, syphilis, chest infection or tuberculosis) and an additional 32.5% had signs of early infection. HIV-positive status was highest in Malawi (14.5%) as was malaria (10.4%). Overall, 47.9% of women were anaemic, 11.5% had other medical or obstetric conditions, 25.1% reported psychological morbidity and 36.6% reported social morbidity (domestic violence and/or substance misuse). Infectious morbidity was highest in Malawi (56.5%) and Kenya (40.4%), psychological and social morbidity was highest in Pakistan (47.3%, 60.2%). Maternal morbidity was not limited to a core at-risk group; only 1.2% had all four morbidities. The likelihood of medical or obstetric, psychological or social morbidity decreased with increased education; adjusted OR (95% CI) for each additional level of education ranged from 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for psychological morbidity to 0.91 (0.87 to 0.95) for infectious morbidity. Each additional level of SES was associated with increased psychological morbidity (OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.21)) and social morbidity (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10)), but there was no difference regarding medical or obstetric morbidity. However, for each morbidity association was heterogeneous between countries.ConclusionWomen suffer significant ill-health which is still largely unrecognised. Current antenatal and postnatal care packages require adaptation if they are to meet the identified health needs of women.
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Masroor, Uzma, Mussarat Jabeen Khan, and Semra Salik. "Prevalence of Psychological Distress during COVID-19, Social Distancing and Risk Factor of PTSD among General Population of Pakistan: A Web Based Survey." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): 1809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211581809.
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Aim: To examine the prevalence of psychological distress during COVID-19, social distancing and risk factor for PTSD among general population of Pakistan. Methodology: The sample was drawn from Pakistani population having access to internet, age 18 years and above, through convenient sampling. Online survey method was used for the information assortment and the scales were Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21) and Impact of Event Scale (IES). Descriptive Statistics, Frequency, Percentages, Correlation and t-test analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that women scored high on depression, anxiety, and stress scale as compared to males. Results also highlighted elevated level of anxiety in grownups and working individuals while elderly population resulted in more significant levels of stress than other subsequent groups. Another finding of the study was high level of depression among university students and individuals with already compromised quality of psychological health are prone to various psychological disturbances particularly conditions like PTSD due to other mental conditions. Keywords: Covid-19, psychological distress, PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress
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Agha, Nadia. "Social Security or Cultural Benefits." Asian Journal of Social Science 46, no. 1-2 (2018): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04601003.
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Son preference persists in South Asian patrilineal and patriarchal societies where practices of sex-selective abortions are used to ensure the maximum number of male children. Such practices cannot be understood without analysing socio-economic conditions that foster son preference. This article highlights the strategic importance of sons in rural Pakistan by analysing 30 semi-structured interviews and three focus group discussions with women. I take into account the prevalent perception of men as breadwinners and argue that even if men do not fulfil this role, they are considered precious due to other factors, e.g., family’s future security, social protection and maintenance of kinship ties. The family faces the threat of discontinuity of lineage in the absence of a male child even if it has daughters. While the girl child is also useful for the family, particularly when she supports her mother, cultural and social expectations attached to the male child make him invaluable.
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Ullah, TI, HN Anwer, M. Musa, and F. Sher. "Impact Of Socio-Economic Attributes On The Living Standards Of Females In Farming System Of Punjab, Pakistan." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i2.45294.
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In the context of farming, Punjab is bestowed with fertile land. It is a land of five rivers and friendly atmosphere for agriculture as well as for livestock. Majority of its population lives in rural areas and its major source of income is based on agriculture. Women are contributing a significant share in the field of farming. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of socio-economic factors on the living conditions of those women who are involved in any farming activities. The nature of study was quantitative. 400 women were selected through multiple sampling techniques from three different geographical zones of Punjab. The tool for data collection was interview schedule. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) was used for quantitative analysis for enhancing the scope and validity of research. Bi-variate analysis was carried out for showing the relationship between variables. The study revealed positive as well as negative impacts on living conditions of women in this sector. This study shed a light on women participation as a farmer and its impact on their lives. The major suggestions were made after conducting the research that there should be proper training for women in agriculture sector. Proper health and education facilities should be provided to them and their children. Government should make policies to facilitate the women in farming system.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 53-66 (2019)
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Arshad, Shumaila, Hira Waris, Maria Ismail, and Ayesha Naseer. "Health Care System in Pakistan: A review." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i03.41.
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Health systems are expected to serve the population needs in an effective, efficient and equitable manner. The factors determining the health behaviors may be seen in various contexts physical, socio-economic, cultural and political. Therefore, the utilization of a health care system, public or private, formal or non-formal, may depend on socio-demographic factors, social structures, level of education, cultural beliefs and practices, gender discrimination, status of women, economic and political systems environmental conditions, and the disease pattern and health care system itself. Policy makers need to understand the drivers of health seeking behavior of the population in an increasingly pluralistic health care system. Also a more concerted effort is required for designing behavioral health promotion campaigns through inter-sectoral collaboration focusing more on disadvantaged segments of the population. The paper reviews the health care providers, the national policies emphasizing health services as well as health care systems in Pakistan and the role of the pharmacist in health care system of Pakistan, health and economics of Pakistan and current budgeting policies and the importance of non government organizations in health care system of Pakistan.
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Khan, Humayun. "NGOs and Gender Development, the Case of AKRSP in District Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2006.v11.i1.a5.
