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Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Swaziland'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Sathiya Susuman, A. "Is Swaziland on Track with the 2015 Millennium Development Goals?" Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 8 (April 13, 2016): 1117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616643222.

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According to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreement, each participating country has to periodically provide a report that will show the progress on their achievement towards the goals. This article’s aim is to evaluate Swaziland’s prospects of achieving eight MDGs by 2015. This article is an analysis of the current situation of Swaziland, and the aim of this analysis is to look beyond the statistical values to see if the achievements (including lifetime achievements) are on track and whether what is yet to be achieved can really be achieved. Secondary information was collected from various sources. Several countries and organizations have committed themselves to the following eight development goals: (1) eradicate extreme poverty; (2) achieve universal primary education; (3) promote gender equality and empower women; (4) reduce child mortality; (5) improve maternal health; (6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; (7) ensure environmental sustainability; and (8) develop a global partnership for development. National development is dependent on many factors; therefore, different countries across the world have adopted the MDGs as means of alleviating many of the social ills hindering progress and development. Based on different sources, Swaziland is on track with its MDGs, and there is no doubt that Swaziland will continue to work hard to these ends. It has been argued that there has been progress made that has resulted in significant changes to people’s lives, but the question that has to be asked is how long these achievements can realistically last. A reduction of the rate of child mortality, maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS in Swaziland are needed.

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2

Okonda, Sylvain, Colleen Wright, and Pam Michelow. "The status of cervical cytology in Swaziland, Southern Africa: A descriptive study." CytoJournal 6 (August 6, 2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.54916.

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Background: Cancer of the cervix is the most common cancer in women in Swaziland where most women never undergo cervical screening. The extremely high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland complicates the management of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of cervical cytology in Swaziland, its strengths and limitations. Methods: The study is a retrospective review of 12,188 conventional cervical smears received by the Central Public Health Laboratory in Swaziland from June 2004 to May 2006. Results: Review of results showed very high rates of cytologic abnormalities with 43.2% of smears screened reported as abnormal. The percentages of abnormalities were as follows: atypical squamous cells of undermined significance (ASC-US), 19.8%; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSILs (ASC-H), 8.8%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 9.0%; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 4.6%; squamous cell carcinomas, 0.5%; atypical endocervical cells, 0.6%; and atypical endometrial cells, 0.4%. Just over 5% of smears were inadequate. The highest rates of HSILs and invasive squamous carcinoma occurred in women aged 50–59 years. Conclusions: This study underscores the need to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions in Swaziland women. Based on studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in other Southern African countries, current HPV vaccines would reduce the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in the future, but cervical screening would still be required, both for women already infected with the HPV and for HPV subtypes not covered by current vaccines. The most cost-effective combination of screening modalities such as visual inspection, HPV DNA testing, and cytology should be investigated. Cervical cancer reduction needs to be managed within the greater framework of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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3

SIMELANE, HAMILTON SIPHO. "THE STATE, CHIEFS AND THE CONTROL OF FEMALE MIGRATION IN COLONIAL SWAZILAND, c. 1930s–1950s." Journal of African History 45, no. 1 (March 2004): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703008612.

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Human migration has played an important role in the construction or dissolution of states in southern Africa. With the coming of the colonial period there was an intensification of the process of migration, mainly for work. Such movements were premised on the uneven development of colonial economies in which some areas became suppliers of labour while others became labour markets. In the case of Swaziland, the migration of labour was dominated by male migrants as the existing labour markets offered more opportunities for men. This view has become a conventional interpretation of the disparity in the mobility of men and women within states or across borders. This article uses the experience of Swaziland to extend the discourse on why men dominated the migration currents in Swaziland during the colonial period. It points out that it is no longer useful to rely on purely economic explanations of why more men were migrating than women in colonial Swaziland. The argument pushes the frontier of analysis beyond economics and argues that a more significant explanation is to be found in the power relations at the homestead level, whereby men had the power to determine if and when women could migrate. The discussion shows that Swazi men, in collaboration with colonial administrators, employed different strategies to control the mobility of women. The intention of the men was to keep women in the rural areas and they used their power in the homestead and their influence on the colonial administration to create barriers against female migration to local and cross-border industrial centres.

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4

Sonubi, SA, and Lushiku Nkombua. "Contraceptive usage in women requesting emergency contraception in Swaziland." South African Family Practice 57, no. 3 (March 30, 2015): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2014.976991.

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5

Belle, Johanes A., and Nokuthula N. Gamedze. "Behavioral factors contributing to the transmission of HIV and AIDS amongst young women of Mbabane in Swaziland." African Health Sciences 19, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 2302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i3.2.

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Background: HIV and AIDS remains a pandemic that has greatly affected many regions and countries in the world. Africa is the hardest hit region by tthis disease while southern Africa appears to be the melting pot for HIV and AIDS. The HIV and AIDS pandemic remains the greatest sustainable human development and public health challenge for Swaziland. Swaziland is the world’s worst affected country with the youth the most vulnerable group to HIV and AIDS due to many factors.Objectives:’Methods: This study investigated the behavioral factors that contributed to the transmission of HIV and AIDS among female youth of Mbabane in Swaziland and to suggest measures that could encourage positive female youth behavior change in order to mitigate the spread and impacts of the pandemic. The study used a qualitative research approach in order to gain an in-depth experience of female youths in Mabane. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which were distributed to 210 randomly sampled females aged 16 to 24 years in Mbabane and who attended Mbabane Public Health Unit. The Behavior Change Communication (BCC) theoretical framework was usedin order to contextualize the study.Results: Most respondents were female-single youth (64%), almost half (45%) had a high school education and most were unemployed (57%) with little or no source of income. The majority (88%) were sexually active and the main sources of HIV/AIDS transmission was through sex. For many (52%) health facilities were their main source of HIV and AIDS information. The majority (97%) were knowledgeable about HIV and AIDS, but casual sex, inconsistent condom usage and early sexual debut among others were still prevalent indicating resistance to behavior change.Conclusion: The findings indicated that though the majority of the respondents had knowledge of HIV and AIDS, positive behavior change remained a challenge. Most respondents (88%) had one sexual partner with 38% reporting condom use during their last sexual encounter. HIV/AIDS awareness was widespread. However, there were still characteristics of resistance to behavior change, because there was evidence of underestimation of HIV risk through engagement in behavior, which contributed to HIV infection and spread.Behavioral change measures using the BCC model is proposed.Keywords: BCC Model, behavior change, HIV, AIDS, youth, Swaziland.

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6

Peter, Graciana, Nomcebo O. Simelane, and Jonathan I. Matondo. "Socioeconomic impacts of small-scale irrigation schemes on women in Swaziland." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 33, no. 8-13 (January 2008): 850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.020.

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7

Bimha, Happyson, Pinninti Sridhar, Dlamini X., Mhlanga S.P., Ndwandwe L., Nkambule N., and Sbisi P. (Swaziland). "Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises in Swaziland." Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies IX, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijcms/v9i2/10.

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8

Zwane, Pinkie E., and Nomsa A. Magagula. "Pattern design for women with disproportionate figures: a case study for Swaziland." International Journal of Consumer Studies 31, no. 3 (May 2007): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2006.00549.x.

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9

Russell, Margo. "High status, low pay: anomalies in the position of women in employment in Swaziland." Journal of Southern African Studies 12, no. 2 (April 1986): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057078608708126.

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10

Ganga-Limando, M., and WP Gule. "Potential barriers to focused antenatal care utilisation by HIV-positive pregnant women in Swaziland." South African Family Practice 57, no. 6 (September 15, 2015): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2015.1085223.

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11

Armstrong, Alice. "Maintenance Statutes in Six Countries in Southern Africa." Journal of African Law 34, no. 2 (1990): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300008275.

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This article will analyse the legislative provisions relating to financial maintenance for women and children in six countries of southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. These are the six countries involved in the Women and Law in Southern Africa research project, a comparative research project and network of researchers in the region. For the first two-year phase of the project, 1990–1991, the project is studying maintenance laws, their application and administration, and the attitudes, customs and practices which influence maintenance law in the six countries. This article is a background paper for that project, which will by analysing legislative provisions give the researchers in the project an idea of some of the various options for law reform.

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12

Weiser, Sheri D., Karen Leiter, David R. Bangsberg, Lisa M. Butler, Fiona Percy-de Korte, Zakhe Hlanze, Nthabiseng Phaladze, Vincent Iacopino, and Michele Heisler. "Food Insufficiency Is Associated with High-Risk Sexual Behavior among Women in Botswana and Swaziland." PLoS Medicine 4, no. 10 (October 23, 2007): e260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040260.

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13

Mbonane, Siphesihle, and Isabella Ziyane. "Pregnancy-induced hypertension and associated factors among pregnant women attending public health facilities in Swaziland." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 9, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2015.9.4.163.

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14

Simelane, Lindiwe. "A Case Study of the Linguistic Variety of Women in the Mawelawela Correctional Institution, Swaziland." Linguistics and Literature Studies 4, no. 2 (March 2016): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/lls.2016.040202.

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15

KARUNARATNE, A. S., S. N. AZAM-ALI, G. IZZI, and P. STEDUTO. "CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF FAO-AQUACROP MODEL FOR IRRIGATED AND WATER DEFICIENT BAMBARA GROUNDNUT." Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 3 (May 6, 2011): 509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000111.