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The empowerment of women and improvement of their socioeconomic status are essential ingredients of economic, political and social development. To achieve these objectives, the Government and NGOs have launched a number of programs in various parts of the country. The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) is working on the same agenda in Northern districts of North West Frontier Province (NWFP). The aim of the present research was to study the gender related interventions introduced by the AKRSP in District Chitral. The study findings show that the gender related interventions introduced by AKRSP have played a key role in the development of rural women in the area under reference. In addition to the provision of water supply schemes, health and credit facilities, training has also been imparted to the local women in different sectors of the rural economy including: agriculture, livestock management, vocational and enterprise development. This training has had a positive effect on economic activities performed by rural women and has enhanced the income of the respondents from various economic activities in their respective fields in the research area. Another major effect of the AKRSP interventions was the saving of time of rural women that had been spent on fetching water before these interventions. Though these interventions have improved the socio-economic conditions of women to a greater extent in the area, their sustainability requires regular monitoring and follow-up of training.
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Khan, Muhammad Amir, John D. Walley, Saima Ali, Rebecca King, Shaheer Ellahi Khan, Nida Khan, Faisal Imtiaz Sheikh, and Haroon Jehangir Khan. "Process evaluation of integrated diabetes management at primary healthcare facilities in Pakistan: a mixed-methods study." BJGP Open 2, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): bjgpopen18X101612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen18x101612.
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BackgroundIntegrated care for diabetes and associated conditions at primary level health facilities can make care available to a much larger population, especially in rural areas.AimThis process evaluation was to understand how the authors' integrated care was implemented and experienced by the care providers and patients, and to inform modifications prior to province-wide scale-up.Design & settingThe mixed-method study was conducted as part of a cluster randomised trial on integrated diabetes care at 14 public health facilities.MethodThe care practices were assessed by analysing the routine clinical records of 495 registered patients with diabetes. Then semi-structured interviews with service providers and patients were used to understand their respective care experiences. A framework approach was applied to analyse and interpret the qualitative data.ResultsThe intervention and the study were implemented as intended under routine conditions in rural health centres. Key service processes effectively delivered included: skill-based training; screening and diagnostic tests; treatment card records; and the additional case management as per desk guide, including monitoring progress in glucose and weight at follow-up consultations, and mobile phone calls to help adherence. However, social and cultural factors affected clients' ability to change lifestyles, especially for women. The intervention effect was limited by the short study follow-up of only 9 months.ConclusionIntegrated diabetes care was feasible, both for providers and patients, and potentially scalable at primary care facilities under routine conditions in Pakistan. Additional operational interventions are required for sustained drug supplies, supervision, in-service training, and to address the social challenges to healthy activity and eating, especially for women.
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Usman, Ghazala, Kiran Abbas, Rimsha Arshad, Amna Muneer, Hiba S. Syed, Anoosha Iqbal, Farea N. Dar, et al. "Knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene management among women living in a low-income neighbourhood, Karachi, Pakistan." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 3953. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20204277.
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Background: The aim of the study was to determine the degree of awareness and practice of proper menstrual hygiene management among women living in low-income neighbourhood in Karachi, Pakistan.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bizerta Lines, Karachi between January and June 2019. All women of reproductive age were included in the study. Amenorrheic, menopausal, or women on birth control were excluded from the study. Degree of awareness and current practices pertaining to menstrual hygiene management were assessed through pro-forma. The study tool collected the participant’s knowledge, awareness, and misconceptions about menstruation. The factors affecting the quality of life during menstruation of women living in poor socio-economic conditions were also observed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v.23) was used to analyze the collected data.Results: Of the 338 participants, 82.5% had no knowledge of menstruation prior to their first menstrual period. Only a minority of the women knew that the source of menstrual blood was the uterus while 41.4% of the women incorrectly claimed that the menstrual blood and urine were expelled from the same orifice. More than half of the participants used disposable sanitary napkins (55.5%). 65% of the participants changed the absorbent at least 1 to 3 times a day.Conclusions: Most of the participants used disposable sanitary napkins. However, the basic knowledge of female anatomy and physiology behind menstruation was poor among women.
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Siddiqui, Rehana, Shahnaz Hamid, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "Analysis of Non-conventional Indicators of Gender Relations: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 913–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.913-929.
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Since 1980 many developing countries have adopted two major macroeconomic strategies: Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment. A generally held view regarding the impact of these macroeconomic strategies is that it led to unemployment, low investment, decline in real wages, capital flight, rise in inequality and poverty. All these resulted in deterioration in living conditions of the poor in the short run.1 In some cases, the long run benefits, if any, of these programmes are sacrificed due to the high social costs in the short run. A number of studies, examining the impact of the observed macroeconomic impact of the Structural Adjustment Policies (StAP), report mixed impact on women. For example, on the one hand, Khan (1999) found an increasing trend in feminisation of agricultural labour2, and feminisation of poverty3 while Brown (1992), on the other hand, reports employment as a key factor in determining women’s empowerment and argues that some aspects of economic reforms hold for improvement in the long-run. The argument is based on the assumption that greater economic role for women offers protection and that employment itself mitigates against domestic violence. However, the overall effect of structural adjustment is difficult to measure as it varies across countries, across sectors, and across individuals within a household.
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Rabbani, Unaib, Maryam Huda, Aysha Zahidie, and Fauziah Rabbani. "STATUS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH IN AN URBAN SQUATTER SETTLEMENT OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN: RESULTS FROM A ROUND OF SURVEILLANCE." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 9, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 07–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v9i1.275.