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SUMMARYSimulation of yield response to water plays an increasingly important role in optimization of crop water productivity (WP) especially in prevalent drought in Africa. The present study is focused on a representative crop: bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), an ancient grain legume grown, cooked, processed and traded mainly by subsistence women farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Over four years (2002, 2006–2008), glasshouse experiments were conducted at the Tropical Crops Research Unit, University of Nottingham, UK under controlled environments with different landraces, temperatures (23 ± 5 °C, 28 ± 5 °C, 33 ± 5 °C) and soil moisture regimes (irrigated, early drought, late drought). Parallel to this, field experiments were conducted in Swaziland (2002/2003) and Botswana (2007/2008). Crop measurements of canopy cover (CC), biomass (B) and pod yield (Y) of selected experiments from glasshouse (2006 and 2007) and field (Botswana) were used to calibrate the FAO AquaCrop model. Subsequently, the model was validated against independent data sets from glasshouse (2002 and 2008) and field (Swaziland) for different landraces. AquaCrop simulations for CC, B and Y of different bambara groundnut landraces are in good agreement with observed data with R2 (CC-0.88; B-0.78; Y-0.72), but with significant underestimation for some landraces.

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Ginindza, Themba G., Xolisile Dlamini, Maribel Almonte, Rolando Herrero, Pauline E. Jolly, Joyce M. Tsoka-Gwegweni, Elisabete Weiderpass, Nathalie Broutet, and Benn Sartorius. "Prevalence of and Associated Risk Factors for High Risk Human Papillomavirus among Sexually Active Women, Swaziland." PLOS ONE 12, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): e0170189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170189.

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17

Assaf, Shireen, and Lindsay Mallick. "Event-based analysis of the association between alcohol use and unsafe sex in seven sub-Saharan African countries." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 7, no. 1 (December 3, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.245.

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Aims: To examine the association between alcohol consumption at last sex and unsafe sex in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Design: Multivariable logistic regression of unsafe sex was performed using cross-sectional data with a stratified sample design from seven countries.Setting: The study uses data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Lesotho, Kenya, Mozambique, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.Participants: Men and women age 15–49 years with data available on alcohol consumption and who have had sex in the last 12 months were included in the analysis.Measures: The main independent variable is alcohol consumption at last sex with a non-cohabiting partner.Findings: The analysis has shown that alcohol consumption was a strong predictor of unsafe sex for all surveys except for women in Kenya. Age and number of sexual partners were also strong predictors of unsafe sex.Conclusions: The findings indicate that there is a positive link between alcohol consumption and unsafe sex in all countries except for Kenya among women. The inconsistent finding in Kenya requires further study. One of the main limitations of the analysis is the low number of observations found for women and men who reported drinking at last sex with a non-cohabiting partner.

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Chouraya, C., G. Louwagie, B. Nhlabatsi, M. A. Mahdi, and B. V. Girdler-Brown. "Factors associated with the lack of antiretroviral therapy initiation among eligible HIV-positive pregnant women in Swaziland." South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 23, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/sajog.1184.

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19

Booth, Alan R. "‘European courts protect women and witches’: colonial law courts as redistributors of power in Swaziland 1920–1950." Journal of Southern African Studies 18, no. 2 (June 1992): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079208708314.

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20

Ngwenya, Dumsile, and Song-Lih Huang. "Knowledge, attitude and practice on cervical cancer and screening: a survey of men and women in Swaziland." Journal of Public Health 40, no. 3 (December 27, 2017): e343-e350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdx174.

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21

Shabangu, Pinky N., and Michelle R. Brear. "Gendered childcare norms — evidence from rural Swaziland to inform innovative structural HIV prevention approaches for young women." African Journal of AIDS Research 16, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2017.1387157.

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22

Gaitskell, Deborah. "Hot Meetings and Hard Kraals: African Biblewomen in Transvaal Methodism, 1924-601." Journal of Religion in Africa 30, no. 3 (2000): 277–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006600x00546.

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AbstractWhereas women's prayer groups are a well-known strength of African Christianity in Southern Africa, the evangelistic and pastoral contribution of individual women who were not clergy wives has been under-appreciated. Echoing models from Victorian London and Indian missions, Methodism in South Africa evolved an authorised, paid form of female lay ministry via middle-aged black Biblewomen sponsored and overseen by white Women's Auxiliary groups. The first appointee in the Transvaal and Swaziland District wrote comparatively full reports of emotionally 'hot' revival meetings. In 'hard' kraals she encountered hostility in the form of patriarchal control of women and an unusual proliferation of rival indigenous spirits. Her successors found male drinking an even greater obstacle to a sympathetic hearing. In urban townships along the Witwatersrand, Biblewomen work was less pioneering and more routinised, providing pastoral support to local churches via sick-visiting and following up lapsed members. From 1945-59, some Biblewomen were trained at Lovedale Bible School. The period after 1960 deserves separate exploration. In 1997, a new start was made with a national, autonomous Biblcwomen ministry, though many women, black and white, regretted severing their personal and organisational links of mutual dependence.

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Mathenjwa, Thulile, and Pranitha Maharaj. "‘Female condoms give women greater control’: A qualitative assessment of the experiences of commercial sex workers in Swaziland." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 17, no. 5 (July 30, 2012): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13625187.2012.694147.