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Background: Rapid urbanization has led to emergence of squatter settlements with poor infrastructure and compromised basic amenities. These conditions expose vulnerable groups like women and children to serious health risks. This paper presents the status of maternal and child health in a squatter settlement of Karachi.Methods: Health and Demographic Surveillance System was established in Sultanabad, a squatter settlement of Karachi. Households were eligible to be enrolled if there was a married woman of 15-49 years of age. Data on socio-demographic, maternal and child health indicators was collected during a round of surveillance using a structured questionnaire adapted from Measure Demographic and Health Survey Phase III and Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Analysis was done using SPSS version 19. Results: A total of 730 women completed the interview. Among them 87% women sought antenatal care during last pregnancy and 79% of the women delivered in a facility. Contraceptive prevalence rate was 32%. Proportion of children exclusively breast fed till six months of age was 63%. Almost 86% children of 12-23 months were fully immunized. Prevalence of stunting among children under five was 40%. Conclusion: In Sultanabad, maternal and child health indicators were relatively better as compared to national statistics. However in the presence of available health facilities, the low contraceptive prevalence and high proportion of stunted children in the community is alarming. This requires urgent attention primarily addressing social determinants of health within the local context.
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Saeed, Naima, Tansif Ur Rehman, and Mehmood Ahmed Usmani. "A Criminological Study of the Socioeconomic Factors of Criminality Among Pakistani Females." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 5, no. 4 (October 2018): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2018100102.
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The concept of female criminality is complicated and exhibits itself with diversified attributes in various countries. In Pakistani society, women have been largely involved in brutal criminal acts with the change in social aspects, such as economic conditions, illiteracy, violence against women, family environment, customs and traditions; which indicates an alarming situation in the country. The deprivations, desires, burden, and lack of the respective needs turn a woman into a criminal in the expression to release an outburst. The findings reveal that education plays an important role in the socialization and character building of women. Most of the illiterate and young females who belonged to the urban background are involved in crime. Female criminals reported that they have committed a crime due to a financial problem, unemployment of the husband and the need of money for the upbringing of their children. These socioeconomic conditions made them compulsive to involve in criminality.
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Riaz, Sakina, Mahe Darakhshan, and Samina Rauf. "Elder Women’s Socio-Economic Problems And Their Impact: A Feminine Perspective On Experiencing Old Age Problems In Karachi, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v9i1.246.
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This study was conducted from the period of October to December 2013 with a selected population of elderly women who belongs to urban and rural areas of Karachi. The aim of the study was to investigate the Socio-economic conditions, health status, psychological condition, living style and also social support mechanisms among the elderly women in both rural and urban areas. Stratified random sampling method was used to collect the data. A sample of 300 female senior citizens was selected from two different communities of two union councils namely, “Jut Lines” and the “Central Jacob Line” of Jamshed Town from urban area and two from Malir town to represent the rural population of Karachi, Pakistan. The respondents were interviewed through a formulated questionnaire that was crosstranslated into Urdu language to determine the participant’s socio-economic problems. The study respondents belong to different walks of life and they participated voluntarily in this study. Similar studies are needed to be conducted in other community settings for recommending appropriate changes in public behavior towards elder women problems’ in our society.
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Raza, Ali, and Hajira Zainab. "SOMATIZATION AND MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS – PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES AMONG WOMEN AT NAHAQI – KPK, PAKISTAN." Professional Medical Journal 26, no. 07 (July 10, 2019): 1042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.07.3444.
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Background: Medically unexplained physical symptoms or somatization accounts for about half of the OPD visits in primary care setup. These are unclear symptoms and cannot be explained by medical or neurologic conditions. They are associated with significant stigma and over burden utilization of medical services, and results in frustration both for clinician and for the patient. The study is aimed to determine the prevalence of somatization and its association with anxiety and depression among women at Nahaqi - Charsadda and also to find out the medically unexplained symptoms among women at Nahaqi. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Setting: Village Nahaqi at Nahaqi Emergency Satellite Hospital (NESH) Charsadda – KPK, Pakistan. Period: September 2016 to March, 2017. Methodology: 100 females were included in this study after informed consent. American Psychiatric Association, Level 1 Cross-cutting Symptom Measure and Level 2 – Somatic Symptoms Adult Measure containing 23 and 15 questions respectively were used. Data were collected through interviews; entered and analyzed in SPSS. The study was conducted from September 2016 to March 2017. Results: 100 out of 120 women in the age range of 15 to 65 years, mean age 37.09 ± 12.08 years responded with response rate of 83.3%. Majority were illiterate (79 %), married (81 %) women. 86 % women reported unexplained body aches and pains. The prevalence of anxiety and depression among women at Nahaqi was 50 and 57 % respectively and all items were highly significant (P < 0.000) with somatic score categories (Minimal, Low, Medium, High). The prevalence of medically unexplained symptoms was found out to be 84 %, which includes all high and medium score cases. 59 women had 5 or more mild to moderate somatic complaints, while 49 reported 5 or more severe complaints. The most frequent complaints were aches and pains (headache, backache and musculo-skeletal aches and pains) followed by lack of energy, general asthenia. Conclusion: Nearly every second women was noted to have unexplained aches and pains, which shows that somatization is a frequent complaint in primary health settings. Majority cases were milder, however, patients showing severe impairment or more complaints they need particular attention. Although MUS result in extra stress on health services utilization in women visiting a rural health facility – Nahaqi; those with serious impairment shall be referred for psychiatric evaluation. A comprehensive medical, psycho-social model that involves community shall be formulated to address this issue.
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Bansal, Dr Alka. "Train to Pakistan: A Saga of Unsalvaged Suffering." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i7.11118.
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The torments of the colossal human tragedy of the partition of India and its aftermath are still being borne by the people of India in some way or the other. The fissured social and emotional spirit of the people is still not healed. The horrific scenes of partition still haunt the psyche of the Indians. Millions were massacred and those that were alive were like live corpses moving around. Their sufferings are unfathomed. They not only suffered physically but also mentally and emotionally. Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan is a novel that unfolds all aspects of suffering and pain which were endured by the people at that time. Singh has been successful in communicating to his readers the tribulations of the partition days, the harrowing experiences, grossness, the madness and the bestial horrors.The displacement of people from one country to another became the root cause of the whole holocaust. The village which bustled with activity turned into a kenopsia. Singh’s rankling at the idea of partition can be perceived in the novel. In the novel, Singh has vehemently written about every aspect of the dreaded violence to which women were subjected. It is quite obvious from the conditions prevailing in India that this splitting of the country was a futile effort. It sowed the seeds of communal discord permanently. People are still suffering they have not fully recovered from this psychosomatic trauma. The seeds of harmful weeds that were sown by the partition are still being reaped by the Indians.
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Nasreen, Shagufta, and Asma Manzoor. "RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 56, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v56i2.47.
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Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.
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Nasreen, Shagufta, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "Economic Globalization And Women’s Employment: Study Of Industrial Sector Of Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 5, no. 1 (December 8, 2011): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v5i1.392.
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Globalization is a term which has different meanings for different people and the reason is its multidimensional connection with economic, political, social, cultural, environmental and many other aspects shaping the lives of people around the world. Although it has vast meaning but one of its important aspects is economic this has appeared to be the major factor of influence for its other dimensions as well. This study explores the impacts of these policies on women working in industrial sector of Karachi. The impacts are not on employment but their health, safety, working conditions and decision making. It shows that formal jobs for women was already low and informal, contract based jobs are increasing. In some sectors more women are hired because of their perceived docile, tolerant and satisfied with substandard wages. Majority of women are hired in garments. Analysis of secondary data from the year 1990-2009 shows that the perceived idea of growth, increase in employment and development was not successful. Economic globalization in the form of economic policies of trade liberalization, privatization and fiscal austerity could not improve the macroeconomic indicators of Pakistan thereby increasing burden on poor, salaried class and women.
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CHATTHA, ILYAS. "After the Massacres: Nursing Survivors of Partition Violence in Pakistan Punjab Camps." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000694.
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AbstractThis article explores the conditions and treatment of the ordinary refugees—survivors of the 1947 partition violence—in the Pakistan Punjab relief camps, in particular the circumstances of women, children and those who arrived with terrible wounds, yet received at best rudimentary medical assistance when the emergent Pakistan state was still working out its responsibilities in the process of transition. A large number of them succumbed to the epidemics which swept refugee camps. The impact of cholera on the camp population will be addressed in a discussion of the episode in Hanfia School Camp. This created the circumstances for the second major theme of this article—the adoption of children. Little if anything has previously been written about the extent of adoption following partition, or on its mixed motivations and social implications. Finally, the article considers the governmental responses to the camp population and state provision to the orphan refugee children. Much of the previously un-used material in this article is both harrowing in its character and disturbing for sanitised nationalist historiography. It is necessary however to address it in order to provide a full appreciation of the ‘lived experience’ of the partition.
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Rahat, Rahla. "Resistance and Potential for Development: Examining the Role of Religion in the Development of Women in the Infrastructure Projects in Pakistan." Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 10, no. 101 (June 2020): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.101.11.
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Pakistan is going through large scale infrastructure development with most of the state-led mega projects being funded by international financing agencies. Many of these agencies have mandatory social safeguards to mitigate the negative impacts of the projects for project-affected-communities especially women. This provides the government an opportunity to advance the conditions of women in project areas. However, the gender mainstreaming efforts usually face resistance from communities on various grounds including religion. This study explores the nature of resistance on religious basis and the strategies used by the development practitioners to manage such resistance. A qualitative research approach was employed and through a purposive sampling technique participants were recruited for this study. In-depth interviews were used to collect data which was analyzed by thematic analysis. The data was collected from development practitioners working for government and international financing agencies on infrastructure projects. Resistance towards development of women initiatives are on interventions, presence of female staff in communities, and on giving access to project teams, including women, to females in communities. Major reasons for this resistance were suspicion of projects, especially if the financing agencies were Western, and the fear that development of women may result in women losing their religious and cultural values which may lead to the breakdown of the institution of family and Islamic society. The strategies to deal with these resistances include involving religious leaders as stakeholders, peer education through religious scholars, exposure visits for local religious leaders, developing gender and cultural sensitivities of the staff, meaningful consultation with community, and effective grievance redress mechanism.
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Menon, Bindu, and T. T. Sreekumar. "“One More Dirham”: Migration, Emotional Politics and Religion in the Home Films of Kerala." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd22201615029.