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Berger, Blair O., Ashley Grosso, Darrin Adams, Sosthenes Ketende, Bhekie Sithole, Xolile S. Mabuza, Mpumelelo J. Mavimbela, and Stefan Baral. "The Prevalence and Correlates of Physical and Sexual Violence Affecting Female Sex Workers in Swaziland." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 17 (February 12, 2016): 2745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516629385.

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Female sex workers (FSW) have a heightened vulnerability to violence and negative sexual/reproductive health outcomes. Limited research has examined how experiencing physical and sexual violence (PSV) mediates risk for poor health outcomes among FSW in Swaziland. The present analyses aim to contribute to literature linking violence with poor health outcomes, high-risk behaviors, and reduced health service-seeking among FSW. Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional study conducted in Swaziland between July and September 2011 with 325 adult women who reported exchanging sex for money, goods, or favors in the last 12 months, recruited through respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between PSV and ancillary violence/abuse exposures, risk behaviors, and sexual/reproductive and mental health outcomes. PSV was conceptualized as either ever having been beaten up as a result of selling sex or ever being forced to have sex since the age of 18, or both. Prevalence of PSV in this sample was 59.0% in crude estimation, and 48.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]:[39.2,57.6]) with RDS weighting. Separate RDS-weighted estimates of being beaten up as a result of sex work and ever being forced to have sex were 32.4% (95%CI=[24.4,40.4]) and 33.1% (95%CI =[25.0,41.2%]), respectively. Experiencing PSV was associated with being blackmailed (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]= 1.93, 95%CI= [1.07,3.52]), non-injection drug use in the last 12 months (aOR= 1.84, 95%CI= [1.02,3.33]), and feeling afraid to seek health services as a result of selling sex (aOR = 1.74, 95%CI= [1.01,2.99]). Given these findings, violence prevention strategies should be prioritized in programs that address Swazi FSW health, empowerment, and safety.

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Odimegwu, Clifford, and Garikayi B. Chemhaka. "Contraceptive use in Eswatini: do contextual influences matter?" Journal of Biosocial Science 53, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000889.

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AbstractThis study sought to investigate the determinants of current use of modern contraceptives beyond the individual level in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland). Previous studies have overlooked the role of community characteristics such as socioeconomic development, women’s empowerment and fertility norms in shaping contraceptive use. Hierarchical structured subsample data of 4112 sexually experienced women from the 2007 Eswatini Demographic Health Survey were analysed using multilevel logistic regression to identify factors contributing to community/cluster variations in women’s current use of modern contraceptives. Less than half (44.2%) of the sexually active women were using modern contraceptive methods in 2007. At the community level, the odds of contraceptive use decreased for rural women (AOR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–0.98) and among women residing in communities with high-fertility norms (AOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66–0.89). After adjusting for both individual- and community-level factors, no community-level variables considered for the study were significantly associated with contraceptive use. The findings highlight in all four models, from the empty to full model, that there is a small and decreasing significant variation in women’s contraceptive use across communities (MOR, 1.37–1.17). In 2007, the findings suggest individual rather than community factors account for some contextual variability in contraceptive use. The study proposes the use of ethnographic techniques to unravel community factors that promote modern contraceptive use in Eswatini.

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Dou, Paige. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3." Review of European Studies 11, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n3p84.

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Review of European Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Review of European Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to res@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 3 Alejandra Moreno Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain Ali S.M. Al-Issa, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Ani Derderian, WSU, USA Anna Grana, University of Palermo, Italy Annalisa Pavan, University of Padova, ITALY Edwards, Beverly L, Fayetteville State University Department of Social Work, United States Eugenia Panitsides, University of Macedonia, Greece Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Gabriela Gruber, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania Gülce Başer, Boğaziçi University, Tukey Hiranya Lahiri, M.U.C Women’s College, Burdwan, India Ifigeneia Vamvakidou, University of Western Macedonia, Greece Ioan-Gheorghe Rotaru, ‘Timotheus’ Brethren Theological Institute of Bucharest, Romania Johnnie Woodard, Independent Scholar, USA Karen Ferreira-Meyers, University of Swaziland, Swaziland Lena Arampatzidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Maria Pescaru, University of Pitești, ROMANIA Meenal Tula, University of Hyderabad, India Pri Priyono, universities PGRI adi buana, Indonesia Ronald James Scott, Leading-Edge Research Institute, USA Sara Núñez Izquierdo, University of Salamanca, Spain Smita M. Patil, School of Gender and Development Studies, India Szabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala Tryfon Korontzis, Hellenic National School of Local Government , Greece Vicenta Gisbert, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain

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Fielding-Miller, Rebecca, Kristin L. Dunkle, Craig Hadley, Hannah LF Cooper, and Michael Windle. "Agency as a mediator in the pathway from transactional sex to HIV among pregnant women in Swaziland: a multigroup path analysis." Journal of the International AIDS Society 20, no. 1 (2017): 21554. http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/ias.20.1.21554.