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<p>This article explores the Islamic home-film movement in Kerala, India, a video film movement by amateur filmmakers of the Muslim Community. These films circulate in VCD and DVD format in retail outlets in both Kerala and the Gulf Council Countries (GCC). These films are important for their supporting group, Jamaat-e-islami, one of the most powerful Islamist groups in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as they try to gain hegemony among Kerala’s Sunni Muslims through an alternative Islamic public culture. Home-films now circulate beyond their original audience of Muslim women in Kerala, among Keralite migrants in the Arab Gulf, who organize public screenings in social gatherings and labour camps. Indeed, the large-scale migration of labor to the GCC has led to a re-imagination of the moral geography of Kerala Muslim households to account for changing gender norms and family structures. The films, concerned with social reform among the Muslim Community of Kerala, also refract the experience of migration to the GCC, particularly in narrating an emotional landscape characterized by precarious conditions of labour, racialised hierarchy and the kafala (the specific employment system in many GCCs, that is a combination of a contract and patronage) through specific tropes of precarity and philosophy of risk in these films.</p>
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Zakria, Muhammad, and Muhammad Ashraf. "FACTORS AFFECTING ON OBESITY AND UNDERWEIGHT WITH OUTCOME AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF MARZIPURA, FAISALABAD." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 05 (December 15, 2018): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.05.2563.
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… Due to transformation in nutritional status, along with epidemiological and sociodemographic changes in developing countries like Pakistan, obesity and underweight coexistin our community. Date about coexistence of obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥ 30kg/m2) andunderweight (BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2) and related factors are lacking in this region of our province.This study will help us to relate different sociodemographic factors with obesity and underweight.Objective: To know the prevalence of obesity and underweight by body mass index (BMI) andto investigate the association of obesity and underweight with selected health conditions andsocioeconomic differences in this group. Study Design: Observational retrospective crosssectionalstudy. Material & Methods: The record of 1656 individual presented in medical OPDor Independent University Hospital Marzi Pura Faisalabad, during the period of 4 months Mar2013 to June 2013 was analysed. Age, Sex, Body Weight and height were enter in a structureformat sheet. Date was analysed by SPSS Version17. Results: Mean BMI was 24.0 kg/m2 (SD= 6.2), and was higher for women and decreased with age. Prevalence of obesity was 19.6%and was positively associated with female gender, family income, hypertension, and diabetesand inversely related to physical activity. Underweight affected 15.6% of participants mainly ofage group < 25 years and in elderly people, and was higher among women and low-incomefamilies. It was negatively associated with hypertension and diabetes and directly associatedwith Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and ≥ 2 hospitalizations in the previous 12 months.Conclusions: Both obesity and underweight were associated with increased morbidity. Theassociation of underweight with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, increased hospitalization,and low family income may reflect illness-related weight loss in all age groups especially <25years due to poor care in younger by family and social deprivation of elderly in this community.Aging in poverty may lead to an increase in nutritional deficiencies and health-related problemsamong the elderly.
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Ahmed, Sidra, Samreen Bari, and Rizwana Jabeen. "WOMEN IN PAKISTAN- SOCIAL MOBILITY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND EMPOWERMENT." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 60, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v60i1.426.
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The word Development is devious and captivating, however, the development path is perplexed. In most cases, the governments try to attain economic, military, technological, and infrastructural development, whereas, the power centers evade investing and working on issues of Human Development. The governments of countries like Pakistan strive to shuffle the attentiveness of the world by spending a huge amount on building the roads, on bridges, and transportation and in maximization of arms and ammunition. Human development in Pakistan has always been neglected due to various reasons. A huge population of almost a 22million having as low as 154th (out of 189 countries) position in the human development index. The patriarchal system has created the social and cultural environment that is supporting persistence male domination, remains the major obstacle in the intellectual, social, and economic growth of women. This paper addresses the conceptual and methodological aspects of human development and women’s empowerment in Pakistan, it explains the challenges and trends concerning women’s empowerment throughout Pakistan’s history, specifically in key areas such as individual, education, and health, economic and political participation, and especially Women’s limited and controlled mobility.
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Yaqoob, Samina. "The Emerging trend Women entrepreneurship in Pakistan." Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46662/jass-vol7-iss2-2020(217-230).
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Though the field of entrepreneurship is continuously growing and mature but still there is a need to explore the role of women entrepreneurship in developing countries. This study highlight, how women execute her entrepreneurial venture while facing different challenges such as cultural, social, and economic constraints etc.? Moreover, how she can play her best role for the welfare of society in developing countries. Our results showed that female entrepreneurial activities herald the optimization of their social and economic wellbeing, moreover it benefits to society through, wealth creation, poverty reduction etc. In this study Gioia methodology was undertaken to explore the women entrepreneur growth route in Pakistan. By the analysis of women personal experience author identified different social, cultural, financial constraints during the growth phase. The new emerging model provide the useful basis for future research imperatives.
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Batool, Syeda Shahida, and Hareem Azam. "Miscarriage: Emotional burden and social suffering for women in Pakistan." Death Studies 40, no. 10 (September 7, 2016): 638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1203376.
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Imran, Muhammad, Samina Akhtar, Yuee Chen, and Shabbir Ahmad. "Environmental Education and Women: Voices From Pakistan." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 215824402110094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211009469.
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This article aims at investigating the relevance of a gender perspective in societies where women are mainly responsible for the household and childcare. For this purpose, the activities of two environmental and women’s empowerment–related nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) from Pakistan, Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD) and Aurat (woman) Foundation, have been investigated with the help of a case study methodology. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 12 females. Through a feminist approach, this study analyzes the goals, scope, and programs of the selected NGOs in environmental education, ecofeminism, and women’s empowerment. Empirical results suggest that when a woman is environmental-aware, she has the potential to make more sustainable choices, and thus educate other members of the family.
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Arif, Noshi, and Farakh A. Khan. "Social Welfare, Health and Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1998.v3.i1.a6.