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Hewett, Paul C., Nicole Haberland, Lou Apicella, and Barbara S. Mensch. "The (Mis)Reporting of Male Circumcision Status among Men and Women in Zambia and Swaziland: A Randomized Evaluation of Interview Methods." PLoS ONE 7, no. 5 (May 22, 2012): e36251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036251.

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Bernasconi, Daniela, Lara Tavoschi, Vincenza Regine, Mariangela Raimondo, Dan Gama, Leonides Sulgencio, Mauro Almaviva, et al. "Identification of recent HIV infections and of factors associated with virus acquisition among pregnant women in 2004 and 2006 in Swaziland." Journal of Clinical Virology 48, no. 3 (July 2010): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2010.04.010.

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Dou, Paige. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol 11, No. 3." Review of European Studies 11, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n3p94.

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Review of European Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Review of European Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to res@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 3 Alejandra Moreno Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain Ali S.M. Al-Issa, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Ani Derderian, WSU, USA Anna Grana, University of Palermo, Italy Annalisa Pavan, University of Padova, ITALY Edwards, Beverly L, Fayetteville State University Department of Social Work, United States Eugenia Panitsides, University of Macedonia, Greece Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Gabriela Gruber, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania Gülce Başer, Boğaziçi University, Tukey Hiranya Lahiri, M.U.C Women’s College, Burdwan, India Ifigeneia Vamvakidou, University of Western Macedonia, Greece Ioan-Gheorghe Rotaru, ‘Timotheus’ Brethren Theological Institute of Bucharest, Romania Johnnie Woodard, Independent Scholar, USA Karen Ferreira-Meyers, University of Swaziland, Swaziland Lena Arampatzidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Maria Pescaru, University of Pitești, ROMANIA Meenal Tula, University of Hyderabad, India Pri Priyono, universities PGRI adi buana, Indonesia Ronald James Scott, Leading-Edge Research Institute, USA Sara Núñez Izquierdo, University of Salamanca, Spain Smita M. Patil, School of Gender and Development Studies, India Szabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala Tryfon Korontzis, Hellenic National School of Local Government , Greece Vicenta Gisbert, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain

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Jarrett, Prudence, Merav Kliner, and John Walley. "Early infant male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention: knowledge and attitudes of women attending a rural hospital in Swaziland, Southern Africa." SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2014.929530.

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Mulrenan, C., M. Colombini, N. Howard, J. Kikuvi, and S. H. Mayhew. "Exploring risk of experiencing intimate partner violence after HIV infection: a qualitative study among women with HIV attending postnatal services in Swaziland." BMJ Open 5, no. 5 (May 14, 2015): e006907-e006907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006907.

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Hofmeyr, G. Justus, Charles S. Morrison, Jared M. Baeten, Tsungai Chipato, Deborah Donnell, Peter Gichangi, Nelly Mugo, et al. "Rationale and design of a multi-center, open-label, randomised clinical trial comparing HIV incidence and contraceptive benefits in women using three commonly-used contraceptive methods (the ECHO study)." Gates Open Research 1 (December 29, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12775.1.

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Background: In vitro, animal, biological and observational clinical studies suggest that some hormonal methods, particularly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate – DMPA, may increase women’s risk of HIV acquisition. DMPA is the most common contraceptive used in many countries worst affected by the HIV epidemic. To provide robust evidence for contraceptive decision-making among women, clinicians and planners, we are conducting the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) study in four countries with high HIV incidence and DMPA use: Kenya, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zambia (Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02550067). Study design: We randomized HIV negative, sexually active women 16-35 years old requesting effective contraception and agreeing to participate to either DMPA, the copper T 380A intrauterine device or levonorgestrel implant. Participants attend a contraception support visit after 1 month and quarterly visits thereafter for 12 to 18 months. Participants receive a standard HIV prevention package and contraceptive side-effect management at each visit. The primary outcome is HIV seroconversion. Secondary outcomes include pregnancy, serious adverse events and method discontinuation. The sample size of 7800 women provides 80% power to detect a 50% difference in HIV risk between any of the three method pairs, assuming 250 incident infections per comparison. Ethical considerations: Several WHO consultations have concluded that current evidence on HIV risk associated with DMPA is inconclusive and that a randomized trial is needed to guide policy, counselling and choice. Previous studies suggest that women without a specific contraceptive preference are willing to accept randomization to different contraceptive methods. Stringent performance standards are monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring board approximately every 6 months. The study has been conducted with extensive stakeholder engagement. Conclusions: The ECHO study is designed to provide robust evidence on the relative risks (HIV acquisition) and benefits (pregnancy prevention) between three effective contraceptive methods.

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Hofmeyr, G. Justus, Charles S. Morrison, Jared M. Baeten, Tsungai Chipato, Deborah Donnell, Peter Gichangi, Nelly Mugo, et al. "Rationale and design of a multi-center, open-label, randomised clinical trial comparing HIV incidence and contraceptive benefits in women using three commonly-used contraceptive methods (the ECHO study)." Gates Open Research 1 (March 13, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12775.2.

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Background: In vitro, animal, biological and observational clinical studies suggest that some hormonal methods, particularly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate – DMPA, may increase women’s risk of HIV acquisition. DMPA is the most common contraceptive used in many countries worst affected by the HIV epidemic. To provide robust evidence for contraceptive decision-making among women, clinicians and planners, we are conducting the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) study in four countries with high HIV incidence and DMPA use: Kenya, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zambia (Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02550067). Study design: We randomized HIV negative, sexually active women 16-35 years old requesting effective contraception and agreeing to participate to either DMPA, the copper T 380A intrauterine device or levonorgestrel implant. Participants attend a contraception support visit after 1 month and quarterly visits thereafter for up to 18 months. Participants receive a standard HIV prevention package and contraceptive side-effect management at each visit. The primary outcome is HIV seroconversion. Secondary outcomes include pregnancy, serious adverse events and method discontinuation. The sample size of 7800 women provides 80% power to detect a 50% relative increase in HIV risk between any of the three method pairs, assuming 250 incident infections per comparison. Ethical considerations: Several WHO consultations have concluded that current evidence on HIV risk associated with DMPA is inconclusive and that a randomized trial is needed to guide policy, counselling and choice. Previous studies suggest that women without a specific contraceptive preference are willing to accept randomization to different contraceptive methods. Stringent performance standards are monitored by an independent data and safety monitoring board approximately every 6 months. The study has been conducted with extensive stakeholder engagement. Conclusions: The ECHO study is designed to provide robust evidence on the relative risks (HIV acquisition) and benefits (pregnancy prevention) between three effective contraceptive methods.

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Cunnama, L., E. J. Abrams, L. Myer, A. Gachuhi, N. Dlamini, T. Hlophe, J. Kikuvi, et al. "Cost and cost-effectiveness of transitioning to universal initiation of lifelong antiretroviral therapy for all HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women in Swaziland." Tropical Medicine & International Health 23, no. 9 (July 26, 2018): 950–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13121.

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Geldsetzer, Pascal, Kate Bärnighausen, Anita Hettema, Shannon A. McMahon, Shona Dalal, Rachel P. Chase, Catherine E. Oldenburg, et al. "A stepped-wedge randomized trial and qualitative survey of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake in the Eswatini population." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 562 (September 23, 2020): eaba4487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4487.

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Clinical trials have shown that antiretroviral drugs used as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are highly effective for preventing HIV acquisition. PrEP efforts, including in sub-Saharan Africa, have almost exclusively focused on certain priority groups, particularly female sex workers, men having sex with men, pregnant women, serodiscordant couples, and young women. As part of a PrEP demonstration project involving the general population at six primary health care facilities in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), we conducted a randomized trial of a health care facility–based PrEP promotion package designed to increase PrEP uptake. Over the 18-month study duration, 33.6% (517 of 1538) of adults identified by health care workers as being at risk of acquiring HIV took up PrEP, and 30.0% of these individuals attended all scheduled appointments during the first 6 months after initiation of PrEP. The PrEP promotion package was associated with a 55% (95% confidence interval, 15 to 110%; P = 0.036) relative increase in the number of individuals taking up PrEP, with an absolute increase of 2.2 individuals per month per health care facility. When asked how PrEP uptake could be improved in 217 accompanying in-depth qualitative interviews, interviewees recommended an expansion of PrEP promotion activities beyond health care facilities to communities. Although a health care facility–based promotion package improved PrEP uptake, both uptake and retention remained low. Expanding promotion activities to the community is needed to achieve greater PrEP coverage among adults at risk of HIV infection in Eswatini and similar settings.

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Reynolds, Zahra, Ann Gottert, Erin Luben, Bheki Mamba, Patrick Shabangu, Nsindiso Dlamini, Muhle Dlamini, Sanyukta Mathur, and Julie Pulerwitz. "Who are the male partners of adolescent girls and young women in Swaziland? Analysis of survey data from community venues across 19 DREAMS districts." PLOS ONE 13, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): e0203208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203208.

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Pantelic, Marija, Janina I. Steinert, Jay Park, Shaun Mellors, and Fungai Murau. "‘Management of a spoiled identity’: systematic review of interventions to address self-stigma among people living with and affected by HIV." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 2 (March 2019): e001285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001285.