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Some would claim that charity is a core cultural trait of mankind. The urge to help others is a selfish act of survival of the group and hence individual security. In today’s world, welfare has assumed a wider meaning and is linked with the economy of the state, the concept of human rights of society, structure of society and cultural expression of welfare. The state may be willing to contribute towards welfare but poor economic conditions may not allow welfare programmes or only allow low key programmes. With poor level of governance most welfare work comes to a standstill. In such situations the burden of poor economies can be shared by all rather than the poor alone. Human rights, as defined by the UN, impinge on the basic concept of welfare as seen by individual states. The right of all people to shelter, security, health, job, education as well as freedom to speak, associate and practice religion are concepts difficult to swallow for many societies and states. Social disparity may not allow many to grant rights to others. Yet social welfare is a practical arm of human rights and not an act of charity to be left to individual whims. In Islam, social welfare is the right of the underprivileged and not an act of charity extended by the state or individual. On the other hand the welfare of all the citizens of the state is vital for economic and social development. There are more than 94 indicators to measure social development. Each country’s performance in this area can be monitored following each intervention.
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Toor, Shazia Ismail, Savera Shami, and Yasir Chughtai. "Digital Revolution and its Impact on Working Women of Pakistan." Global Mass Communication Review V, no. IV (December 30, 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(v-iv).12.
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In this era of advancement and digitalization, active use of social media and online services has become an integral part of life. Today, educated working women of Pakistan use Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube, Uber, Daraz, Foodpanda, Tinder and many other applications and online services without any social hurdle. Online socialization has opened up some new financial and social opportunities for working women in Pakistan, making them more confident and independent than in the past. This study is an effort to examine the changes brought by the digital revolution in the lives of working women of Pakistan and to highlight its impact. Under the umbrella of uses and gratification theory and using in-depth interview method, findings indicate that using different digital platforms has become the personal and professional need of working women in Pakistan, and this digitalization has entirely changed their everyday routine.
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Ahmed, Zubair, Ilyas Bhati, and Rizwana Kausar. "Suicide as a social dilemma: Evidence from Pakistan." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 6, no. 11 (December 3, 2019): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7447.
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Abstract
Suicide is one of the major causes of death around the globe. It has become sensitive and imperative anthropological, psychological and public health issue which need to be tackled. The present paper provides an overview of the growing literature on suicide or more commonly known as “attempted suicide or completed suicide”. Suicidal attempts (and /or completed suicides) are increasing in urban and rural areas of Pakistan such as Karachi, Ghizer, and Hunza. The exact reasons are indefinite. This paper focuses on existing literature 1) the concept of suicide; 2) analyzes the existing consensus/figures of suicide in Pakistan; 3) analyzes the main determinants; 4) risk factors of suicide; 5) analyzes the modes of suicide discussed in the existing literature on suicides in Pakistan; and 6) offers literature gap and limitations of the evidences. It has revealed that the exact factors of socio-cultural and economical determinants of suicide in rural and urban areas were investigated paradoxically due to lack of meticulous quantitative and qualitative research. Majority studies focused on suicide in women but not even a single study focused on underlying factors of suicide in men. Further methodical studies are suggested at the community level.
Keywords: evidence, Pakistan, social dilemma, suicide, women
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Mustafa, Sadaf, M. Sadiq Ali Khan, and Ammad Zafar. "Role Of Women In Development Of Pakistan: A Case Study of Women Participation in Labour Force in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 13, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v13i1.192.
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This paper highlights the “role of women in development of Pakistan”. Women participation is very vital for the prosperity of economy of Pakistan. Pakistan is a male dominated society despite the fact that its major population consists of women. In Pakistan the women face lots of obstacles when they want to utilize their skills for the growth and development of the country such as religious, political, social and environmental, although education, health and nutrition are the main issues on the top of list of severe problems. The Pakistani women are neglected and targeted by the customs and values of their families and relationships. The drastic fact is that majority of women of Pakistan live in rural areas as compared to the urban areas where they are treated as animals. However, it is also a fact that currently lots of metropolitan women in all provinces perform marvelous activities for the progress of Pakistan. The study reveals women play dynamic role in boosting economy. We cannot ignore the astonishing performance of women in building developed countries.
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Ali, Muhammad, and Nuzhat Akram. "Honour Killing: Justified or Crime in the Context of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2018): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v8i1.487.
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Women constitute about half of the population of Pakistan. The social status of women in Pakistan largely depends upon geographical location and the class from where she belongs to. Situation of Urban women is much better than rural women. According to the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, though women have equal rights like men in the state, but throughout the history she is facing discrimination and even has been killed by her own male family members in the name of so-called "Honour". But the irony is, it is hard to find "Honour" in honour killings. Though the government of Pakistan is serious to solve this problem but ill practices and so-called social customs are big hurdles in the way. The main objective of this research is to highlight such social and cultural evils, those are basic causes of gender inequality and discrimination in Pakistan. It is collective responsibility of our society and state not only to find better solutions of the problem of honour killing but it is also need of time to educate and empower women in Pakistan. So that she may become constructive element of the society.
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Hasnain, Aziz Fatima. "Regional conference on women in physics." Canadian Journal of Physics 95, no. 7 (July 2017): viii—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0674.
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The first Regional Conference on Women In Physics (RCWIP 2016) was organized on 25–27 April, 2016 by the working group on women in physics at the National Centre for Physics, Islamabad. We present a report of that conference along with strategies planned and recommendations passed by the participants. Starting from the motive of the working group to organizing the regional conference, we briefly discuss the status of higher education in Pakistan and problems with its accessibility to women because of gender inequality in our society. We will also discuss the social structure of Pakistan and social constraints that are deeply rooted in the cultural orientation of the people of this country.