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BackgroundSelf-stigma, also known as internalised stigma, is a global public health threat because it keeps people from accessing HIV and other health services. By hampering HIV testing, treatment and prevention, self-stigma can compromise the sustainability of health interventions and have serious epidemiological consequences. This review synthesised existing evidence of interventions aiming to reduce self-stigma experienced by people living with HIV and key populations affected by HIV in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsStudies were identified through bibliographic databases, grey literature sites, study registries, back referencing and contacts with researchers, and synthesised following Cochrane guidelines.ResultsOf 5880 potentially relevant titles, 20 studies were included in the review. Represented in these studies were 9536 people (65% women) from Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nepal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda and Vietnam. Seventeen of the studies recruited people living with HIV (of which five focused specifically on pregnant women). The remaining three studies focused on young men who have sex with men, female sex workers and men who inject drugs. Studies were clustered into four categories based on the socioecological level of risk or resilience that they targeted: (1) individual level only, (2) individual and relational levels, (3) individual and structural levels and (4) structural level only. Thirteen studies targeting structural risks (with or without individual components) consistently produced significant reductions in self-stigma. The remaining seven studies that did not include a component to address structural risks produced mixed effects.ConclusionStructural interventions such as scale-up of antiretroviral treatment, prevention of medication stockouts, social empowerment and economic strengthening may help substantially reduce self-stigma among individuals. More research is urgently needed to understand how to reduce self-stigma among young people and key populations, as well as how to tackle intersectional self-stigma.

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Saberian, Mehran, Kamran Mehrabani, and Hadi Raeisi Shahraki. "Clustering time trends of breast cancer incidence in Africa: a 27-year longitudinal study in 53 countries." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.8.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common, frequently diagnosed cancer with the highest incidence among female worldwide. Although the incidence is decreasing in developed countries, it is on increase in most of the African countries. Objective: This study aimed to identify different time trends of breast cancer incidence among African countries using latent mixture approach. Methods: The information includes newly diagnosed breast cancer patients per 100,000 women for 53 African countries in a period of 1990-2016. Latent mixture modeling was performed in Mplus 7.4 software. Results: The overall trend of breast cancer in Africa was increasing. Latent mixture model with 5 clusters was estimated as the best using fit indices and linear growth trajectories were specified for each cluster. Nigeria was the only country which belongs to a cluster with negative slope indicating a slow decrease in the breast cancer incidence; also, Seychelles was the only country that showed a sharp increase over time. 31 countries belonged to a cluster with a slope of 0.08, indicating that the incidence of breast cancer is almost constant over time. Cluster 3 including Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Cote d’lvoire, Equatorial Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Namibia, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda and Zimbabwe and cluster 2 including Gabon, Mauritius, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia and Congo showed a slow and moderate increase in the incidence of breast cancer, respectively. Conclusion: Providing health education programs is essential in African countries with rising trend of breast cancer during the last decades. Keywords: Africa; breast cancer; incidence; latent mixture model; trend.

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Lukhele, Bhekumusa Wellington, Teeranee Techasrivichien, S. Pilar Suguimoto, Patou Masika Musumari, Christina El-saaidi, Samson Haumba, Oslinah Buru Tagutanazvo, Masako Ono-Kihara, and Masahiro Kihara. "Structural and Behavioral Correlates of HIV Infection among Pregnant Women in a Country with a Highly Generalized HIV Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study with a Probability Sample of Antenatal Care Facilities in Swaziland." PLOS ONE 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2016): e0168140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168140.

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Collier, Zachary J., Priyanka Naidu, Katherine J. Choi, Christopher H. Pham, Tom Potokar, and Justin Gillenwater. "83 Burn Injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Global Burden of Disease Study." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S57—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.087.

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Abstract Introduction Over 1 million burns occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) each year leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Financial constraints, social stigma, political strife, inaccessible healthcare facilities, limited perioperative resources, and low workforce capacity results in steep barriers to obtaining timely and effective burn care. This study set out to better define the burn burden as well as the age and gender-related disparities within SSA, to identify specific sub-regions and countries that would benefit most from targeted interventions to enhance burn care. Methods Data for all 46 SSA countries were acquired from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD17) database of the Global Health Data Exchange. Information regarding fire, heat, and hot substance-related injuries was derived from 17,792 data sources to estimate burn-related incidence, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) by year, sex, age, and location from 1990 to 2017. Summative statistics were created for burn incidence, deaths, DALYs, and mortality ratio (deaths: incidence; %). Spatial mapping was performed to identify burn burden for specific regions and countries. Results An estimated 28,127,199 burns occurred in SSA from 1990–2017. On average, SSA accounted for 16% of worldwide burns, 21% of burn deaths, and 25% of DALYs. Furthermore, the mortality rate was 2.2 times the global average and remained nearly double the entire 27-year period. While all SSA regions had higher incidence, deaths, and DALYs compared to the global cohort, the Southern SSA region consistently had the highest incidence (211 cases per 100,000), deaths (7 per 100,000), and DALYs (355 years per 100,000) throughout the time period, with Lesotho, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe having the highest rates. In contrast to gender similarities globally for burn indicators, all regions within SSA showed higher incidence rates (144 vs 136 cases per 100,000), deaths (5.4 vs 4.7 deaths per 100,000), and DALYs (289 vs 272 years per 100,000) for men than women when age standardized. Conclusions With an estimated 1.4 million burn injuries in 2017, SSA accounted for over 15% of all worldwide burns and 20% of global burn deaths. Although all trended rates improved over the years for each country, they were consistently worse and slower to improve in all regions of SSA compared to the rest of the world. While both Central and Southern SSA regions had the greatest burn burden, burns in Central SSA more significantly impacted those under 5 years whereas Southern SSA saw the greatest burden on the 15–49-year age group.

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GEISLER, GISELA. "Beyond Inequalities: Women in Zambia by SARAH LONGWE, MERCY SIAME, NAKATIWA MULIKITA and ROY CLARKE Harare: SARDC, 1998. Pp. 104. £7.50/US$13.75 (pbk.). Beyond Inequalities: Women in Swaziland by ZAKHE HLANZE and LOBO MKABELA Harare: SARDC, 1998. Pp. 64. £7.50/US$13.75 (pbk.). SADC Gender Monitor, Issue 1: Monitoring Implementation of the Beijing Commitments by SADC Member States by BOOKIE M. KETHUSEGILE and ATHALIA MOLOKOMME. Gaborone and Harare: SADC and SARDC. Pp. 44, £5.95/US$9.95 (pbk.)." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 163–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01313575.

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Lwenje, S. M., V. S. B. Mtetwa, and Sebenzile Ginindza. "Assessment of Iodine Deficiency in Pregnant Women in Swaziland." UNISWA Research Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/uniswa-rjast.v4i2.4672.

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Mofolo, T. "Investigating the Factors Contributing to the Disempowerment of Women in Swaziland: Perceptions of Swazi Women and Non-governmental Organisations Operating in Swaziland." Africa Insight 41, no. 2 (October 7, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ai.v41i2.70397.

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Ziyani, IS. "Socio-cultural deterrents to family planning practices among Swazi women." Curationis 26, no. 4 (September 28, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v26i4.875.

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To investigate deterrents to family planning practices among Swazi women, 205 structured interviews were conducted with conveniently selected women in the four geographical regions of Swaziland. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data. These results revealed that cultural practices, religious beliefs, gender issues and health care practices were the main barriers to the use of contraceptives among Swazi women. Recommendations were suggested regarding the education of men, women, adolescents and the entire society about contraceptive practices.

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Keregero, K. J. B., and M. P. Dlamini. "Factors associated with access of rural women to technology in Swaziland." UNISWA Journal of Agriculture 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/uniswa.v8i1.4619.

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Keregero, M. M., and K. Simelane. "Reasons for Poor Visibility of Women in Science and Science-Related Careers in Swaziland." UNISWA Research Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/uniswa-rjast.v4i2.4679.

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Mhele, Karabo. "Determinants of time to first birth among women in ages 15–24 in Swaziland." African Population Studies 29, no. 2 (March 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.11564/29-2-779.

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Aina, Ibironke O., Smruti M. Raul, Luz A. Padilla, Simangele Mthethwa-Hleta, Peter O. Preko, and Pauline E. Jolly. "Sociodemographic factors, health seeking behaviors, reproductive history, and knowledge of cervical screening among women in Swaziland." Infectious Agents and Cancer 15, no. 1 (March 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00282-y.

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Phebeni, Gloria, Nomsa Nxumalo-Magagula, Ruth N Mkhonta, and Tengetile R Mathunjwa-Dlamini. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Women Attending One of the Health Facilities in Hhohho Region, Swaziland, in Relation to Cervical Cancer and Screening." Edelweiss Journal of Biomedical Research and Review, November 29, 2019, 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33805/2690-2613.106.

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Background: In women cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among all cancers in developing countries, but it can be controlled through prevention and early detection of precursor lesions. In 2013 there were 223 new cases of cervical cancer in Swaziland with an estimated 118 cervical cancer related deaths. Most clients suffering from cervical cancer were below the age of 40 years and were diagnosed in the late stage. The study determined knowledge, attitudes and practices of women in relation to cervical cancer screening and treatment at one of the health facilities in the Hhohho Region, in Swaziland. Methodology: A quantitative-descriptive approach was utilized among 56 participants selected using purposive sampling. Respondents were women who came for health care services at the Health Facility’s Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Department. The collected data were entered into SPSS and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation. Findings: Ninety-four percent (94.6%) of the respondents reported to have heard of cervical cancer, and 96.4% reported that screening for cervical cancer could detect symptoms before they appeared. Only 1.8% was aware of the association between cervical cancer and the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Thirty-seven percent (37.5%) of the respondents reported to have ever screened for cervical cancer. The major reasons reported for not screening were busy work schedule, and being turned back by nurses. There was a significant relationship between level of education and knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer (r=0.306, p=0.022). Data also supported a significant relationship between age of the respondents and knowledge on how to protect self from getting cervical cancer(r=-0.402, p=0.002). Data supported a significant relationship between knowledge on risk factors and knowledge on how to protect self from acquiring cervical cancer (r=0.295, p=0.027). Recommendations: It is recommended that nursing practice should also focus on the provision of services to the working class by offering cervical cancer screening services on weekends and public holidays. Nurses need to be more responsive to clients’ health needs and avoid turning clients back.

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