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Tabassum, Naima, Huma Tabassum, and Tabassum Afzal. "Relationship Between Patriarchy And Customary Social Practices Affecting Women’s Life In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2017): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v14i1.143.
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Explaining the nature and prevalence of patriarchal culture and eight anti women socio-cultural practices (i.e. Dowry, Watta Satta, Walwar, Honour Killing, Wanni, Swara, Marriage with the holy book of Quran, and Child marriage), this paper explores a relationship between people’s perceptions about patriarchy and anti women socio-cultural practices as sources of crime and violence against Pakistani women. The paper is based on primary data collected through survey conducted with a close ended questionnaire developed by the researcher. The collected data was statistically analyzed to test hypotheses. It argues that socio-cultural practices and the patriarchy are perceived as factors leading to crime and violence against Pakistani women. It is found that the respondents scoring higher on the scale for assessing perceptions regarding “patriarchy as a factor leading to crime against women” also score higher on the scale for assessing the “socio-cultural practices as factor leading to crime against women” in Pakistan. Therefore, it is inferred that there is a positive correlation between respondents’ perceptions regarding patriarchy and socio-cultural practices as factors leading to crime against women in the country. It means patriarchy is the basic system that fosters crime and violence against women through the tools of anti women socio-cultural practices in Pakistan.
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Azid, Toseef, Rana Ejaz Ali Khan, and Adnan M. S. Alamasi. "Labor force participation of married women in Punjab (Pakistan)." International Journal of Social Economics 37, no. 8 (July 6, 2010): 592–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068291011060643.
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Ahmad, Akhlaq, and Haq Nawaz Anawar. "Association between femininity and women voters political trust in Pakistan." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 28, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1460000.
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Hadi, Abdul. "Patriarchy and Gender-Based Violence in Pakistan." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i2.p297-304.
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Patriarchal values are embedded in Pakistani society which determines the subordinated position of women. Patriarchal control over women is exercised through institutionalized restrictive codes of behavior, gender segregation and the ideology which associates family honor to female virtue. The abnormal, amoral, and harmful customary practices which aim at preserving subjugation of women, defended and sanctified as cultural traditions and given religious overtones. Abnormal and amoral traditional practices in Pakistan include honor killing, rape and sexual assault, sexual harassment, acid attacks, being burned, kidnapping, domestic violence, dowry murder, and forces marriages, custodial abuse and torture. According to a 2011 poll of experts by the Thomson Reuters Foundation Poll, Pakistan is ranked the 3rd the most dangerous country for women in the world. This paper aims to highlight the sufferings of women in Pakistan and consider that in patriarchal societies violence has been used as a social mechanism to perpetuate the subjugation of women. Patriarchal system necessitates the violence for the sake of its existence. With the help of existing data, the gender-based violence in Pakistan has been analyzed. This paper concludes that all forms of gender-based violence are committed to ensure the compliance of women. In order to eliminate violence against women, patriarchal system has to be changed which can be achieved by strengthening the social, political and economic position of women.
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Tabassum, Naima, Tabassum Afzal, and Huma Tabassum. "Gender Differentials In Educated People’s Perceptions Regarding Anti Women Social Practices In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 18, no. 1 (March 8, 2019): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v18i1.26.
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This research aims to explore gender differentials in perceptions regarding several social and cultural practices causing harm to the status of women in Pakistan. The six social practices focused in this research include Dowry, Watta Satta, Walwar, Swara, Vani and Marriage with Quran. The research is designed as exploratory cross sectional quantitative research. The data has been collected through survey of a randomly selected sample of 347 educated men and women in Sindh with the help of a six items, five point Likert scale, to explore people’s perceptions regarding different socio-cultural practices. The scale has two sub scales, each including three items, to assess perceptions regarding social practices perceived as crime and their potential for causing victimization of women in Pakistan. It is inferred from the t-test results that there is statistically significant difference exists between educated men and women’s mean scores acquired on one main scale and two sub scales used to assess perception regarding social practices, their criminal nature, and potential for victimization of women in Pakistan.
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Khan, M. Sadiq Ali. "Impact Of Internet In Education And Social Empowerment Of Women In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (December 8, 2012): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v6i1.402.
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The Internet is one of the utmost current expansions in the globe of information technology and has turn into a functional apparatus that has cultivated the course of making the globe a worldwide community. Information Technology fulfils the communication gap and ensures the effective distance learning. Due to information technology the thought process of the person, especially in the education sector has been changed. People now are well aware of all the important technological aspects which can help them in their research area by means of strong search engines, research based tools and efficient analysis techniques. The medium is especially useful for empowerment of women in developing countries. The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of Internet usage on women in Pakistan. The result of study revealed that women in Pakistan are actively using the Internet for education, research and social interaction which gives them more active role in relatively a conservative society.
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Burfat, Fateh Muhammad, Naima Saeed, and Ghulam Muhammad Burfat. "Discrimination Against Urban Women: A Case Study Of Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 7, no. 1 (June 8, 2013): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v7i1.269.
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Gender inequality exists in Pakistan as a phenomenon that does not allow women equality of opportunity in the public and private sphere and also keeps women in very subjugated roles within the public and in private relationships. These factors can affect women’s access to education, employment, to career advancement and to their possibilities of holding positions of political power and roles of social and cultural esteem. Although gender equality may have progressed somewhat in the modern world but it is still an issue of great urgency in other parts of the world as well as in Pakistan, that is the focus of this study. This research investigates the types and consequences of gender discrimination that exist. The findings from the study suggest that the urban women in the sample of the present study still struggle for gender equality with men in Pakistan. The results show that in a number of areas, in both family and public life, they are still seen by many as second class citizens; and see their own autonomy and opportunities as limited. The social class of urban women in Pakistan is strongly related to their opportunities. Urban women from upper and middle class backgrounds enjoy more autonomy and equality in their lives as compare to women from poor backgrounds. These findings tend to support historical data in relation to women in Pakistan.
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Manzoor, Seema, Dua e. Rehma, and Naheed Abrar. "Qualitative Exploration Of Violence Against Women (VAW) Regarding Social And Cultural Trends Among Women In Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v16i1.122.
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Violence against women (VAW) and women issues have appeared to be growing threat for women globally, especially violence against women are causing severe social and health problems due to social and cultural trends. Many researchers have been involved in conducting research so far, but root causes and solutions are not yet explored to eradicate the issue. This study is an attempt to provide a clear understanding of the qualitative exploration of violence against women regarding social and cultural trends among women in Pakistan. By using qualitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing. For this purpose case studies research methods is used to analyze specific issues within the boundaries of a specific environment and situation, because case study research method is explanatory, descriptive and exploratory in nature. In this study five case studies are incorporated to access the history and current scenario regarding violence against women in Pakistan by using unstructured interview schedule. Two hospitals (private and government) were selected as a universe of the study, and the respondents were purposively selected for conducting interviews in detail. The findings of this study reveal that the respondents have faced many types of violence all through their life, which includes psychological and physical abuse by males within or outside the family, which includes hitting, slapping and shoving and other social evils like honor killing, rape, incest, acid throwing and burning and etc. It is about high time and the need of the time for media and health professionals along with the public sector to highlight the problems at mass level and to take up the challenge for appropriate actions to curtail highly prevailing social evil (VAW).
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Shabir, Sobia, and Amna Mahmood. "Political Struggle for Women Empowerment: A Comparative Study of General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf Era." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/1.1.2.
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Women are more than half of the Pakistan’s population, still they are discriminated in every field of life due to prevailing misinterpreted religious teachings, patriarchy, and feudalistic values, which are deep rooted in society. Alongside, since independence military role remain dominant in political that have strong impact in shaping women status in Pakistan. For this reason, in this article comparison of two military regimes General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf is made to explore how their policies shaped the women status in Pakistani society. General Zia was determined to Islamized the legal system of Pakistan, which limited the women within four walls of home; no practical political will was there to empower women. The introduction of Hadood Ordinance 1979, blocked women social, economic, and political liberation. Contrary to this, General Pervez Musharraf’s era seems a cure, as political efforts made, for instance, Women Protection Bill 2006 introduced, and vague legislation introduced in General Zia era redrafted. First time in history of Pakistan women quota that much increased in National Assemblies of Pakistan, their political struggle to get rights encouraged, which resulted in women-oriented legislation. All this effort, remained very helpful to enhance the women social, economic, and political position at national level, and portrayed soft image of Pakistan internationally.
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Ali, Dr Hussain. "Social Determinant of Home Delivery among Ever-Married Women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 1 (March 8, 2020): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v20i1.57.
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The poor maternal health is one of the public health issues facing by rural women in Pakistan. There are various socio-demographic and cultural factors which confine women to domestic sphere. The main objective of this research is to study various social factors as determinants of home delivery among ever-married women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. In the present study researchers used the quantitative research design in which the data are collected through household survey in the pakhtun society. The data are collected from 503 ever married women in District Malakand, from May 1, to November 30, 2016. The results show that nearly two third 62.3 percent men’s are key decision maker about antenatal care utilization, more than third forth 76 percent of the husbands are key decision makers about the home delivery due to their women subordinate position within household. The researchers concluded that men’s are key decision makers and their decision affect women maternal health care. In order to achieve Sustainable Development Goal No. 3, the study recommends mainstreaming women in the decision making process in domestic sphere as well as their involvement is decision making about accessing and utilizing of maternal health care services.
Keywords: Home delivery, men’s decision, subordinate position, women
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Dr. Ikram Badshah, Dr. Sarfraz Khan, and Muhammad Kamran. "Locating the Social Position of Pakistani Women in Text Books." sjesr 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss1-2021(379-387).
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The curriculum is the most grounded device to transmit and transform the way of life, values, and convictions of the society to the students. At the point the children enter the school, the pictures of the male and female depicted in books, solidify their ideas about gender bias and such gender stereotypes shape the mental framework of the students and leave an everlasting effect on the social outlook of the students. Children develop a certain sense of perception and personality while reading such books. The text, words, and pictures in the books leave a permanent blueprint in their mind and they organize their behavior along the patriarchal line, represented in the books. In the textbooks, male-dominant ideology has been used to construct reality in such a way that serves the interest of men in a society. There is a latent and manifest nexus of power and language which favors the patriarchal values. Gender ideologies apparent in the books are also embedded in children's pictures, mass media, and even clothing. There are also more males characters and heroes than females characters and heroes in the textbooks of Urdu and English. All prominent leaders of the Pakistan movement are males and only one female leader, Fatimah Jinnah, has representation in the books but that too in her capacity as sister of the founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
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Kazi, Ambreen, Zafar Fatmi, Juanita Hatcher, Muhammad Masood Kadir, Unaiza Niaz, and Gail A. Wasserman. "Social environment and depression among pregnant women in urban areas of Pakistan: Importance of social relations." Social Science & Medicine 63, no. 6 (September 2006): 1466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.019.
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